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Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

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1

Fujii, T., F. Moynier, A. Agranier, E. Ponzevera i M. Abe. "Nuclear field shift effect of lead in ligand exchange reaction using a crown ether". Proceedings in Radiochemistry 1, nr 1 (1.09.2011): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/rcpr.2011.0069.

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AbstractLead isotopes were fractionated by the liquid-liquid extraction technique between an aqueous phase and a crown ether. After purification by ion-exchange chemistry, the 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb isotopic ratios were measured by multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Isotope fractionations > 0.05‰ have been found. The conventional equilibrium mass-dependent isotope effect estimated by an ab initio calculation was smaller than the Pb isotope fractionation experimentally obtained. Conventional mass-dependent isotope fractionation is not a valuable explanation for our results. The nuclear field shift effect, which results from the isotopic change in the nuclear size and shape, was also estimated by an ab initio method combined with a finite nucleus model. The nuclear field shift effect calculated was in agreement with our experimental results. Therefore, this study reports the first nuclear field shift effect of Pb in an equilibrium ligand exchange reaction.

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2

Yu, Geng-Hua, Peng-Yi Zhao, Bing-Ming Xu, Xiao-Ling Zhu i Wei Yang. "Isotope shift calculations of Li-like neutron-rich and neutron-deficient Mg isotopes". Modern Physics Letters B 31, nr 02 (20.01.2017): 1750003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917500038.

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The isotope shifts of the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transitions for the Li-like neutron-rich and neutron-deficient [Formula: see text] isotopes are calculated using the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) method and the relativistic configuration interaction approach. The results provided herein can be employed for the consistency check with the nuclear root-mean-square (rms) nuclear charge radii of the short-lived magnesium isotopes from the experimental isotope shifts using the corresponding transitions. The methods used here could also be applied to other few-electron Li-like systems and the analogous isotope shift results could be obtained.

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3

Fujii, T., F. Moynier, A. Agranier, E. Ponzevera i M. Abe. "Isotope fractionation of palladium in chemical exchange reaction". Proceedings in Radiochemistry 1, nr 1 (1.09.2011): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/rcpr.2011.0060.

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Abstract Palladium isotopes were fractionated by the solvent extraction technique with a crown ether. After purification by ion-exchange chemistry, the isotopic ratios of 105Pd/106Pd, 108Pd/106Pd, and 110Pd/106Pd were determined by multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Isotope fractionations between the two phases were found to be larger than 0.1‰. The isotope fractionation of the odd atomic mass isotope (105Pd) showed a deviation from that estimated from the even atomic mass isotopes (106Pd, 108Pd, and 110Pd). The mass-independent isotope fractionation found was attributable to the nuclear field shift effect. The quantum chemical calculations for the different Pd species supported the validity of the isotope fractionation factors obtained.

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4

Allen, Philip B. "Isotope shift controversies". Nature 335, nr 6189 (wrzesień 1988): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335396a0.

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5

Estreicher, Stefan K. "Vibrational Dynamics of Impurities in Semiconductors: Phonon Trapping and Isotope Effects". Materials Science Forum 725 (lipiec 2012): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.725.203.

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Optical tools such as infra-red absorption, photoluminescence, or Raman spectroscopy have been used for decades to observe the localized vibrational modes associated with impurities in semiconductors. The frequencies of these modes slightly shift with the isotope of the impurity while host-atom isotopes often show up as shoulders in the spectra. These shifts and shoulders are precious indicators of the nature of the defect. But sometimes, very small isotope-related frequency shifts cause very large changes in vibrational lifetimes. Impurity-isotope effects have now been predicted to impact the thermal conductivity of semiconductors containing a few atomic percent of impurities. Impurity isotope effects can be surprisingly large.

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6

ZHAO, PING, J. R. LAWALL i F. M. PIPKIN. "ISOTOPE SHIFT MEASUREMENTS OF HELIUM". Modern Physics Letters B 05, nr 24n25 (październik 1991): 1625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984991001957.

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The helium isotope shift provides invaluable information for testing theories describing many-body systems. We review the recent advances in measurements of the isotope shifts for helium with an emphasis on a new experimental technique.

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7

Anselment, M., S. Chongkum, K. Bekk, S. G�ring, A. Hanser, G. Meisel i H. Rebel. "Isotope shift of a series of Sr isotopes". Zeitschrift f�r Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 3, nr 4 (grudzień 1986): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01437201.

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8

Simien, Clayton E., Samuel M. Brewer, Joseph N. Tan, John D. Gillaspy i Craig J. Sansonetti. "Progress at NIST in measuring the D-lines of Li isotopes using an optical frequency synthesizerThis paper was presented at the International Conference on Precision Physics of Simple Atomic Systems, held at École de Physique, les Houches, France, 30 May – 4 June, 2010." Canadian Journal of Physics 89, nr 1 (styczeń 2011): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p10-096.

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Precise spectroscopic experiments with light atoms can provide information about nuclear properties that are very difficult to obtain in electron scattering experiments. For example, relative nuclear radii of low-Z isotopes can be determined accurately from isotope shifts. Theory has attained sufficient accuracy to study exotic, short-lived halo nuclei by interpreting precise spectroscopic measurements. However, serious inconsistencies remain in the measured isotope shifts for the D1 and D2 lines of the stable isotopes (6Li and 7Li). The latest experiments, within the last decade, are in strong disagreement with each other and with theory. We report on the progress of a new experiment at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to measure these lithium D lines using an optical frequency comb. A preliminary result for the splitting isotope shift (SIS) is presented.

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9

Sánchez, R., M. Žáková, Ch Geppert, J. Krämer, A. Krieger, D. Tiedemann i W. Nörtershäuser. "Frequency-comb-based measurements of lithium and beryllium isotopes for nuclear structure studiesThis paper was presented at the International Conference on Precision Physics of Simple Atomic Systems, held at University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada on 21–26 July 2008." Canadian Journal of Physics 87, nr 7 (lipiec 2009): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p09-026.

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We report on the measurement of the 2s-3s transition frequencies in the stable lithium isotopes and 2s-2p isotope shift measurements of 7,9,10,11Be, using a femtosecond frequency comb. For the beryllium isotopes, we extract the changes in the mean-square nuclear charge radius along the isotope chain by comparison with high-precision atomic mass shift calculations. The 2s-3s transition frequency is compared with theoretical calculations, and possibilities to extract an absolute value for the nuclear charge radius of lithium isotopes are discussed.

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10

Furmann, B., A. Jarosz, D. Stefańska, J. Dembczyński i E. Stachowska. "Isotope shift in chromium". Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 60, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2004.10.007.

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11

Maleki, S., i A. T. Goble. "Isotope-shift measurements inCa+". Physical Review A 45, nr 1 (1.01.1992): 524–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.45.524.

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12

Buchinger, F., H. A. Schuessler, E. C. Benck, H. Iimura, Y. F. Li, C. Bingham i H. K. Carter. "Isotope shift measurements on the neutron-deficient thallium isotopes". Hyperfine Interactions 75, nr 1-4 (listopad 1992): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02398993.

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13

Martensson-Pendrill, Ann-M., i A. Ynnerman. "Isotope shift and nuclear charge radii of barium isotopes". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 25, nr 22 (28.11.1992): L551—L559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/25/22/001.

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14

Neu, W., G. Passler, G. Sawatzky, R. Winkler i H. J. Kluge. "Isotope shift and hyperfine structure of stable platinum isotopes". Zeitschrift f�r Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 7, nr 2 (czerwiec 1987): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01384588.

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15

Yu, Geng-Hua, Hui Yan, Jia-Qi Zhong, Hong Liu, Xiao-Ling Zhu i Wei Yang. "Experimental determination of the field shift factor and the mass shift coefficient for the 1S0–3P1 spin-forbidden transition at 791 nm in neutral barium". Modern Physics Letters B 32, nr 01 (10.01.2018): 1750359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917503596.

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The experimental measurements of the isotope shifts (ISs) for the 1S0–3P1 spin-forbidden transition at 791 nm in neutral barium have been carried out with a thermal barium atom beam. The hyperfine structure (HFS) constants a and b of the odd isotopes [Formula: see text]Ba and [Formula: see text]Ba for this transition have been extracted from the experimental results: a([Formula: see text]Ba) = 1149.9(1.0) MHz, b([Formula: see text]Ba)= −41.6(0.5) MHz, a([Formula: see text]Ba) = 1028.0(1.0) MHz, b([Formula: see text]Ba) = −27.5(0.5) MHz. The measured IS results with the reference isotope [Formula: see text]Ba are 183.7(1.0) MHz ([Formula: see text]Ba–[Formula: see text]Ba), 108.5(0.3) MHz ([Formula: see text]Ba–[Formula: see text]Ba) and 218.9(1.0) MHz ([Formula: see text]Ba–[Formula: see text]Ba). Our IS measurements are in good agreement with the previous experiments. The field shift (FS) factor [Formula: see text] and the mass shift (MS) coefficient [Formula: see text] for this spin-forbidden transition have be determined experimentally as −3.19(4) GHz ⋅ fm[Formula: see text] and −242(20) GHz ⋅ amu, respectively. The results provided herein could be used for further checks theoretically and experimentally, and could also contribute to the study on the nuclear structure of the barium isotopic nuclei.

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16

Morris, Donald E., Randy M. Kuroda, Andrea G. Markelz, Janice H. Nickel i John Y. T. Wei. "Small oxygen isotope shift inYBa2Cu3O7". Physical Review B 37, nr 10 (1.04.1988): 5936–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.37.5936.

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17

Furmann, B., D. Stefańska, A. Krzykowski, A. Jarosz i A. Kajoch. "Isotope shift in titanium atom". Zeitschrift f�r Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 37, nr 4 (22.07.1996): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004600050042.

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18

Hungate, Bruce A., Rebecca L. Mau, Egbert Schwartz, J. Gregory Caporaso, Paul Dijkstra, Natasja van Gestel, Benjamin J. Koch i in. "Quantitative Microbial Ecology through Stable Isotope Probing". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, nr 21 (21.08.2015): 7570–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02280-15.

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ABSTRACTBacteria grow and transform elements at different rates, and as yet, quantifying this variation in the environment is difficult. Determining isotope enrichment with fine taxonomic resolution after exposure to isotope tracers could help, but there are few suitable techniques. We propose a modification tostableisotopeprobing (SIP) that enables the isotopic composition of DNA from individual bacterial taxa after exposure to isotope tracers to be determined. In our modification, after isopycnic centrifugation, DNA is collected in multiple density fractions, and each fraction is sequenced separately. Taxon-specific density curves are produced for labeled and nonlabeled treatments, from which the shift in density for each individual taxon in response to isotope labeling is calculated. Expressing each taxon's density shift relative to that taxon's density measured without isotope enrichment accounts for the influence of nucleic acid composition on density and isolates the influence of isotope tracer assimilation. The shift in density translates quantitatively to isotopic enrichment. Because this revision to SIP allows quantitative measurements of isotope enrichment, we propose to call it quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP). We demonstrated qSIP using soil incubations, in which soil bacteria exhibited strong taxonomic variations in18O and13C composition after exposure to [18O]water or [13C]glucose. The addition of glucose increased the assimilation of18O into DNA from [18O]water. However, the increase in18O assimilation was greater than expected based on utilization of glucose-derived carbon alone, because the addition of glucose indirectly stimulated bacteria to utilize other substrates for growth. This example illustrates the benefit of a quantitative approach to stable isotope probing.

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19

Yu, Geng-Hua, Ying-Ge Geng, Chao Zhou, Cheng-Bo Duan, Long Li, Rui-Peng Chai i Yong-Ming Yang. "Isotope Shift Calculations of Stable and Short-Lived Beryllium Isotopes". Chinese Physics Letters 32, nr 7 (lipiec 2015): 073102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/32/7/073102.

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20

Zitek, A., J. Irrgeher, M. Cervicek, M. Horsky, M. Kletzl, T. Weismann i T. Prohaska. "Individual-specific transgenerational marking of common carp Cyprinus carpio, L., using 86Sr/84Sr double spikes". Marine and Freshwater Research 65, nr 11 (2014): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13235.

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Transgenerational isotopic marking has been recognised as an efficient tool for mass marking of high numbers of fish larvae by injecting female spawners with enriched isotope solutions. So far, mainly enriched stable barium isotopes have been applied for this purpose. Here, we present an alternative approach for individual-specific transgenerational marking using strontium 86Sr/84Sr double spikes. Four isotonic double-spike solutions with different molar fractions of 86Sr and 84Sr and different total Sr concentrations were administered to four female spawners of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, L., by intraperitoneal injection, and one additional female spawner was injected a blank isotonic solution as control. Otoliths (lapilli) were sampled from juvenile offspring and analysed for their Sr isotopic composition by laser ablation–multi collector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Central otolith regions of the progeny of female carps treated with concentrations of at least 0.45 mg 84Sr kg–1 bodyweight and 2.28 mg 86Sr kg–1 bodyweight showed a significant shift of the absolute 88Sr/86Sr and 88Sr/84Sr isotope ratios from the natural baseline. Isotope pattern deconvolution was successfully applied for the identification of the originally injected 86Sr/84Sr molar fraction ratios of the individual double spikes. Enriched stable Sr isotope double spikes represent an important alternative to enriched stable Ba isotopes for transgenerational marking, especially in freshwater systems.

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21

Ruiz-Cooley, R. I., Unai Markaida, D. Gendron i S. Aguíñiga. "Stable isotopes in jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) beaks to estimate its trophic position: comparison between stomach contents and stable isotopes". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, nr 2 (13.03.2006): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315406013324.

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Stomach contents and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope analysis were used to evaluate trophic relationships of jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas. Buccal masses, beaks and stomach contents of large and medium maturing-sized jumbo squid and muscle from its main prey, the myctophid Benthosema panamense, were collected in the Gulf of California, Mexico during 1996, 1997 and 1999. Both the quantified C and N-isotope ratios in muscle, and stomach content analysis revealed that larger-sized maturing squid showed a higher trophic position than medium-sized individuals. However, a discrepancy between stomach contents versus stable isotope analyses was found in evaluating trophic relationships. Simple dilution models as a function of growth were used to estimate the C and N renewal dietary shift for jumbo squid. Estimates of the initial C and N pools in D. gigas with an initial age of 70 days and 210 days indicated isotopic shifts of 32% after a threefold biomass increase and 25% after a fourfold biomass increase, respectively. Additionally, beak samples of jumbo squid were evaluated as an alternative tissue to estimate squid trophic position using stable isotopes. The results showed a significant correlation between stable isotope ratios from muscle and beak samples. Muscle isotope values were higher than beak by 1% and 4% for δ13C and δ15N respectively. A test with jumbo squid beaks collected from a stomach of a stranded sperm whale confirmed the viability of this method.

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22

Pathiratne, K. A. S., i R. J. Lovett. "Isotopes and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Computer Simulations, Part I: Evaluation of the Simulation Model Using the Flame Atomic Absorption Determination of Lithium Isotope Abundances". Applied Spectroscopy 41, nr 2 (luty 1987): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370287774987010.

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An evaluation of a computer model developed to calculate absorbances involving multi-isotopic elements is presented. With the use of the model, an independently performed flame atomic absorption experiment to determine isotope abundances of lithium is simulated. The necessity of having accurate values of the critical model parameters (damping constant, isotope shift, fine structure separation, and collisional shift) is demonstrated. The ability of the model to reveal experimental relationships which would be difficult to observe unless the experiments were performed with extreme care is shown. Further, the potential of the model to simulate isotope effects in AAS and its use as an aid in the evaluation of experimental results are demonstrated.

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23

Persson, Anders, i Lars-Anders Hansson. "Diet shift in fish following competitive release". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, nr 1 (1.01.1999): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-141.

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We determined the diet preference of roach (Rutilus rutilus), perch (Perca fluviatilis), and bream (Abramis brama) before and after a fish removal program in Lake Finjasjön, Sweden. The biomass of roach and bream was reduced to 33 and 10%, respectively, after the program. The predominate diet change following this major reduction in fish biomass was an increased use of benthic organisms by most size-classes of roach. Also, bream shifted to benthos at an earlier ontogenetic stage. These diet shifts were most probably attributed to the drastic reduction in biomass of the benthivorous bream, resulting in underexploited benthic invertebrates. In order to test if alterations in diet choice were reflected in the composition of stable isotopes of consumer tissue, we determined the temporal changes in the 15N/14N ratio (δN) of potential fish prey as well as in fish tissue. No temporal trends were found for δN of fish, possibly due to the high temporal variability in δN of zooplankton. However, minimum and maximum δN values of major food organisms (chironomids and zooplankton) were generally reflected in the δN of both small roach and perch one sampling occasion later (3 months) and in piscivorous perch (exclusively feeding on small fish) two sampling occasions later. Hence, the stable isotope composition could be followed through food links, providing that the consumer mainly fed on one specific food item. However, several other predictions regarding connections between diet and stable isotope composition were not corroborated. We conclude that stable isotope analysis of consumer tissue cannot replace traditional methods of diet determination, but might well provide complementary data.

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24

Otsuka, Takaharu. "Isotope shift and interacting boson model". Hyperfine Interactions 74, nr 1-4 (październik 1992): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02398620.

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25

Cyrot, M. "Site-selective oxygen isotope shift inYBa2Cu3O7". Physical Review Letters 72, nr 9 (28.02.1994): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.72.1388.

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26

Berengut, J. C., V. V. Flambaum i M. G. Kozlov. "Isotope shift calculations in Ti II". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 41, nr 23 (19.11.2008): 235702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/41/23/235702.

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27

Pachucki, Krzysztof, i V. A. Yerokhin. "Theory of the Helium Isotope Shift". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 44, nr 3 (wrzesień 2015): 031206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4921428.

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28

Friar, J. L., J. Martorell i D. W. L. Sprung. "Nuclear sizes and the isotope shift". Physical Review A 56, nr 6 (1.12.1997): 4579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.56.4579.

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29

Neale, L., i M. Wilson. "Field isotope shift ratios in argon". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 28, nr 13 (14.07.1995): 2553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/28/13/008.

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30

Aufmuth, P., K. Heilig i K. D. Korwers. "Isotope shift measurements with polarised light". Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 19, nr 7 (lipiec 1986): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/19/7/010.

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31

Azaroual, E. M., P. Luc i R. Vetter. "Isotope shift measurements in titanium I". Zeitschrift f�r Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 24, nr 2 (czerwiec 1992): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01426701.

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32

Зубова, Н. А., М. Ю. Кайгородов, Ю. С. Кожедуб, А. В. Малышев, Р. В. Попов, И. М. Савельев, И. И. Тупицын i В. М. Шабаев. "Изотопические сдвиги уровней энергии в гелиеподобных многозарядных ионах". Журнал технической физики 128, nr 8 (2020): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2020.08.49702.115-20.

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The precision calculations of the isotope shifts of the $n = 1$, $n = 2$ energy levels and the corresponding transition energies in helium-like highly charged ions are performed. The total isotope shift is mainly determined by a sum of the field and mass shifts. The field shift is calculated by the configuration-interaction Dirac-Fock-Sturm method. The quantum electrodynamics corrections to this contribution are taken into account approximately by using the corresponding one-electron formulas. The calculation of the mass shift is performed within the framework of the Breit approximation and includes the quantum electrodynamics contributions, which become very significant for heavy ions. For the thorium and uranium ions the nuclear polarization and deformation corrections are taken into account.

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33

Haslett, T. L., R. J. C. Brown, Y. S. Park i H. F. Shurvell. "Isotope Shifts in Ammonium Perrhenate". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 41, nr 1-2 (1.02.1986): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1986-1-262.

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Isotope shifts in the NQR and Raman spectra o f ammonium perrhenate due to 15H and 2H substitution are reported. The effect of isotopic substitution at the nitrogen on the NQR spectrum is zero; in the Raman spectrum the translational lattice modes of the ammonium ion are clearly differentiated from the torsional modes. The effect of deuteration on the NQR frequency has been measured to high accuracy and confirms that to a moderately good approximation the effect of deuteration is equivalent to the application of pressure. The effect of deuteration on the lattice parameters has been measured. NQR spectra of slightly deuterated ammonium perrhenate show a shoulder with a characteristic shift due to short range influence of NH3D+.

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34

Schaefer, Ted, Guy M. Bernard i Frank E. Hruska. "Reflection in the 1H NMR spectrum of 37Cl/35Cl isotope effects on the 19F NMR chemical shifts of 1-chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene. An isotope effect over five bonds". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, nr 10 (1.10.1996): 1810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-201.

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In an ABX high-resolution NMR spectrum the detection of combination peaks in the X region yields only the chemical shift of X, JAX + JBX and the positive quantities [Formula: see text]. However, the presence of an additional isotopic perturbation on νA − νB, the difference between the resonance frequencies of A and B, yields two X spectra; therefore four quantities, C. Hence all quantities in the surd become available from the composite X spectrum. A generalization to ABMRX spin systems, applicable to the 1H and 19F NMR spectra of the two isotopic molecules of 1-chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene, is possible. It turns out that, from the H-5(X) spectrum alone, the following spectral quantities are extractable; the two values of νA − νB where A and B are the 19F nuclei; JAB; JAX and JBX with their relative signs; JMX and JRX where M and R are H-3 and H-6. No 37Cl/35Cl isotope effect is detectable on the 1H shielding nor on any coupling constants. F-2 undergoes an isotope shift of −1.64(3) ppb. The isotope shift, over five formal bonds, of F-4 is −0.54(3) ppb (larger shielding in the presence of 37Cl). This magnitude is three times larger than that over four formal bonds in another molecule, 2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenol. Key words: 1H NMR, of 1-chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene, isotope effects in NMR, reflection of 37Cl/35Cl isotope effects on 19F shielding in the 1H NMR spectrum of 1-chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene; isotope effects in NMR, over three and five bonds by 37Cl/35Cl on 19F shielding in 1-chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene; 19F NMR, 37Cl/35Cl isotope effects over three and five bonds in 1-chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene.

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