Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Iodine

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Iodine”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Iodine"

1

Markova, Ekaterina О., Dmitry A. Nekrasov, Michael Yu Dyakov i Arkady A. Danilov. "Determination of the content of iodine, iodides and iodates in food products". Izvestiya of Saratov University. Chemistry. Biology. Ecology 22, nr 4 (15.12.2022): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-4-373-381.

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Currently iodine deficiency diseases are one of the most important medical and social problems. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to determine the content of iodine, iodides, iodates in iodized salt, drinking and mineral water, seaweed, to determine the stability of the iodine content in salt. For the qualitative determination of iodides and iodates ions in salts and molecular iodine in seaweed, an iodine starch reaction has been carried out. The presence of iodide ions in iodized water has been determined by reaction with silver nitrate and chlorine water, the iodine released has been extracted with chloroform. Quantitative determination of iodine in salt has been carried out by the titrimetric method, in water – by colorimetric method, in seaweed – by gravimetric method with subsequent titration. The study has found that iodized salt contains iodine in the form of potassium iodate, in an amount of 18.65 μg / g of elemental iodine, kelp contains molecular iodine in the amount of 8.12 μg / g of elemental iodine, and iodized water contains potassium iodide in the amount of 0.327 μg / ml of elemental iodine. The study has proved that over time, the amount of iodine in the salt iodized with potassium iodate decreases after a month by 5.6 times. In order to comply with the daily rate of iodine intake, it is necessary to include in your diet about 9.7 g of iodized salt, which exceeds the daily norm of its consumption in 5 g. In this regard, it is recommended to use iodized salt (not more than 5 g) or iodized water (0.7 L of water) or kelp (18.47 g) as a prevention of iodine deficiency.
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Ilin, Alexander, i Armen Nersesyan. "Toxicology of iodine: A mini review". Archive of Oncology 21, nr 2 (2013): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo1302065i.

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Iodine is necessary for all living organisms. Deficiency of iodine in the organism leads to various diseases (including mental) and increased rates of cancer. It is well known that one third of the world?s population lived in iodine-deficient areas. At present time, the primary intervention for preventing iodine deficiency disorders worldwide is through the iodization of salt. The two most common types of fortificant used to iodize salt are potassium iodide and potassium iodate. Iodine-containing compounds are also widely used in clinical medicine as a highly effective topical antimicrobial agent that has been used clinically in the treatment of wounds. Hence, the genetic toxicology of iodine and iodine-containing compounds is very essential topic. In this literature review are analyzed the data concerning genetic toxicology and the influence of these compounds on tumor rates in epidemiological and experimental studies.
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Anderson, Kim A., i Peter Markowski. "Speciation of Iodide, Iodine, and Iodate in Environmental Matrixes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Using in situ Chemical Manipulation". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, nr 1 (1.01.2000): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.1.225.

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Abstract Dissolved iodine, iodide, and iodate are determined in environmental matrixes by in situ chemical manipulation and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES). The method uses equipment commonly available to most laboratories involved in environmental inorganic analysis. Total dissolved iodine, iodide, and iodate are determined by ICPAES using iodine vapor generation. Total iodine is determined directly by ICPAES after filtration. Total dissolved iodide (I−) is oxidized in situ to iodine by the addition of sodium nitrite in sulfuric acid in a simplified continuous flow manifold. Iodate is determined by prereduction at the instrument before analysis by the in situ oxidation ICPAES procedure. A standard nebulizer produces the gas–liquid separation of the total iodine, which is then quantified by ICPAES at 206.16 nm. The instrument detection limit for the iodine analysis was 0.04 μg/mL. Recoveries from seawater, saltwater, and freshwater standard reference materials ranged from 85 to 118% and averaged 98%. For samples containing both iodine and iodide, the total is determined with in situ oxidation, iodine is determined without the oxidizing reagents, and iodide is calculated from the difference. For samples containing all 3 species, pre-reduction is used and the iodine and iodide concentrations are subtracted for quantitation of iodate. The analysis is selective for these 3 species (I−, I2, and IO−3). A group of 20–30 samples may be analyzed and quantitated for all 3 individual, commonly occurring iodide species in less than 1 h. The procedure is considerably faster than any other reported techniques. This method is especially well-suited to the analysis of small environmental samples.
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Gayduk, Olga V. "SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF IODATE IN IODIDES OF ALKALINE METALS". Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 85, nr 4 (15.05.2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2019-85-4-17-21.

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Conditions for interaction of the iodate ions with iodide and methylene blue as a chromogenic reagent were studied. The interaction of iodate with an excess of iodide depends on the medium acidity. In dilute acids, the reaction of IO3 with Г is accompanied with a release of iodine which oxidizes the dye. The observed weakening of the color which is proportional to the concentration of iodate ions in the solution, results from the oxidative destruction of methylene blue. Spectra of methylene blue, conditions of the redox interaction, as well as the effect of the solution acidity and reagent concentration on the completeness of the reaction were studied. The light absorption of the solutions was measured at a wavelength of 664 nm. The reaction of the free iodine formation is rapid and quantitative at pH 4 - 5 . The desired acidity of the medium was attained using 1 M solution of acetic acid. The optimal concentration of methylene blue was determined. The results of the study formed a base for developing a technique of iodate ion determination in iodides of alkaline metals. The analyzed solutions were prepared with addition of sodium acetate to prevent iodide oxidation by atmospheric oxygen. To eliminate the interfering effect of Fe (III), sodium pyrophosphate (which should be introduced after acidification of the solution and isolation of iodine) was used. The accuracy of the technique was proved in spike tests on the model solutions and real samples by the method of sample weight variation. The developed technique was tested in determination of the iodate ions in cesium and sodium iodides. The relative standard deviation does not exceed 15%. The sensitivity of the developed technique is 10 times higher compared to the technique based on the formation of an iodine-starch complex.
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Baker, Alex R., i Chan Yodle. "Measurement report: Indirect evidence for the controlling influence of acidity on the speciation of iodine in Atlantic aerosols". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, nr 17 (2.09.2021): 13067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13067-2021.

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Abstract. The speciation of soluble iodine and major-ion composition were determined in size-fractionated aerosols collected during the AMT21 cruise between Avonmouth, UK, and Punta Arenas, Chile, in September–November 2011. The proportions of iodine species (iodide, iodate and soluble organic iodine (SOI)) varied markedly between size fractions and with the extent to which the samples were influenced by pollutants. In general, fine mode aerosols (< 1 µm) contained higher proportions of both iodide and SOI, while iodate was the dominant component of coarse (< 1 µm) aerosols. The highest proportions of iodate were observed in aerosols that contained (alkaline) unpolluted sea spray or mineral dust. Fine mode samples with high concentrations of acidic species (e.g. non-sea-salt sulfate) contained very little iodate and elevated proportions of iodide and SOI. These results are in agreement with modelling studies that indicate that iodate can be reduced under acidic conditions and that the resulting hypoiodous acid (HOI) can react with organic matter to produce SOI and iodide. Further work that investigates the link between iodine speciation and aerosol pH directly, as well as studies on the formation and decay of organo-iodine compounds under aerosol conditions, will be necessary before the importance of this chemistry in regulating aerosol iodine speciation can be confirmed.
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Gilfedder, B. S., S. Lai, M. Petri, H. Biester i T. Hoffmann. "Iodine speciation in rain, snow and aerosols and possible transfer of organically bound iodine species from aerosol to droplet phases". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, nr 2 (22.04.2008): 7977–8008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-7977-2008.

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Abstract. Iodine oxides, such as iodate, should theoretically be the only stable sink species for iodine in the troposphere. However, field observations have increasingly found very little iodate and significant amounts of iodide and organically bound iodine in precipitation and aerosols. The aim of this study was to investigate iodine speciation, including the organic fraction, in rain, snow, and aerosols in an attempt to further clarify aqueous phase iodine chemistry. Diurnal aerosol samples were taken with a 5 stage cascade impactor and a virtual impactor (PM2.5) from the Mace Head research station, Ireland, during summer 2006. Rain was collected from Australia, New Zealand, Patagonia, Germany, Ireland, and Switzerland while snow was obtained from Greenland, Germany, Switzerland, and New Zealand. All samples were analysed for total iodine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and speciation was determined by coupling an ion chromatography unit to the ICP-MS. Total iodine in the aerosols from Mace Head gave a median concentration of 50 pmol m−3 of which the majority was associated with the organic fraction (median day: 91±7%, night: 94±6% of total iodine). Iodide exhibited higher concentrations than iodate (median 5% vs. 0.8% of total iodine), and displayed significant enrichment during the day compared to the night. Interestingly, up to 5 additional, presumably anionic organic peaks were observed in all IC-ICP-MS chromatograms, composing up to 15% of the total iodine. Organically bound iodine was also the dominant fraction in all rain and snow samples, with lesser amounts of iodide and iodate (iodate was particularly low in snow). Two of the same unidentified peaks found in aerosols were also observed in precipitation from both Southern and Northern Hemispheres, suggesting that these species are transferred from the aerosol phase into precipitation. It is suggested that organo-I is formed by reactions between HOI and organic matter derived from the ocean surface layer. This may then photolytically decompose to give iodide and the unidentified species. The data in this study show that iodine oxides are the least abundant species in rain, snow, and aerosols and therefore considerably more effort is required on aqueous phase iodine chemistry for a holistic understanding of the iodine cycle.
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7

Takayanagi, Kazufumi, i Daniel Cossa. "Behaviour of dissolved iodine in the upper St. Lawrence Estuary". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, nr 4 (1.04.1985): 644–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-067.

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The concentrations of dissolved total iodine and iodate were determined in the water samples collected from various depths at 14 stations located in the upper St. Lawrence Estuary. The concentrations of total iodine and iodate ranged from undetectable (< 0.008 μM) to 0.40 μM and from undetectable to 0.36 μM, respectively, and salinities ranged from 0 to 33.9‰. The concentrations of total iodine and iodate increased with increasing salinity, and they correlated linearly with salinity. This implies that both total iodine and iodate behave conservatively in the estuary. The concentration of iodide, calculated as the difference in the concentrations of total iodine and iodate, was low throughout the estuary. Iodate was the major species of dissolved iodine in the upper St. Lawrence Estuary.
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8

Tietze, S., M. R. St J. Foreman i C. Ekberg. "Synthesis of I-131 labelled iodine species relevant during severe nuclear accidents in light water reactors". Radiochimica Acta 101, nr 10 (październik 2013): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2013.2070.

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Summary Methods for the small scale synthesis of I-131 labelled iodine species relevant to severe nuclear accidents in light water reactors have been developed. The introduced methods allow the synthesis of impurity free, volatile, inorganic elemental iodine and volatile, organic iodides such as methyl- and ethyl iodide, as well as butyl iodide, chloroiodomethane, allyl iodide and benzyl iodide with ease. The radioactive iodine containing products are sufficiently stable to allow their storage for later use. Due to their volatility the liquid species can be easily converted into gaseous species and thus can be used in research in liquid and gaseous phase. The primary motivation for the development of these synthesis methods is to study the behaviour of volatile iodine species under the conditions of a severe nuclear accident in a light water reactor. Thus, the chemicals involved in the synthesis are chosen in a way to not generate impurities (chlorine and organic solvents) in the products which interfere with competing reactions relevant during a severe nuclear accident. Teknopox Aqua VA epoxy paint, which is used in Swedish light water reactor containments, and its reactions with the produced iodine species are described. The synthesised iodine species undergo chemisorption on paint films. Different to elemental iodine, the organic iodides are non-reactive with copper surfaces. The sorbed iodine species are partly re-released mainly in form of organic iodides and not as elemental iodine when the exposed paint films are heat treated. The partitioning and hydrolysis behaviour of gaseous methyl- and ethyl iodide between containment gas phase and water pools is found to be similar. The methods have been designed to minimise the use of harmful materials and the production of radioactive waste.
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Gilfedder, B. S., M. Petri i H. Biester. "Iodine speciation and cycling in limnic systems: observations from a humic rich headwater lake (Mummelsee)". Biogeosciences Discussions 5, nr 1 (4.01.2008): 25–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-25-2008.

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Abstract. Iodine undergoes several redox changes in the natural environment, existing as iodate, iodide, and covalently bound to organic matter. While considerable attention has been given to iodine speciation and cycling in the marine environment, very little is known about iodine cycling and speciation in terrestrial fresh water systems. Here we show iodine speciation (measured by IC-ICP-MS) data from one year of monthly sampling of a small humic rich lake in the Black Forest (Mummelsee) under varying redox conditions. The aim was to elucidate the seasonal cycles of iodine species in the lake water column and to quantify both inorganic and organic iodine species. A sediment core was also collected for iodine analysis. Total iodine levels in the Mummelsee averaged 1.93±0.3 μg l−1. Organo-I was the dominant species in the lake, making up on average 85±7% of the total iodine. No strong seasonal variation in organo-I was observed, with only small variations occurring in the epi- and hypolimnion. Iodide was scavenged from the epilimnion during the summer and autumn, which could be related to (micro)biological uptake and co-precipitation. This was also suggested by the high iodine levels in the sediment core (av. 11.8±1.7 mg kg −1). In the hypolimnion, a strong flux of iodide was observed from the sediments into the water column during anoxic and hypoxic conditions, observed during the summer, autumn and, in the bottom 2 m, the winter. This iodide flux and is thought to occur during decomposition of biological material. Iodate levels in the epilimnion increased consistently over the year, whereas it was reduced below detection limits in the hypolimnion during low oxygen conditions. The winter partial turnover lead to reintroduction of oxygen into the hypolimnion and the formation of iodate and organo-I, as well as removal of iodide. In conclusions, iodine cycling in the Mummelsee was controlled by organo-I, although redox conditions and perhaps biological activity were also important, particularly in the hypolimnion during stratification.
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Gilfedder, B. S., S. C. Lai, M. Petri, H. Biester i T. Hoffmann. "Iodine speciation in rain, snow and aerosols". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, nr 20 (21.10.2008): 6069–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6069-2008.

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Abstract. Iodine oxides, such as iodate, should be the only thermodynamically stable sink species for iodine in the troposphere. However, field observations have increasingly found very little iodate and significant amounts of iodide and soluble organically bound iodine (SOI) in precipitation and aerosols. The aim of this study was to investigate iodine speciation, including the organic fraction, in rain, snow, and aerosols in an attempt to further clarify aqueous phase iodine chemistry. Diurnal aerosol samples were taken with a 5 stage cascade impactor and a virtual impactor (PM2.5) from the Mace Head research station, Ireland, during summer 2006. Rain was collected from Australia, New Zealand, Patagonia, Germany, Ireland, and Switzerland and snow was obtained from Greenland, Germany, Switzerland, and New Zealand. Aerosols were extracted from the filters with water and all samples were analysed for total soluble iodine (TSI) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and iodine speciation was determined by coupling an ion chromatography unit to the ICP-MS. The median concentration of TSI in aerosols from Mace Head was 222 pmol m−3 (summed over all impactor stages) of which the majority was associated with the SOI fraction (median day: 90±4%, night: 94±2% of total iodine). Iodide exhibited higher concentrations than iodate (median 6% vs. 1.2% of total iodine), and displayed significant enrichment during the day compared to the night. Interestingly, up to 5 additional, presumably anionic iodo-organic peaks were observed in all IC-ICP-MS chromatograms, composing up to 15% of the TSI. Soluble organically bound iodine was also the dominant fraction in all rain and snow samples, with lesser amounts of iodide and iodate (iodate was particularly low in snow). Two of the same unidentified peaks found in aerosols were also observed in precipitation from both Southern and Northern Hemispheres. This suggests that these species are transferred from the aerosols into precipitation and that they have either a relatively long lifetime or are rapidly recycled. It is thought that SOI is formed by reactions between HOI or I2 and organic matter derived from the ocean surface layer. SOI may then photolytically decompose to yield iodide and the unidentified species. The data in this study show that iodine oxides are the least abundant species in rain, snow, and aerosols and therefore considerably more effort is required on aqueous phase iodine chemistry for a holistic understanding of the iodine cycle.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Iodine"

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Guido-Garcia, Fabiola. "The biogeochemistry of iodine". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-biogeochemistry-of-iodine(031a6229-1a96-4068-9764-8291bafb0cad).html.

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Iodine-129 is a high-yield fission product of 235U and 239Pu; is produced in nuclear power plants and is therefore present in substantial quantities in radioactive wastes. In the environment, iodine exists as a range of species: iodate (IO3-), iodide (I-), elemental iodine (I2), HOI and organic species are the most common. The behaviour of iodine in the environment is linked to its speciation which can be affected by different factors such as pH, redox potential and enzymatic reduction. Previous research has shown that iodine speciation can determine its fate in the environment; however the mechanisms of redox cycling amongst the different species are not yet fully understood. This research project has focused on improving the understanding of the changes on speciation of iodine in sediment and mineral systems undergoing redox cycling reactions. The fate and changes in iodine speciation were studied under reducing and oxidising conditions, with all experiments conducted under circumneutral pH conditions. Overall the results showed that when microbial activity is promoted in a sediment system, iodate is reduced to iodide with the reduction occurring during manganese reduction. Further, when nitrate is present at high concentrations the reduction of iodate is retarded. A net release of native iodine from sediments was observed in all experiments conducted with sediments; confirming previous observations that sediment bound iodine is released from sediments under reducing conditions. Modest abiotic reduction of iodate was observed under manganese and iron reduction; and iodate reduction happened faster in a mixed system with iron and pure culture bacteria than solely by the pure culture alone or via abiotic reduction with Fe(II). When reduced experiments were exposed to air, concentrations of iodide decreased with no iodate ingrowth or losses in total iodine in solution. This suggested that iodide had been oxidised to intermediate species (I2, HOI) that were not detected, although this reaction has been described in past research. Finally, when no microbial activity is promoted, iodine remains as iodate which showed modest sorption onto sediment systems and Fe(III) oxide. Overall, these results highlight the important role that bacteria play in the reduction of iodate. This research also confirms that iodine speciation impacts on the fate of 129I throughout the environment, where it may be less mobile in an oxic environment than under reducing conditions. Moreover, some techniques of bioremediation (e.g. promoting metal reducing conditions) may cause the release of radioactive iodine to solution.
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Khan, Zulfiqar Ali. "Novel iodine mediated carbocyclisations and hypervalent iodine(III) reagents". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54137/.

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The first chapter focuses on the introduction of iodine mediated carbocyclisations and their applications continue to present a stimulating challenge in target- and diversity-oriented synthesis. The second chapter discusses applications and brief literature overview about classical approaches towards the syntheses of indene derivatives. Herein the syntheses of 3-iodo-1 H-indene derivatives via iodonium-promoted 5-endo-dig carbocyclisation of 2-substituted ethynylmalonates as a key starting material are described. Within this study, we were able to show that the 3-iodo-1 H-indene can be used as a synthetic platform not only for the palladium chemistry but also as a catalyst for the in situ generation of [text unavailable] hypervalent iodine reagent. Additionally, 3-iodo-1 H-indene derivatives have the potential to perform asymmetric synthesis. Third chapter demonstrates tandem iodine mediated carboannulation of the stilbene malonate derivatives via either 5-exo- or 6-endo-trig mode under basic reagents with subsequent lactonisation to structurally complex indanes and tetrahydronaphthalenes with three new stereogenic centres. In the present study, a unique stereochemistry was observed in the case of tetrahydroindenofuranones and confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. These cyclisations proceed exclusively with the retention of configuration to form tetrahydroindenofuranones. Both the compounds formed as a single diastereomers as judged from their 1H and 13C NMR spectrum. In fourth chapter the synthesis of novel simplified analogues of IBA by oxidation of [text unavailable] diiodoacrylic acids are described. Additionally, the ligand exchange resulted in tosylate derivative. The new reagents have been utilized in various well established oxidative transformations with superior or similar reactivity as conventional hypervalent iodine(III) reagents.
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Untoro, Juliawati. "Use of oral iodized oil to control iodine deficiency in Indonesia /". Online version, 1999. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/35068.

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Mowbray, Andrew Paul. "The surface chemistry of iodine and iodine compounds on indium antimonide(001)". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334804.

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Singhania, Amit. "Studies on catalytic decomposition of hydrogen iodide for hydrogen production in thermochemical sulphur-iodine (SI) cycle". Thesis, IIT Delhi, 2016. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/12345678/7084.

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Hassan, Shetaya Waleed Hares Abdou. "Iodine dynamics in soil". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12261/.

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The principal aim of this investigation was to understand the transformation and reaction kinetics of iodide and iodate added to soil in relation to soil properties. In addition, to integrate the data into a predictive model of iodide and iodate sorption kinetics parameterised by soil properties. Solid phase fractionation coupled with solution phase speciation (HPLC-ICPMS) was used to follow the assimilation of 129I- and 129IO3- spikes into ‘steady state’ soil microcosms. The extraction efficiency of tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) for soil iodine, and the effects of experimental procedures and conditions on the speciation of extracted iodine were tested. Moreover, the possibility of extracting ‘reactive’ inorganic iodine forms sorbed on soil metal oxides by competition with PO43- ions was investigated. Results showed that changing TMAH concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature or soil particle size did not generally affect the concentrations of total iodine extracted. The ratio of iodide to total iodine in the TMAH extracts varied with the extraction conditions which led to the conclusion that part, or all, of the measured iodide is possibly produced by hydrolysis of organic iodine forms. This conclusion was also confirmed by the detection of high concentrations of iodide in TMAH extracts of a humic acid. Only iodide was measured in the phosphate extracts of soil and it constituted up to 33% of the total iodine in the KH2PO4 extracts which indicates that most of the iodine mobilised by KH2PO4 is organically bound. When soil / KH2PO4 suspensions were spiked with 129I- and 129IO3-, at least 50% of 129I- and 15% of 129IO3- were recoverable after 72 hours of reaction. The lowest recoveries were observed with the highest concentration of KH2PO4, which also mobilised the greatest concentrations of DOC, indicating that although KH2PO4 is capable of releasing sorbed iodide and iodate in soil, it may also promote iodide and iodate reaction with soil organic matter. Iodine content of soil biomass was determined following chloroform fumigation of soil. The concentrations of total iodine in fumigated soil samples were only marginally higher than iodine concentration in the control samples indicating that microbial biomass iodine constitutes only a small fraction of total soil iodine (0.01 – 0.25 %). The change in iodine (129I) solubility and speciation in nine soils with contrasting properties (pH, Fe/Mn oxides, organic carbon and iodine contents), incubated for nine months at 10oC and 20oC, was also investigated. The rate of 129I sorption was greater in soils with large organic carbon contents, low pH and at higher temperatures. Loss of iodide (129I-) from solution was extremely rapid, apparently reaching completion over minutes-hours; iodate (IO3-) loss from solution was slower, typically occurring over hours-days. In all soils an apparently instantaneous sorption reaction was followed by a slower sorption process for IO3-. For iodide a faster overall reaction meant that discrimination between the two processes was less clear. Instantaneous sorption of IO3- was greater in soils with high Fe/Mn oxide content, low pH and low organic content, whereas the rate of time dependent sorption was greatest in soils with higher organic contents. Phosphate extraction (0.15 M KH2PO4) of soils, ~100 h after 129I spike addition, indicated that concentrations of sorbed inorganic iodine (129I) were very low in all soils suggesting that inorganic iodine adsorption onto oxide phases has little impact on the rate of iodine assimilation into humus. Transformation kinetics of dissolved inorganic 129IO3- and 129I- to sorbed organic forms was modelled using a range of reaction and diffusion based approaches. Irreversible and reversible first order kinetic models, and a spherical diffusion model, adequately described the kinetics of both IO3- and I- loss from the soil solution but required inclusion of a distribution coefficient (Kd) to allow for instantaneous adsorption. A spherical diffusion model was also collectively parameterised for all the soils studied by using pH, soil organic carbon concentration and combined Fe + Mn oxide content as determinants of the model parameters (Kd and D/r2). From the temperature-dependence of the sorption data the activation energy (Ea) for 129IO3- transformation to organic forms was estimated to be ~43 kJ mol-1 suggesting a reaction mechanism slower than pore diffusion or physical adsorption, but faster than most surface reactions.
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Fisher, Christopher John. "Structure and surface reactions of iodine and cadmium iodide on fcc(111) metal surfaces". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13744/.

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Structural studies using the synchrotron based Normal Incidence X-Ray Standing Wave (NIXSW) technique of the copper(III)- √3x√3))R30 grad.-Iodine and copper(111)- √3x√3)R30grad.-1/2(CdI2) surfaces are presented. For the copperiodine system, the iodine was shown to adsorb in a mixture of fcc and hcp hollow sites at a distance of 2.16 ± 0.05A from the copper surface, in a (√3x√3))R30 grad. mesh. The hollow site ratio observed was 50 ± 3 % in fcc sites and 50 ± 3 % in hcp sites. For the copper-cadmium iodide system, the iodine was again shown to adsorb in a mixture of the three fold hollows, at a slightly smaller distance of 2.10 ± 0.05A from the copper surface, again in a (√3x√3)R30 grad. mesh. The ratio of occupation of the hollow sites was determined to be 37 ± 3 % in fcc sites and 63 ± 3 % in hcp sites. The copper(111)-( √3x√3)R30 grad.-Iodine surface produced by annealing the copper(111)- 1/2(CdI2) surface, was shown to have a different ratio again, at 80± 3 % in fcc sites and 20 ± 3 % in hcp sites. Possible explanations for the changing ratios are discussed including sample temperature during surface preparation, step density of the crystal, co-adsorption of adsorbate or contamination and surface coverage. The cadmium in the copper-1/2(CdI2) surface was shown to be adsorbed randomly in a mixture of the three fold hollow sites, at 2.25 ± 0.05A from the copper surface. The ratio was found to be 48 ± 3 % in fcc sites and 52 ± 3 % in hcp sites. Both studies were found to be affected by the presence of non-dipole effects in the angular distribution of the core level photoelectrons used to collect some of the data. This caused incorrect values for the standing wave structural parameters to be determined, A novel experiment was performed using two analyser geometries which enabled the importance of including the non-dipole terms in the standing wave equations to be confinned. An updated version of the standing wave equations is presented which allows quantification of and correction for the non-dipole terms. The surface reactions of iodine and cadmium iodide on an aluminium(111) surface at room temperature are shown to result in etching of the surface and the production of aluminium iodide (A1I3). For both systems, iodine forms a close-packed chemisorbed layer that has a (..J7x-..J7)R19.1° symmetry, with an iodine coverage of 3/7 of a monolayer. For the cadmium iodide surface, the cadmium is proposed as being located randomly above the chemisorbed iodine layer. With the sample liquid nitrogen cooled to low temperatures, iodine produced physisorbed multilayers, and cadmium iodide adsorbs intact, but with no ordered growth. A novel technique, Line Of Sight Sticking Probability (LOSSP), which allows the measurement of sticking and reaction probabilities is presented and applied to the I/Al system. The initial sticking probability for iodine at 300 K was determined as 0.8 ± 0.1. Under steady state etching conditions at 300 K the overall reaction probability for I2 to form AlI3, was, Rss = 0.36 ± 0.07. The surface consisted of a majority of chemisorbed iodine, with a minority of coadsorbed AlI3, with a total iodine coverage of ~ 0.6 ML. The sticking probability of I2, to solid iodine at 103 K was measured as Sphys = 0.98 ± 0.02, while the sticking probability on the halogenated surface at 300 K was measured as ~ys > 0.8 ± 0.1 Variable temperature measurements gave an activation energy for the desorption of All, of approximately 57 kJmol-1.
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Wu, Yichen. "Hypervalent Iodine as Directing Tool in Iodine-Retentive Transformation of C-H Bonds". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461093.

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La química del iode hipervalente és una potent i versàtil eina en síntesi orgànica. En particular, els compostos orgànics de iode (III) s'han utilitzat com a oxidants de 2 electrons, així com agents de transferència de grups en diversos processos oxidatius de funcionalització. Al marge d'un nombre reduït de casos especials, aquestes transformacions van acompanyades per la pèrdua del fragment corresponent a una molècula de iodoarè. Una opció menys explorada, però sintèticament atractiva, consisteix en la incorporació tant del grup orgànic com de l'àtom de iode en el producte final. Aquest enfocament presenta un clar interès sintètic atès que la retenció de l'àtom de iode possibilita la posterior derivatització. Al llarg d'aquesta Memòria es mostren diferents reaccions d'acoblament dirigides per iode partint de compostos de iode trivalent com a substrats. En primer lloc, es descriu un nou mètode de α-arilació directa de cetones en absència de metalls. La transferència del grup aril té lloc via acoblament orto al iode, i es basa en l'activació in situ d’aquest àtom. El nou procediment presenta bona tolerància als diferents grups funcionals del areno. La selectivitat orto es va relacionar, mitjançant càlculs DFT, amb un procés de reordanament iodonio-Claisen amb una barrera d’activació inusualment baixa. S'ha desenvolupat també un nou tipus de reaccions de benzilació regioselectiva de l'anell aromàtic a partir de derivats Ar(OAc)2 i bencil(trimetil)silà. Cal destacar que aquest procés l'acoblament carboni-carboni té lloc selectivament en la posició para respecte de l'àtom de iode. Per últim, es presenta una nova estratègia per a un procés de "iodoarilació" oxidant de l’anell imidazolic. Aquest procediment es basa en l'activació de l'enllaç NH de l'imidazol amb ArI(OAc) 2, seguida per una transferència 1,3 I-a-N del grup que dona lloc a l'obtenció de N1-aril-5-yodoimidazoles. L'impacte sintètic de la transformació emana de la inherent capacitat dels N1-aril-5-iodoimidazols d'actuar com a precursors per a diversos derivats 1,5-substituïts d'imidazol.
La química del yodo hipervalente es una potente y versátil herramienta en síntesis orgánica. En particular, los compuestos orgánicos de yodo(III) se han utilizado como oxidantes de 2 electrones, así como agentes de transferencia de grupos en diversos procesos oxidantes de funcionalización. Salvo unas pocas excepciones, estas transformaciones van acompañadas por la pérdida del fragmento yodobenceno. Una opción menos explorada, pero sintéticamente atractiva, consiste en la incorporación tanto del grupo orgánico como del átomo de yodo en el producto final. Este enfoque presenta un claro interés sintético dado que la retención del átomo de yodo posibilita su posterior derivatización. A lo largo de esta Memoria se muestran distintas reacciones de acoplamiento dirigidas por el yodo partiendo de compuestos de yodo trivalente como sustratos. En primer lugar, se describe un nuevo método de α-arilación directa de cetonas en ausencia de metales. La transferencia del grupo arilo tiene lugar vía acoplamiento orto al yodo, y se basa en la activación in situ del átomo de yodo. Este procedimiento presenta buena tolerancia a los distintos grupos funcionales del areno. La selectividad orto se relacionó, mediante cálculos DFT, con un mecanismo de reorganización yodonio-Claisen con una barrera de activación inusualmente baja. Se ha desarrollado también una nueva vía de acceso para reacciones de bencilación regioselectiva del anillo aromático del ArI(OAc)2 con benciltrimetilsilano. Es interesante destacar que este proceso el acoplamiento carbono-carbono tiene lugar selectivamente en la posición para respecto del átomo de yodo. En último lugar, se presenta una nueva estrategia para la “yodoarilación” oxidante de imidazoles. Este procedimiento se basa en la activación del anillo NH-imidazólico con ArI(OAc)2, seguida por una transferencia 1,3 I-a-N del grupo arilo para la obtención de N1-aril-5-yodoimidazoles. El impacto sintético de la transformación emana de la inherente capacidad de los N1-arilo-5-iodo-imidazoles de actuar como precursores para diversos derivados 1,5-sustituidos de imidazol.
The chemistry of organic hypervalent iodine compounds has been a potent and versatile toolbox in organic synthesis. In particular, organic λ3-iodanes have been utilized as terminal 2-electron oxidants, as well as group transfer agents in a wide range oxidative functionalization processes. With few exceptions, such transformations are accompanied by the liberation of the parent organoiodine fragment. A less explored, but synthetically attractive possibility consists in incorporating both the organic group and the iodine atom into the final product. Such approach presents a clear synthetic appeal, given that the iodine retention opens the door for downstream derivatization. This thesis describes a series of such “iodine-directed” coupling reaction employing organo-λ3-iodanes as substrates. In one approach, a new method for direct metal-free α-arylation of ketones is described. The aryl transfer takes place via the coupling ortho to iodine, and is based on in situ hypervalent activation of the iodine atom. The protocol shows good functional group compatibility on the arene core. The ortho-selectivity was rationalized by DFT calculations through an unusual low-barrier “iodonio-Claisen¨ process. We also developed a new approach for regioselective benzylation of the ArI(OAc)2 cores using benzyltrimethylsilane. Interestingly, the carbon-carbon coupling now takes place selectively at para position to the iodine atom. Finally, an approach for oxidative “iodoarylation” of imidazoles was uncovered. The procedure relies on an efficient activation of the parent NH-imidazole with ArI(OAc)2, followed by copper-catalyzed intramolecular 1,3 I-to-N aryl transfer to constitute the synthetically challenging N1-aryl-5-iodoimidazoles. The importance of this manifold resides in the ability of the 5-iodoimidazoles to act as precursors for a range of 1,5-substituted imidazoles.
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Sattarzadeh, Masoud. "Determination of iron & iodine absorption from iron and iodine double-fortified salt". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq28793.pdf.

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Vandevijvere, Stefanie. "Optimizing iodine nutrition in Belgium: a selective, progressive and monitored approach to control iodine deficiency". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209599.

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Since 1990, many countries world-wide implemented salt iodisation programs in an effort to

tackle iodine deficiency. It was however only during the last few years that an effort was

undertaken in order to eliminate iodine deficiency as a public health problem in Belgium. In autumn 1998, a nation-wide study among children clearly showed mild iodine deficiency in

Belgium, but no action was taken before 2009. It was only in the framework of the first

National Nutrition and Health Plan 2005-2010 that iodine deficiency was formally recognized

as a public health problem. An agreement between the Ministry of Health and the bakery

sector in April 2009 aimed to encourage and increase the use of iodised salt in the

production of bread. A selective and progressive approach was used in order to keep control

and to avoid a too rapid increase of iodine intake or an excessive iodine intake among the

population. It was calculated that the net yearly savings after installation of such a program

amount to at least 14 million Euros a year.

A recent national survey among school-aged children in autumn 2010 showed a clear and

significant improvement in iodine status compared to more than 10 years ago, suggesting

iodine sufficiency among school-aged children. The median urinary iodine concentration was

however at the lower end of the optimal range and seasonal effects were not taken into

account. The improvement was at least partly linked to the increasing use of iodised salt in

the bakery industry. However, some further silent iodine prophylaxis might also have

occurred, due to changing dietary habits (milk and fish consumption). Pregnant women and

women of child-bearing age in Belgium were found to still suffer from mild iodine deficiency

according to the current recommendations. This is at least partly linked to their lower

consumption of milk and dairy drinks compared to children and due to the higher iodine

requirements during pregnancy. Although the use of iodine-containing supplements among

pregnant women was found to be quite high in Belgium compared to other European

countries, because of the low iodine status among women of child-bearing age, women

became pregnant with a suboptimal iodine status.

In view of these findings, a further increase in the use of iodised instead of non-iodised

household salt and iodised salt by the bakers is recommended. In addition, one should put

efforts in increasing awareness among the public and among health professionals with

regard to iodine-rich food sources and with regard to the use of iodine-containing

supplements starting before conception and continuing during lactation.

In order to further improve iodine status in Belgium and sustain an optimal iodine status

over time, a legal framework is necessary. Mandatory fortification of all household salt and

bread is recommended, while non-iodised alternatives could still be offered upon specific

request. A rigorous monitoring program is indispensable, including vulnerable groups such as

pregnant and lactating women and infants. In addition, sustainability is a key issue as iodine

deficiency re-emerged in several industrial countries due to lack of interest, regulations and

monitoring. Political willing, salt reduction measures, changes in dietary habits among the

population and changes in industrial practices all may affect iodine status in Belgium in the

future. Therefore the strategy of controlling iodine deficiency needs to be directed and

monitored by a Belgian Scientific Committee for the Control of iodine deficiency disorders.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Książki na temat "Iodine"

1

Gray, Leon. Iodine. New York: Benchmark Books, 2005.

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2

Lyday, Phyllis A. Iodine. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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Williams, Eddie. Iodine days. Mount Olive, NC: Mount Olive College Press, 1997.

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Risher, J. Iodine and inorganic iodides: Human health aspects. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.

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Lantum, Daniel. Let's eat iodized salt. Yaoundé, Cameroon: Dove Publishers, 2002.

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Kaiho, Tatsuo. Iodine Made Simple. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2017]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315158310.

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Zhdankin, Viktor V. Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118341155.

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Wirth, Thomas, red. Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33733-3.

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Lukashov, Sergey, Alexander Petrov i Anatoly Pravilov. The Iodine Molecule. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70072-4.

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Wirth, Thomas, red. Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46114-0.

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Części książek na temat "Iodine"

1

Bureau, Hélène. "Iodine". W Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39193-9_112-1.

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Bureau, Hélène. "Iodine". W Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 728–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_112.

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Antonyak, Halyna, Ruslana Iskra i Roman Lysiuk. "Iodine". W Trace Elements and Minerals in Health and Longevity, 265–301. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03742-0_10.

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Tanda, Maria Laura. "Iodine". W Encyclopedia of Pathology, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28845-1_5288-1.

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Crowson, Phillip. "Iodine". W Minerals Handbook 1994–95, 124–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13431-1_20.

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Crowson, Phillip. "Iodine". W Minerals Handbook 1996–97, 174–78. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13793-0_21.

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Zimmermann, Michael B. "Iodine". W Nutrition and Health in a Developing World, 287–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43739-2_12.

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Tanda, Maria Laura. "Iodine". W Endocrine Pathology, 444–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62345-6_5288.

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Ermans, André Marie. "Iodine Kinetics in Iodine Deficiency". W Iodine Deficiency in Europe, 51–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1245-9_6.

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Zimmermann, Michael B. "Iodine and Iodine Deficiency Disorders". W Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 554–67. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119946045.ch36.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Iodine"

1

Gouëllo, M., J. Kalilainen, P. Rantanen, T. Kärkelä i A. Auvinen. "Experimental Study of the Cadmium Effects on Iodine Transport in the Primary Circuit During Severe Nuclear Accident". W 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-31042.

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In case of a severe accident in a light water reactor, iodine is one of the most important fission products in the context of reactor safety because of its significant total fuel inventory, high specific activity and radiotoxicity. Consequently, understanding its behavior under severe accident transient conditions is a major point in the optimization of the accident management and mitigation. An experimental study has been launched at VTT investigating the behavior of iodine on primary circuit surfaces during a severe nuclear accident. The paper presents results obtained from the heating of metallic cadmium and caesium iodide in a crucible at temperature below 400°C under three different atmospheres. Aerosols and gaseous species released from the reaction crucible were sampled at 150°C on filters and liquid scrubbers and analyzed with HR-ICP-MS. At first, experiments were conducted with one precursor (cadmium or caesium iodide). It was observed that cadmium is predominantly present as aerosol in all atmospheres but represents less than 1% of mass what has been recovered from the facility leaching. To the contrary, caesium iodide experiment showed that sampled iodine exists mainly as gaseous species. By comparison to one-precursor studies, a change in the behavior of element was noticed when cadmium was added to caesium iodide. Different observations let to suggest a reaction between caesium iodide and cadmium in the crucible. The reaction would lead to the formation of compound made of cadmium and iodine in condensed phase below 150°C. More gaseous iodine was found from the sampling line with Ar/H2O/H2 atmosphere than in Ar/H2O atmosphere, suggesting that the cadmium is more reactive toward iodine in hydrogen-free atmosphere.
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Wen, Xinrong, i Changqing Tu. "Determination of Potassium Iodate in Edible Salt by Potassium Iodide-Iodine-Starch System". W International Conference on Biotechnology and Biomedicine. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0012012100003633.

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Maia, Thalita Vaneska Moreira, Denilma Maurício Cardoso da Silva, Andréa Claudia Oliveira Silva i Régis Casimiro Leal. "Theoretical study of the reaction mechanism of triiodide ion (I3–) from iodine (I2) and iodide anion (I–)". W VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol2020155.

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This work studies the reaction mechanism of triiodide ion (I3–) from iodine (I2) and iodide anion (I–), furthermore it investigates the thermodynamic preference of formation of I3– in three different solvents. Through DFT calculations and using the continuous polarizable model (PCM) it was possible to determine the reaction mechanism, as well as to show that the formation of the triiodide ion, from iodine and iodide, is favored in solvents of less polarity.
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Hangal, Sudheendra, Naveen Chandra, Sridhar Narayanan i Sandeep Chakravorty. "IODINE". W the 42nd annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1065579.1065786.

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Ghanem, Akram, Thierry Lemenand, Dominique Della Valle i Hassan Peerhossaini. "Assessment of Mixing by Chemical Probe in Swirl Flow HEX Reactors". W ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72035.

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Mixing is a fundamental issue in process engineering and many industrial fields. It is closely related to a large number of different applications, such as chemical reactions, thermal transfer, liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization, and the like. In fact, mixing whether at the reactor scale, sustained by the flow structures, or at molecular scales, influences the selectivity and hence the productivity of reactions. Understanding and quantification of the micromixing mechanism is critical in industrial chemical processes, especially for fast exothermal reactions. Micromixing can be characterized by chemical probe methods based on observation of a local chemical reaction that results from a competition between turbulent mixing at microscales and the reaction kinetics. A system of parallel competing reactions producing iodine was developed by Fournier et al. [1] to study partial segregation in stirred tanks. The coupling of the borate neutralization and the Dushman reaction in this system allows the measurement of micromixing efficiency in reactors by monitoring the amount of iodine produced. Called the iodide-iodate method, this technique has been extensively used in different types of reactors. A novel adaptive procedure recently developed by the authors to improve the reliability of the iodide-iodate method is used here. The heat exchanger-reactor presented here is an innovative geometry based on the addition in parallel of tubes equipped with helical inserts. It is expected to qualify as a low-cost compact heat-exchanger reactor and static mixer of high performance.
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Vechgama, Wasin, i Kampanart Silva. "Study of Fission Product Behavior in Containment Vessel Using Modified ART Mod 2: Update of Cesium and Iodine Compound Models". W 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82069.

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From the Fukushima accident, Thailand has studied fission product behavior in containment vessel using ART Mod 2 code. Cesium iodide (CsI), cesium hydroxide (CsOH) and iodine (I2) behaviors are studied using modified ART Mod 2 code. However, there are other compounds which are not included in the codes especially cesium and iodine compounds such as from Phébus FPT3 experiment including cesium molybdate (Cs2MoO4), cesium telluride (Cs2Te), methyl iodide (CH3I) and iodine pentoxide (I2O5). The paper objective is to add the four compounds in the codes in order to enlarge the coverage of the code in evaluation fission product behavior in the containment vessel. Physical parameters and models of the four compounds are updated in the codes. It is found that deposition phenomena of Cs2MoO4, Cs2Te CH3I and I2O5 are close to the experiment in case of no chemical reaction.
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Poss, Gerhard, Teja Kanzleiter, Friedhelm Funke, Gert Langrock, Hans-Josef Allelein, Holger Nowack i Gunter Weber. "Influence of Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners on Iodine Volatility: THAI Technical Scale Experiments". W 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48692.

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Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PARs) in PWR-Containments remove hydrogen released in case of a severe accident with core damage by catalytic oxidation with the oxygen of the containment atmosphere. The removal of hydrogen in autocatalytic recombiners (PARs) results in temperature levels at the catalytic surfaces up to 900 °C and leads to elevated temperatures up to several hundred degrees of the gas flowing over these surfaces. Under such operating conditions suspended CsI and other iodide particles transported with the convective gas flow through PARs can be converted into volatile iodine thus influencing the iodine source term. Even low conversion rates might lead to a significant influence on the concentration of gaseous iodine in the early phase of an accident where high CsI/I2 ratios of 100:1 or even higher can be expected. In the frame of the German national THAI programme two technical-scale experiments, AER-2 and AER-5, have been performed to investigate the conversion rates CsI → I2 occurring under realistic PAR operating conditions and beyond, and the influence of PARs on CsI aerosol parameters. An original SIEMENS (now AREVA NP) type PAR has been operated under realistic thermalhydraulic conditions. CsI aerosol has been generated by evaporating ultra pure CsI in an inductive furnace and monitored in the THAI vessel, following re-condensation, by low pressure impactors and filters. Experiments with hydrogen concentrations of up to 5 vol% H2 under normal conditions and of up to 10.5 vol% H2 in a steam-inerted atmosphere have been performed. An approved and qualified sampling and detection method has been applied to determine gas borne molecular iodine concentrations. CsI → I2 conversion rates of 3% have been observed as an upper limit under realistic thermalhydraulic conditions. The results are compared to CsI → I2 conversion rates achieved in the French RECI experiments. These experiments investigated the interaction of catalytic material and metal iodides (CsI, CdI) in a lab-scale setup showing conversion rates up to 60%. However, these experiments might deviate from representative thermochemical conditions. A comparison of THAI and RECI results — as far as appropriate concerning aerosol parameters and gas temperatures — shows conversion rates in comparable dimensions. In other cases they differ significantly. The potential contribution of an operating PAR (metal iodide interaction) to the iodine source term together with the restricted knowledge from both THAI and RECI tests, means that further investigations are required.
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Cai, Zhuangli, Zuolin Liu, Bin Yang, Min Yang i Shangchao Lin. "Diffusion-Mediated Anharmonic Phonon Transport and Thermal Conductivity Reduction in Defective Hybrid Perovskites". W ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2021-62601.

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Abstract Hybrid metal halide perovskite is a promising material for efficient photovoltaic cells and potential thermoelectric energy conversion. This paper investigates phonon thermal transport in iodine-vacancy-defect methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite using molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the iodine vacancy defects suppress the thermal conductivity of defective MAPbI3. This effect is enhanced with increasing the defect concentration. The reduction of thermal conductivity of MAPbI3 with iodine vacancy defects compared with the pristine counterpart is mainly attributed to the enhanced phonon anharmonicity and shorter phonon relaxation time due to the phonon-defect scattering. Although iodine diffusion is observed in MAPbI3 with iodine vacancy defects, defect migration has a limited impact on mass-transfer induced convective phonon transport, while it is a source of phonon anharmonicity. This study may provide guidance for theoretical research and industrial application of as-synthesized metal halide perovskites with intrinsic defects.
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Cvetkova, D. P., i N. G. Lapteva. "INVESTIGATION OF THE QUALITY OF MILK VANILLA IODIZED COCKTAIL". W I International Congress “The Latest Achievements of Medicine, Healthcare, and Health-Saving Technologies”. Kemerovo State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/-i-ic-145.

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Mineral substances are necessary for the human body. Iodine deficiency is a global problem at the moment. One of the ways to solve this problem is functional foods enriched with iodine. This paper presents the results of an organoleptic evaluation of a new functional product – a vanilla milkshake enriched with iodine. Objective: to evaluate the quality of the milk vanilla iodized cocktail according to organoleptic parameters.
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Amaya, T., A. Mukunoki, M. Shibuya i Hiroshi Kodama. "Leaching of Iodide Ion From BiPbO2I Under Reducing Conditions". W ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1299.

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Abstract Radioactive wastes containing Iodine-129 are to be disposed of in Japan in an underground facility together with TRU wastes. Iodine-129 has a long half-life (1.6 × 107 y) and it is strongly adsorbed in the thyroid gland when it intrudes into the human body. The main chemical formulae of iodine in an alkaline solution are I− and IO3−, and these anion species are absorbed only to a very small extent on silicate minerals. Iodine-129, therefore, is one of the key nuclides to be studied in the geological disposal of radioactive wastes. Recently, a new inorganic ion-exchanger, BiPbO2NO3, has been developed which reacts with iodide ions in a solution by forming BiPbO2I (BPI). The leach resistance of BPI encapsulated in cement (BPIC) was studied in a solution under geological conditions. The leaching experiment was carried out in an inert glove box in which the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide were maintained at less than 1 ppm. Pure water was degassed 12 hours prior to use. Two kinds of solution were prepared: one was low salinity solution (RW), and the other was high salinity solution (SW). Leachants were prepared by adding a reductant (N2H4) to each solution and pH was adjusted to a fixed value. BPIC was mixed with the leachant in a plastic container. The container was shaken continuously at ambient temperature for six months. The concentrations of iodide ions, bismuth ions and lead ions in the leachant were analyzed periodically using ICP-AES. Limited numbers of iodide ions (2%–4%) were released from BPIC in the initial period of leaching, following which no additional release of iodide ion was observed for six months. No significant difference was observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns of BPI in BPIC before and after the experiment. These results indicate that iodine is fixed tightly in BPIC. A mechanism of the leaching resistance is discussed.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Iodine"

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Koven, William, Gordon Grau, Benny Ron i Tetsuya Hirano. Improving fry quality, survival and growth in commercially farmed fish by dietary stimulation of thyroid hormone production in premetamorphosing larvae. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695856.bard.

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There is a direct correlation between successful metamorphosis from larvae to post-larvae and the quality of the resultant juveniles or fry. Juvenile quality, in turn, is a major factor influencing fish production level and market price. However, following the profound morphological and physiological changes occurring during metamorphosis, the emerging juveniles in some species characteristically demonstrate heterotrophic growth, poor pigmentation, cannibalism and generally poor survival. The white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) in Israel and the Pacific threadfin (Polydactylussexfilis) in Hawaii are two promising candidates for mariculture that have high market value but a natural fishery that has sharply declined in recent years. Unfortunately, their potential for culture is severely hampered by variable metamorphic success limiting their production. The main objective was to compare the efficacy and economic viability of dietary or environmental iodine on metamorphic success and juvenile quality in the white grouper and the pink snapper which would lead to improved commercial rearing protocols and increased production of these species both in Israel and the US. The Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology encountered problems with the availability of pink snapper brood stock and larvae and changed to Pacific threadfin or moi which is rapidly becoming a premier aquaculture species in Hawaii and throughout the Indo-Pacific. The white grouper brood stock at the National Center for Mariculture was lost as a result of a viral outbreak following the sudden breakdown of the ozone purification system. In addition, the NCM suffered a devastating fire in the fall of 2007 that completely destroyed the hatchery and laboratory facilities although the BARD project samples were saved. Nevertheless, by studying alternate species a number of valuable findings and conclusions that can contribute to improved metamorphosis in commercially valuable marine species resulted from this collaborative effort. The Israeli group found that exposing white grouper larvae to external TH levels synchronized and increased the rate of metamorphosis. This suggested that sub-optimal synthesis of TH may be a major factor causing size heterogeneity in the larval population and high mortality through cannibalism by their larger more metamorphosed cohorts. Two protocols were developed to enrich the larvae with higher levels of the TH precursor, iodine; feeding iodine enriched Artemia or increasing the level of seawater iodine the larvae are exposed to. Results of accumulated iodine in gilthead seabream larvae indicated that the absorption of iodine from the water is markedly more efficient than feeding iodine enriched Artemia nauplii. Samples for TH, which will be analyzed shortly, will be able to determine if another dietary factor is lacking to effectively utilize surplus tissue iodine for TH synthesis. Moreover, these samples will also clarify which approach to enriching larvae with iodine, through the live food or exposure to iodine enriched seawater is the most efficient and cost effective. The American group found that moi larvae reared in ocean water, which possessed substantially higher iodine levels than those found in seawater well water, grew significantly larger, and showed increased survival compared with well water reared larvae. Larvae reared in ocean water also progressed more rapidly through developmental stages than those in low-iodine well seawater. In collaboration with Israeli counterparts, a highly specific and precise radioimmunoassay procedure for thyroid hormones and cortisol was developed. Taken altogether, the combined Hawaiian and Israeli collaborative research suggests that for teleost species of commercial value, adequate levels of environmental iodine are more determinate in metamorphosis than iodine levels in the live zooplankton food provided to the larvae. Insuring sufficiently high enough iodine in the ambient seawater offers a much more economical solution to improved metamorphosis than enriching the live food with costly liposomes incorporating iodine rich oils.
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Barmashenko, Boris, Zamik Rosenwaks, Victor Rybalkin i Arje Katz. Mechanisms of Iodine Dissociation in Chemical Oxygen Iodine Lasers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, kwiecień 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada462954.

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Murdough, M. P., i C. A. Helms. Stabilized Iodine Flow for Long Run Time Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Lasers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, październik 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada257760.

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Klasson, K. T., L. J. Jr Koran, D. D. Gates i P. A. Cameron. Removal of mercury from solids using the potassium iodide/iodine leaching process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/656449.

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Soderquist, Chuck, Shirmir Branch, Brandy Gartman, Matthew Fountain, Susan Asmussen i Sara Kimmig. Measurement of Iodine, Iodide, and Iodate in Hanford Tank Waste: Technology Transfer from PNNL to Hanford 222-S Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1963872.

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Burger, Leland L., i Randall D. Scheele. HWVP Iodine Trap Evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15009659.

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SIEGFRIED, MATTHEW, i MICHAEL STONE. IODINE FLOWSHEET STATUS REPORT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1658844.

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Wu, Chang-Yu, Hsing-Wang Li, Myung-Heui Woo i Elizabeth Gomezder. Effect of Bioaerosol on the Release of Iodine from Iodine Treated Filters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, grudzień 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557321.

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Bridges, N. Iodine removal using silver mordenite. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1194105.

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Nenoff, Tina Maria, i Nick Soelberg. Studies on the Mechanisms of Methyl Iodide Adsorption and Iodine Retention on Silver-Mordenite. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171585.

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