Artykuły w czasopismach: „Iron-Carbon”

1

Kulnitskiy, B. A., i V. D. Blank. "Iron Carbide Formation inside Carbon Nanotubes". Advanced Materials & Technologies, nr 3 (2017): 034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/amt.2017.03.pp.034-039.

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Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. "Carbon–carbon interactions in iron". Journal of Materials Science 39, nr 12 (czerwiec 2004): 3949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jmsc.0000031476.21217.fa.

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Meyers, G. J. "IRON CARBON ALLOYS.*". Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 26, nr 4 (18.03.2009): 1127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1914.tb00344.x.

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Bradley, John R., i Sooho Kim. "Laser transformation hardening of iron-carbon and iron- carbon- chromium steels". Metallurgical Transactions A 19, nr 8 (sierpień 1988): 2013–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02645205.

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Marukovich, E. I., V. Yu Stetsenko i A. V. Stetsenko. "Nanostructured recrystallization of iron‑carbon alloys". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), nr 3 (14.10.2022): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2022-3-27-29.

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Recrystallization of iron-carbon alloys has been shown to be a nanostructured process. Microcrystals of secondary cementite of steels and cast iron are formed from elementary nanocrystals of iron and graphite, free atoms of graphite and iron-carbon complexes. Microcrystals of primary α-ferrita steels are formed from elementary nanocrystals of iron and graphite, free iron atoms. Microcrystals of cast iron secondary graphite are formed from elementary nanocrystals and free graphite atoms. Eutectoid microcrystals are formed from elementary nanocrystals of iron and carbon, free atoms of iron and carbon, iron-carbon complexes.

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6

Blodau, Christian, Charlotte L. Roehm i Tim R. Moore. "Iron, sulfur, and dissolved carbon dynamics in a northern peatland". Fundamental and Applied Limnology 154, nr 4 (7.08.2002): 561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/154/2002/561.

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Wang, Cui, Jianliang Zhang, Wen Chen, Xiaolei Li, Kexin Jiao, Zhenping Pang, Zhongyi Wang, Tongsheng Wang i Zhengjian Liu. "Comparative Analysis on the Corrosion Resistance to Molten Iron of Four Kinds of Carbon Bricks Used in Blast Furnace Hearth". Metals 12, nr 5 (20.05.2022): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050871.

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The corrosion resistance to molten iron of four kinds of carbon bricks used in blast furnace hearth were investigated to elaborate the corrosion mechanism through the macroscopic and microscopic analysis of carbon bricks before and after reaction and thermodynamic analysis. The macroscopic analysis showed that brick A had the lowest degree of corrosion and highest uniformity at different heights, attributing to its moderate carbon content of 76.15%, main phases of C, Al2O3, SiC, and Al6Si2O13 (mullite), and lower resistance to molten iron infiltration, etc. The microscopic analysis showed that all the carbon bricks had more and larger pores than the original carbon bricks. The phenomena of the iron beads adhering to carbon brick and iron infiltration were observed between the interface of carbon brick and molten iron. In addition, the obvious corrosion process was presented that the carbon matrix was broken and peeled off during the iron infiltration process. For the carbon brick being corroded, the dissolution of carbon was the predominant reaction. The higher the carbon solubility of the molten iron, the easier the corrosion on the carbon brick. Al2O3 and SiC enhanced the corrosion resistance to molten iron of carbon bricks, and SiO2 could react with carbon to form pores as channels for the penetration of molten iron and increase the corrosion on carbon bricks. A higher graphitization degree of carbon bricks was beneficial to lessen their corrosion degree. The corrosion on carbon bricks by molten iron could be attributed to three aspects: carburization, infiltration, and scouring of molten iron. The carburization process of molten iron was the main reaction process. The molten iron infiltration into the carbon bricks facilitated the dissolution of carbon and destroyed the structure and accelerated the corrosion of the carbon bricks. The scouring of molten iron subjected the iron–carbon interface to interaction forces, promoting the separation of the exfoliated fragmented carbon brick from the iron–carbon interface to facilitate a new round of corrosion process.

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Van Genderen, M. J., M. Isac, A. Böttger i E. J. Mittemeijer. "Aging and tempering behavior of iron-nickel-carbon and iron-carbon martensite". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 28, nr 3 (marzec 1997): 545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-0042-5.

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Al-Haik, M., C. C. Luhrs, M. M. Reda Taha, A. K. Roy, L. Dai, J. Phillips i S. Doorn. "Hybrid Carbon Fibers/Carbon Nanotubes Structures for Next Generation Polymeric Composites". Journal of Nanotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/860178.

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Pitch-based carbon fibers are commonly used to produce polymeric carbon fiber structural composites. Several investigations have reported different methods for dispersing and subsequently aligning carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a filler to reinforce polymer matrix. The significant difficulty in dispersing CNTs suggested the controlled-growth of CNTs on surfaces where they are needed. Here we compare between two techniques for depositing the catalyst iron used toward growing CNTs on pitch-based carbon fiber surfaces. Electrochemical deposition of iron using pulse voltametry is compared to DC magnetron iron sputtering. Carbon nanostructures growth was performed using a thermal CVD system. Characterization for comparison between both techniques was compared via SEM, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy analysis. It is shown that while both techniques were successful to grow CNTs on the carbon fiber surfaces, iron sputtering technique was capable of producing more uniform distribution of iron catalyst and thus multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) compared to MWCNTs grown using the electrochemical deposition of iron.

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Klein, Johannes E. M. N., i Bernd Plietker. "Iron-catalysed carbon–carbon single bond activation". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 11, nr 8 (2013): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ob27159a.

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Geng, Shu Hua, Wei Zhong Ding, Shu Qiang Guo i Xiong Gang Lu. "The Carbon Deposition during Iron Ore Reduction in Carbon Monoxide". Advanced Materials Research 625 (grudzień 2012): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.625.243.

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Iron ore reduction and carbon deposition in pure CO was investigated by using thermogravimetric (TG) method over the temperature range of 0-1200°C. The results of the work may be summarized as follows: in CO stream, carbon deposition occurred below 900°C, no carbon deposition was found above 1000°C. X-Ray analysis of the reacted sample indicated that the carbon deposition occurred with the iron was reduced. The iron reduction process and carbon deposition occurred simultaneously. The rate of carbon deposition changed with the transformation of iron oxides. The specific surface area and pore structure of reduced samples were analyzed. The specific surface area changed with the amount of carbon deposition.

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Deng, Yong, Kexin Jiao i Jianliang Zhang. "Liquid structure evolution of molten iron in blast furnace hearth". Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, nr 6 (2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019035.

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The iron-carbon interfacial reaction between molten iron and carbon brick was carried out to simulate the working condition of blast furnace (BF) hearth. The carbon content in molten iron after the reaction was detected to be 5.0% which was almost saturated. XRD and SEM-EDS were conducted on the surface of polished rectangle iron before and after iron-carbon interfacial reaction. Fine striped graphite was observed in iron before iron-carbon interfacial reaction, a large amount of flake-like graphite was observed in iron after iron-carbon interfacial reaction. As a structure-sensitive physical property, the viscosity of molten iron was the macroscopic expression of its liquid structure. The liquid structure of molten iron (Fe-4.5%C, Fe-5.0%C) was measured through a high temperature X-ray diffractometer. The X-ray original diffraction intensity, the structure factor, the pair distribution function, the radial distribution function, and the main parameters of molten iron were obtained through the calculation. The presence of pre-peak in the structure factor indicated that there was a medium-range order in molten iron, some compounds or cluster of atoms might exist in molten iron, the structure model of atoms in liquid Fe-4.5%C was predicted through the structure parameters. The increase of carbon content after iron-carbon interfacial reaction was the essential reason for liquid structure evolution of molten iron in hearth.

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13

Nishi, Kazuki, Shuhei Inoue i Yukihiko Matsumura. "Molecular Dynamics Observation of Iron–Carbon precursors of Carbon Nanotube and Development of Iron–Carbon Potential". Engineering Journal 17, nr 5 (31.12.2013): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4186/ej.2013.17.5.19.

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Stewart, J. W., J. A. Charles i E. R. Wallach. "Iron–phosphorus–carbon system: Part 3 – Metallography of low carbon iron–phosphorus alloys". Materials Science and Technology 16, nr 3 (marzec 2000): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708300101507857.

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Meyer, A., L. Hennig, F. Kargl i T. Unruh. "Iron self diffusion in liquid pure iron and iron-carbon alloys". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 31, nr 39 (9.07.2019): 395401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab2855.

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Wang, Fei, Fuying Zhu, Enxiang Ren, Guofu Zhu, Guo-Ping Lu i Yamei Lin. "Recent Advances in Carbon-Based Iron Catalysts for Organic Synthesis". Nanomaterials 12, nr 19 (3.10.2022): 3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193462.

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Carbon-based iron catalysts combining the advantages of iron and carbon material are efficient and sustainable catalysts for green organic synthesis. The present review summarizes the recent examples of carbon-based iron catalysts for organic reactions, including reduction, oxidation, tandem and other reactions. In addition, the introduction strategies of iron into carbon materials and the structure and activity relationship (SAR) between these catalysts and organic reactions are also highlighted. Moreover, the challenges and opportunities of organic synthesis over carbon-based iron catalysts have also been addressed. This review will stimulate more systematic and in-depth investigations on carbon-based iron catalysts for exploring sustainable organic chemistry.

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Wang, Zhongyi, Cui Wang, Jianliang Zhang, Qianwan Chen, Kexin Jiao, Xiaolei Li, Zhengjian Liu, Shanchao Gao i Ziyu Guo. "Enhanced corrosion resistance to molten iron of carbon bricks through nano-scale micropores and alumina addition". Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, nr 3 (2022): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022028.

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The composition and micropores characteristics of carbon bricks have significant influence on their corrosion resistance to molten iron. In this study, the corrosion of an ultra-microporous carbon brick (MG carbon brick) in molten iron was studied by the rotating cylinder method. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance to molten iron of the MG carbon brick was better than that of the NMA carbon brick, especially under the conditions of low carbon, high sulfur and low titanium molten iron. The nano-scale micropores and the addition of Al2O3 were the main factors which made the MG carbon brick more resistant to corrosion by molten iron than the NMA carbon brick. In terms of chemical composition, the MG carbon brick contained 8.74 wt.% Al2O3 and 6.91 wt.% SiC, while their content in the NMA carbon brick was very little. The corrosion resistance to molten iron of carbon bricks can be enhanced by adding Al2O3. But it cannot be ignored that the thermal stability of the carbon brick would deteriorate due to the addition of Al2O3. Moreover, because of the better properties of the MG carbon brick in terms of average pore size and ≤1 μm pore volume, the MG carbon brick had better permeation resistance to molten iron than the NMA carbon brick.

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18

Enami, Hiroki, Toshio Nakamura, Hirotaka Oda, Tetsuya Yamada i Toshio Tsukamoto. "AMS 14C Dating of Iron Artifacts: Development and Application". Radiocarbon 46, nr 1 (2004): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039540.

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We have developed a prototype carbon extraction system for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating of archaeological iron remains by combusting them with a RF induction furnace. We have also successfully tested and used a method of carbon extraction from iron using a CuCl2 solution. Modifications to our carbon extraction systems and methods provide us acceptable performances; carbon yield is normally around 80% and the 14C background level is as low as 42–48 ka BP in 14C apparent age. We have also conducted an iron refining experiment to examine the sources for carbon 14C age derived from iron, using established AMS 14C dating and carbon extraction systems. Our refining experiment was conducted on iron slag, which are by-products formed during iron smelting methods in the 7th century AD, and using modern charcoal as fuel. The aim of the experiment was to determine whether original carbon characteristics in the original iron materials would be preserved, or if the carbon signature would be replaced to some degree by the modern charcoal. AMS 14C measurements on the refined iron yielded 14C ages equivalent to those of the modern charcoal fuel. The result indicates that the original carbon signatures in the iron slag from 7th century production was replaced completely by modern carbon used in our experiment. The experiment confirms the assumption that 14C ages on iron products are associated with the fuel source of the iron smelting or refining process. We also report on the dating of iron slag materials excavated from the Gennaitouge iron smelting site, where 14C dates were consistent with the age of the site estimated by archaeological evidence.

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Cresswell, Richard G. "Radiocarbon Dating of Iron Artifacts". Radiocarbon 34, nr 3 (1992): 898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200064225.

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During the late 1960s, N. J. van der Merwe (1969) obtained 14C measurements on 11 iron pieces, ranging in carbon content from medium carbon (0.22%) wrought iron (1.2 kg used) to high carbon (3.2%) cast iron (30 g), thereby demonstrating the feasibility of the technique for 14C dating iron. In the early 1980s, Sayre et al. (1982) repeated two of van der Merwe's measurements, and carried out two analyses on a recently rediscovered Elizabethan(?) iron bloom. Thirty grams were required of this medium carbon wrought iron to obtain an age using small proportional counters. A number of iron artifacts have recently been analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at IsoTrace. Samples ranged in size from 3.4 g of a medium carbon (≃0.4%) wrought iron bloom to 274 mg for a high carbon (1.79%) wootz steel fragment. AMS now permits analysis of samples that previously were too small or too valuable to be analyzed. For larger samples, multiple analyses can reveal variations that may aid the evaluation of sample history.

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Santos, Dener Martins dos, i Marcelo Breda Mourao. "High-temperature reduction of iron oxides by solid carbon or carbon dissolved in liquid iron-carbon alloy". Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 33, nr 4 (sierpień 2004): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0692.2004.00689.x.

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Li, Qianqian, Rebecca E. Cooper, Carl-Eric Wegner, Martin Taubert, Nico Jehmlich, Martin von Bergen i Kirsten Küsel. "Insights into Autotrophic Activities and Carbon Flow in Iron-Rich Pelagic Aggregates (Iron Snow)". Microorganisms 9, nr 7 (23.06.2021): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071368.

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Pelagic aggregates function as biological carbon pumps for transporting fixed organic carbon to sediments. In iron-rich (ferruginous) lakes, photoferrotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic bacteria contribute to CO2 fixation by oxidizing reduced iron, leading to the formation of iron-rich pelagic aggregates (iron snow). The significance of iron oxidizers in carbon fixation, their general role in iron snow functioning and the flow of carbon within iron snow is still unclear. Here, we combined a two-year metatranscriptome analysis of iron snow collected from an acidic lake with protein-based stable isotope probing to determine general metabolic activities and to trace 13CO2 incorporation in iron snow over time under oxic and anoxic conditions. mRNA-derived metatranscriptome of iron snow identified four key players (Leptospirillum, Ferrovum, Acidithrix, Acidiphilium) with relative abundances (59.6–85.7%) encoding ecologically relevant pathways, including carbon fixation and polysaccharide biosynthesis. No transcriptional activity for carbon fixation from archaea or eukaryotes was detected. 13CO2 incorporation studies identified active chemolithoautotroph Ferrovum under both conditions. Only 1.0–5.3% relative 13C abundances were found in heterotrophic Acidiphilium and Acidocella under oxic conditions. These data show that iron oxidizers play an important role in CO2 fixation, but the majority of fixed C will be directly transported to the sediment without feeding heterotrophs in the water column in acidic ferruginous lakes.

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Kosdauletov, N., i V. E. Roshchin. "Definition of conditions of selective iron reduction from iron-manganese ore". Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, nr 11-12 (3.01.2021): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-952-959.

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The article presents thermodynamic modeling results of reduction roasting of ferromanganese ore with a high phosphorus content in the presence of solid carbon. The modeling was carried out using TERRA software package. Influence of the process temperature in the range 950 – 1300 K and carbon content in the amount of 8.50 – 8.85 g per 100 g of ore on reduction of iron, manganese and phosphorus was investigated. With these parameters of the system, iron is reduced by both solid carbon and carbon monoxide CO to the metallic state, and manganese is reduced only to MnO oxide. The degree of phosphorus reduction depends on the amount of reducing agent. With an excess of carbon relative to the reduction of iron, all phosphorus is converted into metal at a temperature of 1150 K. Phosphorus is not reduced at temperatures below 1150 K and such amount of carbon. The process of solid-phase reduction of iron from manganese ore with the preservation of manganese in the oxide phase was researched in laboratory conditions. Experimental results of direct reduction of these elements with carbon and indirect reduction with carbon monoxide CO are presented. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory Tamman furnace at a temperature of 1000 – 1300 °C and holding time of 1 and 3 hours. Results of the research of phase composition of the reduction products, as well as chemical composition of the phases are considered. The possibility of selective solid-phase reduction of iron with solid carbon to the metallic state was confirmed. Iron in the studied conditions is reduced by carbon monoxide CO and passes into magnetic part. During the magnetic separation of the products of ore reduction roasting with solid carbon and carbon monoxide CO, the non-magnetic part contains oxides of manganese, silicon and calcium. The work results can be used in development of theoretical and technological foundations for the processing of ferromanganese ores, which are not processed by existing technologies.

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Kosdauletov, N., i V. E. Roshchin. "Definition of conditions of selective iron reduction from iron-manganese ore". Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, nr 11-12 (3.01.2021): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-952-959.

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The article presents thermodynamic modeling results of reduction roasting of ferromanganese ore with a high phosphorus content in the presence of solid carbon. The modeling was carried out using TERRA software package. Influence of the process temperature in the range 950 – 1300 K and carbon content in the amount of 8.50 – 8.85 g per 100 g of ore on reduction of iron, manganese and phosphorus was investigated. With these parameters of the system, iron is reduced by both solid carbon and carbon monoxide CO to the metallic state, and manganese is reduced only to MnO oxide. The degree of phosphorus reduction depends on the amount of reducing agent. With an excess of carbon relative to the reduction of iron, all phosphorus is converted into metal at a temperature of 1150 K. Phosphorus is not reduced at temperatures below 1150 K and such amount of carbon. The process of solid-phase reduction of iron from manganese ore with the preservation of manganese in the oxide phase was researched in laboratory conditions. Experimental results of direct reduction of these elements with carbon and indirect reduction with carbon monoxide CO are presented. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory Tamman furnace at a temperature of 1000 – 1300 °C and holding time of 1 and 3 hours. Results of the research of phase composition of the reduction products, as well as chemical composition of the phases are considered. The possibility of selective solid-phase reduction of iron with solid carbon to the metallic state was confirmed. Iron in the studied conditions is reduced by carbon monoxide CO and passes into magnetic part. During the magnetic separation of the products of ore reduction roasting with solid carbon and carbon monoxide CO, the non-magnetic part contains oxides of manganese, silicon and calcium. The work results can be used in development of theoretical and technological foundations for the processing of ferromanganese ores, which are not processed by existing technologies.

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Huo, Junping, Huaihe Song, Xiaohong Chen i Bin Cheng. "From Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanorods to Carbon Nanotubes". Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112, nr 15 (kwiecień 2008): 5835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp711792x.

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Pełech, Iwona. "Preparation of carbon nanotubes using cvd CVD method". Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 12, nr 3 (1.01.2010): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-010-0033-y.

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Preparation of carbon nanotubes using cvd CVD method In this work preparation and characteristic of modified nanocarbons is described. These materials were obtained using nanocrystalline iron as a catalyst and ethylene as a carbon source at 700°C. The influence of argon or hydrogen addition to reaction mixture was investigated. After ethylene decomposition samples were hydrogenated at 500°C. As a results iron carbide (Fe3C) in the carbon matrix in the form of multi walled carbon nanotubes was obtained. After a treatment under hydrogen atmosphere iron carbide decomposed to iron and carbon and small iron particles agglomerated into larger ones.

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Wang, Han, Tianbei Wang, Weigang Wang i Yue Yuan. "Enhancing Rural Surface Water Remediation with Iron–Carbon Microelectrolysis-Strengthened Ecological Floating Beds". Sustainability 16, nr 17 (28.08.2024): 7417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16177417.

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Ecological floating beds, with their compact footprint and mobility, offer a promising solution for sustainable surface water remediation in rural areas. However, low removal efficiency and instability still limit its application. In this study, iron–carbon-based fillers were integrated into ecological floating beds to investigate their impact and mechanisms in removing pollutants, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals. Results indicate that all five fillers (activated carbon, iron–carbon fillers, sponge iron, activated carbon + iron–carbon fillers, and activated carbon + sponge iron) can completely remove orthophosphate, and the sponge iron filler system can completely remove nitrate. Then, fillers were applied to ecological floating beds, and the iron–carbon microelectrolysis (activated carbon + sponge iron filler)-enhanced ecological floating bed showed superior removal efficiency for pollutants. It achieved 95% removal of NH4+-N, 85% removal of NO3−-N, 75% removal of total phosphorus, 90% removal of chemical oxygen demand, and 90% removal of heavy metals. Typical nitrifying bacteria Nitrospira, denitrifying bacteria Denitratisoma, and a variety of bacterial genera with denitrification functions (e.g., Rhodobacter, Dechloromonas, Sediminibacterium, and Novosphingobium) coexisted in the system, ensuring efficient and robust nitrogen removal performance. These findings will provide support for the sustainable treatment of surface water in rural areas.

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Liu, Yuan Chao, Jun Tie Che i Jing Hao Ren. "Influence of Carbon Source for Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis from Controllable Flame". Advanced Materials Research 1048 (październik 2014): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.410.

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The flame method is a kind of new method for preparation of carbon nanotubes. The hydrocarbon gas (acetylene, ethylene, methane) or carbon monoxide is often selected as carbon source gas in this method. Carbon monoxide is a kind of effective carbon source gas in preparation of carbon nanotubes from the high temperature flame compared with hydrocarbon gases. The pentacarbonyl iron is served as catalyst precursor in the experiment. Austenitic stainless steel type316 is selected as sampling substrate in the flame experiment. The carbon nanotubes from the controllable flame have graphite well-crystallized and less structural defects relatively. The nanotube diameter consistency is also relatively good. Carbon monoxide began to decompose at higher temperature than that of hydrocarbon gas and its decomposition rate is suitable for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes in the flame. In addition, the carbon monoxide has the ability to split large iron catalyst particles and prefers to react with iron catalyst. But only a few carbon nanotubes mixed with lots of iron catalyst particles, soot and amorphous carbon particles come into being when low mass flow of carbon monoxide is provided.

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Gong, Wen Bang, Li Luo, Guo Dong Chen i Gang Yu Xiang. "Derivation and Application for Calculation of Carbon Content in Austenitizing of Cast Iron". Materials Science Forum 704-705 (grudzień 2011): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.11.

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In this paper, a formula for the calculation of carbon content during austenitizing of cast iron was deduced, considering the effect of silicon content. According to this formula, carbon content of austenite at a certain austenization temperature for a cast iron with given composition can be easily calculated, and the austenization temperature for getting the expected carbon content in the austenite can also be determined. Besides, according to the relationship between austenization temperature Tx and the according carbon content Cax, and considering the effect of silicon content, the carbon content of the austenite in the commonly used cast iron during heat treatment was calculated. The formula can be as a theoretical basis for determined austenization temperature and carbon content in austenite during heat treatment of cast iron, in particular, can play an important role in heat treatment of austempered ductile iron. Keywords: cast iron heat treatment; diffusion of carbon; carbon content in austenite

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Sherby, Oleg D., J. Wadsworth, D. R. Lesuer i C. K. Syn. "Structure and Hardness of Martensite in Quenched Fe-C Steels". Materials Science Forum 638-642 (styczeń 2010): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.160.

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The exceptional high hardness of lath martensite in quenched Fe-C steels is explained by the Engel-Brewer valence electron theory for crystal structures. The theory predicts the transformation sequence FCC-HCP-BCC with FCC iron as Fe3v, HCP iron as Fe2v, BCC iron as Fe1v and carbon as C4v. Electronic compatibility requires transformation from FCC to HCP to form two separate components. Carbon-rich clusters of C4v with 8 Fe3v atoms are distributed uniformly in a carbon-free matrix of HCP Fe2v atoms. The carbon-iron clusters are viewed as particle-like, calculated as 0.63 nm in size, and is responsible for the high strength of martensite. The carbon-free region experiences shear deformation during FCC to HCP transformation leading to work hardened fine grains. Subsequent transformation to BCC iron maintains the same size carbon cluster with additional shearing deformation during HCP to BCC formation in the carbon-free region. Tempering studies of quenched martensite are shown to support the carbon-iron cluster model.

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Chen, Jin, i Hai Yan Zhang. "Peparation and Magnetic Propriety of Carbon-Coated Iron Magnetic Nanoparticles by Starch Coating Method". Applied Mechanics and Materials 164 (kwiecień 2012): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.164.17.

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We synthesized carbon-coated iron magnetic nanoparticles by a low cost method using Ferric nitrate as the iron precursor and starch as both reductive agent and carbon source under H2 atmosphere. The structure, size distribution, phase composition, magnetic properties and oxidation resistance of the particles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the carbon-coated iron nanoparticles are spherical particles with a diameter of 20-40 nm. They are particles of core-shell structure with an iron core inside and an onion skin carbon layer outside, carbon layer can protect inner iron core from been oxidized, the hysteresis curves show that they are super paramagnetic materials. At the same time the annealing can change the magnetic properties of carbon coated iron nanoparticles.

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Sunda, W. G. "Iron and the Carbon Pump". Science 327, nr 5966 (4.02.2010): 654–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1186151.

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Christen, Kris. "Linking iron with carbon sequestration". Environmental Science & Technology 35, nr 5 (marzec 2001): 98A—99A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es012288d.

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33

Prakash, U., i G. Sauthoff. "Machinable iron aluminides containing carbon". Scripta Materialia 44, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(00)00583-2.

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34

McLellan, R. B., i M. L. Wasz. "Carbon diffusivity in B.C.C. iron". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 54, nr 5 (maj 1993): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(93)90236-k.

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35

Gulyaev, A. P. "On the iron-carbon diagram". Metal Science and Heat Treatment 32, nr 7 (lipiec 1990): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00700317.

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36

Groot, C. K., A. M. van Der Kraan, V. H. J. De Beer i R. Prins. "Carbon-Supported Iron Sulfide Catalysts". Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 93, nr 8-9 (1.09.2010): 707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19840930812.

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37

Kim, Hansoo, i Wolfgang Sigmund. "Iron particles in carbon nanotubes". Carbon 43, nr 8 (lipiec 2005): 1743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.02.019.

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38

SATO, Akira, Goro ARAGANE, Kazushige KAMIHIRA i Shiro YOSHIMATSU. "Reducing Rates of Molten Iron Oxide by Solid Carbon or Carbon in Molten Iron". Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan 27, nr 10 (1987): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.27.789.

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39

Stewart, J. W., J. A. Charles i E. R. Wallach. "Iron–phosphorus–carbon system: Part 1 – Mechanical properties of low carbon iron–phosphorus alloys". Materials Science and Technology 16, nr 3 (marzec 2000): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708300101507839.

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40

Liu, Suwen, i Rudolf J. Wehmschulte. "A novel hybrid of carbon nanotubes/iron nanoparticles: iron-filled nodule-containing carbon nanotubes". Carbon 43, nr 7 (czerwiec 2005): 1550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.02.002.

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41

Álvarez, Patricia, Juan Sutil, Rosa Menéndez i Marcos Granda. "Matrix-Iron Interactions in Carbon-Embedded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 9, nr 7 (1.07.2009): 4098–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2009.m16.

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42

Ohtsuka, Y., T. Watanabe, Y. Nishiyama, M. Matsuda i H. Yokoi. "Iron dispersed carbon composites formed from iron-polyvinylalcohol complexes". Journal of Materials Science 29, nr 4 (luty 1994): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00351405.

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43

Sanaee, M. Reza, i Enric Bertran. "Synthesis of Carbon Encapsulated Mono- and Multi-Iron Nanoparticles". Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/450183.

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Core–shell nanostructures of carbon encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINPs) show unique properties and technological applications, because carbon shell provides extreme chemical stability and protects pure iron core against oxidation without impairing the possibility of functionalization of the carbon surface. Enhancing iron core magnetic properties and, in parallel, improving carbon shell sealing are the two major challenges in the synthesis of CEINPs. Here, we present the synthesis of both CEINPs and a new carbon encapsulated multi-iron nanoparticle by a new modified arc discharge reactor. The nanoparticle size, composition, and crystallinity and the magnetic properties have been studied. The morphological properties were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In order to evaluate carbon shell protection, the iron cores were characterized by selected area diffraction and fast Fourier transform techniques as well as by electron energy loss and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopies. Afterward, the magnetic properties were investigated using a superconducting quantum interference device. As main results, spherical, oval, and multi-iron cores were controllably synthesized by this new modified arc discharge method. The carbon shell with high crystallinity exhibited sufficient protection against oxidation of pure iron cores. The presented results also provided new elements for understanding the growth mechanism of iron core and carbon shell.

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44

Jin, Yaming, Huifang Xu i Abhaya K. Datye. "Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) of Iron Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts". Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, nr 2 (10.03.2006): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606060144.

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Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy have been used to study iron catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. When silica-containing iron oxide precursors are activated in flowing CO, the iron phase segregates into iron carbide crystallites, leaving behind some unreduced iron oxide in an amorphous state coexisting with the silica binder. The iron carbide crystallites are found covered by characteristic amorphous carbonaceous surface layers. These amorphous species are difficult to analyze by traditional catalyst characterization techniques, which lack spatial resolution. Even a surface-sensitive technique such as XPS shows only broad carbon or iron peaks in these catalysts. As we show in this work, EELS allows us to distinguish three different carbonaceous species: reactive amorphous carbon, graphitic carbon, and carbidic carbon in the bulk of the iron carbide particles. The carbidic carbon K edge shows an intense “π*” peak with an edge shift of about 1 eV to higher energy loss compared to that of the π* of amorphous carbon film or graphitic carbon. EELS analysis of the oxygen K edge allows us to distinguish the amorphous unreduced iron phase from the silica binder, indicating these are two separate phases. These results shed light onto the complex phase transformations that accompany the activation of iron catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.

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45

Zulkania, Ariany, Rochmadi Rochmadi, Rochim Bakti Cahyono i Muslikhin Hidayat. "Investigation into Biomass Tar-Based Carbon Deposits as Reduction Agents on Iron Ore Using the Tar Impregnation Method". Metals 11, nr 10 (13.10.2021): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101623.

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Increasing carbon deposits in iron ore to upgrade the reduction rate can be performed by impregnating iron ore in tar. Carbon containing iron ore was prepared from low-grade iron ore and biomass tar, which was generated from palm kernel shell (PKS) pyrolysis using the impregnation method. The optimum condition of the method was investigated by varying the tar-iron ore ratio (1 and 1.5) and impregnation time (0 and 24 h). After the carbonization of the tar–iron ore mixture in a flow-type quartz tubular fixed-bed reactor at 500 °C for an hour, the carbon deposits adhered well to surfaces of all iron ore samples. The carbon deposits increased when the ratio of tar-iron ore was enhanced. The effect of impregnation time on the formed carbon deposit only applied to the tar-iron ore ratio of 1, but it had a weak effect on the ratio of 1.5. The highest carbon content was obtained from the impregnation of a biomass tar–iron ore mixture with the ratio of 1.5 which was directly carbonized. In addition, the high water content of biomass tar affected the reformation of FeOOH at the impregnation within 24 h. Furthermore, the reduction reactivity of the obtained carbonized ore, which was observed using thermogravimetric analysis, was perceptible. The carbon deposits on iron ore were able to demote total weight loss up to 23%, compared to 8% of the dehydrated ore, during the heating process to 950 °C. The carbon content obtained from iron ore impregnation with biomass tar can act as reduction agents, thereby enhancing the reduction reactivity.

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46

Zulkania, Ariany, Rochmadi Rochmadi, Rochim Bakti Cahyono i Muslikhin Hidayat. "Investigation into Biomass Tar-Based Carbon Deposits as Reduction Agents on Iron Ore Using the Tar Impregnation Method". Metals 11, nr 10 (13.10.2021): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101623.

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Increasing carbon deposits in iron ore to upgrade the reduction rate can be performed by impregnating iron ore in tar. Carbon containing iron ore was prepared from low-grade iron ore and biomass tar, which was generated from palm kernel shell (PKS) pyrolysis using the impregnation method. The optimum condition of the method was investigated by varying the tar-iron ore ratio (1 and 1.5) and impregnation time (0 and 24 h). After the carbonization of the tar–iron ore mixture in a flow-type quartz tubular fixed-bed reactor at 500 °C for an hour, the carbon deposits adhered well to surfaces of all iron ore samples. The carbon deposits increased when the ratio of tar-iron ore was enhanced. The effect of impregnation time on the formed carbon deposit only applied to the tar-iron ore ratio of 1, but it had a weak effect on the ratio of 1.5. The highest carbon content was obtained from the impregnation of a biomass tar–iron ore mixture with the ratio of 1.5 which was directly carbonized. In addition, the high water content of biomass tar affected the reformation of FeOOH at the impregnation within 24 h. Furthermore, the reduction reactivity of the obtained carbonized ore, which was observed using thermogravimetric analysis, was perceptible. The carbon deposits on iron ore were able to demote total weight loss up to 23%, compared to 8% of the dehydrated ore, during the heating process to 950 °C. The carbon content obtained from iron ore impregnation with biomass tar can act as reduction agents, thereby enhancing the reduction reactivity.

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47

Chen, Jin, Hai Yan Zhang i Li Ping Li. "The Targeting Magnetic Induction Heating of Nano-Carbon Iron Composite". Materials Science Forum 610-613 (styczeń 2009): 1284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.1284.

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A nano-carbon and iron composite--carbon coated iron nanoparticles produced by carbon arc method can be used as a new kind of magnetic targeting and heating drug carrier for cancer therapy. It presents an special nanostructure of iron nanoparticles in inner core and nano-carbon shells outside. The nano-carbon shells have a high drug adsorption ability because of its high surface area and its inner core has great effect of targeting magnetic heating. Magnetic induction heating effect of pig liver injected mixed liquids with different concentration carbon coated iron particles in physiological saline indicates that the more quantity of nanoparticles used, the higher temperature it is. Magnetic induction heating effect of the pig liver was compared in the case of filling method and injection method (both were containing 0.3g carbon coated iron nanoparticles). The iron nanoparticle in its inner core has good effect of magnetic induction heating, the temperature can go up to 51 °C in the case that carbon coated iron nanoparticles mixed with physiological saline were distributed uniformly in pig liver. And the temperature can go up to 46°C in the case that carbon-coated iron nanoparticles was injected in a certain section of pig liver. It is obvious that injected one is much better than that of filled, but they are all enough to kill the cancer cells.

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48

Deng, Yong, Kuo Yao, Ran Liu, Yanjia Gao i Laixin Wang. "Interfacial reaction behavior in blast furnace and analysis of influence mechanism". Metallurgical Research & Technology 121, nr 5 (2024): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2024059.

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This study aims to explore the influence mechanism of interfacial reaction in BF. The interfacial reaction behavior was analyzed, the thermodynamic and evolution processes of interfacial reaction were studied, and the influence of interfacial reaction on BF was discussed. The results show that: The desulfurization reaction mechanism can be considered as the electron transfer at slag-iron interface. The viscosity of molten iron shows a decreasing trend with the increase of sulfur content, and the surface tension of molten iron will rapidly decrease with sulfur content, so the interfacial reaction rate will be accelerated. The reduction of FeO occurs at slag-carbon interface, the content of FeO in slag often shows a decreasing trend along the height direction of BF, the erosion rate of carbon brick will increase under the condition of slag with high FeO content. The reduction of SiO2 is achieved with the help of two gas-phase compounds SiO and SiS. The average Si content in molten iron decreases with the increase of BF volume, which indicates that the large BF is more conducive to achieving low-carbon smelting. The reduction of TiO2 is carried out at the slag-carbon interface step by step, the valence state of Ti element gradually decreases. The iron-carbon interface in hearth has a significant effect on the erosion of carbon brick and the state of hearth. The wetting and erosion process at iron-carbon interface is clarified based on the cycle model, the carbon brick is eroded in this cycle. The time for the carburization of molten iron is limited, so the carbon content of molten iron cannot reach saturation, although there are a large number of iron-carbon interfaces in hearth. The change trend of maximum temperature on sidewall is opposite to the actual carbon content, the change in carburization behavior at iron-carbon interface is the essential reason for the fluctuation of erosion rate of carbon brick.

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49

Marukovich, E. I., V. Yu Stetsenko i A. V. Stetsenko. "Nanostructural crystallization of cast iron". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), nr 1 (12.03.2022): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2022-1-37-39.

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Crystallization of cast iron has been shown to be a nanostructured process. Austenitic-graphite eutectic is formed from iron and graphite nanocrystals, free iron and graphite atoms. Austenitic-cementite eutectic is formed from iron and graphite nanocrystals, free graphite atoms and iron-carbon complexes. Primary austenite microcrystals are formed from iron nanocrystals, graphite and iron-carbon complexes.

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50

Lee, Heon, Sung Hoon Park, Sun-Jae Kim, Young-Kwon Park, Kay-Hyeok An, Byung-Joo Kim i Sang-Chul Jung. "Liquid Phase Plasma Synthesis of Iron Oxide/Carbon Composite as Dielectric Material for Capacitor". Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/132032.

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Iron oxide/carbon composite was synthesized using a liquid phase plasma process to be used as the electrode of supercapacitor. Spherical iron oxide nanoparticles with the size of 5~10 nm were dispersed uniformly on carbon powder surface. The specific capacitance of the composite increased with increasing quantity of iron oxide precipitate on the carbon powder up to a certain quantity. When the quantity of the iron oxide precipitate exceeds the threshold, however, the specific capacitance was rather reduced by the addition of precipitate. The iron oxide/carbon composite containing an optimum quantity (0.33 atomic %) of iron oxide precipitate exhibited the smallest resistance and the largest initial resistance slope.

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