Książki na temat „Isomorphisme de type”

This text is dedicated to the development of the general theory of geopolitics as a scientific discipline. The author discusses what geopolitics is, as well as its content and methodology, and investigates the principles of geopolitical zoning and modelling, the content and essence of geopolitical relations, geographical and geopolitical spaces, geopolitical thinking and geopolitical idealised models. Activity-geospatial and geo-adaptation approaches are utilised while considering geopolitical phenomena. The first focuses attention on the geopolitical relations existing between political activity and geographical space. This forms the methodological basis of the concept of the geospatial self-organisation of a society as a new theoretical paradigm regarding political geography and geopolitics. The book consists of the Introduction, four chapters and contains 41 figures, 9 tables and an extensive reference list. The first chapter deals with the basic theoretical questions of political geography and geopolitics: the concept of geopolitics, the essence of politics and political actors, the concept and structure of geographical space, as well as geopolitical space as a set of geopolitical relations. The author describes several types of geopolitical relations with sensitivity to distance and borders. It has been proven that the “geopolitical relations” category forms the basis for both geopolitics and political geography theories. The second chapter is dedicated to discussing the study of geopolitical space. The geo-adaptation (geoadaptation) approach is proposed for the study of geopolitics and related problems. Geopolitics is understood as a political type of geo-adaptation of society. The author argues that any geopolitical relations represent a kind of societal geo-adaptational relations. The author also discusses the concept of territory (in the Russian sense) and zoning principles. An extended typology of geographical regions has been proposed, which more accurately reflects specific geopolitical phenomena. Along with nodal (functional) and uniform (formal) regions, the author also proposes relational ones. In addition, the concept of geopolitical field as a field of geopolitical relations is described. The author examines the assessment types of fragmentation and integration of geopolitical spaces or fields, and also discusses the principles of research geopolitical location of a country. The third chapter examines the essence, genesis, levels, and types of geopolitical thinking from the viewpoint of the proposed approach. The author notes the principles of critical geopolitics and discusses the place of geopolitics in the system of scientific knowledge and its relation to current political geography, as well as the categorical framework of scientific geopolitics, the principles of forecasting and expert assessment, and special education issues. The fourth chapter discusses the essence of scientific geopolitical laws and principles of modelling. The author argues that the majority of "geopolitics laws" are statements that describe various types of geopolitical strategies. In addition, the author considers numerous idealised geopolitical models of natural-geographic, human-geographic, spatial-activity, functional-activity and chrono-geopolitical types in terms of the geo-adaptation approach. The effect of geographic isomorphisms in geopolitical models is also discussed. The fundamental concepts of physical geography and geomorphology may be used in conceptualising geopolitics. The book is intended for scientists, researchers, and students in the field of geopolitics and political geography. The book is available online at the electronic library system Znanium.com.

This chapter outlines a certain attitude to model theory called ‘modelism’. The modelist idea is that structure-talk, as used informally by mathematicians, is to be understood in terms of isomorphism, in the model theorist's sense. For example, modelists will want to explicate talk of ‘the natural numbers' in terms of a particular isomorphism type. As such, modelists face an important doxological question: ‘How can we pick out particular isomorphism types?’ This chapter examines various versions of this question, and in particular what it means to say that it is a doxological question. We also distinguish between objectual and conceptual versions of this question, and show how they relate to Shapiro’s and Hellman’s different versions of structuralism.

The overarching moral of the two previous chapters is that moderate modelists cannot explain how they could hope to pin down any particular isomorphism type, and so cannot deliver on their goal of explicating structure-talk in terms of isomorphism types. This observation can lead to a kind of model-theoretical scepticism: that is, a moderate modelist might think that model theory has shown to us that we simply cannot pick out the the natural numbers. After distinguishing Moorean arguments from transcendental arguments, we present two transcendental arguments against model-theoretical scepticism. The Metaresources Transcendental Argument, due essentially to Bays, begins from the observation that the model theory which the sceptic uses seems to involve a lot of mathematics already. The Disquotational Transcendental Resources Argument concerns the specifically semantic nature of the sceptical hypotheses. Both aim to show that, insofar as we understand the sceptical hypothesis, we can show it does not obtain.

This chapter completes the classification of algebraic surfaces from the point of view of their derived categories. Abelian, K3, and elliptic surfaces play a special role. For all other surfaces, the derived category determines the isomorphism type. The reduction to minimal surfaces is due to Kawamata, and the case of elliptic surfaces was dealt with by Bridgeland and Maciocia.

This chapter considers the notion of a linear automorphism of an arbitrary spherical building satisfying the Moufang property. It begins with the notation whereby Ω‎ = (U₊, U₁, ..., Uₙ) is the root group sequence and x₁, ... , xₙ the isomorphisms obtained by applying the recipe in [60, 16.x] for x = 1, 2, 3, ... or 9 to a parameter system Λ‎ of the suitable type (and for suitable n) and Δ‎ is the corresponding Moufang n-gon. The chapter proceeds by looking at cases where Λ‎ is a proper anisotropic pseudo-quadratic space defined over an involutory set or a quadratic space of type E⁶, E₇ or E₈. It also describes a notation dealing with the Moufang spherical building with Coxeter diagram Λ‎, an apartment of Δ‎, and a chamber of Σ‎.

This chapter shows that if Ξ‎ is an affine building and Γ‎ is a finite descent group of Ξ‎, then Γ‎ is a descent group of Ξ‎∞ and (Ξ‎∞) is congruent to (Ξ‎∞). Ξ‎Γ‎ and Ξ‎ can be viewed as metric spaces. The chapter first considers the assumptions that Π‎ is an irreducible affine Coxeter diagram, Ξ‎ is a thick building of type Ξ‎, Γ‎is a finite descent group of Ξ‎, and Tits index �� = (Π‎, Θ‎, A). It then describes apartments that are endowed with reflection hyperplanes and reflection half-spaces before concluding with a theorem about a canonical isomorphism from the fixed point building Ξ‎Γ‎ to (Ξ‎Γ‎).

This chapter proves various results about Moufang quadrangles. It first considers the notions of a proper involutory set, a proper indifferent set, and a proper anisotropic pseudo-quadratic space. It then shows that the root group sequence Ω‎ is isomorphic to a root group sequence of exactly one of six types relating to some proper involutory set, some non-trivial anisotropic quadratic space, some proper indifferent set, some proper anisotropic pseudo-quadratic space, and some quadratic space. It also describes the degree of a finite purely inseparable field extension as a power of the characteristic, an isomorphism from a root group sequence of Δ‎ to the Moufang quadrangle, and abelian and non-abelian groups.

This chapter focuses on modelists who want to pin down the isomorphism type of the natural numbers. This aim immediately runs into two technical barriers: the Compactness Theorem and the Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem (the latter is proven in the appendix to this chapter). These results show that no first-order theory with an infinite model can be categorical; all such theories have non-standard models. Other logics, such as second-order logic with its full semantics, are not so expressively limited. Indeed, Dedekind's Categoricity Theorem tells us that all full models of the Peano axioms are isomorphic. However, it is a subtle philosophical question, whether one is entitled to invoke the full semantics for second-order logic — there are at least four distinct attitudes which one can adopt to these categoricity result — but moderate modelists are unable to invoke the full semantics, or indeed any other logic with a categorical theory of arithmetic.

This book provides a systematic exposition of the theory of Fourier-Mukai transforms from an algebro-geometric point of view. Assuming a basic knowledge of algebraic geometry, the key aspect of this book is the derived category of coherent sheaves on a smooth projective variety. The derived category is a subtle invariant of the isomorphism type of a variety, and its group of autoequivalences often shows a rich structure. As it turns out — and this feature is pursued throughout the book — the behaviour of the derived category is determined by the geometric properties of the canonical bundle of the variety. Including notions from other areas, e.g., singular cohomology, Hodge theory, abelian varieties, K3 surfaces; full proofs and exercises are provided. The final chapter summarizes recent research directions, such as connections to orbifolds and the representation theory of finite groups via the McKay correspondence, stability conditions on triangulated categories, and the notion of the derived category of sheaves twisted by a gerbe.

This study investigates determinants of socio-environmental practices, (mandatory and voluntary), as evidenced in southern Brazil’s electric energy distribution companies. It seeks to understand this phenomenon with interdisciplinary protection through theoretical constructs of Social Responsibility, Environmental Management, Evidence, Legitimacy, Reputation, and Institutional. This integration contributes to understanding the reasons why companies undertake and evidence their socio- -environmental practices to external audiences. The literature suggests that socio-environmental practices are explained by various reasons, such as: enforced by legal impositions and/or voluntariness, to strengthen legitimacy, maintain and develop a reputation, and by isomorphism of the competitive operating environment. Given the above, the objective of this work is to investigate factors that determine the disclosure of socio-environmental practices in electricity distribution companies in the south of Brazil. In the methodological aspects, a qualitative approach was used, with descriptive and exploratory objectives. As a research strategy, a multichannel study was applied through two electricity distribution companies in the south of the country, CELESC Distribuição S.A. (Centrais Elétricas de Santa Catarina) and COPEL Distribuição S.A. (Companhia Paranaense de Energia). Data collection took place in two stages, the first one with a search on documentary, physical and virtual basis, and the second stage using a semi-structured interview with professionals from the Social and Environmental Responsibility area of each of the companies surveyed. The information collected was related to the period of 2014, 2015, and 2016. The results showed that the Annual Reports, service stations, and participation in external events constitute the primary means and channels of evidence of socio-environmental practices. There was a greater tendency to develop social practices. However, there are programs focused on climate change, conscious consumption and electricity saving, social inclusion, recovery of citizenship, and people’s quality of life. The COPEL company presented a tendency to evidence voluntary practices with more intensity, also showing consistency and maintenance of the programs during the studied period. Regarding corporate and sustainability policies, it was noted that companies adopt very similar strategies. It is concluded that the age, size, and corporate reputation of companies are the main determinants of socio-environmental practices, highlighting the presence of mimetic isomorphism characterized by the use of the same types of means and channels of evidence and by the symmetry of practices and policies developed by companies CELESC and COPEL.