Artykuły w czasopismach: „International Monetary Fund. Georgia (Republic)”

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Papava, V. ""Rosy" Mistakes of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in Georgia". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 3 (20.03.2009): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-3-143-152.

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The paper is devoted to the analysis of failures, characteristic of the activities of Bretton-Woods institutions in Georgia after 2004. Their experts systematically overlooked the existence of non-budgetary accounts, violation of property rights, restriction of competition, manipulations with statistical data, weakening of the National Bank of Georgia, unnecessary issue of Eurobonds, poor tax policy etc. The case of Georgia may prove the necessity of reforming international financial institutions.

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Marková, Jana. "The Position of the Czech Republic at the International Monetary Fund". Český finanční a účetní časopis 2014, nr 3 (1.10.2014): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.cfuc.411.

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Beridze, Lasha. "THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS IN STIMULATING THE ECONOMY". Economic Profile 17, nr 1(23) (4.08.2022): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.08.

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The role of international financial institutions is recognized in the modern world and even today the global world depends on the finances of financial organizations, because they play a major role in the accumulation, availability and distribution of finance, and some international financial organizations help publicly And has become an essential aid component at the modern stage, especially during the Kovid-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. International financial organizations are often cited as the world's most powerful agents of economic reform (Halliday and Carruthers, 2007:1135-1202). The role of international financial organizations is also special for Georgia, it can be said for developing countries in general, of course developed countries are not excluded, but access to finance and technical assistance is often needed by poor, transition or developing economies. The role of international financial organizations increased especially after the Second World War, in fact, in 1944, and the Bretton Woods Conference is considered the birthplace of international financial organizations, as there were no such financial organizations before, however, the formation of such organizations Financial condition. We will not discuss the origins of organizations in this topic, but it should be noted that the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, established under the Bretton Woods Conference, are still major players in the process of globalization and economic rapprochement with various international or regional financial organizations. At the same time, the International Monetary Fund is constantly introducing new standards in the face of modern challenges and adapting in the face of crises and challenges, assisting in implementation and conducting monetary policy, of course, taking into account the specifics of the country. It should also be noted that the opinion of scientists and experts often does not coincide with the policies of international financial organizations, even the International Monetary Fund in some cases, because local factors are ignored, which will be discussed in the main text, according to some examples. As for the World Bank Group, it mainly accredits countries with various types of loans and often plays an important role in stimulating the economy of a particular country - by financing infrastructure, energy and investment projects. It should be noted that intercity and urban infrastructure in Georgia is mainly financed by international financial organizations, including the construction of highways, municipal infrastructure, drainage systems, sidewalks and municipal transport development (For example, KFW-funded projects are important for the city of Batumi). The Asian Development Bank mainly finances the construction of the Central Highway, etc. Of course, such list is much broader and a matter of separate research, but we understand that it would be difficult for the state to finance such projects only with its own funds, and the already protracted projects would be further extended. Although international financial institutions play an important role in stimulating the economy, criticism often comes from the IMF's monopolistic and linear monetary policy, for example, the crisis of Asia in the 1990s and South Korea, when the IMF imposed its rule on South Korea. The policy developed by the experts, which should have been mainly focused on fighting inflation, which in fact deepened the crisis and led South Korea to default, which affected the entire financial market and particularly harmed private farms - small and medium-sized enterprises. The role of international financial organizations is special for Georgia as well, because the IMF and other international financial organizations play an important role in stimulating the Georgian economy, as most of the loans are directed to infrastructure and budget support loans. The volume of GDP and the level of employment of the population, however, the results of the funded projects will be more effective for the state and the population in the future. Debt management and services remain a challenge when financing international organizations, as the existence of public debt has historically been problematic, and the IMF has repeatedly called on states to maintain adequate levels of debt. However, it should be noted that the IMF at the present stage pursues a policy of relatively open governance and takes into account the characteristics of states in their monetary policy, because in the light of the crises of recent years, the Fund was not open to such governance. t should be said about the practice of Georgia, Georgia does not have a bad practice in terms of debt management, however, the debt volume as of 2021 is within 52% of GDP At the same time, it remains a challenge for Georgia to effectively implement projects financed by international financial organizations on time, because it is difficult to talk about the effectiveness of projects delayed over time. At the same time, it is important for Georgia to receive more loans from such organizations to finance more infrastructure and necessary economic projects.

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PAPAVA, VLADIMER. "On the Role of the International Monetary Fund in the Post-Communist Transformation of Georgia". Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 39, nr 5 (wrzesień 2003): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1540496x.2003.11052551.

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Dzotsenidze, Tsitsino. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MONETARY POLICY OF EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND GEORGIA". Economic Profile 17, nr 1(23) (4.08.2022): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.16.

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Relevance of the study: Central banks exert their influence on the economy by changing the money supply using appropriate instruments in a free financial market. The combination of these tools gives us the operational framework of the National Bank. Aim of the research: to study the instruments (operational framework) of monetary policy regulation of Georgia, Moldova and Montenegro, to identify problems and to find ways to solve them. Research Methods: Use of comparative analysis method based on the database of the National Bank of Georgia, Geostat and the International Monetary Fund. The impact of Georgia's monetary policy regime and instruments on the country's macroeconomic indicators, such as inflation and GDP growth rates. Analysis of the macroeconomic parameters, monetary policy regime and regulatory instruments of Moldova and Montenegro. Comparative analysis of the operational framework of the monetary policy of Georgia, Moldova and Montenegro and ways to solve the identified problems. Monetary policy only changes the future outlook for inflation, and central banks respond to one-time exogenous factors when those factors are so strong that they reflect long-term inflation expectations. Therefore, further tightening of monetary policy (already tightened) will lead to a slowdown in GDP growth and unemployment. According to current forecasts, the inflation rate in 2022 will remain high. Given that the role of temporary and exogenous factors in inflation remains to be determined, while monetary policy is still in a tightening phase, the National Bank has decided to maintain the current level of interest rates. However, in the face of strong supply shocks, the threat of further growth in inflation is still relevant. Against the background of these inflationary risks, a tightening of monetary policy or an increase in interest rates is probably still expected.

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Metea, Ileana-Gentilia. "Cyprus, an Unresolved Issue of the European Union". International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, nr 1 (1.06.2018): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0021.

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Abstract The Republic of Cyprus is an island from the extreme north of the Mediterranean Sea, is situated at the intersection of Europe, Asia and Africa, 75 km south of Turkey, 105 km west of Syria, 300 km north of Egypt and 800 km east of Greece. As a state form, it is a presidential republic, and is part of the European Union (since May 2004) the Euro Zone (2008), the World Trade Organization - WTO (1995), the International Monetary Fund (1962) 1962), the Council of Europe (1961), the Commonwealth (1961). Cyprus has an unresolved internal situation for a long time

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Kosowska, Katarzyna. "Bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne Republiki Białoruś w dobie kryzysu polityczno-gospodarczego lat 2020-połowa 2021". Roczniki Nauk Sppołecznych 13(49), nr 3 (29.12.2021): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rns21493.8.

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Republic of Belarus begins the third decade of the 21st century with numerous problems, which include the unstable socio-political situation, broken dialogue and relations with the international environment, and Western sanctions. All these factors have caused a lot of turbulence in the Belarusian economy. This article is an attempt to examine the economic security of Belarus in the period of the depletion of the current economic model, the reduction of Russian energy subsidies, the Covid-19 pandemic and the political crisis resulting from the rigged presidential elections in August 2020. Data from the Belarusian Bielstat database, the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and rating agencies will be used as source materials.

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Romanchuk, Ekaterina. "IMF Assistance To Uzbekistan In Overcoming The Problems Of The Socio-Economic Model Of Development". Obshchestvo i ekonomika, nr 3 (2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020736760024669-4.

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For a long time, the leadership of Uzbekistan adhered to a socio-economic model with a focus on import-substituting industrialization and gradual liberalization of the financial sector. As a result of this approach, the country's interaction with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other international financial organizations was limited by a number of issues on which the vision of the Uzbek leaders coincided with the views of the experts of these institutions on the ways of developing the national economy of the republic. However, as soon as the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan agreed to carry out the reforms recommended to it by the Bretton Woods institutions, opportunities for deepening integration into the world economy began to open up for the country.

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Stupachev, Sergey. "ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS OF MOLDOVA". Economy and Sociology, nr 1 (sierpień 2022): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.es.2022.1-03.

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The article considers the financial assistance of international financial institutions (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) to the Republic of Moldova in their partnership process. The relevance of the study is determined by the objective need to use this financial assistance to solve urgent financial and economic problems and implement an effective economic policy of Moldova. The purpose of the article is to analyze the financial assistance of International Financial Institutions to Moldova, to assess the current state and prospects for developing their financial relations. The information base of the research consists of theoretical and methodological scientific studies of foreign and Moldovan economists devoted to the subject under consideration; information materials of official websites of financial organizations. It is shown that for the entire period of financial support of Moldova by the International Monetary Fund, almost all special credit mechanisms have been implemented. Since 1993, the World Bank has been implementing and financing 118 different projects (90 completed, 18 active and 7 under development). Agriculture accounts for the largest number of projects financed by the bank. It is revealed that the country's debt and overdue obligations to International Financial Institutions have an upward trend, which is due to the crises and financial instability of 2008 and 2019. The continuation of such a trend in the future may lead to certain financial and economic problems if the financial assistance received does not lead to significant development of the Moldovan economy.

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Selinić, Slobodan. "Zapadni krediti Jugoslaviji 1980. godine: Na putu bez povratka". Tokovi istorije 32, nr 1 (30.04.2024): 225–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2024.1.sel.225-254.

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The importance of external debt emerged as a critical component of Yugoslavia’s crisis in the late 1970s and early 1980s.The article comprehensively examines the underlying factors contributing to the accumulation of significant debt, analyzes the government’s reactive measures to address the financial situation, and looks at the state-level strategic initiatives undertaken by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in 1980. These attempts sought to protect external liquidity by obtaining extra loans from prominent Western nations, engaging with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and negotiating for financial aid from Kuwait.

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Giorgi Mamulashvili, Giorgi Mamulashvili, i Tinatin Iashvili Tinatin Iashvili. "Local Labor Market and Employment with Vocational Education". Economics 105, nr 03 (15.04.2022): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/3/2022-118.

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One of the crucial factors for accelerating the economic growth of any country is the efficient functioning of the labor market. In parallel with stimulating the private sector, it is necessary to saturate the employment market with highly qualified staff and take a number of measures to do so. As a result of business-oriented economic reforms and macroeconomic stability, Georgia has achieved significant economic growth in recent years. Despite the fact that the country is facing constant challenges and economic shocks have been observed in the region in recent years, it must be said that Georgia has maintained economic stability. If we do not take into account the global crisis caused by the Corona virus and the number of economic problems caused by it in the country. Despite this, the International Monetary Fund forecasts that real GDP growth for the medium-term outlook for 2019-2023 should be 4.9%. However, due to the pandemic, the overall picture can be dramatically altered and reduced. Keywords: Employment market, economic growth, economic reforms, qualified labor force.

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Raupp, Edward R. "Forecasting Georgia Economic Growth 2020-2030". Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 12, nr 1 (1.11.2023): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2019.182.

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Firms, households, government agencies, and non-government organizations rely on forecasts when making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources. This paper develops evidence-based forecasts for key macroeconomic variables for the Republic of Georgia. Sources of data include the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook, The World Bank, and others. We use, primarily, exponential smoothing models generated by the statistical application Forecast Pro 100 to generate forecasts with 95 percent confidence limits. Finally, recognizing the high degree of uncertainty associated with long-term forecasting, we include scenarios to generate high, middle, and low values for the key variables. Our analysis shows population, a key economic resource, to be declining, along with the labor force participation rate, after a considerable rise. Gross fixed capital formation appears to be rising, while total reserves (including gold) is holding steady. With real GDP rising at an average rate of about five percent over the past decade, our forecast shows GDP continuing to increase over the next decade, along with GDP per capita, indicating a rising level of general wellbeing. Georgia’s inflation rate is low, and there is no credible evidence that the rate of inflation will accelerate in the coming years. We develop three scenarios for economic growth for Georgia for the period 2020-2030. All three scenarios – low, medium, and high–show continued healthy growth.

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Kagazbaeva, E. M., i М. К. Axakalova. "Қытайдың монетарлық саясаты: Қазақстан үшін тәжірибе". BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 138, nr 1 (2022): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2022-138-1-68-78.

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This article analyzes the monetary policy of the Central Bank of China and the impact of its individual instruments on economic growth. The economic and political problems affecting the monetary policy of Kazakhstan are considered. The purpose of the scientific article is to identify the features of the monetary mechanism for the development of the Chinese economy, to study innovative tools of China’s monetary policy, and to develop practical recommendations for improving the monetary policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. China does not seek to copy global trends in monetary policy, but makes decisions related to current needs, assessing the situation in the country. Currently, the Central Bank of China conducts an independent monetary policy and uses a number of classic and modern tools to implement it. Along with general scientific methods, both comparative and statistical methods were used in this study. To analyze the studied characteristics, statistics of the main monetary policy instruments, analytical reports of the International Monetary Fund and the Central Bank of the People’s Republic of China, as well as scientific articles on the development of China’s monetary policy were used. According to the author, the combination of traditional and innovative instruments in China’s monetary policy, as well as the generally positive experience of developing China, is necessary to improve the mechanisms of monetary policy in Kazakhstan. The experience of reforms in China shows that the state has become successful due to the fact that in its policy the state relies on the best practices of developed countries, taking into account the patterns of historical formation and development. A less developed society cannot function and develop according to the laws of a more developed society. Kazakhstan is invited to study and adopt China’s best practices in conducting monetary policy: developing the real sector of the economy and stimulating economic growth; maintaining the stability of the national currency; maintaining inflation at the level necessary for the sustainable functioning of the economic system.

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Ezeabasili, Ifeoma Ethel. "Cross Border Migration and Unemployment in Nigeria and Benin Republic, 1999-2020". International Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development 3, nr 1 (7.06.2023): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijpid.1303.

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Purpose: This paper explored nexus between the cross-border migration and unemployment in Nigeria and the Benin Republic comparatively between 1999 and 2020. Methodology: The study adopted classical migration theory as the theoretical framework and data were sourced from the secondary Sources such as; Journal articles, bulletin, newspaper the United Nations, World Bank development index, International Monetary Fund, and international organizations for migration. The data collated were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings: The findings revealed that there is a significant negative relationship between cross border migration and unemployment in Nigeria while for Benin Republic; there is a negative but insignificant relationship between cross border and unemployment. The paper thus concludes that cross border migration reduces the rate of unemployment in Nigeria, but has no impact in Benin Republic. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The paper recommended that; for policymakers in both countries there is need for a stronger legal framework for a cross border movement of people, including enhanced institutions and control of immigration; also, there should be zero tolerance on corruption, and the need to create jobs for the teeming youths.

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Griffith, Ivelaw L. "The Military and the Politics of Change in Guyana". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33, nr 2 (1991): 141–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165833.

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The death of forbes burnham in August 1985 and the passing of power to Hugh Desmond Hoyte have produced dramatic changes in Guyana, South America's only English-speaking republic. Some of these have involved: (1) privatization of the public sector, (2) abolition of overseas voting, (3) negotiations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), (4) rapprochement with the United States, plus (5) an agreement that observers — including former President Jimmy Carter and representatives from the London-based Commonwealth Secretariat—are being invited to oversee the upcoming elections scheduled for either August or September 1991.Precipitated by domestic and international pressures, these changes have taken place within the context of a change in regimes as well, in which one dominant leader, Forbes Burnham, has been succeeded by another equally dominant, Desmond Hoyte.

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Mbaye, El Hadji. "Program Against Cancer in Congo, Republic". International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 7, nr 1 (13.04.2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/119.

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Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase new cancer cases per year by 2035 in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of lives could be saved each year if countries made use of existing knowledge and the best cost-effective methods to prevent and treat cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate a provisional budget against cancer in low and middle incomes countries, according the GNI-PPP, the cancer incidence and the number of population. Economically country classification is determining with the Gross national income (GNI), per capita, Purchasing power parity (PPP), according the administrations of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Cancer incidence data presented are based on the most recent data available at IARC. However, population compares estimates from the US Bureau of the Census. The provisional budget is establishing among the guidelines developed by WHO for regional and national cancer control programs according to national economic development. Provisional budget against cancer is estimated to 40,331.765 (thousands of U.S $) for a population of 4,954,674 persons in Congo, Republic.

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Barburska, Olga. "Stanowisko głównych aktorów zewnętrznych wobec Partnerstwa Wschodniego Unii Europejskiej". Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 17, nr 2 (grudzień 2019): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.2.6.

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The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is undoubtedly a key project of the European Union’s eastern policy. It is being implemented by the EU in cooperation with six partner countries, three of which (Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova) are more committed to establishing integration ties with the EU, while others are more restrained. The article tries to show that the functioning of EaP is influenced not only by its direct implementers, but also by various external actors. The most important of these are global and regional powers such as Russia, the United States, Turkey and China, as well as international financial institutions (including in particular the International Monetary Fund) and, to some extent, the North Atlantic Alliance. Their positions towards the Eastern Partnership may take the form of opposition, support or ambivalence. The analysis carried out allows us to conclude that while the impact of these actors on the functioning of the Eastern Partnership should not be overestimated, it should not be underestimated, especially in the light of possible scenarios for the future.

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Tolmaciova, Irina, i Corina Causan. "Impact of the current medical system on the financial stability of world countries and the Republic of Moldova". Economica, nr 3(117) (październik 2021): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/econ.2021.117.120.

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The economic crises that have occurred worldwide so far have been caused by emerging problems arising from the supply-demand correlation for certain products on the world market. However, the current economic crisis has been caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. The greatest difficulty has been the impossibility of predicting the crisis that has arisen as a result of the need to introduce urgent restrictive measures to combat the pandemic. The devastating consequences of the crisis caused by COVID-19 were the halt of the world economy and the decline in Global Production, which was recorded by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the spring of 2020. The Republic of Moldova faced the overlap of two major crises: first caused by the COVID19 pandemic and second by the severe drought, mentioned as the most severe recession in the last 20 years. As crisis consequence, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Republic of Moldova estimated for 2020 decreased by about 6.5%.

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Tolmaciova, Irina, i Corina Causan. "Impact of the current medical system on the financial stability of world countries and the Republic of Moldova". Economica, nr 3(117) (październik 2021): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/econ.2021.117.120.

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The economic crises that have occurred worldwide so far have been caused by emerging problems arising from the supply-demand correlation for certain products on the world market. However, the current economic crisis has been caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. The greatest difficulty has been the impossibility of predicting the crisis that has arisen as a result of the need to introduce urgent restrictive measures to combat the pandemic. The devastating consequences of the crisis caused by COVID-19 were the halt of the world economy and the decline in Global Production, which was recorded by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the spring of 2020. The Republic of Moldova faced the overlap of two major crises: first caused by the COVID19 pandemic and second by the severe drought, mentioned as the most severe recession in the last 20 years. As crisis consequence, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Republic of Moldova estimated for 2020 decreased by about 6.5%.

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Smith, Anna N. "Foreign Aid and Development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: An Analysis of International Barriers to Development". Perceptions 4, nr 2 (24.05.2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15367/pj.v4i2.110.

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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) remains one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world. Despite its abundance of natural resources, it has failed to develop and maintain political stability since its decolonization in 1960. With its unstable and corrupt government, the DRC’s primary source of fiscal investment comes from foreign aid, from both International Organizations (IOs), like the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, as well as International Non-Governmental Organization (INGOs). In this paper I examine how the role of international aid from The World Bank, IMF, and INGOs has contributed to the pervasive stagnation of the DRC’s economic growth, and how aid can be implemented equitably and efficiently. In order to create a comprehensive overview of economic development in the DRC, I analyze the repercussions of colonial legacies, government corruption, the benefits of foreign aid, and possible neo-colonial implications of foreign aid on the country’s growth. After analyzing the sum of these effects on economic growth, we can conclude that ultimately foreign aid is necessary for development in the DRC; however, adjustments must be made to current aid programs in order to create equitable growth.

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Shkolnyk, Inna, Eugenia Bondarenko i Myroslav Ostapenko. "Investor compensation fund: an optimal size for countries with developed stock markets and Ukraine". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 14, nr 3 (4.12.2017): 404–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.14(3-2).2017.10.

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A compensation fund is an effective mechanism for ensuring the protection of individual investors’ investments on the stock market, which confirms the experience of different countries both with the developed stock market and with the emerging markets (USA, UK, France, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Ireland, Malta).The formation of a steady interest of individual investors in stock market instruments is stimulated by the implementation of a mechanism for guaranteeing such investments. The stock market of Ukraine faces the problem of attracting additional financing, while individual investors have fairly large amounts of monetary resources that are not involved in the transactions with financial instruments due to the high level of distrust caused by the crisis phenomena on both the global and the national financial markets. The creation of the Ukrainian compensation fund for investment protection involves the development and implementation of a nationwide system for protecting the property interests of investors on the stock market, which requires compensatory payments to the clients of all professional market participants as a result of certain risks.The main condition for effective functioning of the compensation fund of the stock market is determined by its size, which must meet the following conditions of optimality: to ensure the minimum level of the fund’s risks, to take into account the amounts of contributions for the current period, the amount of maintenance costs and to fulfil the requirements for the financial stability of the fund. A modified Markowitz portfolio model was used to build the model.The building of the target function and constraints was carried out by using the Statistica software toolkit. The target function and constraints were presented as polynomials of the third degree and calculated with the help of the multiple nonlinear regression. As a result of calculations, an optimization model was developed for determining the size of the compensation fund taking into account these conditions.The model’s testing was carried out by using the examples of the Deposit Guarantee Fund (DGF) and compensation funds of the United States, Great Britain, France, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Ireland and Malta. As a result of calculations we determined the size of the compensation fund, which guarantees a minimum level of the fund’s risk taking into account the amount of contributions for the current period, the amount of maintenance costs and requirements to the financial stability of the fund.

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Rumatiga, Hidayat. "PERSAINGAN USAHA TIDAK SEHAT DALAM PERDAGANGAN BAHAN PANGAN DIKAITKAN DENGAN UU NO. 5 TAHUN 1999". JURNAL ILMIAH LIVING LAW 13, nr 1 (23.04.2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jill.v13i1.4201.

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In Indonesia, the formulation of the Anti-Monopoly Law was motivated by an agreement between the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. However, the agreement with the IMF was not the only reason for drafting the law. Even though Indonesia already has an anti-monopoly law, it still practices monopoly in doing business. For example, the monopolistic practices carried out by 12 hen holding companies. sentenced to a total of Rp. 119.8 billion in fines to 11 companies that surpassed the chicken cartel. The verdict was handed down after the Commission Council chaired by Kamser Lumbanradja conducted an examination of Case Number 02 / KPPU-I / 2016 concerning Violation of Article 11 of Law Number 5 Year 1999 concerning cartel agreements at the KPPU hearing, on 13/10/2016 in Jakarta.Keywords : Business Competition; Trade; Comestibles.

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Ahiakpor, James C. W. "Rawlings, Economic Policy Reform, and the Poor: Consistency or Betrayal?" Journal of Modern African Studies 29, nr 4 (grudzień 1991): 583–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0000567x.

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Flight-Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings has presided over two distinct types of régime as far as economic policy is concerned since the overthrow of the Third Republic at the end of 1981. The first was characterised by the extensive intrusion of the state, or by those claiming to act on its behalf, in directing economic activity, notably the sale of goods and services. The other, since 1983, has witnessed greater reliance on the market freedom of individuals in both production and exchange, largely consistent with the economic liberalism prescribed by the International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.). Most analysts familiar with the evidence have concluded that the experiment during 1982–3 was an unmitigated disaster for the wellbeing of Ghanaians, and that since then the Economic Recovery Programme (E.R.P.) has successfully reversed the downward spiral and created the conditions for real income growth.

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Gockov, Gjorgji. "THE POLAK’S MONETARY MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION ON MACEDONIAN CASE". Knowledge International Journal 31, nr 1 (5.06.2019): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij310117g.

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Macroeconomic stability is very important for each economy because it constitutes the basis of sustainable economic growth and development. It means stable prices with a low level of inflation (internal stability), a stable foreign exchange rate, a relatively low and sustainable current account deficit in the balance of payments and a solvent position in the external indebtedness of the economy (external stability). International Monetary Fund (IMF) provides financial support to countries that have problems with internal and external stability. The IMF approach to macroeconomic stabilization is based on a so-called “monetary approach” to the balance of payments. The first IMF model designed for dealing with balance of payments disequilibrium was the Polak’s model on monetary programming. Its purpose is to integrate monetary, income and balance of payments analysis, and it represents the basis of the conditionality applied to IMF’s credit arrangements. This model investigates and determines the effect on income and balance of payments arising from the two important variables in the economy: (1) changes in domestic bank credits, and (2) changes in exports of goods and services. In other words, the model indicates what macroeconomics policies are required to achieve a given set of outcomes i.e. it determines policy targets consistent with explicit macroeconomic objectives. It consists of a set of four equations and contains two behavioral relationships: the demand for money function and the function of the demand for imports, and two identities: for the money supply and for the balance of payments. As such, Polak's monetary model extends classical quantitative money theory to the example of an open economy. Republic of North Macedonia, as a developing country that is remarkably open to the world (large share of export and import of goods and services in GDP) and with close cooperation with the IMF, the application of so-called financial programming based on Polak’s monetary model is of special importance. Based on the theoretical elaboration of the equations contained in the Polak’s monetary model, the paper attempts for its application to the case of Republic of North Macedonia and tries to determine and quantify the dependence of the changes in net foreign assets (foreign reserves) and gross domestic product (GDP) from the changes in domestic credits of the Macedonian banking sector. For that purpose, the data on gross domestic product (GDP), money supply (M4) and exports of goods and services for the period 2003-2018 were used from the State statistical office and National bank of the Republic of North Macedonia. By calculating the values of income velocity of money and propensity to import, the interdependence of domestic credits with gross domestic product and net foreign assets of the banking sector is calculated and analyzed.

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Kenig, Eduard. "Evaluation of Financial Systems’ Parameters Determining their Development Level". Economica, nr 1(123) (maj 2023): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/econ.2023.123.121.

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The article reveals and summarises the content of indicators for evaluating parameters of financial systems, considering the role and significance of financial systems for modelling economic development. In order to evaluate the quality of financial systems’ functioning the author applies indicators measuring depth of the financial sector, accessibility to financial products and services, efficiency of financial institutes and markets, financial stability. The main research methods used in the study are methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis. During the research, the author used the databases of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The article reveals and measures the parameters of the financial systems in the Republic of Moldova and Israel, which determine their development. Financial accessibility, financial stability and financial effectiveness are significantly connected. The article emphasizes the necessity to strengthen financial institutions to get a greater economic profit, to promote equal opportunities to get access to financial services, etc.

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Tchitchinadze, Boris. "GEORGIA'S MACROECONOMIC CHALLENGES AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE WORLD PANDEMIC". Economic Profile 15, nr 20 (25.12.2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2020.20.02.

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The presented paper analyzes the economic situation in Georgia against the background of the world pandemic. The relevant statistical data on the high tax balance and dollarization ratio of Georgia are presented in detail. The article notes that Georgia did not have a good starting economic rate even before the Coronavirus pandemic, which creates a precondition for future problems. The paper focuses on the need for rapid economic reforms. The paper presents conclusions and recommendations on the measures to be taken by the government in the near future. If the recommendations presented by the central government in the near future do not take into account the pandemic in the country, the socio-economic situation will become even more complicated, which will pose a significant threat to political stability as a whole. An analysis of the economic situation in Georgia prior to the spread of the coronavirus clearly demonstrates the need for a rapid, time-bound, national economic policy. This reforms should be provide to get healthy the situation, which caused coronavirus pandemic and develop of the economy from 2021. Georgia has all the necessary resources (intellectual, natural, strategic location) to deal with the negative consequences of the global pandemic and to take effective steps compared to other countries to ensure the stabilization of the economy. Therefore, in order to improve the overall macroeconomic situation of the country, appropriate reforms should be carried out quickly. When carrying out reforms, it should be taking into account that an important impediment to improving the country's economic situation will be the fact that significant problems have accumulated in the modern global world in the following areas, such as: international rating companies, international financial institutions and international lobbying institutions. Despite the effective steps taken to solve the problem, the situation in this direction is entering in deeper crisis, and overall it is hindering the real improvement of the economic situation of countries (especially developing countries). it is necessary that The Government of Georgia take into account the significant problems existing in the above-mentioned international organizations when pursuing national economic policy. Although various international financial institutions, compared to other countries, make positive forecasts about the economic situation in Georgia, it still does not entitle us to calm down. It is well known that the governments and central banks of almost every country in the world have allocated colossal sums of money to alleviate the difficult economic situation caused by the coronavirus. Complicating the situation is the fact that it is still unknown whether there will be a second wave of virus outbreaks. In the world is an extraordinary and difficult to predict situation in this regard. International organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Bank, the World Trade Organization, etc., can not forecast the current situation and can not offer relevant recommendations to countries, while such recommendations are vital, especially developing countries. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the Nobel Prize winners in the field of economics do not make any predictions about the extraordinary situation and do not offer appropriate action plans to the governments of the countries of the world. Therefore it is still unknown in the near future what socio-economic problems will be in countries the light of this pandemic. Given the complex and unpredictable economic situation in the world, the Government of Georgia needs to prepare a short-term and long-term strategic development plan based on local resources (National Academy of Sciences, higher education institutions, national research institutions, etc.) Will facilitate handling. According to this strategic plan, Georgia should avoid the expected risks as much as possible.

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Dzadzua, Malkhaz. "THE NEW LAW ON MICRO BANKS AND WHAT IT WILL CHANGE IN THE FINANCIAL MARKET OF GEORGIA". Economic Profile 17, nr 2(24) (25.12.2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.24.11.

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Microfinance is the provision of financial services to low-income groups. By classical definition it contributes to the improvement of the socio-economic condition as well as financial self-sufficiency of the low-income costumer and improves their living standards. Today, microfinance institutions around the world serve up to 156 million borrowers and manage a loan portfolio of USD 187 billion (Impact Finance Barometer, 2022: 3). Formation of Georgian microfinance market began in the 1990s and was developed mainly with the same scenario as in Balkans, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. During the first 10 years after adoption of the new Law on Microfinance Organizations and commercialization of the industry, a rapid growth and fast development of the sector was recorded (2006-2016), which has been then changed by a negative trend and market decline. The main reasons of the crisis are: tighter regulation, market saturation, growing competition from commercial banks, over-indebtedness, weak corporate governance, etc. In July 2022, the draft law on the activities of micro banks was registered in the Parliament of Georgia, according to which a new financial institution focused on lending to entrepreneurial and agricultural activities - a micro bank - will enter the market from 2023. The draft law was prepared based on the recommendation of the International Monetary Fund, which advised the National Bank to introduce a micro bank as a new institutional form (International Monetary Fund, 2020: 19). As a result of the law, 4 types of financial institutions will be presented in the financial market of Georgia since 2023: commercial banks, micro banks, microfinance organizations and loan issuing entities. The new regulatory framework should give microbanks the following advantages over the current status of MFIs: The maximum loan amount per borrower will be increased from GEL 100,000 to GEL 1 million, which allows microbanks to actively enter the SME lending segment, retain good borrowers, grow faster faster in the market and compete with banks. Having the right to mobilize the deposits, microbanks will be able to better diversify their funding sources, reduce the cost of local currency borrowing (based on savings in hedging) and, accordingly, reduce the interest rate on loans for thier clients, which will also increase their competitiveness with banks. By offering bank account services, microbanks will be able to provide customers with an almost full range of banking services. After legally differenciating from “consumption” and “pawnshop” type of financial institutions, microbanks will be able to attract more investments from responsible and reputable international financial institutions. At the same time, the new draft law contains certain potential risks that need to be properly assessed and analyzed: The increase of loan size limit from 100,000 to 1 million GEL is a good for portfolio growth. However, most companies lack the experience and qualification to properly manage risks of such large loans. Past experience also confirms that the worst portfolio quality and problem loans MFIs have in large loans (over GEL 10,000). Administration of the article, according to which at least 70% of the loans of a microbank must be disbursed for business purposes, seems very difficult. As of today practically no MFIs can meet this criteria. Adding the new products (deposits, account management) requires a high-quality core banking systems and automation of many processes. Consequently, microbanks will have to mobilize additional financial and human resources to build this infrastructure, which may take several years and entail significant costs. In conclusion, it can be said that the draft law is likely to have a positive impact on the financial sector. Competition in the financial sector will increase, which will lead to the provision of better quality and diverse financial services to customers.

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Hashani, Medain, Roberta Bajrami i Kosovare Ukshini. "The impact of tax changes on the liquidity of construction companies in the developing market". Journal of Governance and Regulation 11, nr 2, special issue (2022): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i2siart3.

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Studies to date show that taxes have a very high impact on company liquidity (Law & Yuen, 2019; Drogalas, Lazos, Koutoupis, & Pazarskis, 2019). The International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2022) shows the need to release tax procedures and their monitoring in the Republic of Kosovo. Kosovo law is such that it disables the timely liquidity of construction companies which has an impact on the reduction of construction companies’ projects. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the effects of changing the tax laws, namely the law on corporate income tax, personal income, and value-added tax (VAT) on the liquidity of construction companies in Kosovo. For this paper, we employ survey data collected from accountants and financial managers who through the questionnaire have reflected on the need to change the law on personal income, corporate income, and VAT. The models for measuring latent variables are structural equation models 1 and 2 (SEM1 and SEM2) and the ordinary least squares (OLS) models. The empirical results of the SEM1 and first OLS model (OLS1) reveal that the current law on corporate income tax and the law on personal income tax have negative effects on the liquidity of construction companies in the Republic of Kosovo and the empirical results from the SEM2 and second OLS model (OLS2) show that the current law on value-added tax has significant negative effects on the liquidity of construction companies in the Republic of Kosovo.

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BILIVOGUI, PIERRE, i FENG WENFANG. "The Financial Market and the Difficult Financing of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in The Republic of Guinea". Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 4, nr 1 (14.02.2022): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2022.4.1.25.

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Generally regarded as a development priority because of their contribution to the fight against unemployment, which has plagued developing countries for decades, SMEs experience financial difficulties throughout their process, i.e., from the start-up process to the production stages and marketing. This difficulty of access to finance for SMEs is often questioned by our predecessors in management sciences and economics. In the Republic of Guinea, SME financiers are constantly faced with many problems in funding their activities. Through case study methodology and review of data and reports from agencies like the Promotion of Private Investments (APIP-Guinea), World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, our present study found that the refusals of Guinean SMEs to finance are often due to a lack of equity - a bottleneck for 90% of Guinean SMEs. There is also a lack of financial information on the part of these SMEs. This situation forces SMEs to fail prematurely due to the risks of short-term over-indebtedness, which can only be resolved if financial intermediaries agree to revise their criteria for granting credit that has hitherto harmed Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs).

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Stevanović, Tatjana, Jelena Stanković i Jovica Stanković. "Research on internal indicators of financial stability of insurance companies in the Republic of Serbia". Skola biznisa, nr 2 (2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/skolbiz2-27395.

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Dynamic changes in the insurance sector require a new system of performance measures, which enables monitoring of multiple business segments of insurance companies and meets the information requirements of a large number of different stakeholders. In this regard, in the Republic of Serbia a multidimensional system of performance measures is used - the CARMEL framework, made according to the methodology of the International Monetary Fund. Due to the fact that these indicators indicate the effectiveness of different business segments, the analysis of the performance of insurance companies cannot be based only on one of these groups. Assessment of financial stability and ranking of insurance companies can be performed using different data mining algorithms. The obtained results show that key internal factors for the financial stability of insurance companies change under different economic conditions. During the period of the financial crisis the greatest impact on the financial stability of insurance companies had the quality of management, but also the earning capacity and profitability and liquidity of insurance companies. The classification of insurance companies according to their performance is compared with the official rankings offered by the supervisory body based on the value of the balance sheet assets and the value of premiums paid. It can be concluded that the largest insurance companies are not the most successful in all economic conditions. Inadequate capital management, as well as the inability to generate insurance and investment portfolios, has led to a drastic decrease in the profitability of these insurance companies.

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Ibragimova, A. A., G. U. Makenova i M. K. Tuleubayeva. "IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON CHANGING GLOBAL POVERTY RATES". Central Asian Economic Review, nr 5 (6.01.2023): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52821/2789-4401-2022-5-6-16.

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The purpose of this article is to study the impact of the global pandemic on the deterioration of social conditions, property inequality and changes in the poverty line. The solution of socio-economic problems around the world is connected with inclusive economic development.Methodology. Collection, processing and generalization of information when analyzing the reduction and elimination of global social inequality, changes in poverty as a result of pandemics, the amount of funding to ensure a minimum level of social protection in countries, common logical methods were used to analyze and compare materials from international organizations and foundations, domestic and foreign researchers.Originality/ value of the research. To prevent the growth of poverty at the global level, increasing the value of the article is aimed at the cluster development of the Republic of Kazakhstan based on the model of inclusive economic development by analyzing scientifi c works and world scientists and materials of international organizations, identifying shortcomings and weaknesses of social problems.Findings. The article examines the changes in global poverty caused by the coronavirus crisis, the gender gap among those who lost their jobs due to the pandemic, the impact of the pandemic on households and medium and small businesses, concessional lending by the IMF to 29 poor countries to overcome the pandemic crisis and Kazakhstan's anti-pandemic programs.In the analysis, the author examines the goals of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda for the period up to 2030, the World Development Report 2022 of the World Bank. The report analyzes the stages of concessional lending by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to poor countries and the IMF fi scal monitor, as well as fi scal measures of the Republic of Kazakhstan in response to the global pandemic.

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Khojayan, Karine. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM ON THE EXAMPLE OF INTEGRATION ASSOCIATIONS". Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 6, nr 2 (27.06.2022): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2022-6-2-199-207.

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The article analyzes the issue of transformation of the global development paradigm on the example of intergovernmental regional organizations, as one of the main actors of contemporary international relations. Within the framework of the current paradigm, starting from the period when the Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations was established, the dynamics of confrontations between international regional institutions, the change in this dynamics followed by collapse of the bipolar world order, are studied. The article touches upon the ongoing trends of transformation of the international monetary and financial system in the light of the emergence of new regional actors such as New Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. These institutions are being considered as alternatives to the Bretton Woods institutions, particularly to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group. It’s important to mention that the large variety of integration formats, established in the Great Eurasian area, have all chances to claim to the role of emerging pole in the transforming multipolar world order. The cornerstone on this path is considered to be relationship between the Eurasian Economic Union and the People's Republic of China (PRC) mainly in the context of the implementation of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative. Moreover, further implementation of the North-South international transport corridor, designed to provide a logistic connection between the Baltic countries and India, together with the PRC’s initiative to create Silk Road Economic Belt, harmoniously fit into the broader concept of Comprehensive Eurasian Partnership, announced by the President of the Russian Federation in 2016 during St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. Today the ongoing interregional cooperation in the Great Eurasian area, developing especially in the format of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) - Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) - Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), as well as the strategic plans of the EAEU on establishment of free trade zones with third countries before 2025, have all chances to create alternative solutions to the existing regional integration formats. The successful completion of the planned project, which, first of all, depends on the political will of the participating parties, will allow to lay a solid foundation for a transforming new world order. It will completely differ from the existing paradigm of the neoliberal world order.

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Bidzinashvili, David. "THE IMPACT OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR ON GEORGIA'S ECONOMIC ACTIVITY". Economic Profile 17, nr 1(23) (4.08.2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.14.

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A global threat to food supplies has emerged in the wake of the Russia-Ukraine war. A number of developing countries are already pointing to shortages of basic consumer goods such as wheat, corn, buckwheat, sunflower. Food supply risks are significantly linked to and exacerbate global inflation, which began in the second half of 2021 amid a pandemic and is already approaching double-digit levels even in developed economies. Annual growth in consumer price indices last month was 8% in the US, the Eurozone, the UK and other developed economies, and as output price indices range in the 10-20% range, inflation is not expected to slow in the near future. This phenomenon is known as supply-side inflation and poses an additional challenge not only to economic policy makers, but also primarily to producers and consumers. The developments due to the Russia-Ukraine war and the sanctioning of Russia have significantly increased the demand for the Georgian corridor, which is both an opportunity and a challenge. Amid rising inflation risks, monetary policy is in a tightened phase as a result of the gradual increase in the monetary policy rate over the past year. The National Bank of Georgia is expected to tighten monetary policy until the risks to rising inflation expectations are sufficiently mitigated. The double-digit economic growth achieved by Georgia recently is significant. In the first quarter of this year, Georgia's economic growth amounted to 14.4%. Our country has dealt with the challenges with dignity, has maintained the stability and development of the economy in the light of current events in the world. It is noteworthy that according to the International Monetary Fund, the Ukrainian economy is expected to shrink by 44% and the Russian economy by 13%. In our neighboring countries, the economic growth rate is a single digit. The data against the background of those hostilities unequivocally confirm, on the one hand, the resilience of the Georgian economy to the increased negative exogenous political and economic factors, on the other hand, the growing diversification of the national economy and the more active involvement of Georgian business in the global economy. Russia's aggression against Ukraine and the start of hostilities in the region have a significant impact on the Georgian economy. Increased inflation and inflationary risks remain a recent global challenge. While 2022 was considered a period of global inflation, Russia's war against Ukraine posed new risks, in particular sanctions against Russia over hostilities and restrictions on supplies, which significantly increased the prices of certain categories of goods on world markets. Consequently, in both developed and emerging economies, inflation has risen significantly. After the battles that have developed in neighboring countries, there is a possibility of attracting 16-20 million tons of cargo, and if Georgia is able to absorb at least 60%, the country will transit 10-12 million tons of cargo. An example of this is Kazakhstan, which has developed alternative routes according to which it is possible to load the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline with maximum capacity. In order to further popularize Georgia's transport corridor, it is necessary to have a more coordinated work of the public as well as the private sector. The situation in the region allows us to predict a significant increase in cargo turnover. Therefore, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development together with the Maritime Transport Agency, the Department of Roads, JSC "Georgian Railway" need to take care of further popularization of the Georgian corridor and development of infrastructure to ensure timely and safe transportation of cargo; Inflation is rising around the world, even before the Russia-Ukraine war. Supply - mismatch of demand, rising prices of goods (fuel and food) stimulate growth in inflation since the beginning of 2021. That is why the Central Bank of Georgia should be more vigilant now, because long-standing high inflation can have quite high costs and therefore the monetary authority may have to react more strongly; It is necessary for the country to accelerate its integration with the European Union and take effective steps to improve the investment environment in response to socio-economic challenges. It is important to establish strict monitoring of the free movement of capital in relation to the aggressor country and appropriate restrictions in response to existing threats. The National Bank of Georgia should continuously monitor the current economic processes and financial markets and use all the tools at its disposal to ensure price stability; Despite the Russia-Ukraine war, Georgia's financial sector must remain resilient and respond adequately to this challenge.

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Mastilo, Zoran. "Economic Policy as a Determinant of Development and More Efficient Business Operation in the Republic of Srpska". Business and Management Studies 2, nr 4 (29.11.2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v2i4.2027.

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The Republic of Srpska needs a developing economic policy in order to make it a key determinant of more efficient business operation. The present economic policy is far from being like that, as it is more recession like given that it does not determine development yet. The economic policy of the Republic of Srpska has failed to perform its function years and especially for the incoming 2016, when, in addition to previous scope of welfare, which was defined as a target, it set to itself an additional goal to also finance pensions from the Budget in the coming period. The RS Government has gone even further and has even praised in public that in 2017 the Public Health Service would also be financed from the Budget, which will most certainly place an additional burden to an already strained Budget of the Republic of Srpska, whose 1/5 has been regularly replenished by using resources of International Monetary Fund. The Republic of Srpska, unlike many other countries worldwide, has abandoned Bismarck social insurance system and has adopted the Beverage system which is rarely applied worldwide. Such occurrence appears only when an economic system of a parent state cannot finance social rights out of its operations. Unfortunately, it has happened to the Republic of Srpska. Thus defined objectives and economic policy created in this way would not provide any positive growth rate, higher employment level, abatement of public debts nor cutting the deficit in any country, let alone in the RS. The said arguments will additionally contribute to poor living standard of citizens i.e. the citizens would experience even worse conditions than today, while only a small number of them would live in abundance. Such poor condition was not only caused by the global economic and financial crisis, but the culprits should be sought among those who have poorly planned, managed and spent scarce financial resources of the RS. Economic policy of the Republic of Srpska should spawn certain indicators, which would become a determinant of development and better business operation. It would considerably benefit to greater wealth of the Republic of Srpska and provide better living standard of its citizens.

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Uphlisashvili, Guram. "ON SOME PROBLEM ISSUES RELATED TO LIBERALIZATION OF THE TAX SYSTEM IN GEORGIA". Economic Profile 16, nr 1(21) (16.07.2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2021.21.04.

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The article looks into the phases of reforming the tax system of Georgia in term of its liberalization. Since the early 2000s, the tax system of Georgia has undergone a significant transformation. There were reduced both the number of taxes and tax rates. Anti-corruption measures were taken, the legal framework was improved, and tax services were changed over to e-services. Tax administration was considerably simplified, but also at the same time was strengthened. The level of fiscal discipline was increased. As a result, despite the seeming release of tax pressure, tax revenues for the treasury were increased manifold. It is clear that success of tax liberalization at this stage of the reform was largely due to the reform of the tax administration system. Higher fines were imposed for violators of tax discipline, which was reflected in severe tightening of tax administration due to the disruption of the corruption environment. A positive link was confirmed between tax liberalization measures and streamlining of the tax administration system in terms of successful tax reform. A number of innovations have been introduced, including: simplified and mostly electronic-automated service procedures, special tax statuses for small and micro entrepreneurs, the so-called "Estonian" model of the taxation of enterprises, the possibility of concluding a tax agreement, a warning mechanism as an alternative to monetary penalties, and so on. It should be noted that over the years, measures to relief, forgive or partially reduce tax debts accumulated in previous periods have become an accompanying and distinctive attribute of the significant ongoing reforms in the tax system. This process has become particularly large-scale since 2015. Just in 2015-2019, more than 68 billion taxpayers owed more than 3.5 billion GEL in terms of both basic taxes and fines. We believe that the unambiguously positive assessment of these large-scale measures for debt relief would not be correct. Of course, such measures relieve the tax administration system of the burden of recovering uncollectible debts. The International Monetary Fund and other donor organizations also require and welcome this. The advantages of this process, as well as related risks and possible threats are being discussed. It is noted that consistent use of such mechanisms leads to long-term negative fiscal consequences, as it undermines tax morality of taxpayers and prevents the introduction of a culture of tax compliance. The tax amnesties, especially if they are recurrent, encourage an anti-competitive environment and generate a sense of unfairness among conscious taxpayers. Destructive expectations are created, which leads to the transformation of the taxpayer behavior model in the wrong direction. These trends are evident in the case of Georgia according to statistical data. We believe that the final result of the tax reforms will depend to a great degree on the ability of the tax administration system and the state in general to prevent the possibility of the new tax amnesties in the future. It is necessary to create the preventive mechanisms that largely exclude possible recurrences of both debt relief of taxable objects and the accumulation of unpaid amounts of taxes.

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Stojković, Radomir, i Slađan Milosavljević. "BRICS TENDENCIES TOWARDS REDEFINING THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC ORDER". SCIENCE International Journal 2, nr 4 (13.12.2023): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0204007s.

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The paper analyzes the tendencies of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) as an informal block for the creation of a new global economic and political reality. Former superpowers and economies with the most pronounced growth trends are today gathered around a common idea - the creation of an alternative global order. Propagating their vision of the modern world, the BRICS member states seek to change the current constellation of forces at the global level, shift the center of world power from the Euro-Atlantic region and create functional multilateralism. Using the idea and concept of the New Silk Road, China is strengthening its influence in an area where it was not represented during the first decade of the 21st century. Russia is building a new global position based on its energy potential and military cooperation with non-European countries Brazil, India and the Republic of South Africa use instruments of economic diplomacy to further strengthen competitive activities. Brazil is focused on the growth of the trade exchange of agricultural products, above all, fruit. India is repositioning itself globally on the basis of industrial production in the field of information and communication technologies. The Republic of South Africa, as the most developed country in Africa, finds the basis for a new role on the international stage in natural resources and a developed mining sector. The individual influence that the states of this forum have in the global framework is strengthened by joint and coordinated action within the most important global institutions. Certain changes have been made in the quota system of the International Monetary Fund, the issue of the election of leading individuals of the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization is increasingly topical, as well as the reform of the United Nations Organization, all as a result of the influence of the BRICS countries in the aforementioned institutions.

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Chingiz, Ismayilov. "Transformation of the conditions of socio-economic development of Azerbaijan in the post-pandemic period (by September 2020)". Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 10, nr 4 (31.12.2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2020.4.01.

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The global economic crisis and the spread of the pandemic virus in a short period have radically changed the world around people. The curtailment of production, the closure of different kinds of services, self-isolation, and the distribution of virtual contacts has become characteristic in the state of almost every country. Depending on the level of socio-economic development, not all countries are equally experiencing this difficult period of crisis in modern civilization. The spread of COVID-19 and the global economic crisis, accompanied by a sharp drop in oil prices, have had a significant impact on the socio-economic condition of the oil exporting countries. Azerbaijan, such a country facing these emerging problems, has taken steps to prevent the spread of the pandemic beyond the metropolitan region. Thanks to a balanced fiscal and monetary policy of the government, as well as the availability of sufficient foreign exchange reserves, the negative impact of the above factors has been minimized. The implementation of the oil strategy of the republic has created favorable conditions for the development of the non-oil sector of the economy. Participation in international transport and logistics projects contributed to the development of inter-district and intra-district transport infrastructures. An extensive network of transport and communication systems has favored the economic development of the regions of the republic. Despite the changing conditions of social economic development of the country, the process of creating infrastructure facilities continued. Of course, the new conditions have adjusted the implementation of state programs for the construction of new economic and socially significant facilities. Large financial deductions from the sovereign Oil Fund of the republic allowed for the shortest possible time to put into operation mobile hospitals, enterprises for the production of medical masks, as well as subsidies to support small and medium enterprises. The new picture more actualizes the development of the non-oil sector of the economy, especially the agricultural sectors. With this in mind, when developing a new strategy for the future development of the republic, one should take into account the lessons of the occurrence of previously unforeseen risks. This will mitigate the blow of new possible cataclysms and get out of the crisis situations with the least social and economic losses.

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Srinivasan, TN. "Trends and Impacts of Real and Financial Globalization in the People's Republic of China and India since the 1980s". Asian Development Review 30, nr 1 (marzec 2013): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00001.

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The dynamic process of integration of national economies has a long history, with two distinct waves: one, from the middle of the 19th century until its interruption with outbreak of the First World War in 1913 till the end of the Second World War in 1945. The second wave is ongoing dating from 1950. Two sub-processes of integration are usually distinguished. The first, called real integration related to flows of goods, services and factors across borders; the second called financial integration related to financial flows of claims on the nominal returns on financial assets. Financial integration has had a checkered history. Private financial flows, particularly debt flows, were evident in the first wave. During the second wave, debt flows, both intergovernmental and private banking lending were dominant during 1950–1980. Only after 1980, private non-debt flows particularly equity flows accelerated. This paper's primary focus is on the real and financial integration and their impact on trade, growth and poverty in the world's two dominant developing countries in emerging markets, namely the People's Republic of China (PRC) and India. The paper also discusses the reforms of institutional (domestic and multinational) foundations of real and financial integration, particularly the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Group of 20. The impacts of the 2008–2009 financial crisis on the PRC and India are noted and the need for domestic financial sector reforms in both for them to cope with and respond to future financial crises is pointed out. Attention is drawn to the inadequacy of available analytical tools, in particular the absence of an appropriately integrated model of real and financial sectors to enable a meaningful assessment of the impact of financial shocks on the real sector.

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Lia Dzebisauri, Lia Dzebisauri. "Implementation of 2008 System of National Accounts (2008 SNA) In Georgia – Main Changes And Challenges". Economics 105, nr 09-10 (24.11.2022): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/9-10/2022-47.

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In the process of active globalization, an important task of the economic agenda of any country is to ensure mutual comparability of statistical indicators. This can be achieved through the implementation of internationally approved methodologies and modern standards. The System of National Accounts is at the top of the economic pyramid. The implementation of SNA 2008 was envisaged by the Association Agreement with the European Union. In 2008, the United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development jointly released The System of National Accounts, 2008 (2008 SNA). This update better reflects the changing economic landscape and the advances in methodological research, data sources and compilation methods and provides clarification on a number of issues not clearly stated in the 1993 SNA. Timely, relevant and comprehensive national account information is a significant intellectual asset for any country, and serves important functions. Like any asset the national accounts depreciate with time. Therefore, periodic new investments are crucial, to ensure that they continue to provide high quality services to their users. Implementing 2008 SNA improved the relevance of a country’s national accounts information. In the new version of SNA, changes were introduced in various directions: updates in calculation methods, improvement of data sources, introduction of an international approach to the coverage of the economy and other methodological changes, which include the introduction of new classifications, the use of the accrual method for taxes, a change in the base period (instead of 2010, the base period 2015 is used instead of the period) and many others. Updated calculation methods were introduced in the following direction: Changes in the Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured (FISIM); Improving the calculation of Imputed Rent of Own Occupied Dwellings; Capitalization of costs related to Research and Development (R&D) and others. The factor of improving the data source should also be emphasized. In this regard, it is worth noting: updating the structure of intermediate consumption on the basis of a special surveys; Special survey conducted in various sectors of economy, such as agriculture, construction, hotels and restaurants and ect. Other methodological changes include also the use of new classifications, change of the base year (2015 instead of 2010). During the implementation of new standards and methodologies, many countries face a number of challenges. In many ways, national accounts data represent an important part of a country's economic history. Of course, it is more acceptable for users to have a continuous and consistent time series, which simplifies its use in economic modeling. However, as already mentioned, this process is associated with certain difficulties, among which access to historical rows of updated data sources is noteworthy. In such cases, they need to develop models that put new concepts and methodologies into historical perspective. In order to harmonize with the indicators of the previous period, Georgia has recalculated the historical data series since 2010. The introduction of the new methodology and the above-mentioned updates caused changes in the total volume of GDP. During the implementation of new methodologies and standards, and therefore the recalculation of historical dynamic series, another important challenge is to inform users about all changes and how each change affected the main macroeconomic indicators. At the same time, users should understand that the change of methodologies and their implementation in practice is an ongoing process by which the country strives to comply with international standards. This is vitally necessary to ensure continuity of the country's integration into the world economic system and future sustainable development. Keywords: The System of National Accounts 2008, Financial Intermediate Service Indirectly Measured (FISIM), Non-observed economy, Research and Development (R&D).

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Walida, DJEBAILI. "The Politicization of the Government/ Labour Relations in Ghana (1982-1992)". Langues & Cultures 1, nr 02 (25.12.2020): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.62339/jlc.v1i02.93.

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À moins d'être autoritaire et répressif, aucun gouvernement au monde ne peut prétendre réussir sans le soutien de sa main-d'œuvre. Etre aux prises avec un partenaire aussi puissant signifie un échec flagrant de toute politique. Au Ghana des années 1980, cela n’a pas fait exception. Le présent article vise à souligner le rôle central que le Congrès des syndicats a joué dans le processus de démocratisation qui a donné naissance à la Quatrième République en 1992 à la suite d'un intense affrontement syndicat-gouvernement. Initialement une organisation ouvrière dont la tâche principale était de protéger les droits des travailleurs, le syndicat s'est retrouvé entraîné dans un conflit politique avec le gouvernement au pouvoir de l'époque, le Conseil Provisoire de Défense Nationale. Les violations des droits du travail par le gouvernement et le programme dereconstruction soutenu par le Fonds Monétaire International ont été les principales sources des griefs des travailleurs. Abstract Unless authoritarian and repressive, no government in the world can claim to succeed without the support of its labour force. To be at logger heads with such a powerful partner merely means a blatant failure of any policy whatever. In the Ghana of the 1980s, this was no exception. The present paper sets out to underscore the pivotal role the Trade Union Congress played in the democratization process that gave birth to the Fourth Republic in 1992 through an intense union-state clash. Initially a labour organization whose main task was to protect the rights of the workers, the syndicate found itself driven into a political conflict with the ruling government of the time, the Provisional National Defence Council. The violations of the labour rights by the government and the backed-up International Monetary Fund reconstruction programme were the main sources of the labour grievances.

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Aslanyan, Mkhitar. "Implementation of currency interventions of the Central Bank of Armenia with financial derivatives". Ekonomski vjesnik 36, nr 1 (2023): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51680/ev.36.1.12.

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Purpose: The main goal of the paper is to develop financial derivatives of the Republic of Armenia (RA) as hedging tools for foreign exchange risk management for financial organizations and other entities. The secondary goal is to substantiate the efficiency and expediency of the use of financial derivatives as alternative tools for the implementation of foreign exchange interventions of the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA). Methodology: In order to evaluate the currency interventions carried out by the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA), the interventions and their impact were studied by applying causal-comparative analysis and synthesis methods based on the CBA and International Monetary Fund (IMF) data. The most efficient intervention tools were revealed as a result of such analysis. The forward prices were calculated based on the swap intervention data and using the principle of impossibility of arbitration. Results: The present study substantiated that the application of a forward contract for difference can ensure the same goals like those pursued by foreign exchange interventions with no impact on foreign reserves and no need for sterilization. Conclusion: It was proposed to divide the swap agreements used by the CBA into spot and forward, which will ensure the realization of the same goals along with engaging a large number of non-financial companies. At the same time, the application of a forward contract for difference during the implementation of foreign exchange interventions will lead to the development of the financial derivatives market and ensure the matching of foreign exchange cash flows received by businesses in different periods.

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Kosumi, Arbenita, i Lutfi Zharku. "BANK-SPECIFIC, ECONOMIC AND LEGAL DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA". Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 7, nr 2 (30.04.2024): 212–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-7.2-a000209.

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Background: Bank profitability is more than just a financial indicator; it is a reflection of the health and vitality of the banking sector and the economy as a whole. Profitable banks help to maintain financial stability by increasing resilience, facilitating capital formation and intermediation, promoting innovation and adaptability, and instilling confidence and trust. Hence, profitability is critical in the banking sector since it directly influences policymakers, regulators, and bank management. Therefore, the study will estimate the influence of specific bank and economic-legal determinants on return on assets in the Republic of North Macedonia. Thus, the study aims to estimate the influence of specific bank and economic-legal determinants on return on assets in the Republic of Northern Macedonia. Methods: The study employs the methodology of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and covers quarterly data from 2007 to 2022. To conduct the empirical analysis required to identify and assess the factors of bank profitability, quantitative data were gathered primarily from the National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank. Return on Assets was used as a dependent variable. The set of factors is composed into two groups: the first includes bank-specific (controlled) factors such as the sectors’ size, credit risk, capital adequacy, liquidity, income diversification, efficiency of operations, and non-performing loans. The second group includes macroeconomic (uncontrolled) factors such as economic growth, inflation, and interest rates. Results and Conclusions: Results reveal that the size of the banking sector, the risk of the credit, liquidity, income diversification and non-performing loans have a meaningful but negative influence on the response variable. However, capital adequacy, operational efficiency, GDP and interest rate have an important positive impact. Hence, based on the empirical analyses, to boost profitability, the Macedonian banking system should prioritise asset management as a size indication, raising the non-income ratio to diversify revenue, reducing credit risk and non-performing loans, and maintaining a good liquidity ratio.Furthermore, there is clear evidence that second-level banks should extend beyond national borders. Better loan portfolio management, greater technology with database processing and communication improvements, and expanded technology with database processing and communication improvements can strengthen the ability to deal with the next crisis. Additionally, banks should increase non-interest revenue by employing it as a risk outlet in banking and distributing it across many income-generating enterprises, enhancing profitability. These findings offer insights for bank executives and regulators interested in increasing bank profitability and stability.

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Orjonikidze, Nino. "THE PLACE OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM IN THE ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE COUNTRY". Economic Profile 15, nr 20 (25.12.2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2020.20.06.

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A market economy is based on economic freedom, which is revealed in freedom of choice. Choice is the main precondition for competition, and competition is the main driving force of economic development. Economic freedom contributes to the development of the economy of country and the well-being of the population the country depends on it. The International Heritage Foundation has been conducting annual surveys since 1995 on the fulfillment of these conditions in 180 countries around the world, including Georgia. The index of economic freedom in Georgia changes every year. A country is considered economically free if it does not restrict individual choice, voluntary exchange, freedom of competition. A necessary condition is the protection of private property. In an economically free society, every person has the full right, at his own discretion and in the conditions of free choice, to achieve his own goals, the state does not interfere in its activities and choices. It should be noted that economic freedom does not mean economic independence. At the present stage of society's development, the economic activities of any economic entity are so intertwined, so dynamic and in-depth, that the notion of economic independence sounds more an anachronistic than a 21st-century achievement.This applies to relations between countries, as well as relations between individuals and legal entities. Economic freedom means, above all, freedom of choice. Index of Economic Freedom (Economic Freedom of the World) is a measure of economic freedom compiled by the Heritage Foundation, a leading center for American policy research and ,,The Wall Street Journal“ . This index has been established since 1995.The world rating of "economic freedom" has a great importance in terms of further attracting investment in the country. The Index of Economic Freedom is based on ten criteria. These are: freedom of business, freedom of trade, fiscal freedom, government costs, monetary freedom, freedom of investment, financial freedom, property rights, freedom from corruption, freedom of labor. The information on the results of survey of the Heritage Foundation "Economic Freedom Index" 2020 is posted on the official website of the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia, according to the survey 2020 of the "Heritage Foundation" Index of Economic Freedom " rating score of Georgia reached a historical maximum - 77.1 points, it was promoted by 4 positions in the world ranking and took the 12th position. Compared to the previous year, Georgia was promoted by 2 positions in the European region - with this result Georgia is in the 6th place among 45 countries in the European region with the status of "mostly free". Total score ofGeorgia exceeds both the regional (69.8 points) and the world average point (61.6 points). In our view, property rights are crucial in this large system of valuation. In terms of private ownership, the benefit or loss is the property of the owner, which gives him an incentive to use the resource efficiently. When a resource is transferred to collective ownership, the responsibilities are dispelled, and the different motives of the owners ultimately make the preservation and reasonable use of that resource less possible. An even worse result is achieved if the asset becomes state-owned, because then the liability for profit and loss is not dispersed but divided among different groups.There are known cases in the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary, where after the end of socialism, the profitability of privately owned companies increased by an average of 77% in just a few years. There are many such stories in the former socialist countries, although privatization is a permanent process in developed countries as well, and the value of privately owned assets around the world has, in fact, been rising every year since the 1980s.

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David, Lemuel K. "The Effect of Tax Rate on the Incentives to Grow Small Enterprises: The Case of Small Enterprises in Montserrado County, Republic of Liberia". International Journal of Business and Management 15, nr 4 (15.03.2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n4p129.

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Over the years several developing countries have prioritized providing powerful new resources including incentives to grow the economy and small businesses in their region, revitalize targeted areas of various cities and promote strong, balanced growth throughout the communities. However, the provision of incentives to grow small businesses and the economy at large is still in its infant stage in Liberia. Against this background, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the tax rate on the incentives to grow small enterprises in Montserrado County, Republic of Liberia. The specific objective of this study was to identify the effect of the tax rate on the incentives to grow small enterprises in Montserrado County and identify the factors that leads to the high tax rate on incentives to grow small enterprises. To carry out this study, the study used the casual mapping model and the Decision Explore software introduced by Ackermann et al. To identify these effects/factors. The study also used publish reports from the IMF (International Monetary Fund) on small enterprises in Liberia, specifically Montserrado County, Government official websites, including the Liberia Revenue Authority website (LRA), etc. These reports were cited and analysed using the casual mapping model, and coded using the Decision Explorer software. To identify the effects the of tax rate and the factors that lead to a high tax rate on incentives to grow small enterprises, the map central analysis was used for analysis purposes. Findings from the study revealed that there is a significant effect of the tax rate on the incentives to grow small enterprises in Montserrado County Republic of Liberia as a result of several factors. The study also concluded that tax is a tool for fiscal policy employed by the government to influence small Enterprises negatively or positively depending on the nature of enterprise activities in a country. The study recommended that the Government of Liberia adopt china’s incentives policy that has been successfully implemented in providing incentives to small enterprises for them to grow. Considering how China’s economy has grown tremendously over the years as a result of the incentives policy, the research conclude that if this practices is adopted and implemented in Liberia, this will boost the growth of small enterprises and the economy to a larger extent.

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Nguyen, Quoc Hunga, i T. V. Lezhenina. "Economic Models of Mongolia and Vietnam: Common and Distinctive Features". Economics and Management 26, nr 1 (28.02.2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-1-16-22.

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New economic models began to develop in Mongolia and Vietnam after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), when former Soviet republics formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Further development after the USSR’s dissolution was especially difficult for Mongolia, which almost entirely relied on the economic aid from the USSR. The US and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) immediately took advantage of the crisis in Mongolia. They offered tranches to Mongolia under the condition of complete democratization of political power and establishment of market-based development institutions within the framework of a standby arrangement. Vietnam embarked on a course of destroying the socialist model in 1986, i.e. before the USSR’s collapse, and its transition to a market economy was peculiar, yet significantly different from Mongolia’s.Aim. The presented study aims to examine the benefits and drawbacks of the economic models of Vietnam and Mongolia as well as their common and distinctive features.Methods. The study uses general methods of analyzing the international experience of transforming economic models.Results. The authors prove the efficiency of the current Mongolian and Vietnamese models in the context of global instability and crises. Emergence of new, highly efficient technological paradigms and absence of internal political protests in Mongolia and Vietnam ensure economic sustainability and high growth rate. Russia’s military aid to these countries also plays an important role.Conclusions. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia received substantial assistance from the United States and was able to maintain state independence and develop its economy under the market conditions of economic activity. Relying on cooperation with Russia and China, in the 21st century Mongolia engaged in the processes of integration in the Asia-Pacific region (APR). The Vietnamese model was forming during the country’s participation in the ASEAN free trade zone and cooperation with the developed economies of Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the United States. Unlike Mongolia, Vietnam retained full political leadership of the Communist party, the unity of its people, and support for the development of market economy. In confronting difficult challenges, Vietnam receives assistance from the Donor Club.

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ГУСЕВА, В. И., i Ю. В. ГУСЕВА. "Covid-19 пандемиясының елдер мен өңірлердің әлеуметтік саласындағы экономикалық қауіпсіздікке әсері (Қырғыз Республикасының мысалында)". Industrial transport of Kazakhstan, nr 4(77) (28.12.2022): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.58420/itk.2022.77.4.009.

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Под влиянием пандемии COVID-19 произошло значительное обострение социальных проблем, практически, во всех странах и регионах мира: рост смертности; рост заболеваемости; снижение уровня жизни населения; углубление социальной дифференциации населения; увеличение количества самоубийств и психических расстройств; уменьшение продолжительности жизни населения. Пандемия COVID-19 спровоцировала мощный и в то же время уникальный кризис, который охватил весь мир, стал сильнейшим ударом для социально-экономической безопасности всех стран. До наступления кризиса, вызванного COVID-19, Кыргызская Республика демонстрировала хороший показатель по сокращению бедности, поскольку общий уровень бедности за последние 10 лет упал с 31,7% от общей численности населения в 2008-2009 годах до 20,1% в 2019 году. Однако, по мнению экспертов Международного валютного фонда в связи с пандемией короновируса успехи, достигнутые государствами с развивающейся экономикой (в том числе Кыргызской Республикой) за последние 12 лет, могут быть сведены на нет. COVID-19 пандемиясының әсерінен әлемнің барлық дерлік елдері мен аймақтарында әлеуметтік проблемалардың айтарлықтай шиеленісуі байқалды: өлім-жітімнің өсуі; сырқаттанушылықтың өсуі; халықтың өмір сүру деңгейінің төмендеуі; халықтың әлеуметтік дифференциациясының тереңдеуі; суицид пен психикалық бұзылулардың көбеюі; халықтың өмір сүру ұзақтығының төмендеуі. COVID-19 пандемиясы бүкіл әлемді шарпыған қуатты және сонымен бірге бірегей дағдарысты тудырды, бұл барлық елдердің әлеуметтік-экономикалық қауіпсіздігіне ең күшті соққы болды. COVID-19 дағдарысы басталғанға дейін Қырғыз Республикасы кедейліктің төмендеуі бойынша жақсы көрсеткішті көрсетті, өйткені соңғы 10 жылдағы кедейліктің жалпы деңгейі 2008-2009 жылдардағы жалпы халықтың 31,7% - дан 2019 жылы 20,1% - ға дейін төмендеді. Алайда, Халықаралық валюта қоры сарапшыларының пікірінше, короновирус пандемиясына байланысты дамушы экономикалары бар мемлекеттердің (соның ішінде Қырғыз Республикасының) соңғы 12 жылда қол жеткізген табыстары жоққа шығарылуы мүмкін. Under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant aggravation of social problems in almost all countries and regions of the world: an increase in mortality; an increase in morbidity; a decrease in the standard of living of the population; a deepening of social differentiation of the population; an increase in the number of suicides and mental disorders; a decrease in life expectancy of the population. The COVID-19 pandemic has provoked a powerful and at the same time unique crisis that has engulfed the whole world and has become a major blow to the socio-economic security of all countries. Prior to the onset of the COVID-19 crisis, the Kyrgyz Republic demonstrated a good indicator of poverty reduction, as the overall poverty rate over the past 10 years has fallen from 31.7% of the total population in 2008-2009 to 20.1% in 2019. However, according to experts of the International Monetary Fund, in connection with the coronavirus pandemic, the successes achieved by states with developing economies (including the Kyrgyz Republic) over the past 12 years may be nullified.

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Prochazka, Petr, i Iveta Cerna. "Reinvestment and effective corporate income tax rates in V4 countries". Equilibrium 17, nr 3 (30.09.2022): 581–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2022.020.

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Research background: In the Visegrad Four (V4) countries (Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia), the inward foreign direct investment (FDI) shows high shares in the exports and gross domestic product (GDP). Furthermore, reinvested earnings play a significant role in the national balances of payments (BoP). Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the reinvestment rates and effective corporate income tax rates (ETRs) of transnational corporations (TNCs) and financial institutions settled in the V4 countries and compare them with the said rates in other European Union (EU) Member States. It is essential to unveil factors shaping investors? decisions to reinvest profits. Policymakers should reflect on them when cultivating the overall business climate to boost citizens? welfare. Purpose of the article: We aim to identify the determinants of the FDI profit reinvestment rate in the V4 countries as host economies from 2014 to 2019 and draw a comparison with the EU?27 average. We dedicate special attention to the correlation between the reinvestment and the ETRs and other selected business climate indicators as specified in the World Bank?s Ease of Doing Business (World Bank, 2020). Methods: To assess the determinants of the reinvestment rates, we employ a three-stage model of multiple linear regression, where we analyse extensive datasets published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Eurostat, World Bank, and public and aggregate country-by-country reports (CbCR) provided by the respective financial institutions and TNCs. Findings & value added: Our research shows that the corporate income tax (CIT) rate and ETRs significantly correlate with the reinvestment rate. The same applies to three Ease of Doing Business sub-indicators (Starting a business, Getting credit, and Contract enforcement). Contrary to the findings of Lundan (2006), Beugelsdijk et al. (2010), Nguyen and Rugman (2015), and Sutherland et al. (2020), macroeconomic factors, the profitability of corporations, and exchange rate stability turned out to be statistically insignificant. Our research has policy implications, for it can contribute to policy discussions on enhancing business environments in the V4 countries and ways to motivate foreign investors to reinvest their profits. The added value combines macroeconomic data with the unique and relatively new CbCR databases.

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Maslov, Kirill, Oleg Kozhevnikov i Alexander Savoskin. "METHODS OF TAX RISKS MANAGEMENT BY THE STATE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC (EXPERIENCE OF RUSSIA AND POLAND)". Public Administration Issues, nr 4 (2021): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2021-0-4-159-184.

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The article examines the methods of public governance during the first wave of coronavirus infection in the context of ensuring the national tax security. The authors use the experience of Russia and Poland – two post-socialist countries having the same foundations of administrative and legal systems. The purpose of the paper is to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of public governance methods used by public authorities to support the economic systems of Russia and Poland from the point of view of their impact on national tax security. The methodological basis of the research is the philosophical theory of security within the framework of which the characteristics of such phenomena as security risks and threats, as well as the principles of its provision, have been developed, The authors also used the formal legal interpretation of legal acts to select normative legal acts fixing the applied methods of public administration as well as to clarify their provisions in accordance with the rules of formal logic and jurisprudence. The comparative method was used to select and compare with each other Russian and Polish normative legal acts, Russian and foreign doctrinal sources in the field of theory and practice of public administration, administrative and tax law. The empirical basis of the research consists of normative legal acts and state statistics of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Poland, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The characteristics of tax risks caused by the coronavirus pandemic are revealed, and their correlation with threats to tax security is established. The authors’ classification tax risk governance methods in the context of the coronavirus pandemic is carried out, administrative and economic measures that directly and indirectly affect the tax system are also characterized by the authors. Conclusions are made about the effectiveness of the main tax risk governance measures applied in Russia and Poland, while the Russian measures differ in a wide variety and a high proportion of proactive support measures. The theoretical and practical significance of the research lies in the fact that it allows to identify the existing potential of governance decisions in the event of another wave of a pandemic or the emergence of new crisis phenomena in the economy, accompanied by a reduction in supply and demand in the markets (military conflicts, natural and man-made emergencies, etc.).

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Rahmawati, Vebriary Eka. "Speech Acts Analysis on President Joko Widodo's Cinematic Reference Speeches Texts". New Language Dimensions 2, nr 1 (12.07.2021): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/nld.v2n1.p15-28.

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This research aims to describe the types of speech acts that Jokowi delivered in his selected speeches, Jokowis reasons for committing illocutionary acts seen from the context of the situation behind the speeches, and the prospective perlocutionary effects of the dominant illocutionary acts found in Jokowis speeches.This is a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this research are President Jokowis speeches texts which contain cinematic references at the World Economic Forum on ASEAN in Hanoi, Vietnam, September 12, 2018 and at the plenary session of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank Annual Meetings in Nusa Dua Bali, Indonesia, October 12, 2018.The primary sources of this research are the videos of President Jokowi speeches which were taken from the official YouTube channel of The Ministry of State of the Republic of Indonesia and World Bank. The data are the speeches transcripts which were used to ease the analysis of this research. The main instrument in this research is the researcher herself. The second instrument is the data sheets which were utilized as supporting instrument to accomplish the research. Watching, listening, reading, and note taking technique were employed to collect the data.The data analysis was performed by classifying the selected data into the data sheets which contain the speech acts classification proposed by Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) then calculated the occurrence frequency of each type of speech acts in order to identify the dominant ones. Each type was carefully observed to find the answer of the second and third research questions according to the concept of context, felicity condition, political discourse, and cinematic reference.The research findings show that the locutionary acts found in Jokowis speeches texts is declarative as it has a total percentage 86% while 11% is interrogative and 3% is imperative.Illocutionary acts consist of 55% of assertive which is followed by directive, expressive, and commissive which occurred respectively 26%, 17%, and 2%. Perlocutionary acts consist of 27% of Hearer is doing somethingwhich is followed by Hearer is impressed (24%), Hearer is convinced (17%), Hearer is attracted (11%), Hearer feels irritated (7%), Hearer feels frightened (6%)and Hearer is inspired (3%).The reasons of presenting illocutionary acts include giving background information why change has to be made since he realized that the world has change, convincing the audiences who are the prior policy makers among developing countries to immediately agree for a global economic cooperation, and showing his optimism of economic equality among nations through the fourth industrial revolution.The prospective perlocutionary effects include providing the inspiration for other countries to boost policies related to human resource development program and technology-based creative economy, agreeing to the idea of building a collective power, and promoting collaboration and partnership among nations. Keywords: President Jokowi, Speech Acts, Cinematic Reference,LocutionaryActs, IllocutionaryActs, PerlocutionaryActs.

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50

Rahmawati, Vebriary Eka. "SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS ON PRESIDENT JOKO WIDODOS CINEMATIC REFERENCE SPEECHES TEXTS". New Language Dimensions 2, nr 1 (12.07.2021): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/j.v2n1.p15-28.

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This research aims to describe the types of speech acts that Jokowi delivered in his selected speeches, Jokowis reasons for committing illocutionary acts seen from the context of the situation behind the speeches, and the prospective perlocutionary effects of the dominant illocutionary acts found in Jokowis speeches.This is a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this research are President Jokowis speeches texts which contain cinematic references at the World Economic Forum on ASEAN in Hanoi, Vietnam, September 12, 2018 and at the plenary session of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank Annual Meetings in Nusa Dua Bali, Indonesia, October 12, 2018.The primary sources of this research are the videos of President Jokowi speeches which were taken from the official YouTube channel of The Ministry of State of the Republic of Indonesia and World Bank. The data are the speeches transcripts which were used to ease the analysis of this research. The main instrument in this research is the researcher herself. The second instrument is the data sheets which were utilized as supporting instrument to accomplish the research. Watching, listening, reading, and note taking technique were employed to collect the data.The data analysis was performed by classifying the selected data into the data sheets which contain the speech acts classification proposed by Austin (1962) and Searle (2005) then calculated the occurrence frequency of each type of speech acts in order to identify the dominant ones. Each type was carefully observed to find the answer of the second and third research questions according to the concept of context, felicity condition, political discourse, and cinematic reference.The research findings show that the locutionary acts found in Jokowis speeches texts is declarative as it has a total percentage 86% while 11% is interrogative and 3% is imperative.Illocutionary acts consist of 55% of assertive which is followed by directive, expressive, and commissive which occurred respectively 26%, 17%, and 2%. Perlocutionary acts consist of 27% of Hearer is doing somethingwhich is followed by Hearer is impressed (24%), Hearer is convinced (17%), Hearer is attracted (11%), Hearer feels irritated (7%), Hearer feels frightened (6%)and Hearer is inspired (3%).The reasons of presenting illocutionary acts include giving background information why change has to be made since he realized that the world has change, convincing the audiences who are the prior policy makers among developing countries to immediately agree for a global economic cooperation, and showing his optimism of economic equality among nations through the fourth industrial revolution.The prospective perlocutionary effects include providing the inspiration for other countries to boost policies related to human resource development program and technology-based creative economy, agreeing to the idea of building a collective power, and promoting collaboration and partnership among nations. Keywords: President Jokowi, Speech Acts, Cinematic Reference,LocutionaryActs, IllocutionaryActs, PerlocutionaryActs.

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