Artykuły w czasopismach: „Isolated Unidirectional Converters”

1

Yi, Feilong, i Faqiang Wang. "Review of Voltage-Bucking/Boosting Techniques, Topologies, and Applications". Energies 16, nr 2 (11.01.2023): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020842.

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As non-isolated step-up and step-down DC–DC converters are at present widely used in various fields, this review will summarize and introduce non-isolated step-up and step-down DC–DC converters in various aspects. First of all, the origin and development of power electronics technology and the generation and principle of certain basic non-isolated step-up and step-down DC–DC converters are briefly stated. Subsequently, according to their different characteristics, including whether they are unidirectional or bidirectional, voltage-fed or current-fed, or hard-switching or soft-switching, the review will classify them and analyze their advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile, in order to change the voltage gains of the DC–DC converters, different voltage change techniques are applied to them. The review will elaborate on the four technologies (switched capacitors, voltage multipliers, switched inductors and different ways of connecting), providing examples and analyzing the topologies in which they are applied, before summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. Finally, this review will describe the specific applications of non-isolated step-up and step-down DC–DC converters and the reasons behind their ubiquity and popularity. Although the performances of current DC–DC converter topologies are good, there continues to be increasing demand, an updating of the topology structure, and improvements in terms of their performance. In the future, DC–DC converters will play a more important role in industrial production and people’s lives.

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Tuan, Cao Anh, i Takaharu Takeshita. "Analysis and Output Power Control of Unidirectional Secondary-Resonant Single-Active-Half-Bridge DC-DC Converter". Energies 14, nr 21 (8.11.2021): 7432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217432.

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Development of high-frequency-isolated DC-DC converters is underway for charging and discharging electric vehicle batteries. As a charger, a Single Active Bridge (SAB) converter, which is composed of a primary full-bridge converter, a high-frequency transformer, and a secondary full-bridge diode rectifier circuit, has been proposed as a unidirectional high frequency isolated DC-DC converter. In this paper, as a simple circuit configuration, a Secondary-Resonant Single-Active-Half-Bridge (SR-SAHB) converter, in which the primary and secondary circuits of the SAB converter are both half-bridge circuits, and a resonant capacitor connected in parallel to each secondary diode, is created. Due to the partial resonance on the secondary side, power transmission with unity transformer turn ratio and unity voltage conversion ratio can be realized, and a high total input power factor of the transformer can be achieved. As a result, the maximum voltage and current of the switching devices and the transformer voltage can be reduced. Moreover, soft switching in all commutations can be realized. The operation waveform is analyzed, and output power control is derived using the variable frequency control method. The effectiveness of the proposed SR-SAHB has been verified by experimental results using a 2.4 kW 20 kHz, 265 V laboratory prototype.

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Tripathi, Ashish, i Shimi Sudha Letha. "Analysis of Various Topologies and Control Circuit used in Single Phase EV Charger". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 10 (31.10.2022): 921–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47112.

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Abstract: In remote electric vehicle charging frameworks utilizing inductive power transfer (IPT), power electronic converters assume a basic part in decreasing size and cost, as well as boosting the proficiency of the whole framework. As of late, analysts have led huge examination studies to work on the exhibition of power transformation frameworks, including power converter topologies and control plans. Incorporated On-Board Battery Chargers (OBC) have been acquainted as ideal arrangement with increase of electric vehicle (EV) market penetration and limit the general expense of EVs. OBCs are by and large arranged into triphasic and monophasic types with unidirectional or bidirectional power stream. Existing electric vehicle (EV) chargers utilize a hard-core non-linear diode bridge-rectifier (BR) to exploit the DC volt at the contribution of the DC converter and acquaint quality of the power is a counted as a problem with the AC input. These problems insist improvement in Power Quality for existing battery charger for this purpose the bridgeless Cuk Converter is used with the flyback converter. Cuk Converter used single diode and switch and provide additional advantage like reduction in the switch volt-stress and higher efficiency equated to the other conventional bridgeless (BL) converters. Similarly, bridgeless isolated Zeta-Luo converter with PF correction is also used. The Zeta and Luo is functioned for the half cycle of the supply individually and give the benefits of the both topologies. In this paper BL Zeta, BL Cuk, BL Buck-Boost, BL Luo, BL Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (BL SPIC), and Canonical Switched Cell (CSC) converters are reviewed.

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Giral, Roberto, Javier Calvente, Ramon Leyva, Abdelali Aroudi, Goce Arsov i Luis Martinez-Salamero. "Symmetrical power supply for 42 v automotive applications". Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 17, nr 3 (2004): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0403365g.

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The Positive Channel Two Input Two Output (PCTITO) converter is a third Order MIMO DC-to-DC unidirectional and non-isolated switching converter that is derived from the non-inverting buck-boost converter. Negative and Dual Channel TITO converters are also presented. In steady state one of the PCTITO outputs is positive while the other is negative. Although the outputs could be regulated to provide different absolute values, an interesting application of the new converters is to provide symmetrical outputs (i.e. 15 V) to supply balanced loads. Since the absolute value of the outputs could be greater or smaller than the input voltage, the PCTITO converter will be suitable for present 14 V (from 9 to 16 V) or for future 42 V (from 30 to 50 V) automotive voltage distribution buses. To regulate the outputs two in phase equal-switching frequency PWM-based multivariable control loops have been designed. The closed-loop system must provide low audio susceptibility and good line and load regulation at both outputs. In addition, the common mode voltage between the two outputs that could appear in unbalanced load operation has to be minimized. With these general guidelines, several control parameter adjustments have been considered validated using an averaged model of the system, and tested by simulation.

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Sayed, Sawsan S., i Ahmed M. Massoud. "Review on State-of-the-Art Unidirectional Non-Isolated Power Factor Correction Converters for Short-/Long-Distance Electric Vehicles". IEEE Access 10 (2022): 11308–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3146410.

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Xie, Weijin, Wenguang Luo i Yongxin Qin. "Integrated DC/DC Converter Topology Study for Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles with Two Energy Sources". World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, nr 1 (29.12.2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14010009.

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Conventional hybrid vehicles with two energy sources require two separate on-board DC/DC converters to connect the battery and the fuel cell, which have the disadvantages of large size, high cost, high losses and few applicable operating conditions. To address this situation, this paper proposes an optimized on-board integrated DC/DC converter with a non-isolated multi-port scheme that integrates a unidirectional port for the fuel cell and a bidirectional port for the battery and load. This can achieve a combined energy supply and recovery with a single integrated converter, effectively overcoming the above disadvantages. The optimized converter topology is relatively simple, and the magnetic losses of the transformer are removed. Furthermore, the switched capacitor is introduced as a voltage doubling unit to achieve high-gain output, so the fuel cell and battery voltage demand levels are reduced under the same load conditions. In addition, it has superior performance in system energy management for hybrid vehicles, which can distribute power and switch operating states by controlling the on/off of switching devices to make it suitable for five driving conditions. This paper discusses in detail the operating principles of the converter and analyzes its steady-state performance under five operating modes, derives its dynamic model, and proposes a proportional-integral control scheme. Finally, the simulation model of the topology is built by Matlab/Simulink software to verify the converter operation in each driving state, and the simulation experimental results verify the applicability of the proposed integrated DC/DC converter topology.

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Hamdi, R., A. Hadri Hamida i O. Bennis. "On modeling and real-time simulation of a robust adaptive controller applied to a multicellular power converter". Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, nr 6 (7.11.2022): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2022.6.08.

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Introduction. This paper describes the simulation and the robustness assessment of a DC-DC power converter designed to interface a dual-battery conversion system. The adopted converter is a Buck unidirectional and non-isolated converter, composed of three cells interconnected in parallel and operating in continuous conduction mode. Purpose. In order to address the growing challenges of high switching frequencies, a more stable, efficient, and fixed-frequency-operating power system is desired. Originality. Conventional sliding mode controller suffers from high-frequency oscillation caused by practical limitations of system components and switching frequency variation. So, we have explored a soft-switching technology to deal with interface problems and switching losses, and we developed a procedure to choose the high-pass filter parameters in a sliding mode-controlled multicell converter. Methods. We suggest that the sliding mode is controlled by hysteresis bands as the excesses of the band. This delay in state exchanges gives a signal to control the switching frequency of the converter, which, in turn, produces a controlled trajectory. We are seeking an adaptive current control solution to address this issue and adapt a variable-bandwidth of the hysteresis modulation to mitigate nonlinearity in conventional sliding mode control, which struggles to set the switching frequency. Chatter problems are therefore avoided. A boundary layer-based control scheme allows multicell converters to operate with a fixed-switching-frequency. Practical value. Simulation studies in the MATLAB / Simulink environment are performed to analyze system performance and assess its robustness and stability. Thus, our converter is more efficient and able to cope with parametric variation.

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Tuan, Cao Anh, i Takaharu Takeshita. "Analysis of Unidirectional Secondary Resonant Single Active Bridge DC–DC Converter". Energies 14, nr 19 (5.10.2021): 6349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196349.

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A compact and highly efficient unidirectional DC–DC converter is required as a battery charger for electrical vehicles, which will rapidly become widespread in the near future. The single active bridge (SAB) converter is proposed as a simple and high-frequency isolated unidirectional converter, which is comprised of an active H-bridge converter in the primary side, an isolated high frequency transformer, and a rectifying secondary diode bridge output circuit. This paper presents a novel, unidirectional, high-frequency isolated DC–DC converter called a Secondary Resonant Single Active Bridge (SR–SAB) DC–DC converter. The circuit topology of the SR–SAB converter is a resonant capacitor connected to each diode in parallel in order to construct the series resonant circuit in the secondary circuit. As a result, the SR–SAB converter achieves a higher total power factor at the high frequency transformer and a unity voltage conversion ratio under the unity transformer turns ratio. Small and nonsignificant overshoot values of current and voltage waveforms are observed. Soft-switching commutations of the primary H-bridge circuit and the soft recovery of secondary diode bridge are achieved. The operating philosophy and design method of the proposed converter are presented. Output power control using transformer frequency variation is proposed. The effectiveness of the SR–SAB converter was verified by experiments using a 1 kW, 48 VDC, and 20 kHz laboratory prototype.

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Jou, Hurng-Liahng, Kuen-Der Wu, Jinn-Chang Wu, You-Zu Lin i Li-Wen Su. "Asymmetric isolated unidirectional multi-level DC-DC power converter". Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 22, nr 3 (czerwiec 2019): 894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.01.017.

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Anuradha, C., N. Chellammal, Md Saquib Maqsood i S. Vijayalakshmi. "Design and Analysis of Non-Isolated Three-Port SEPIC Converter for Integrating Renewable Energy Sources". Energies 12, nr 2 (11.01.2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020221.

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An efficient way of synthesizing a three port non-isolated converter from a single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) is proposed in this paper. The primary SEPIC converter is split into a source cell and a load cell. Two such source cells are integrated through direct current (DC) link capacitors with a common load cell to generate a three-port SEPIC converter. The derived converter features single-stage power conversion with reduced structural complexity and bidirectional power flow capability. For bidirectional power flow, it incorporates a battery along with an auxiliary photovoltaic source. Mathematical analyses were carried out to describe the operating principles and design considerations. Experiments were performed on an in-house-built prototype three-port unidirectional converter, and the results are presented to validate the feasibility of the designed converter.

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Pal, Anirban, i Kaushik Basu. "A Unidirectional Single-Stage Three-Phase Soft-Switched Isolated DC–AC Converter". IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 34, nr 2 (luty 2019): 1142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2833747.

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Wu, Yu-En, i Rui-Ru Hong. "Multi-Functional Isolated Three-Port Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for Photovoltaic Systems". Sustainability 14, nr 18 (6.09.2022): 11169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811169.

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This paper proposes a novel multi-function isolated three-port bidirectional DC–DC converter for a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed topology was composed of a unidirectional step-up converter and a bidirectional step-up/step-down converter that only required one set of complementary PWM signals to control any operation mode and used multiple operating stages to improve the practicability of the converter. In addition, the proposed topology had the function of inductance energy leakage recovery to improve the conversion efficiency and used synchronous rectification technology to reduce the conduction losses from passive components. This paper implemented a 500 W converter to verify the feasibility of the proposed converter by theoretical analysis, simulation, and experiment results. The experimental results show the highest efficiency of 95.5% for the PV step-up to the DC bus, 97.8% for the PV step-down to the battery terminal, 94.5% for the battery terminal step-up to the DC bus, and 93.4% for the DC bus step-down to the battery terminal, respectively.

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Hojabri, Hossein. "Unidirectional isolated high‐frequency link DC/AC converter for grid integration of DC sources". IET Renewable Power Generation 13, nr 15 (23.10.2019): 2880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0284.

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Lopez-Santos, Oswaldo, Alejandro Cabeza-Cabeza, Germain Garcia i Luis Martinez-Salamero. "Sliding Mode Control of the Isolated Bridgeless SEPIC High Power Factor Rectifier Interfacing an AC Source with a LVDC Distribution Bus". Energies 12, nr 18 (7.09.2019): 3463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183463.

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This paper deals with the analysis and design of a sliding mode-based controller to obtain high power factor (HPF) in the bridgeless isolated version of the single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) operating as a single-phase rectifier. In the work reported here, the converter is used as a unidirectional isolated interface between an AC source and a low voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution bus. The sliding-mode control is used to ensure the tracking of a high quality current reference at the input side, which is obtained from a sine waveform generator synchronized with the grid. The feasibility of the proposal is validated using simulation and experimental results, both of them confirming a reliable operation and showing good static and dynamic performances.

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Anuradha, C., N. Chellammal, S. Vijayalakshmi i R. C. Ilambirai. "Steady State Analysis of Non-Isolated Single-Input Multi-Output SEPIC Converter for Stand-alone Applications". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, nr 1 (1.03.2018): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i1.pp260-268.

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<p>This paper proposes a non-isolated three port SEPIC converter for stand-alone photovoltaic applications. The proposed topology uses the Single Input Multi Output (SIMO) structure. This topology consists of a single photovoltaic source as input and it is a unidirectional power converter. Mathematical analysis for the proposed system is performed and simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The design parameters of capacitors and inductors are calculated from small ripple analysis. The simulation analysis for the proposed open loop topology is verified using a real time hardware setup.The entire process is carried out in Continuous Current Mode (CCM) of operation. The experimental results for hardware are verified with simulations and compared.</p>

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Sharma, Anurag, i Rajesh Gupta. "Bridgeless single stage AC/DC converter with power factor correction". Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, nr 5 (1.10.2022): 2500–2509. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i5.3607.

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This research paper proposes a novel bridgeless single-stage isolated converter with power factor correction and load voltage control. The proposed converter reduces the input diode bridge requirement with reduced passive components and provides a unidirectional flow of power to the load. The single-stage design reduces the use of an electrolytic capacitor, which improves reliability and reduces the size of the converter. The proposed control method is based on a single proportional integral (PI) controller to achieve both power factor correction and input current control. The proposed bridgeless converter is suitable for electric vehicle (EV) charging. A simulation study is performed on the MATLAB/Simulink to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter. The converter is implemented in the laboratory to obtain the experimental results using typhoon hardware in the loop (HIL) based real time simulator.

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Elserougi, Ahmed, Ibrahim Abdelsalam i Ahmed Massoud. "An isolated‐boost‐converter‐based unidirectional three‐phase off‐board fast charger for electric vehicles". IET Electrical Systems in Transportation 12, nr 1 (28.10.2021): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/els2.12039.

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Slah, Farhani, Amari Mansour, Aouiti Abdelkarim i Faouzi Bacha. "Analysis and Design of an LC Parallel-Resonant DC–DC Converter for a Fuel Cell Used in an Electrical Vehicle". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, nr 08 (12.04.2018): 1850119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618501190.

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In this paper, the design methodology of a parallel-resonant [Formula: see text] converter for fuel cell applications in the electric vehicle is proposed in order to achieve high efficiency. Although the converter is unidirectional, it is interposed between the fuel cell and the DC link. Additionally, the converter is made up of two full bridges, an [Formula: see text] resonant filter and a planar transformer. The use of a high-frequency transformer enables to minimize the converter size and the weight, to produce a higher voltage in the secondary side from an input voltage (fuel cell) and to isolate the full bridges. Furthermore, the rectifier diodes operate with a zero-current switching. Therefore, an experimental converter prototype has been designed, simulated, built and tested in the laboratory. Finally, a prototype having 30[Formula: see text]V as an input and 150[Formula: see text]V as an output with 500[Formula: see text]W is designed to demonstrate and analyze the proposed converter.

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Jha, Rupesh, Mattia Forato, Satya Prakash, Hemant Dashora i Giuseppe Buja. "An Analysis-Supported Design of a Single Active Bridge (SAB) Converter". Energies 15, nr 2 (17.01.2022): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020666.

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Currently, due to its various applications, the high-performance isolated dc-dc converter is in demand. In applications where unidirectional power transfer is required, the single active bridge (SAB) is the most suitable one due to its simplicity and ease of control. The general schematic of the SAB converter consists of an active bridge and a passive bridge, which are connected through a high-frequency transformer thus isolated. The paper summarizes the behavior of this converter in its three operation modes, namely the continuous, discontinuous, and boundary modes. Later, the features of this converter, such as its input-to-output and external characteristics are discussed. Input-to-output characteristics include the variation of converter output power, voltage, and current with an input control variable i.e., phase-shift angle, whereas the external characteristic is the variation of the output voltage as a function of output current. In this discussion, the behavior of this converter in its extreme operating conditions is also examined. The features of the characteristics are elucidated with the help of suitable plots obtained in the MATLAB environment. Afterward, the specifications of a SAB converter are given and, based on the results of the analysis, a detailed design of its electrical elements is carried out. To validate the features and the design procedures presented in this paper, a prototype is developed. An element-wise loss estimation is also carried out and the efficiency of the converter has been found to be approximately equal to 93%. Lastly, the test was executed on this prototype, confirming the theoretical findings concerning this converter.

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Rodríguez-Benítez, Oscar Miguel, Mario Ponce-Silva, Juan Antonio Aquí-Tapia, Abraham Claudio-Sánchez, Luis Gerardo Vela-Váldes, Ricardo Eliu Lozoya-Ponce i Claudia Cortés-García. "Comparative Performance and Assessment Study of a Current-Fed DC-DC Resonant Converter Combining Si, SiC, and GaN-Based Power Semiconductor Devices". Electronics 9, nr 11 (23.11.2020): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111982.

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This paper focuses on the main reasons of low efficiency in a current-fed DC-DC resonant converter applied to photovoltaic (PV) isolated systems, comparing the effects derived by the overlapping time in the gate-signals (gate-source voltage) combining silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC), and gallium nitride (GaN)-based power devices. The results show that unidirectional switches (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) plus diode) present hard switching as a result of the diode preventing the MOSFET capacitance of being discharged. The effectiveness of the converter was verified with a 200-W prototype with an input voltage range of 0–30.3 V, an output voltage of 200 V, and a switching frequency of 200 kHz. The reduction losses by applying GaN versus Si and SiC technologies are 66.49% and 53.57%, respectively. Alternatively, by applying SiC versus Si devices the reduction loss is 27.84%. Finally, according to the results, 60% of losses were caused by the diodes on both switches.

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Haneda, Ryo, Hirofumi Akagi i Kenji Hukuda. "Output Voltage Regulation of a Unidirectional Isolated DC-DC Converter Used as an Auxiliary Power Supply for Electric Commuter Trains". IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 137, nr 5 (2017): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.137.406.

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Shanmugam, S., i A. Sharmila. "Multiport converters for incorporating solar photovoltaic system with battery storage: A pilot survey towards modern influences, challenges and future scenarios". Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (7.10.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.947424.

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The increasing significance of renewable power systems with diverse sources has produced an unexpected demand for electronic converters to integrate and simultaneously control, various energy resources, and storage devices. The voltage-current characteristics and the voltage levels of storage, as well as energy generating systems, are naturally diverse from those of loads. Hence, converters are employed to transform the energy from the renewable power plants to meet the total power demand, to enable the renewable energy system to use Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm, to enhance the dynamic and static characteristics of the system, and to integrate the energy storage devices to resolve the issue of the irregularity of the load demand and unstable characteristics of the renewable sources. The implementation of a Multiport DC/DC converter (MDC) is a viable solution to increase the system efficiency and power density. The conventional MDC contains 1) DC unidirectional input ports to connect the renewable energy generating system; 2) two-way input ports to interface battery like storage devices; and 3) output ports to interface the load. Recently, numerous multiport converter configurations have been developed and described in the literature. Each of these reported MDCs has distinct architecture and working mechanism, which leads to a diverse level of intricacies, different component count, different performance, and reliability. This paper reviews various configurations of MDCs that have been introduced by different research communities to integrate solar energy with Battery Storage System (BSS). Different MDCs topologies such as partially-isolated, isolated, non-isolated configurations are discussed according to their physical structures and other aspects. This article can be employed as a guideline to select the appropriate configuration to match the certain condition of a system.

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Venugopal, R., C. Balaji, A. Dominic Savio, R. Narayanamoorthi, Kareem M. AboRas, Hossam Kotb, Yazeed Yasin Ghadi, Mokhtar Shouran i Elmazeg Elgamli. "Review on Unidirectional Non-isolated High Gain DC-DC Converters for EV Sustainable DC Fast Charging Applications". IEEE Access, 2023, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3276860.

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Sivaperumal, Narthana, i Gnanavadivel Jothimani. "A single‐stage bridgeless isolated positive output Cuk configuration‐based unidirectional onboard battery charger". International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 3.08.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.3757.

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SummaryAs power factor correction rectifiers play a key component of electric vehicle (EV) battery charger, the advancements in designing of improved power quality‐based EV charger become more significant in modern era. This article exposes a single‐stage bridgeless isolated positive output (BIPO) Cuk PFC converter with a noninverted output signal. The input diode rectifier present at the input is redeemed by the bridgeless topology that eliminates the serious power quality (PQ) issues and proffers the eminent charging solution for the light electric vehicles (LEV). Unlike the conventional Cuk converter, the noninverted outcome of the BIPO converter does not require a separate amplifier for converting negative to positive output voltage. The preferred charger utilizes a single voltage and current sensor to synchronize the battery charging control in the constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) phases of charging. Therefore, the converter encompasses intrinsic zero current switching (ZCS) and offers low‐cost solution to the charger with reduced control complexities. The extensive state space approach is executed to analyze the marginal stability of the presented system. Moreover, the detailed loss modeling is addressed to show the charger's efficacy curve at the standard conditions. A hardware prototype of 350 W, 60 V/4 A charger is implemented to validate its steady‐state and dynamic performance.

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Hong, Tianqi, Zhi Geng, Kedao Qi, Xiaonan Zhao, Joseph Ambrosio i DAZHONG GU. "A Wide Range Unidirectional Isolated DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2020, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.2998758.

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