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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Intrusive memories”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 10 lutego 2022

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1

Spenceley, Anna, i Bill Jerrom. "Intrusive Traumatic Childhood Memories in Depression: A Comparison Between Depressed, Recovered and Never Depressed Women". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 25, nr 4 (październik 1997): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800018713.

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The extent of intrusive traumatic memories of upsetting childhood experiences was investigated in independent samples of female subjects: out-patients with a primary diagnosis of unipolar major depression, women recovered from clinical depression, and healthy controls who had never experienced major depression. Subjects completed self-report questionnaires to measure levels of depression, and intrusive memories of traumatic childhood events. There were no differences between the groups in whether or not they experienced intrusive memories, but severity of intrusions varied significantly. The depressed sample reported significantly more intrusion and avoidance than the recovered or control groups, and the recovered sample reported normal levels of intrusion but higher levels of avoidance of traumatic memories than controls. Severely depressed subjects reported significantly higher levels of intrusion and avoidance than moderately depressed subjects. Implications for psychological models and for the treatment of depression are discussed.

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Brewin, C. R., E. Hunter, F. Carroll i P. Tata. "Intrusive memories in depression: an index of schema activation?" Psychological Medicine 26, nr 6 (listopad 1996): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700035996.

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SynopsisA sample of 31 male and female depressed patients was interviewed to investigate spontaneous, intrusive memories of immediate and past life events. Previous findings that depressed patients experience high frequency intrusive memories were confirmed, as was an association between intrusive memories of childhood abuse and severity of depression. Patients reported intrusive memories for a variety of other events, particularly involving illness and death. Limited support was obtained for the hypotheses that the course of depression would be related to the activation of negative memories, and that immediate life events would trigger the activation of memories of similar events from the past.

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Clark, I. A., E. A. Holmes, M. W. Woolrich i C. E. Mackay. "Intrusive memories to traumatic footage: the neural basis of their encoding and involuntary recall". Psychological Medicine 46, nr 3 (9.12.2015): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002007.

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BackgroundA hallmark symptom after psychological trauma is the presence of intrusive memories. It is unclear why only some moments of trauma become intrusive, and how these memories involuntarily return to mind. Understanding the neural mechanisms involved in the encoding and involuntary recall of intrusive memories may elucidate these questions.MethodParticipants (n = 35) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while being exposed to traumatic film footage. After film viewing, participants indicated within the scanner, while undergoing fMRI, if they experienced an intrusive memory of the film. Further intrusive memories in daily life were recorded for 7 days. After 7 days, participants completed a recognition memory test. Intrusive memory encoding was captured by comparing activity at the time of viewing ‘Intrusive scenes’ (scenes recalled involuntarily), ‘Control scenes’ (scenes never recalled involuntarily) and ‘Potential scenes’ (scenes recalled involuntarily by others but not that individual). Signal change associated with intrusive memory involuntary recall was modelled using finite impulse response basis functions.ResultsWe found a widespread pattern of increased activation for Intrusive v. both Potential and Control scenes at encoding. The left inferior frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus showed increased activity in Intrusive scenes compared with Potential scenes, but not in Intrusive scenes compared with Control scenes. This pattern of activation persisted when taking recognition memory performance into account. Intrusive memory involuntary recall was characterized by activity in frontal regions, notably the left inferior frontal gyrus.ConclusionsThe left inferior frontal gyrus may be implicated in both the encoding and involuntary recall of intrusive memories.

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BREWIN, C. R., M. WATSON, S. McCARTHY, P. HYMAN i D. DAYSON. "Memory processes and the course of anxiety and depression in cancer patients". Psychological Medicine 28, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291797006028.

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Background. Intrusive memories of stressful events, many involving illness and death, are found in a minority of depressed cancer patients, and may predict the course of anxiety and depression.Method. Matched samples of mild to moderately depressed and non-depressed cancer patients were followed up after 6 months. Anxiety and depression at follow-up were related to measures of intrusive memories of stressful life events and autobiographical memory functioning that had been assessed at baseline.Results. Levels of anxiety and depression remained fairly constant over time in the two groups, and the depressed group continued to experience high levels of intrusive memories. The presence of intrusive memories at baseline, and the extent to which these memories were consciously avoided, predicted greater anxiety at follow-up, even after controlling for initial severity of physical and psychiatric symptoms. None of the measures of memory functioning predicted levels of depression at follow-up.Conclusions. Intrusive memories appear to be a marker of more prolonged psychopathology in cancer patients and may respond to direct therapeutic intervention.

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Reynolds, Martina, Sheena Nayak i Christos Kouimtsidis. "Intrusive memories of trauma in PTSD and addiction". Psychiatrist 36, nr 8 (sierpień 2012): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.111.037937.

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Aims and methodTo study intrusive phenomena relating to traumatic experiences in a community sample seeking treatment for substance use disorder and an in-patient sample from an addiction in-patient detoxification service in London. Perceived effect of drugs and drug use on traumatic intrusion and memory experiences was also analysed. The study was conducted using a semi-structured patient interview comprising a series of questionnaires.ResultsThe most frequently identified traumatic memories were those of traumatic bereavements. Substance use appears to have had the effect of dampening the memories for those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and significantly more individuals reported that their memories were less vivid and less distressing before they ceased substance use.Clinical implicationsThe findings suggest that continued substance use could in part be motivated by its capacity to dampen distressing memories within the PTSD group. This should be addressed within a treatment plan of comorbid PTSD.

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Bourne, C., CM Mackay i EA Holmes. "Neuroimaging the Formation of Intrusive Memories". NeuroImage 47 (lipiec 2009): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70502-6.

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Grueschow, Marcus, Iva Jelezarova, Maren Westphal, Ulrike Ehlert i Birgit Kleim. "Emotional conflict adaptation predicts intrusive memories". PLOS ONE 15, nr 2 (20.02.2020): e0225573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225573.

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Brewin, Chris R. "BRIEF REPORT: Intrusive Thoughts and Intrusive Memories in a Nonclinical Sample". Cognition & Emotion 10, nr 1 (styczeń 1996): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026999396380411.

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Rombold, F., K. Wingenfeld, B. Renneberg, J. Hellmann-Regen, C. Otte i S. Roepke. "Influence of the noradrenergic system on the formation of intrusive memories in women: an experimental approach with a trauma film paradigm". Psychological Medicine 46, nr 12 (23.06.2016): 2523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716001379.

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BackgroundIntrusive memories of traumatic events are a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder but little is known about the neurobiological formation of intrusions. The aim of this study was to determine whether the activity of the noradrenergic system during an intrusion-inducing stressor would influence subsequent intrusive memories.MethodWe conducted an experimental, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 118 healthy women. Participants received a single dose of either 10 mg yohimbine, stimulating noradrenergic activity, or 0.15 mg clonidine, inhibiting noradrenergic activity, or placebo. Subsequently, they watched an established trauma film which induced intrusions. The number of consecutive intrusions resulting from the trauma film, the vividness of the intrusions, and the degree of distress evoked by the intrusions were assessed during the following 4 days. Salivary cortisol and α-amylase were collected before and after the trauma film.ResultsA significant time × treatment interaction for the number of intrusions and the vividness of intrusions indicated a different time course of intrusions depending on treatment. Post-hoc tests revealed a delayed decrease of intrusions and a delayed decrease of intrusion vividness after the trauma film in the yohimbine group compared with the clonidine and placebo groups. Furthermore, after yohimbine administration, a significant increase in salivary cortisol levels was observed during the trauma film.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that pharmacological activation of the noradrenergic system during an emotionally negative event makes an impact on consecutive intrusive memories and their vividness in healthy women. The noradrenergic system seems to be involved in the formation of intrusive memories.

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Bryant, Richard A., i Shiksha Datta. "Reconsolidating Intrusive Distressing Memories by Thinking of Attachment Figures". Clinical Psychological Science 7, nr 6 (29.08.2019): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619866387.

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Thinking of attachment security can reduce arousal, and arousal has been shown to modulate memory reconsolidation. We investigated the effect of priming attachment security during reactivation of a distressing memory. We hypothesized that attachment priming would result in less frequent, distressing, and vivid subsequent intrusive, distressing memories. Seventy-one participants viewed a traumatic film and recorded the frequency, distress, and vividness of subsequent intrusive memories for the following week. The day after initial consolidation, the memory was reactivated before presentation of either an attachment or a positive nonattachment control prime. The attachment prime reduced the vividness and distress of intrusions during the ensuing week. These effects were stronger for participants with less avoidant attachment tendencies, suggesting that the reconsolidating effect of attachment priming is stronger for those with secure attachment systems. Thinking of attachment figures during reactivation of distressing memories may decrease the distressing nature of subsequent intrusive memories.

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Doig, Lauren, i Kevin Solverson. "Wanting to Forget: Intrusive and Delusional Memories from Critical Illness". Case Reports in Critical Care 2020 (24.03.2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7324185.

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Introduction. Delusional and fearful memories after critical illness are observed in up to 70% of patients post critical illness. However, they often go unrecognized after patients leave the intensive care unit (ICU). Case Presentation. A 40-year-old male was admitted to the ICU with community-acquired pneumonia and multiorgan failure requiring mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy. He developed protracted delirium and severe ICU-acquired weakness but was eventually discharged home. The patient returned to a follow-up clinic two months post-ICU discharge and revealed that he was suffering anxiety from memories in the ICU of different staff trying to harm and kill him, including being repeatedly suffocated. By providing context to the memories, the patient had significant relief in his anxiety. Conclusions. Intrusive memories contribute to psychological morbidity post critical illness, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and reduced health-related quality of life. The majority of critical illness survivors do not share their intrusive or frightening memories, and therefore, most healthcare professionals are unaware of the problems they can pose. Assessment of patients’ memories from the ICU is essential and may create the opportunity to help patients place memories into context and improve psychological morbidities.

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Brewin, Chris R., Maggie Watson, Siobhan McCarthy, Philippa Hyman i David Dayson. "Intrusive memories and depression in cancer patients". Behaviour Research and Therapy 36, nr 12 (grudzień 1998): 1131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00084-9.

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Cheung, Jessica, Liza Chervonsky, Kim L. Felmingham i Richard A. Bryant. "The role of estrogen in intrusive memories". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 106 (listopad 2013): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2013.07.005.

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Hsu, Chia-Ming K., Birgit Kleim, Emma L. Nicholson, Daniel V. Zuj, Pippa J. Cushing, Kate E. Gray, Latifa Clark i Kim L. Felmingham. "Sex differences in intrusive memories following trauma". PLOS ONE 13, nr 12 (6.12.2018): e0208575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208575.

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Patel, Trishna, Chris R. Brewin, Jon Wheatley, Adrian Wells, Peter Fisher i Samuel Myers. "Intrusive images and memories in major depression". Behaviour Research and Therapy 45, nr 11 (listopad 2007): 2573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.06.004.

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Gregory, James D., Chris R. Brewin, Warren Mansell i Catherine Donaldson. "Intrusive memories and images in bipolar disorder". Behaviour Research and Therapy 48, nr 7 (lipiec 2010): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.005.

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Hill, Zoe, Lynette Hung i Richard A. Bryant. "A hypnotic paradigm for studying intrusive memories". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 41, nr 4 (grudzień 2010): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.05.001.

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Cheung, Jessica, i Richard A. Bryant. "The impact of appraisals on intrusive memories". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 54 (marzec 2017): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.07.005.

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Verwoerd, Johan, Ineke Wessel, Peter J. de Jong, Maurice M. W. Nieuwenhuis i Rafaele J. C. Huntjens. "Pre-Stressor Interference Control and Intrusive Memories". Cognitive Therapy and Research 35, nr 2 (19.10.2010): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-010-9335-x.

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Benoit, Roland G., Justin C. Hulbert, Ean Huddleston i Michael C. Anderson. "Adaptive Top–Down Suppression of Hippocampal Activity and the Purging of Intrusive Memories from Consciousness". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00696.

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When reminded of unwanted memories, people often attempt to suppress these experiences from awareness. Prior work indicates that control processes mediated by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) modulate hippocampal activity during such retrieval suppression. It remains unknown whether this modulation plays a role in purging an intrusive memory from consciousness. Here, we combined fMRI and effective connectivity analyses with phenomenological reports to scrutinize a role for adaptive top–down suppression of hippocampal retrieval processes in terminating mnemonic awareness of intrusive memories. Participants either suppressed or recalled memories of pictures depicting faces or places. After each trial, they reported their success at regulating awareness of the memory. DLPFC activation was greatest when unwanted memories intruded into consciousness and needed to be purged, and this increased engagement predicted superior control of intrusive memories over time. However, hippocampal activity was decreased during the suppression of place memories only. Importantly, the inhibitory influence of the DLPFC on the hippocampus was linked to the ensuing reduction in intrusions of the suppressed memories. Individuals who exhibited negative top–down coupling during early suppression attempts experienced fewer involuntary memory intrusions later on. Over repeated suppressions, the DLPFC–hippocampus connectivity grew less negative with the degree that they no longer had to purge unwanted memories from awareness. These findings support a role of DLPFC in countermanding the unfolding recollection of an unwanted memory via the suppression of hippocampal processing, a mechanism that may contribute to adaptation in the aftermath of traumatic experiences.

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Das, R. K., A. Tamman, V. Nikolova, T. P. Freeman, J. A. Bisby, A. I. Lazzarino i S. K. Kamboj. "Nitrous oxide speeds the reduction of distressing intrusive memories in an experimental model of psychological trauma". Psychological Medicine 46, nr 8 (4.03.2016): 1749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171600026x.

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BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves maladaptive long-term memory formation which underlies involuntary intrusive thoughts about the trauma. Preventing the development of such maladaptive memory is a key aim in preventing the development of PTSD. We examined whether the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist gas nitrous oxide (N2O) could reduce the frequency of intrusive memories by inhibiting NMDAR-dependent memory consolidation in a laboratory analogue of psychological trauma.MethodParticipants were randomized to inhale N2O (N = 25) or medical air (N = 25) after viewing a negatively valenced emotional film clip (‘trauma film’). Participants subsequently completed a daily diary assessing frequency of intrusive thoughts relating to the film clip. A week later, participants completed an explicit memory recall task related to the film.ResultsPost-encoding N2O sped the reduction in intrusive memory frequency, with a significant reduction by the next day in the N2O group compared to 4 days later in the air group. N2O also interacted with post-film dissociation, producing increased intrusion frequency in those who were highly dissociated at baseline. Sleep length and quality the night after viewing the film did not differ between the groups.ConclusionN2O speeds the reduction of intrusive analogue trauma memory in a time-dependent manner, consistent with sleep-dependent long-term consolidation disruption. Further research with this drug is warranted to determine its potential to inoculate against enduring effects of psychological trauma; however, caution is also urged in dissociated individuals where N2O may aggravate PTSD-like symptomatology.

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Ehlers, Anke, i Regina Steil. "Maintenance of Intrusive Memories in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Cognitive Approach". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 23, nr 3 (lipiec 1995): 217–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246580001585x.

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Intrusive recollections are very common immediately after traumatic events and are considered necessary aspects of emotional processing. However, if these intrusive recollections persist over a long time, they are linked to long-term psychiatric disorder, especially Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This paper discusses the need to investigate factors involved in the maintenance of intrusive traumatic recollections. It is suggested that the idiosyncratic meaning of the intrusive recollections predicts the distress caused by them, and the degree to which the individual engages in strategies to control the intrusions. These control strategies maintain the intrusive recollections by preventing a change in the meaning of the trauma and of the traumatic memories. It is further suggested that what is needed is a comprehensive assessment of the processes that prevent change in meaning, going beyond the assessment of avoidance. In particular, safety behaviours, dissociation and numbing, suppression of memories and thoughts about trauma, rumination, activation of other emotions such as anger and guilt and corresponding cognitions, and selective information processing (attentional and memory biases) may be involved in the maintenance of intrusive recollections. Preliminary data supporting these suggestions from studies of individuals involved in road traffic accidents and survivors of child sexual abuse are described.

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Jaffe, Anna E., Jessica A. Blayney, Michele Bedard-Gilligan i Debra Kaysen. "Are trauma memories state-dependent? Intrusive memories following alcohol-involved sexual assault". European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10, nr 1 (11.07.2019): 1634939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1634939.

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Evans, Ceri. "What Violent Offenders Remember of their Crime: Empirical Explorations∗". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, nr 6-7 (czerwiec 2006): 508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01833.x.

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Little systematic evidence is available about how violent offenders remember and think about their violent crimes. The general aim of this article is to selectively review a range of different ‘types’ of memory disturbance and their risk factors, in an attempt to draw together different strands of research concerning memories of offending that might usefully be considered together for clinical purposes. A selective review of psychiatric or psychological studies related to amnesia, intrusive memories, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), ruminations, and pleasurable memories was performed. The body of research on amnesia in relation to violent crime is relatively small and is subject to significant limitations. The empirical base of studies identifying intrusive memories arising from violent crime is also very limited, with no previous published study primarily focusing on description of the form and content of intrusive memories related to acts of violence in a population of violent offenders. A small number of studies have investigated PTSD directly arising from the commission of a violent or sexual crime, in those with mental illness. No published studies that investigated the presence of ruminations related to violent offending were identified. No systematic comparative studies were identified that described the form and content that positive memories of non-sexual violence might take. Relevant phenomenological reports from extreme populations raise concerns about selection bias. A memory-based approach to eliciting descriptions of violent offending may elicit clinical information relevant to violence risk assessment and therapeutic interventions within forensic settings.

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G. Abo Hamza, Eid, Ahmed Helal, Ahmed A. Moustafa i Mahmoud M. Emam. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRUSIVE COGNITIONS AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN HEALTHY AND CLINICAL POPULATIONS". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, nr 1 (25.02.2020): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8191.

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Purpose: to examine the relationship between defense mechanisms and intrusive cognitions in normal healthy individuals and psychiatric patients. Methodology: The study sample consists of a healthy group (n=60; 30 males & 30 females), whereas the clinical group (n=66; 34 males, 32 females) includes patients with major depressive disorder (12 patients, 5 males, 7 females), schizophrenia (31 patients; 14 males, 17 females), obsessive-compulsive disorder (23 patients; 15 males, 8 females). We used several scales to measure the following variables: intrusive cognitions, intrusive memories, and defense mechanisms. Finding: The results show that there is a positive correlation between defense mechanisms and intrusive cognitions in healthy and clinical groups. Intrusive cognitions were more common in the patient than in a healthy group. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between males and females in measures of intrusive thoughts and memories in both groups. Implications: These findings have implications for behavioral treatment. Treatments used for managing posttraumatic stress disorder can also be used for the treatment of a major depressive disorder, OCD, and schizophrenia. Originality: This investigation the relationship between intrusive cognitions and defense mechanisms in healthy and clinical populations and its implication on the cue exposure therapy that can be the treatment of intrusive cognitions and thoughts in with major depressive disorder, OCD, and schizophrenia.

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Reynolds, Martina, i Chris R. Brewin. "Intrusive memories in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder". Behaviour Research and Therapy 37, nr 3 (marzec 1999): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00132-6.

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Keyan, Dharani, i Richard A. Bryant. "Brief exercise enhances intrusive memories of traumatic stimuli". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 141 (maj 2017): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.012.

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Chou, Chia-Ying, Roberto La Marca, Andrew Steptoe i Chris R. Brewin. "Heart rate, startle response, and intrusive trauma memories". Psychophysiology 51, nr 3 (8.01.2014): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12176.

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Battaglini, Eva, Belinda Liddell, Pritha Das, Gin Malhi, Kim Felmingham i Richard A. Bryant. "Intrusive Memories of Distressing Information: An fMRI Study". PLOS ONE 11, nr 9 (29.09.2016): e0140871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140871.

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Miedl, Stephan F., Julina A. Rattel, Laila K. Franke, Jens Blechert, Martin Kronbichler, Victor I. Spoormaker i Frank H. Wilhelm. "Neural Processing During Fear Extinction Predicts Intrusive Memories". Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 5, nr 4 (kwiecień 2020): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.017.

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Kuyken, Willem, i Chris R. Brewin. "Intrusive memories of childhood abuse during depressive episodes". Behaviour Research and Therapy 32, nr 5 (czerwiec 1994): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90140-6.

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Mary, Alison, Jacques Dayan, Giovanni Leone, Charlotte Postel, Florence Fraisse, Carine Malle, Thomas Vallée i in. "Resilience after trauma: The role of memory suppression". Science 367, nr 6479 (13.02.2020): eaay8477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8477.

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In the aftermath of trauma, little is known about why the unwanted and unbidden recollection of traumatic memories persists in some individuals but not others. We implemented neutral and inoffensive intrusive memories in the laboratory in a group of 102 individuals exposed to the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks and 73 nonexposed individuals, who were not in Paris during the attacks. While reexperiencing these intrusive memories, nonexposed individuals and exposed individuals without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could adaptively suppress memory activity, but exposed individuals with PTSD could not. These findings suggest that the capacity to suppress memory is central to positive posttraumatic adaptation. A generalized disruption of the memory control system could explain the maladaptive and unsuccessful suppression attempts often seen in PTSD, and this disruption should be targeted by specific treatments.

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Anderson, Michael C., i Benjamin J. Levy. "Suppressing Unwanted Memories". Current Directions in Psychological Science 18, nr 4 (sierpień 2009): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01634.x.

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When reminded of something we would prefer not to think about, we often try to exclude the unwanted memory from awareness. Recent research indicates that people control unwanted memories by stopping memory retrieval, using mechanisms similar to those used to stop reflexive motor responses. Controlling unwanted memories is implemented by the lateral prefrontal cortex, which acts to reduce activity in the hippocampus, thereby impairing retention of those memories. Individual differences in the efficacy of these systems may underlie variation in how well people control intrusive memories and adapt in the aftermath of trauma. This research supports the existence of an active forgetting process and establishes a neurocognitive model for inquiry into motivated forgetting.

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Holmes, Emily A., Ata Ghaderi, Ellinor Eriksson, Klara Olofsdotter Lauri, Olivia M. Kukacka, Maya Mamish, Ella L. James i Renée M. Visser. "‘I Can't Concentrate’: A Feasibility Study with Young Refugees in Sweden on Developing Science-Driven Interventions for Intrusive Memories Related to Trauma". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 45, nr 2 (23.02.2017): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246581600062x.

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Background: The number of refugees is the highest ever worldwide. Many have experienced trauma in home countries or on their escape which has mental health sequelae. Intrusive memories comprise distressing scenes of trauma which spring to mind unbidden. Development of novel scalable psychological interventions is needed urgently. Aims: We propose that brief cognitive science-driven interventions should be developed which pinpoint a focal symptom alongside a means to monitor it using behavioural techniques. The aim of the current study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the methodology required to develop such an intervention. Method: In this study we recruited 22 refugees (16–25 years), predominantly from Syria and residing in Sweden. Participants were asked to monitor the frequency of intrusive memories of trauma using a daily diary; rate intrusions and concentration; and complete a 1-session behavioural intervention involving Tetris game-play via smartphone. Results: Frequency of intrusive memories was high, and associated with high levels of distress and impaired concentration. Levels of engagement with study procedures were highly promising. Conclusions: The current work opens the way for developing novel cognitive behavioural approaches for traumatized refugees that are mechanistically derived, freely available and internationally scalable.

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Moul, Caroline, i Angela Nickerson. "Psychopathic Personality Traits as a Protective Factor against the Development of Intrusive Memories". Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 8, nr 1 (19.02.2017): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5127/jep.055516.

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Background People with psychopathic personality traits have been shown to have low rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Contemporary theoretical models of PTSD and psychopathy converge to suggest that a bias in the type of information that is encoded into memory is a core component of both disorders. We tested the hypothesis that people with psychopathic personality traits have a reduced susceptibility to developing intrusion-related symptoms. Method Participants completed self-report measures before watching a short video depicting the aftermath of a motor vehicle accident. The participants recorded their intrusive memories for seven days before returning for a follow-up assessment. Results Psychopathic personality score was found to be a significant negative predictor of intrusion-related experiences at follow-up. This relationship was mediated by the vividness of intrusions. Conclusion The results support the hypothesis that the balance between the encoding of perceptual versus conceptual properties is a core feature both in the aetiology of PTSD and in people with psychopathic personality traits.

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Barcelos, A., A. Lopes, M. Bernardo i C. Adriana. "Cannabis and Confabulation: An Intrusive Relationship". European Psychiatry 41, S1 (kwiecień 2017): S630—S631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1027.

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IntroductionThe association between the neurocognitive impact of cannabis use and deficits in working and declarative memory is well documented. Studies with cannabis users suggest that recognition memory is particularly susceptible to cannabinoid acute intoxication. Studies carried out in the 1970s using free memory tests, showed that cannabis users not only named fewer words having also a tendency to evoke intrusive memories. Interestingly, a recent study has exposed an association between cannabis consumption and increased likelihood of creating fake memories.ObjectivesThe main objective of this work is to do literature revision, framing old data with recent works, exposing the relationship between cannabis consumption and memory confabulation/intrusion.MethodologyLiterature review, comparison and description of empirical data [1].ResultsRecent studies show that both cannabis users and abstinents are more susceptible to create false memories, not being able to identify trap stimuli as events that never occurred.Discussion/conclusionsChanges in perception and memory deficits are two common consequences of acute marijuana intoxication. The fact that these deficits remain during drug abstinence demonstrates the relevance of better understanding the mechanisms by which cannabinoids alter such cognitive functions. Reductions in the activation of brain areas comprised in the lateral and temporal lobe and in frontal cortex zones involved in the processes of attention and performance monitoring may be a possible explanation.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Waters, Flavie, Johanna Badcock, Patricia Michie i Murray Maybery. "Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: Intrusive thoughts and forgotten memories". Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 11, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546800444000191.

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Cheung, Jessica, i Richard A. Bryant. "FKBP5 risk alleles and the development of intrusive memories". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 125 (listopad 2015): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2015.09.008.

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Bennett, Paul, i Stuart Brooke. "Intrusive memories, post-traumatic stress disorder and myocardial infarction". British Journal of Clinical Psychology 38, nr 4 (listopad 1999): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466599163015.

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Hawkins, Kirsten A., i Jesse R. Cougle. "The effects of nicotine on intrusive memories in nonsmokers." Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 21, nr 6 (2013): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033966.

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Williams, Alishia D., i Michelle L. Moulds. "Manipulating recall vantage perspective of intrusive memories in dysphoria". Memory 16, nr 7 (październik 2008): 742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658210802290453.

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Herz, Noa, Yair Bar-Haim, Emily A. Holmes i Nitzan Censor. "Intrusive memories: A mechanistic signature for emotional memory persistence". Behaviour Research and Therapy 135 (grudzień 2020): 103752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103752.

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Streb, Markus, Axel Mecklinger, Michael C. Anderson, Johanna Lass-Hennemann i Tanja Michael. "Memory control ability modulates intrusive memories after analogue trauma". Journal of Affective Disorders 192 (marzec 2016): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.032.

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Broadbent, James C., i Reginald D. V. Nixon. "Maladaptive Beliefs and Suppression of Negative Autobiographical Memories". Behaviour Change 24, nr 3 (1.08.2007): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.24.3.125.

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AbstractThis study sought to investigate whether an individual difference in beliefs regarding the importance of controlling intrusive thoughts influenced the effect of suppressing negative autobiographical memories. In Phase I of the study, 165 undergraduate students completed the control-subscale of the Interpretations of Intrusions Inventory (III-31). Students with scores in the top (strong beliefs) and bottom (weak beliefs) 30% of the III-31 were selected to participate in Phase II. In Phase II an equal number of students with these ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ beliefs (N = 60) were randomised to either a thought suppression or control condition. As expected, instructions to suppress resulted in a rebound effect; however, contrary to predictions, differences in beliefs regarding the importance of controlling intrusive thoughts did not influence thought suppression ability. The implications of the findings for understanding the influence of metacognition on thought suppression are discussed.

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Sachschal, Juliane, Elizabeth Woodward, Julia M. Wichelmann, Katharina Haag i Anke Ehlers. "Differential Effects of Poor Recall and Memory Disjointedness on Trauma Symptoms". Clinical Psychological Science 7, nr 5 (23.05.2019): 1032–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619847195.

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Clinical theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that trauma memories are disorganized. In the present study, we examined how trauma-film exposure affects two aspects of memory disorganization, poor memory recall and memory disjointedness, and their relationship to PTSD-like symptoms. In Session 1, 90 healthy participants were exposed to a trauma ( n = 60) or a neutral film ( n = 30). Cognitive processing styles, memory characteristics, and intrusive memories of the film were assessed. The trauma-film group reported greater memory disjointedness of the worst moments of the film but better memory recall of the film than the neutral-film group. In the trauma-film group, cognitive processing and memory disjointedness were related to intrusive memories and PTSD-like symptoms in the week after film exposure. Memory disjointedness but not poor memory recall mediated the relationship between cognitive processing and intrusions. The findings suggest that different aspects of memory disorganization need to be distinguished to explain PTSD symptoms.

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Ison, Rebecca, Luigi Medoro, Nadine Keen i Elizabeth Kuipers. "The Use of Rescripting Imagery for People with Psychosis Who Hear Voices". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 42, nr 2 (7.08.2013): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246581300057x.

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Background: Image rescripting can be helpful in reducing the distress associated with intrusive images or memories across a range of disorders. Existing studies using imagery rescripting with people with psychosis have not included people who hear voices. Aims: This study aimed to explore the use of image rescripting with people with psychosis who have intrusive images or memories and hear voices. Method: This study used a one-off image rescripting session, using an A-B design with four participants with psychosis who were attending adult mental health community services. Results: Clinically significant reductions in distress, negative affect and reduced conviction in the beliefs associated with the imagery were reported at 1-week follow-up and maintained for three of the four participants at 1-month follow-up. Conclusions: The study offers early indications that image rescripting can be used as a treatment approach for people with psychosis. Exploring visual imagery and rescripting visual memories where appropriate may be a useful extension of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp).

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del Palacio-González, Adriana, David A. Clark i Lucia F. O’Sullivan. "Distress Severity Following a Romantic Breakup Is Associated With Positive Relationship Memories Among Emerging Adults". Emerging Adulthood 5, nr 4 (13.04.2017): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696817704117.

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Romantic relationship loss is associated with significant psychological distress for emerging adults. Intrusive memories of stressful events are typically associated with symptom severity; however, whether spontaneous positive memories of a relationship breakup may also be related to psychological symptoms has received little attention. We examined links between breakup-specific distress, depressive symptoms, and relationship memories of different valence. Ninety-one emerging adults ( Mage = 20.13) who had experienced a recent romantic breakup recorded the frequency of positive and negative spontaneous relationship memories in a 4-day online memory diary. Control memories were also recorded. Positive memories were specifically related to breakup distress, whereas negative memories were related to both breakup distress and depression. No such associations were found for the control memories. Experiences of positive memories appear critical for understanding the degree of distress a young person may experience following a breakup. Possible explanations for these findings and similarities with the grief and bereavement literature are discussed.

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Jelinek, Lena, Sarah Randjbar, Michael Kellner, Angnes Untiedt, Jana Volkert, Christoph Muhtz i Steffen Moritz. "Intrusive Memories and Modality-Specific Mental Imagery in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder". Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 218, nr 2 (styczeń 2010): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409/a000013.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by vivid intrusive memories of the trauma. Among these, visual sensations of the trauma are most commonly reported. However, intrusions may involve other senses as well (e.g., acoustic, olfactory, or bodily sensations). It has been proposed that enhanced mental imagery may predispose individuals with traumatic experiences to intrusions and ultimately to PTSD. A total of 58 victims of interpersonal violence with current (n = 20), past (n = 19), and no lifetime PTSD (n = 19) as well as non-traumatized controls (n = 23) were assessed with the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and a modality-specific imagery questionnaire. Moreover, the sensory quality of the traumatic intrusions was assessed in traumatized participants. Participants with recovered PTSD displayed less overall mental imagery than the other three groups who were indistinguishable. No relation was found between the modality-specific mental imagery and the sensory quality of the intrusions. The impact of mental imagery on intrusive memories in PTSD is complex. Less mental imagery appears beneficial in the recovery process, but does not prevent the development of intrusive symptoms in the first place. Further investigation of perceptual and memory vividness as well imagery control (i.e., to sustain, modify, or terminate an image) also including trauma-related material may be important for trauma-specific interventions.

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Frances, Richard J. "Intrusive Memories in Perpetrators of Violent Crime: Emotions and Cognitions". Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health 2008 (styczeń 2008): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-3970(08)70703-5.

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Cheung, Jessica, Benjamin Garber i Richard A. Bryant. "The role of stress during memory reactivation on intrusive memories". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 123 (wrzesień 2015): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.004.

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