Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Internet cartography”

As the global Internet expands to satisfy the demands of the ever-increasing connected population, profound changes are occurring in its interconnection structure. The pervasive growth of IXPs and CDNs, two initially independent but synergistic infrastructure sectors, have contributed to the gradual flattening of the Internet’s inter-domain hierarchy with primary routing paths shifting from backbone networks to peripheral peering links. At the same time the IPv6 deployment has taken off due to the depletion of unallocated IPv4 addresses. These fundamental changes in Internet dynamics has obvious implications for network engineering and operations, which can be benefited by accurate topology maps to understand the properties of this critical infrastructure. This thesis presents a set of new measurement techniques and inference algorithms to construct a new type of semantically rich Internet map, and improve the state of the art in Internet cartography. The author first develops a methodology to extract large-scale validation data from the Communities BGP attribute, which encodes rich routing meta-data on BGP messages. Based on this better-informed dataset the author proceeds to analyse popular assumptions about inter-domain routing policies and devise a more accurate model to describe inter-AS business relationships. Accordingly, the thesis proposes a new relationship inference algorithm to accurately capture both simple and complex AS relationships across two dimensions: prefix type, and geographic location. Validation against three sources of ground-truth data reveals that the proposed algorithm achieves a near-perfect accuracy. However, any inference approach is constrained by the inability of the existing topology data sources to provide a complete view of the inter-domain topology. To limit the topology incompleteness problem the author augments traditional BGP data with routing policy data obtained directly from IXPs to discover massive peering meshes which have thus far been largely invisible.

This thesis addresses a research programme that aimed to provide an open standard methodology for publishing Brazilian local primary school atlases on the World Wide Web. It also aims to contribute to the use of computer laboratories provided to Brazilian primary schools by the Brazilian government. Using a local school atlas as the source of information, a Web-based prototype of the School Atlas of Rio Claro (SP) was developed in SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). SVG is a vector-based standard for publishing interactive graphics on the Web validated by the Web Consortium. This prototype was tested with a group of Brazilian primary school teachers. The test was conducted with fourteen teachers, all of them were familiar with the paper version of the School Atlas. During weekly meetings, the participants took notes to discuss and reflect about the practices held in school with local maps. The main test carried out with teachers was to prepare a paper activity based on the atlas content. The idea behind this activity was to foster teachers to leave a passive role as mere users and interact with the product in a more active fashion. In order to enable them to take full advantage of simple digital tools they were briefly trained to capture screen, use image editing software (they were instructed on the use of Paint, an image editing application available in Windows), and to copy text from the atlas. The results demonstrated that the teachers were keen to interact with the product and, although reproducing some common practices of paper atlas use, they revealed a deep interest on the use of the Internet as a medium for education and the prototype itself. A second test was carried out with a group of atlas developers. They were given a time frame of two weeks to develop an SVG-based atlas using the methodology proposed in this research. They completed the task within the time frame proposed however they indicated that more specific training should be desirable; this finding indicates the need to introduce digital map publishing as a subject to be taught in geosciences undergraduate courses in Brazil. It is believed that open standard methodology proposed here can be applied to other cities also developing local atlases for early geographical education.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This study discusses the new challenges compelled by information technologies from the following question: how to deal with the excess of information. The search for ways to promote knowledge in cyberspace demands investigations of more intelligent representations. We face the need to reorganize the information in the digital space, which in turn requires a deeper look on the practices of design. Deepen the role for the designer as a creator of interfaces of cyberspace, this study recovers the important contribution made by the information design, field of study that investigates the understanding of information through visual representations. Considering cartography as a human need to achieve visual representations of complex systems of information, the visualization, in the context of this research, is regarded as a fundamental instrument to reveal hidden meanings, invisible in a observation restricted to data itself. Manovich links the concept of mapping to visualization. Since all digital data is represented with the same digital code, computers can easily map one representation to another. Then, visualization can be conceived as a kind of mapping, in which data is mapped to image. The main objective here is to investigate data visualization applications that meet the challenges imposed by the excess of information. To discuss the hypothesis that the data visualization is relevant to generate knowledge, this work examines models of interactive visualization of dynamic data from a sample of applications available on the Internet. With this overview of the types of visualization, a classification was created based on the need to understand the context and the symbolic relations of individuals on the Internet. Finally, some future directions of studying information, design and visualization are pointed out
Esta pesquisa debate os novos desafios impostos pelas tecnologias da informação a partir da seguinte questão: como lidar com o excesso de informações. A busca pelas formas de favorecer o conhecimento no ciberespaço demanda investigações sobre propostas mais inteligentes de representação dessas informações. Estamos diante da necessidade de reorganização da informação no espaço digital, que, por sua vez, requer um olhar mais aprofundado sobre as práticas do design. Para traçarmos o papel do designer como projetista das interfaces do ciberespaço, retomamos a relevante contribuição dada pelo design da informação, área de estudos que investiga a compreensão da informação por meio de representações visuais. Considerando a cartografia como a necessidade humana de realizar representações visuais de sistemas complexos de informação, a visualização se constitui, no contexto desta pesquisa, como instrumento fundamental para revelar sentidos ocultos, invisíveis numa observação restrita aos dados em si. Manovich coloca que o conceito de mapeamento também está intimamente relacionado à visualização, pois ao representar todos os dados usando o mesmo código numérico, os computadores facilitam o mapeamento de uma representação em outra. A visualização pode, então, ser concebida como um tipo de mapeamento, no qual o conjunto de dados é mapeado em uma imagem. O objetivo principal, portanto, é investigar aplicações que exploram a visualização de dados como proposta para enfrentar os desafios impostos pelo excesso de informações. Para investigar a hipótese de que a visualização de dados se constitui como manifestação relevante para a geração de conhecimento, este trabalho analisa propostas interativas de visualização de dados dinâmicos, a partir da coleta de uma amostragem significativa de aplicações disponíveis na Internet. Com uma visão geral dos tipos de visualização, foi criada uma classificação, inspirada na necessidade de se compreender os contextos e as possíveis relações simbólicas que tais aplicações possam representar aos indivíduos na Internet. Por fim, são apontados alguns caminhos futuros de pesquisa, a partir do olhar crítico sobre a informação, o design e a visualização

“Mashups” are web-based maps that intermix user-created data with information gathered from multiple online sources. As part of the wave of “Web 2.0” technologies, mashups represent a shift toward distributed authoring and sharing of Internet content, complicating traditional modes of knowledge production. Mashups originated in the open source “hacker” movement and are now associated with the term “neogeography,” used to describe the practice of amateur mapmaking online. In this thesis I ask whether mashups facilitate a cartography that is more accessible and democratic, studying the ways in which mashup authors create alternative community or personal cartographies while remaining dependent on existing power structures for data and resources. I illuminate these issues through a series of examples, such as: mashups that render personal memories about places, maps created by activist groups to counter dominant representations of geography by governments or corporations, and websites that facilitate the collaborative creation and sharing of spatial knowledge within community groups. Contrasting these case studies with traditional paper cartography and GIS, as well as the professional online mapping technologies of the Geospatial Web (or GeoWeb), I explore how mashups attempt to represent personal, subjective, overlapping and contradictory perceptions of space and place. While enthusiastic claims about the ability of mashups to wrest mapmaking from state and corporate hands are currently overstated, I conclude that mashups do in fact provide new ways of collaboratively representing space whose implications are still to be determined.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toledo.
Typescript. "A thesis [submitted] as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Geography." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-99).

As redes de comunicação por internet são um sistema e uma forma de organização que têm introduzido e modificado padrões de produção preexistentes em espaços de todo o mundo. Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar as bases materiais e sociais que trouxeram a internet à sua organização atual no território brasileiro, bem como contribuir teoricamente para a relação entre espaço e interações sociais, por meio da aquisição de conhecimento dos objetos que compõem a internet enquanto um conjunto sociotecnico. Apresentamos os conceitos de rede e território em Geografia, bem como suas relações com comunicação, informação e espaço, em referência a autores que têm em comum a abordagem espacial com relevo nos fenômenos sociais engendrados pela comunicação à distância, especialmente Boris Beaude (2008). Sob as categorias de análise formação socioespacial e território usado de Milton Santos (2002), propomos uma periodização da internet no Brasil e caracterizamos a distribuição espacial das redes e acessos à internet no território no período mais recente. Para o aprofundamento da análise espacial, nos apoiamos teoricamente em Jacques Lévy (2003) para o estudo da internet enquanto um fenômeno eminentemente urbano, que torna as cidades lugares ainda mais privilegiados do contato. A metodologia se baseou nos princípios da semiologia gráfica (Bertin, 1967), da análise espacial (Pumain, 1994 et al.) e da coremática (Brunet, 1980) para a realização da pesquisa empírica, que partiu da coleta de dados de fontes oficiais (sobretudo IBGE e Anatel), com os quais produzimos mapas temáticos sobre as estruturas de internet nos municípios brasileiros. A Cartografia e os métodos de representação do espaço afirmaram seu potencial de análise da internet. Foi possível identificar a recente evolução dos acessos, dos serviços e das redes de transmissão da informação digital do país, assim como caracterizar a distribuição atual como altamente concentrada, sobretudo nas metrópoles, num padrão típico da rede urbana, mas com características próprias. O percurso da implantação das bases da internet no Brasil nos últimos cinco anos foi marcado pela expansão da fibra ótica, que culmina na constituição do meio técnico-científico-informacional para além da Região Concentrada. Contraditório, esse processo foi marcado por fragmentações que acentuaram a hierarquia urbana nacional, pois é um fenômeno mais de concentração do que de dispersão territorial. Há forte correlação da geografia da internet com a distribuição populacional, mas sobretudo com as atividades econômicas altamente especializadas. O caráter da rede é de distinção das regiões de concentração de riqueza daquelas periféricas, marcado por uniformidade no acesso e pela concentração de redes e tecnologias num número limitado de espaços. As prestadoras de serviços oferecem acesso à internet em velocidades compatíveis com suas redes, mas a tendência dessas empresas é valorizar o próprio modelo de negócios. A economia-política da internet vive um status quo, uma propensão a manter uma situação idêntica em detrimento da mudança. Reverter essa lógica seria o ideário para se almejar a capilaridade da rede e fundamental no processo de inclusão digital, mas exige a abertura das estruturas a mais pessoas.
The communication networks for internet are a system and a form of organization that have introduced and modified patterns in existing production areas around the world. This study aimed to analyze the material and social bases that brought the internet to its current organization in Brazil, and theoretically intended to contribute to the relationship between space and social interactions, through the acquisition of knowledge of the objects that make up the internet as a sociotechnical ensemble. We present the concepts of network and territory in Geography, as well as its relations with communication, information and space, in reference to authors who have in common the spatial approach with emphasis in social phenomena engendered by distance communication, especially Boris Beaude (2008). Under the analysis categories of sociospatial formation and used territory by Milton Santos (2002), we proposed a periodization of the internet in Brazil and characterize the spatial distribution of networks and internet access in the territory at the most recent period. To deepen the spatial analysis, we rely theoretically on Jacques Lévy (2003) to study the internet while an eminently urban phenomenon, which makes the cities turn in places even more privileged of contact. The methodology is based on the principles of graphic semiology (BERTIN, 1967), spatial analysis (PUMAIN, 1994 et al.) and coremática (BRUNET, 1980) in conducting empirical research, that began with a collection of data from official sources (especially IBGE and Anatel) to produce thematic maps on the internet structures in Brazilians municipalities. Cartography and methods of spatial representation have affirmed their great potential for internet analysis. It was possible to identify recent developments in access, services and transmission networks of digital information in the country, as well as characterize the current distribution as highly concentrated, especially in metropolis, a typical pattern of the urban network, but with own characteristics. The implementation of internets bases in Brazil in the last five years was marked by the expansion of fiber optics, which culminated in the establishment of the technical-scientific-informational environment beyond the Concentrated Region. Contradictory, this process was marked by uniformity in access and the concentration of networks and technologies on a limited number of spaces. The service providers offer internet access at speeds compatible with their networks, but the trend of these companies is to enhance their own business model. The political economy of the internet is experiencing a status quo, a propensity to maintain a similar situation in detriment of the change. Reversing this logic would be the ideal to aim for a capillary network and key in the process of digital inclusion, but it requires the opening of the structures to more people.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Technological advances from the information revolution have affected various fields of human life. New forms of interaction in productive ways. The internet is one of the cornerstones of this process. The popularization of the web, since the 1990s, was accompanied by a growing concern by governments and scholars about its consequences. The political activism has found on technology, since the 1980s, new forms of expression and action. In the early twenty-first century, the process of radicalization of some movements and the debate on society of control and surveillance has intensified. The Wikileaks organization and the NSA’s (National Security Agency) documents leaked by Edward Snowden, for example, have shown the power and relevance of such groups. Thus, this study aims to assess and map the impact of this type of activism in Brazil. Since this is an exploratory research, the cartographic methodology will be used in order to provide an overview of cypherpunk activism in Brazil. We have chosen the cartographic methodology to present an overview of the impact of cypherpunks’ discourse in Brazil. The research tries to find the main disseminators of speech and action and understanding this process as a constant construction. This methodology allows both the treatment of robust data, obtained through mining in networks, as a qualitative analysis of data from documentary sources. In addition to the theoretical discussion, this work operates with data mining in social networks, especially Twitter. The goal is to obtain primary data on the subject in Brazil. Thus, data mining software capture tweets (yourTwapperKeeper) with keywords determined by theoretical discussion. Then the data are processed and entered into a visualization software (Gephi) that generates the "map" of the network and debate.
O avanço tecnológico proporcionado pela revolução da informática afetou diretamente diversos campos da vida humana. Novas formas de interação, diminuição da barreira tempoespaço, reconfigurações nas formas produtivas. A internet representa uma das pontas mais conhecidas desse processo. A popularização da web, a partir de década de 1990, foi acompanhada por uma crescente preocupação por parte de governos e teóricos sobre suas consequências. O ativismo político encontra na tecnologia, desde os anos 1980, novas formas de expressão e ação. No início do século XXI, o processo de radicalização de alguns movimentos e o debate sobre sociedade de controle e vigilância se intensificou. A organização Wikileaks e os vazamentos de documentos da NSA (National Security Agency), por exemplo, demonstraram o poder e a relevância de tais grupos. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho pretende avaliar e mapear o impacto desse tipo de ativismo no Brasil. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa exploratória, a metodologia cartográfica será utilizada com o objetivo de fornecer um panorama do ativismo cypherpunk no Brasil. Optou-se pela metodologia cartográfica visando apresentar uma visão do impacto do discurso ativista cypherpunks no Brasil, tentando encontrar os principais disseminadores de discurso e ação e compreendendo tal processo como uma construção constante. Tal metodologia permite tanto o tratamento de dados robustos, obtidos por meio de mineração nas redes, quanto uma análise qualitativa de dados obtidos em fontes documentais. No Brasil, o Laboratório de Estudos sobre Imagem e Cibercultura (LABIC) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo tem se destacado como pólo de desenvolvimento de pesquisas e metodologias para cartografar as controvérsias na internet. Além da discussão teórica, o trabalho opera com data mining em redes sociais, especialmente Twitter. O objetivo é levantar dados primários sobre o debate sobre o tema no Brasil. Para isso, softwares de mineração de dados capturam tweets (yourTwapperKeeper) com palavras-chave determinadas pela discussão teórica. Em seguida, os dados são tratados e inseridos em um software de visualização (Gephi) que gera o “mapa” da rede e do debate.

Partindo do cenário da hiperconectividade, condição de conexão contínua e generalizada na qual o sujeito está imerso através de dispositivos móveis conectados à internet, problematizo, nesta pesquisa, que processos de subjetivação estão implicados no compartilhamento de atualizações nas redes sociais na internet através de escritas instantâneas. Realizo tal problematização através de uma cartografia que se traça na deriva pelas redes digitais e “fora delas”, registrada sob a forma de diários de bordo móveis e desterritorializados. Neste percurso, analiso primeiramente que novos agenciamentos estão se engendrando entre os humanos e suas máquinas tecnológicas, atentando para a imaterialidade das conexões e para as possibilidades de interação à distância que criam novas concepções sobre estar próximo ou distante, só ou acompanhado. Voltando-me a pensar na temporalidade imediatista que permeia várias esferas da vida contemporânea, problematizo que marcas a urgência e a intolerância à espera imprimem nessas formas de nos subjetivarmos através do compartilhamento de escritas móveis. Tal questão é explorada a partir do desdobramento de quatro pontos: a mobilidade dos dispositivos e as possibilidades da escrita desterritorializada; as escritas fragmentadas e instantâneas que se configuram como novas formas de relatar uma vida enquanto ela acontece; a experimentação de novas modalidades de conversas a partir dos aplicativos de chats móveis que nos permitem “falar pelos dedos”; e os jogos de visibilidade e invisibilidade nos quais o sujeito se insere ao expor sua vida na rede, porém atentando não para uma “espetacularização” da subjetividade, mas para as possibilidades de habitar o ciberespaço e produzir processos de singularização. Por fim, questiono-me que possibilidades ainda restam de sentir, afetar-se e expressar-se através do corpo superestimulado do sujeito esgotado pelos excessos da hiperconectividade. A necessidade de reapropriação e ressingularização da mídia, como proposto por Guattari, é tomada para pensar nas linhas de fuga da onde emergem as possibilidades de multiplicar os modos de existir na singular experiência de navegar pelo ciberespaço.
Starting with the scenario of hyperconnectivity, condition of continuing and widespread connection in which the subject is immersed through mobile devices connected to the internet, I analyze, in this research, the processes of subjectivation involved on sharing updates on social networking sites via instant written. This research is made through a cartography performed by drifting in the digital networks and “out of them”, recorded in the form of mobile and deterritorialized logbooks. In this course, I first analyze which new assemblages are being engineered between humans and their technological machines, paying attention to the immateriality of the connections and the possibilities of interaction in distance that create new conceptions about being near or far, alone or together. Thinking about the temporality of immediacy that permeates various spheres of contemporary life, I analyze which marks the urgency and waiting intolerance print on these forms of subjectivation through the mobile sharing of writing. This question is explored through the unfolding of four points: the mobility of the devices and the possibilities of deterritorialized writing; fragmented and instant writings that constitute new ways to report a life while it happens; experimentation with new modalities of conversation in the mobile chat applications that allow us to “speak with our fingers”; and games of visibility and invisibility in which the subject takes place by exposing his life on the network, not paying attention for a “spectacularization” of the subjectivity, but instead of that, for the possibilities for inhabiting the cyberspace and producing processes of singularization. Finally I wonder what possibilities are left to feel, to affect and to express through the subject’s overstimulated body, exhausted by the excesses of hyperconnectivity. The need for reappropriation and resingularization of the media, as proposed by Guattari, is taken to think on the escape lines from which emerge the possibilities of multiplying the forms of existence in the singular experience of surfing through the cyberspace.

Access to the to the Internet and to a variety of interactive mapping tools has increased interest among middle school teachers to use interactive maps in conjunction with learning activities. There is very little research in the area of interactive mapping in educational situations, specifically with regards to layer maps that combine multiple thematic layers on a single map. This study evaluates the relationship between the number of layers present on a web-based map and middle-school students' accuracy and timeliness using the map to answer geographic questions. Additionally, this study examines the specific effect of a hill shade on student response time and accuracy when answering questions do not require any terrain information. Tests were conducted in five Portland, Oregon area middle school classrooms using Blackboard CE8 to present maps and collect responses. The results of this research indicate no significant relationship between the number of layers present on a web map and middle school students' accuracy or response times while using the map to answer questions. The presence of a hillshade layers does not significantly impact the students' response times or accuracy while answering questions while using the map either.

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The Tourism has become an profitable economic activity, a fact explained by the high levels of employment and income arising from circulation of tourists all over the world. However, these figures hide important information about the interaction between the traveler and the visited location. There is a wide range of destinations growing up by demand of visitors, oblivious to issues of relevance to the tourism planning, such as the availability of accurate, which enable the tourist an holistic view of geographic space. After the advent of the new technologies, the decision of the travel to a specific touristic destination increasingly depends of the quality in access to information. So, this research aims to promote a discussion about the impact of touristic information organized through Geographic Information System - GIS on web environment for communication with tourist. In this context are analyzed the ways of the Tourism by threefold bias of Virtual Communication, Touristic Cartography and Geotechnologies as strategies for the better reveal the space to the new tourist profile of the digital age. The results of these reflections are gathered on the project SIGTUR Alto Paraíso, a proposal of the GIS application online using the Google Earth software as a dynamic and interactive information platform for viewing maps and elements of touristic space. The spatial area adopted is the Alto Paraiso city, in whose territory is the gateway to the National Park of Chapada dos Veadeiros- NPCV and sceneries of natural beauty that position this area as one of the main ecotourism destinations the State of Goiás.
O turismo tornou-se uma rentável atividade econômica, fato explicado pelo altos índices de emprego e renda decorrentes da circulação de turistas em todo o mundo. Entretanto, esses números escondem dados importantes quanto à interação entre o viajante e o local visitado. Existe grande variedade de destinos crescendo pela demanda de visitantes, alheios a aspectos de relevância para o planejamento turístico, como por exemplo, a disponibilização de informações precisas, que possibilitem ao turista uma visão holística do espaço geográfico. Após o advento das novas tecnologias, decidir a viagem para um destino turístico específico depende cada vez mais da qualidade no acesso à informação. Assim, essa pesquisa busca promover uma discussão sobre o impacto da informação turística organizada através de Sistema de Informação Geográfica – SIG em ambiente web para a comunicação com o turista. Nesse contexto, são analisados os caminhos do Turismo pelo tríplice viés da Comunicação Virtual, da Cartografia Turística e das Geotecnologias como estratégias para melhor revelar o espaço ao novo perfil de turista da era digital. Os resultados destas reflexões são reunidos no projeto SIGTur Alto Paraíso, uma proposta de aplicação de SIG on line que utiliza o software Google Earth como dinâmica e interativa plataforma de informações para visualização de mapas e elementos do espaço turístico. O recorte espacial adotado é o município de Alto Paraíso, em cujo território está a porta de entrada para o Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros – PNCV e cenários de beleza natural que posicionam esta área como um dos principais destinos de ecoturismo no estado de Goiás.

The rigorous developments of GIS over the past decades have enabled application developers to create powerful systems that are used to facilitate the management of spatial data. Unfortunately, each one of these systems is specific to a local service, with little or no interconnection with services in other locales. This makes it virtually impossible to perform dynamic and interactive GIS operations across multiple locales which have similar or dissimilar system configurations. The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) resolved the problems partially by offering excellent conceptual and logical abstraction model for data exchange. Recent advancements of the Internet enlightened the GIS community as to the realization of an ideal concept of information interchange. A suite of new technologies that embraces Extensible Markup Language (XML), Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), Portable Network Graphics (PNG) and Java creates a powerful and new perspective that can be applied to all phases of online GIS system development. The online GIS is a Web-based approach to integrating diverse spatial data sources for GIS applications. To address the spatial data integration options and implications related to the Web-based approach the investigation was undertaken in 5 phases: (1) Determine the mapping requirements of graphic and non-graphic spatial data for online GIS application; (2) Analyze the requirements of spatial data integration for online environments; (3) Investigate a suitable method for integrating different formats of spatial data; (4) Study the feasibility and applicability of setting up the online GIS; and (5) Develop a prototype for online sharing of teaching resources. Resulting from the critical review on current Internet technology, a conceptual framework for spatial data integration was proposed. This framework was based on the emerging Internet technology on XML, SVG, PNG, and Java. It was comprised of four loosely coupled modules, namely, Application Interface, Presentation, Integrator, and Data module. This loosely coupled framework provides an environment that will be independent of the underlying GIS data structure and makes it easy to change or update the system as a new task or knowledge is acquired. A feasibility study was conducted to test the applicability for the proposed conceptual framework. A detailed user requirements and system specification was thus devised from the feasibility study. These user requirements and system specification provided some guidelines for online GIS application development. They were expressed specifically in terms of six aspects: (1) User; (2) Teaching resources management; (3) Data; (4) Cartography; (5) Functions; and (6) Software development configuration. A prototype system based on some of the devised system specifications was developed. In the prototype software design, the architecture of a Three-Tier Client-Server computing model was adopted. Due to the inadequacy of native support for SVG and PNG in all currently available Web browsers, the prototype was thus implemented in HTML, Java and vendor specific vector format. The prototype demonstrated how teaching resources from a variety of sources and format (including map data and non-map resources) were integrated and shared. The implementation of the prototype revealed that the Web is still an ideal medium for providing wider accessibility of geographical information to a larger number of users through a corporate intranet or the Internet cost-effectively. The investigation concluded that current WWW technology is limited in its capability for spatial data integration and delivering online functionality. However, developing of XML-based GIS data model and graphic standards SVG and PNG for structuring and transferring spatial data on the Internet appear to be providing solutions to the current limitations. It is believed that the ideal world where everyone retrieving spatial information contextually through a Web browser disregarding the information format and location will eventually become true.

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A informática está cada vez mais presente na vida escolar, seja via internet, multimídia ou outros. Compreender a espacialidade dos fenômenos estudados, no presente e no passado, e compará-lo por meio de suas sobreposições, é algo que a própria Geografia busca fazer, e compreender e utilizar a linguagem cartográfica, ampliando as possibilidades dos alunos de analisar informações em vários campos do conhecimento, além de contribuir para a estruturação de uma noção espacial. O objetivo desse projeto foi de aplicar as possibilidades de uso de geotecnologias como incentivo para o ensino da geografia na EEEFM Plínio Lemos, do município de Puxinanã – PB, buscando verificar a visão temporal dos educandos a cerca de seu meio ambiente e as modificações ao longo do tempo. Foi aplicado um questionário nas turmas do 3º Ano médio, turno manhã, onde 50% afirmaram saber o que são geotecnologias e que têm acesso a softwares do gênero (Google Earth, Wikimapia e GPS-Sistema de Posicionamento Global), 73,8% disseram não terem sentido dificuldade em responder o questionário, no entanto, o tempo usado para responder o mesmo bem como as vezes em que os aplicadores do questionário foram chamados para tirar dúvidas mostram o contrário. É importante destacar que 85,7% dos alunos afirmaram que nunca tinham ouvido falar esse termo por parte do professor da disciplina.
Information technology is increasingly present in school life, either via the Internet or other multimedia. Understanding the spatiality of the phenomena studied, the present and the past, and compare it with their overlapping, is something that own search geography do, and understand and use the cartographic language, expanding the possibilities of students to analyze information in various fields of knowledge, and contribute to the development of a space notion. The project goal was to apply the geo usage possibilities as an incentive to the teaching of geography in EEEFM Pliny Lemos, the municipality of Puxinanã – PB, seeking to verify the temporal vision of the students about their environment and changes over of time. A questionnaire in class 3rd year average was applied, morning shift, where 50% said they know what they are geotechnology and who have access to the genus software (Google Earth, Wikimapia and Global Positioning System-GPS), 73.8% said they did not have experienced difficulty in answering the questionnaire, however, the time used to answer the same and the times in which the questionnaire applicators were called to answer questions show otherwise. Importantly, 85.7% of students said they had never heard that term by the subject teacher.

Les protéines sont considérées comme le macronutriment avec le pouvoir de satiété le plus fort. Pendant la digestion les protéines agissent à différents niveaux: dans l'estomac, elles retardent la vidange gastrique et prolongent donc la distension gastrique agissant ainsi sur le rassasiement; dans l'intestin des acides aminés (AA) et les peptides sont détectés et entraînent l'activation du nerf vague et la libération de médiateurs gastro-intestinaux. Le nerf vague transmet ces signaux vers le complexe vagal dorsal (DVC), responsable du contrôle de l'ingestion. Les peptides gastro-intestinaux ainsi que les AA absorbés sont également détectés au niveau l'hypothalamus, en charge de la régulation de l'équilibre énergétique.
Les mécanismes exacts par lesquels les protéines alimentaires influencent la faim et la satiété ne sont pas encore compris. Pour mieux comprendre ces phénomènes, nous avons réalisé 3 études qui constituent le présent travail de doctorat. Tout d'abord, concernant la transmission des informations relatives à la présence de protéines via le nerf vague, une première étude a montré que les afférences vagales de la zone hépato-portale ne sont pas nécessaires pour la dépression de la prise alimentaire induite par un régime HP. Deuxièmement, nous avons comparé les motifs d'activité neuronale dans le DVC en réponse à une charge protéique ou glucidique. L'utilisation de techniques de modélisation et de reconstruction 3D a permis de montrer que les motifs d'activité neuronale par la présence de protéines et de glucides sont spatialement distinctes. Dans une troisième étude nous avons testé l'effet des protéines sur le métabolisme énergétique et sur la réponse à une stimulation inhibitrice de la faim, ce dernier paramètre ne semble pas être significativement modulé par une augmentation de l'apport en protéine de la ration chez la souris.

Les ondes internes sont observées partout dans le monde. Elles ont un rôle important dans la mise en place de la chaine trophique, et elles peuvent avoir un impact sur les activités humaines. Ainsi, dans le Golfe de Guinée, des ondes internes solitaires (OIS) ont provoqué des incidents sur des plateformes pétrolières. L’objectif de la thèse est d’identifier leurs zones de génération, leurs directions de propagation, ainsi que les conditions d’environnement susceptibles de les déclencher. La thèse a comporté deux aspects : d’une part des mesures de courant étaient disponibles et d’autre part la mise en place de modèles numériques. Ces mesures ont montré le passage d’OIS. En outre, les zones de génération potentielles sont identifiées en haut du talus continental. Leur répartition mensuelle a montré une variabilité saisonnière, due à la Mousson Ouest Africaine qui modifie les conditions de stratification au cours de l’année.La modélisation a été réalisée avec HYCOM. Une maquette hydrostatique régionale du Golfe de Guinée a été mise en place. Elle a d’abord été validée en configuration barotrope (océan homogène). Une configuration bicouche a ensuite été testée, et la théorie linéaire des ondes internes a été vérifiée sur ses résultats. Des termes non hydrostatiques ont ensuite été ajoutés dans les équations horizontales du courant de HYCOM, pour modéliser des OIS. L’impact des paramètres physiques, en particulier la force de Coriolis et le forçage barotrope, ainsi que l’effet d’un courant moyen, a été étudié sur des configurations bicouches radiales. Enfin, un canyon a été ajouté au milieu du talus pour évaluer qualitativement les effets d’une bathymétrie 2D sur les OIS
Internal waves are observed in different locations. They have a key role in the set up of the trophic chain, and they can impact human activities.For instance, in the Gulf of Guinea, internal solitary waves (ISWs) have caused hazards on offshore oil platforms. The aim of the thesis is to identify the generation zones and the directions of propagation of these ISWs, and the environmental conditions (tides, stratification) that can generate them. One the one hand measurements of currents were available, and on the other hand numerical models were used.Measurements of currents were analyzed. Packets of ISWs were identified. Moreover, the potential generation zones of the ISWs, particularly the top of the shelf break, were inferred from their direction of propagation. The monthly repartition of the packets of ISWs revealed a seasonal variability, due to the West African Monsoon, which modified the conditions of the stratification throughout the year.Concerning the modelling, the numerical model HYCOM was used. One regional hydrostatic model of the Gulf of Guinea was built. This regional model was validated for a barotropic configuration (homogeneous ocean) first. Then, a two-layered configuration was set up, and the linear theory of the internal waves was confirmed on the results.Non hydrostatic terms were added to the horizontal velocity equations in HYCOM, to model ISWs. The influence of different physical parameters, such as the Coriolis force, the barotropic forcing, and a mean current was studied on two-layered radial configurations. Finally, a canyon in the middle of the shelf break was set up to assess qualitatively the effect of a 2D bathymetry on the ISWs

La cystoscopie est actuellement l'examen clinique de référence permettant l'exploration visuelle des parois internes de la vessie. Le cystoscope (instrument utilisé pour cet examen) permet d'acquérir une séquence vidéo des parois épithéliales de la vessie. Cependant, chaque image de la séquence vidéo ne visualise qu'une surface réduite de quelques centimètres carrés de la paroi. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont pour objectif de construire une carte 3D reproduisant d'une manière fidèle les formes et les textures des parois internes de la vessie. Une telle représentation de l'intérieur de la vessie permettrait d'améliorer l'interprétation des données acquises lors d'un examen cystoscopique. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un nouvel algorithme flexible est proposé pour le calibrage de systèmes cystoscopiques à vision active. Cet algorithme fournit les paramètres nécessaires à la reconstruction précise de points 3D sur la portion de surface imagée à chaque instant donné de la séquence vidéo cystoscopique. Ainsi, pour chaque acquisition de la séquence vidéo, un ensemble de quelques points 3D/2D et une image 2D est disponible. L'objectif du deuxième algorithme proposé dans cette thèse est de ramener l'ensemble des données obtenues pour une séquence dans un repère global pour générer un nuage de points 3D et une image panoramique 2D représentant respectivement la forme 3D et la texture de la totalité de la paroi imagée dans la séquence vidéo. Cette méthode de cartographie 3D permet l'estimation simultanée des transformations 3D rigides et 2D perspectives liant respectivement les positions du cystoscope et les images de paires d'acquisitions consécutives. Les résultats obtenus sur des fantômes réalistes de vessie montrent que ces algorithmes permettent de calculer des surfaces 3D reproduisant les formes à retrouver.

De nos jours, les réseaux sociaux numériques sont devenus des outils de communication incontournables. Chaque jour des dizaines de nouveaux réseaux se créent, des chroniques à la radio leurs sont consacrées, sans parler des livres, des émissions télévisuelles ou les articles de presse. Cette ascension rapide de cet outil communicationnel à usages multiples, suscite l'intérêt de la part d'acteurs provenant des différentes sphères (publique, politique,...) Dispositif sociotechnique, les RSN de par leur facilité d'utilisation et de mise en oeuvre, se sont imposés comme un support favorisant l'échange, le partage (de photos, de vidéos, de liens), l'interaction et la diffusion d'informations de tout ordre. Dans sa première, cette thèse fait l'objet d'une mise en perspective historique de l'emploi de la notion du " réseau ", " réseau social " et des " réseaux sociaux numériques ". Nous verrons que ces termes révèlent des détours d'usages à travers le temps. De plus, nous décrivons les réseaux sociaux numériques par rapport à d'autres possibilités du web 2.0. A partir d'approches philosophiques et théoriques, la deuxième partie tente la construction d'un modèle théorique d'analyse qui prend comme dimension fondamentale l'homme et la technique. Ensuite l'analyse du matériel de recherche dans une démarche empirique/descriptive et une approche exploratoire, permet d'une part, d'élaborer de nouvelles typologies et catégories de réseaux sociaux numériques, et d'autre part, de construire des cartographies des différentes controverses qui entourent cet objet communicationnel complexe.

Le mobile crowdsensing consiste à acquérir des données géolocalisées et datées d'une foule de capteurs mobiles (issus de ou connectés à des smartphones). Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au traitement des données issues du mobile crowdsensing environnemental. En particulier, nous proposons de revisiter le problème d'étalonnage aveugle de capteurs comme un problème informé de factorisation matricielle à données manquantes, où les facteurs contiennent respectivement le modèle d'étalonnage fonction du phénomène physique observé (nous proposons des approches pour des modèles affines et non linéaires) et les paramètres d'étalonnage de chaque capteur. Par ailleurs, dans l'application de surveillance de la qualité de l'air que nous considérons, nous supposons avoir à notre disposition des mesures très précises mais distribuées de manière très parcimonieuse dans le temps et l'espace, que nous couplons aux multiples mesures issues de capteurs mobiles. Nos approches sont dites informées car (i) les facteurs matriciels sont structurés par la nature du problème, (ii) le phénomène observé peut être décomposé sous forme parcimonieuse dans un dictionnaire connu ou approché par un modèle physique/géostatistique, et (iii) nous connaissons la fonction d'étalonnage moyenne des capteurs à étalonner. Les approches proposées sont plus performantes que des méthodes basées sur la complétion de la matrice de données observées ou les techniques multi-sauts de la littérature, basées sur des régressions robustes. Enfin, le formalisme informé de factorisation matricielle nous permet aussi de reconstruire une carte fine du phénomène physique observé
Mobile crowdsensing aims to acquire geolocated and timestamped data from a crowd of sensors (from or connected to smartphones). In this thesis, we focus on processing data from environmental mobile crowdsensing. In particular, we propose to revisit blind sensor calibration as an informed matrix factorization problem with missing entries, where factor matrices respectively contain the calibration model which is a function of the observed physical phenomenon (we focus on approaches for affine or nonlinear sensor responses) and the calibration parameters of each sensor. Moreover, in the considered air quality monitoring application, we assume to pocee- some precise measurements- which are sparsely distributed in space and time - that we melt with the multiple measurements from the mobile sensors. Our approaches are "informed" because (i) factor matrices are structured by the problem nature, (ii) the physical phenomenon can be decomposed using sparse decomposition with a known dictionary or can be approximated by a physical or a geostatistical model, and (iii) we know the mean calibration function of the sensors to be calibrated. The proposed approaches demonstrate better performances than the one based on the completion of the observed data matrix or the multi-hop calibration method from the literature, based on robust regression. Finally, the informed matrix factorization formalism also provides an accurate reconstruction of the observed physical field

La cartographie et l'analyse structurale du massif de Bükk (Carpathes internes, Hongrie Nord-Est) permettent de distinguer 3 séries stratigraphiques, les épisodes de métamorphisme liés à plusieurs phases tectoniques ont pu être distingués. L'étude des minéraux argileux confirme le modèle géodynamique décrit.

Les Technologies d'Information et de Communication (TIC) facilitent la collecte et le traitement d'informations numériques, aussi nombreuses que variées, et sont de plus en plus sollicitées dans différents domaines (géographie, informatique, économie, statistiques etc.). La thèse a pour objectif de montrer les apports des TIC dans l'étude d'objets ou phénomènes géographiques dont la distribution est variable dans l'espace. Dans un premier temps, des inégalités territoriales de diffusion d'infrastructures Internet sont observées à différentes échelles, ce qui est communément appelé " la fracture numérique ". Pour remédier à ces inégalités, en particulier dans des espaces peu densément peuplés, la solution proposée est d'envisager une desserte maximale du territoire par la technologie non-filaire (Wi-Fi). Cette solution a été appliquée pour une commune drômoise (La Roche-sur-le-Buis). Les données (bâti) sont de type images et nécessitent un dispositif de repérage et de collecte approprié qui fait l'objet du second temps de la recherche. L'objectif a été de trouver une méthode relativement simple et accessible d'extraction de données du bâti sous un logiciel de géo-localisation en accès libre (type Google Earth). Ce logiciel permet d'accéder à des bases de données d'images raster grand public couvrant le monde entier. A une échelle fine, les méthodes habituelles de télédétection n'étant pas assez satisfaisantes, une autre méthode basée sur une stratégie de choix de la cible, de l'image (bonne résolution spatiale) et de la méthode de détection de l'objet spatial (bâti) à l'aide d'un Système d'Information Géographique (SIG) est proposée en mode vecteur. Elle est testée en France et en Syrie à différentes échelles. Les résultats montrent que la qualité de cette approche semi-automatique, voire automatique, est liée à certains paramètres dans les trois phases de la méthode : phase de choix des données, phase de traitement et phase d'analyse

O deslocamento forçado na Colômbia entendido como as migrações de pessoas dentro das fronteiras do país geradas ou forçadas pelas ações de violência dos grupos armados colombianos, posiciona hoje o país como o segundo no mundo com o maior numero de pessoas deslocadas forçosamente depois da Síria -segundo o relatório do Centro de Monitoramento do Deslocamento Interno (IDMC, na sigla em inglês) (2015). Desde 1985 a 1º de agosto de 2016, 7.844.527 pessoas têm sido deslocadas no país segundo o Governo da Colômbia, quase 15% da população total na atualidade. Nesta pesquisa se analisa a partir de uma perspectiva espacial o deslocamento forçado na Colômbia analisando através do mapa as relações entre conflitos sociais e espaço geográfico. São representadas e modelizadas as características e dinâmicas do fenômeno ao longo do tempo a partir de diferentes técnicas do mapeamento e da modelização gráfica. Paralelamente, é desenvolvido um estudo da evolução espaço-tempo do fenômeno social utilizando econometria espacial para estabelecer as correlações espaciais entre deslocamento e conflito armado, a partir de uma abordagem estatística. E num terceiro componente desta pesquisa, se desenvolve uma análise da política pública do Governo da Colômbia que responde às vítimas da violência no marco do conflito armado, incorporando como ferramenta de análise a cartografia produzida nesta pesquisa. Como parte dos resultados se constata que o deslocamento forçado é um fenômeno dinâmico que não se distribui aleatoriamente no espaço e pelo contrario apresenta concentração espacial. A cartografia mostra que o deslocamento não tem tido o mesmo comportamento ao longo dos anos, as migrações de pessoas têm diminuído no norte do país incrementando o volume no oriente e pacífico sul, aproximadamente a partir de 2008 quando este conduta se acentua. Da mesma forma se evidencia que os principais destinos da população deslocada são os polos econômicos e populacionais do país, onde geralmente a oferta de programas de atenção e reparação a vítimas é maior.
Forced displacement in Colombia, understood as the migrations of people within the borders of the country generated or forced by the violent actions of the Colombian armed groups, making it the country with the second highest number of internally displaced people in the world after Syria - according to the report from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) (2015). Since 1985 to August 1st 2016, 7.844.527 persons have been displaced in the country according the Government of Colombia (GoC), almost 12 percent of the current Colombia\'s population. In this study is analyzed the internal displacement in Colombia using a spatial perspective, where through the map is analyzed the relations between social conflicts and geographic space. The characteristics and dynamics of the phenomenon are represented and modeled over time from different techniques of mapping and graphic modeling. In parallel, is developed a study of the space-time evolution of the social phenomenon using spatial econometrics to establish the spatial correlations between displacement and armed conflict, from a statistical approach. And in a third component of this research, is developed an analysis of the public policy of the Government of Colombia for attention of the violence\'s victims within the framework of the armed conflict, incorporating as tool of analysis the cartography produced in this research. As part of the results it is verified that the forced displacement is a dynamic phenomenon that is not distributed randomly in space and on the contrary presents a spatial concentration. The cartography shows that the displacement has not had the same behavior over the years; the migrations of people have diminished in the north of the country, increasing the volume in the east and pacific south, approximately from 2008 when this trend is accentuated. In the same way, it is evident that the main destinations of the displaced population are the economic centers and main cities of the country, where the offer of programs of attention and reparation to victims is greater.

L'Internet est devenu sans conteste en trois décades le support matériel majeur de l'ère de l'information. Durant cette courte période, il a subi deux mutations importantes. Tout d'abord, il a subi une mutation de taille : de quelques dizaines de systèmes interconnectés suivant une topologie fixée et bien connue, l'Internet est passé à une taille phénoménale de plus de 285 millions d'hôtes suivant une topologie désormais à dimension libre dûe au fait que son développement n'est plus centralisé. De plus, il a subi une mutation de forme : nous sommes passés des gros systèmes interconnectés par de simples lignes téléphoniques à des ordinateurs personnels mobiles interconnectés par des technologies radio en bordure de réseau et par des routeurs gigabits reliés par fibre optique en coeur de réseau. Ces deux mutations entraînent deux défis importants pour les chercheurs qui oeuvrent à l'amélioration de l'Internet. Premièrement, il est nécessaire de connaître avec le plus de précision possible, la topologie de l'Internet. Seules des méthodes macroscopiques et statistiques permettent désormais de connaître cette topologie car plus personne n'a autorité sur l'organisation et l'expansion du réseau Internet. De plus, étant donné sa dynamicité, il est aussi souhaitable que cette topologie soit mise à jour fréquemment. Deuxièmement, l'évolution rapide des technologies a fait que les paradigmes qui sous-tendaient à la création des protocoles initiaux de l'Internet ne sont plus valables à l'heure actuelle. Les notions de mobilité, de sécurité et de diffusion quasi-inexistantes à l'origine sont désormais ardemment souhaitées par les utilisateurs mais difficiles à mettre en oeuvre dans les protocoles actuels. Il faut donc trouver les moyens d'offrir ces nouvelles fonctionnalités en conservant les propriétés initiales des protocoles qui ont fait le succès d'Internet. Dans ce mémoire d'habilitation, nous présentons des contributions qui tentent de répondre à certains aspects de ces deux défis majeurs. Nous nous concentrons tout particulièrement sur la cartographie de l'Internet, le stockage d'états dans les routeurs exécutant des protocoles multipoints, l'implémentation de fonctionnalités réseaux dans les hôtes et la conception de réseaux recouvrants.

Cette thèse se veut une première approche du rôle des technologies de cartographie en ligne à l’ère du Web social (géoweb) dans le domaine de la planification urbaine participative. Son ambition est de proposer, par la prise en compte des dimensions humaines et sociales des technologies, un angle de lecture et un cadre d’analyse innovant pour appréhender une thématique souvent victime de lectures trop rapides. Plus spécifiquement, l’objectif est d’appliquer une approche sociogéographique du géoweb à la problématique de l’aménagement urbain participatif avec la volonté de renouveler l’analyse de la participation publique en analysant le rôle de l’information géographique et des technologies en ligne (sites Web, réseaux sociaux, blogues, etc.). La question fondamentale posée est celle de l’utilisation du géoweb et d’Internet par les acteurs de la participation et de ses impacts sur les dynamiques participatives. Basée sur une étude de cas monographique fine et détaillée mobilisant une panoplie variée de méthodes (analyse documentaire, entrevues, observations directes et participantes), la démarche méthodologique basée sur l’observation de pratiques concrètes, le dialogue et les interactions avec les acteurs de la participation vise à la fois à rassembler des éléments empiriques et à en proposer une interprétation. Ce travail confronte ainsi des questionnements théoriques sur les nouveaux usages de l’iconographie territoriale numérique et du géoweb avec un corpus d’éléments empiriques issus du cas des procédures et des pratiques de participation publique de la ville de Québec. L’organisation de la thèse s’articule autour de 3 parties et 8 chapitres. Les 3 premiers chapitres, qui correspondent à la partie d’exploration de la thèse, proposent une vue d'ensemble de l’univers d’étude tant dans sa dimension sociopolitique (débat public, iconographie territoriale, etc.) que technologique (cartographie en ligne, SIG participatifs, géoweb). Les trois chapitres suivants sont consacrés à l’exposé des observations réalisées dans l’étude de cas consacrée à la Ville de Québec (présentation du terrain d’étude, iconographie territoriale mise en œuvre, usage des technologies par les acteurs). Enfin, la dernière partie, consacrée à l’interprétation, propose en premier lieu une synthèse sur le géoweb comme levier de participation puis propose de nouvelles perspectives de recherche.

La thèse porte sur l’usage cartographique à visée commerciale de la base de données libre OpenStreetMap (OSM). L’usage d’une base de données produite par des contributeurs anonymes, a priori non experts de l’information géographique (IG) et n’étant tenus à aucun engagement de qualité, suscite des interrogations. Mais dans le même temps, cette situation nouvelle révèle des enjeux d’intérêt public majeurs comme celui de l’accès à l‘IG. Chacun des contributeurs s’attache à suivre des méthodes, identiques car collectivement mises au point, pour décrire des objets pérennes de l’espace public tout en collectant des informations qui les concernent dans leur pratique. Nous rappelons que la base de données présente de fortes hétérogénéités de qualité et de densité de données en fonction des types de territoire. À partir de ce constat nous expliquons que la production de cartes, prenant comme source OSM, est possible lorsque l’ensemble du système technique et social de la communauté OSM est pris en compte dans le processus de création. Nous étudions donc, l’écosystème qui soutient cette production et les modalités de diffusion de la base de données. Nos analyses nous permettent d’entrevoir soit un futur respectueux du projet, soit au contraire son aliénation. Dans le cadre d’une recherche menée durant un contrat CIFRE, nous interrogeons le changement de paradigme lié à la conception cartographique et posons la question de la réalisation menée à partir d’une base de données contributive, libre (dans sa modélisation et dans sa production) et diffusée sous une licence ouverte, tout en respectant la convention tacite entre le lecteur de la carte et son producteur suivant laquelle la sélection éditoriale n’est pas dictée par une déficience d’informations
This thesis focuses on the commercial cartographic use of the OpenStreetMap (OSM) free database. The use of a database produced by anonymous contributors, possibly not experts in geographical information (GI) and not bound by any quality commitment, raises questions. This new situation reveals major public interest issues such as the access to GIs. Each contributor strives to follow the same methods, developed collectively, to describe permanent objects in the public space while collecting information that is of interest in their practice. We point out that the database presents strong heterogeneity in data quality and density according to the types of territory. From this observation we explain that the production of maps, taking as source OSM, is possible when the entire technical and social system of the OSM community is taken into account in the creation process. Therefore we are therefore studying the ecosystem that supports this production and the dissemination’s methods of the database. Our analyses allow us to foresee either a future that respects the project or, on the contrary, its alienation. Our research was conducted as part of a corporate contract, so we were led to question the paradigm shift related to cartographic design and the realization of a contributory database, free (in its modeling and production) and distributed under an open license, while respecting the tacit agreement between the map reader and its producer that editorial selection is not dictated by an information deficit

Le développement des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication (NTIC) issues du processus de numérisation entraîne des bouleversements majeurs pour la production, la circulation et l'utilisation des savoirs. A partir d'une analyse du cycle de construction de l'information scientifique et de l'innovation technique (Théorie de la traduction et de l'acteur-réseau), il s'git d'étudier la génèse des cadres socio-techniques des nouveaux médias (Multimedia et réseaux informatiques) dans un contexte de réflexion stratégique. L'émergence de ce dispositif technique sera décrite par une analyse quantitative-qualitative de l'information de veille technologique diffusée par l'Agence pour la diffucion de l'information technologique (ADIT) à l'aide d'un outil infométrique (SAMPLER) basé sur la méthode des mots associés. En élaborant les cartes stratégiques entre science, technique et société, on montre que le succès des nouveaux médias dépend des alliances structurelles socio-techniques qu'ils produisent et qui les co-construisent. La notion de réseaux socio-techniques permet alors d'appréhender les restructurations en cours dans le champ de la communication : une mutation technique (passage au tout numérique) et l'avènement de l'économie en réseaux (politiques de déréglementation, globalisation des marchés et mondialisation de la concurrence). La conjugaison de ces deux phénomènes ouvre la voie à la convergence entre informatique, audiovisuel et télécommunication et, par suite, à l'emergence d'immenses possibilités de développement de services d'intérêts collectifs et marchands dont le multimédia et Internet sont une préfiguration. L'intérêt de l'approche par l'analyse des réseaux socio-techniques est de faire ressortir des thèmes et des orientations qui n'apparaissaient pas à la seule lecture de la presse de veille technologique et de montrer comment un ensemble de communautés professionnelles s'organisent, interagissent et se structurent au cours du temps
The development of new information and communication technologies (nict) resulting from the digital processing of signs represents major upheavals for the production, the circulation and the use of knowledge and data. Starting with the analysis of the information cycle construction and a socio-logical model of innovation (theory of "translation" and "actor-network" by b. Latour and m. Callon), we will study the genesis of the socio-technical frameworks of new media (regrouped around multimedia and computer networks) in the context of economic strategy and industrial competitiveness. The emergence of this new technical apparatus will be described by a quantitative-qualitative analysis of the business and technological intelligence information diffused by adit (bulletin vigie nti) using an infometric tool (sampler) based on the co-word analysis method. An approach via the analysis of the socio-technical networks enables an emphasis of topics and orientations which do not appear when reading only the technological and business intelligence press

Realisation d'une carte sismotectonique (echelle 1:1 000 000) fondee sur la sismicite historique et instrumentale, la tectonique active, le volcanisme et les aspects geophysiques. Cette carte, concue sur support numerique, est evolutive et modifiable en temps reel. Les premiers mecanismes focaux de la zone du golfe d'aquaba et des failles du carmel sont proposes, accompagnes des relocalisations des trois crises recentes dans cette zone. Une distribution epicentrale en anneau de sismicite est mise en evidence dans la partie centrale de la vallee du jourdain. Les taux de recurrence pour les segments de la faille du jourdain sont calcules. On met l'accent sur les erreurs chronologiques, de localisation et d'interpretation de la sismicite

L'analyse de l'Information Scientifique et Technique (IST) stockée dans les bases de données bibliographiques requiert l'exploitation coordonnée de différentes techniques. Deux méthodes permettant de classer et représenter sur une carte thématique un ensemble de documents en se basant sur les mots-clés qui les indexent sont étudiées en profondeur. Ces études montrent que l'analyse et l'interprétation des résultats obtenus par de tels outils supposent un mélange d'exploration informelle intuitive et d'exploitation méthodique de l'information élaborée par ces outils d'analyse. En partant d'une métaphore, la navigation dans un océan d'informations, il est établi la nécessité de construire automatiquement des hypertextes à partir des données à analyser, en leur incorporant une carte de navigation et des indicateurs de positionnement thématique. L'exploration de cette voie débouche sur la conception et le développement d'un système informatique basé sur SGML (Standard Generalized MarkUp Language), HENOCH, qui permet de rassembler et d'organiser dans un SGBD (Système de Gestion de Bases de Données) des données bibliographiques normalisées et traitées par diverses techniques (linguistiques, classificatoires, cartographiques), puis de distribuer ces informations sur INTERNET via une interface de navigation générée automatiquement et adaptée à l'analyse de l'information. Il est montré expérimentalement que le couplage d'un hypertexte et d'un SGBD permet de modéliser et de mettre en place concrètement des mécanismes d'exploration de différentes représentations de l'information qui assistent l'utilisateur dans son interprétation des résultats des méthodes d'analyse. Les hypertextes générés par ce système sont évalué positivement par les utilisateurs de l'INIST-CNRS, où s'est effectué cette recherche. Ils en ont apprécié notamment l'ergonomie de navigation. Ses points faibles se situent au niveau du suivi des évolutions thématiques d'un corpus dans le temps. En guise de conclusion, quelques pistes d'améliorations sont ébauchées.