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1
Keyes, Mary Elizabeth, i n/a. "A Critical Analysis of Jurisdiction in International Litigation". Griffith University. Griffith Law School, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051214.143910.
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This thesis critically analyses the Australian law of jurisdiction in private international litigation. Jurisdiction in international litigation is often regarded as a procedural area of law which is less important than choice of law in practical and theoretical terms. There has been little scholarly attention devoted specifically to the study of jurisdiction in Australia. In recent years, jurisdiction has certainly overtaken choice of law in practical importance. This emphasises the need for critical academic study of the law of jurisdiction. This thesis addresses this need. It critically analyses the present principles and the manner in which they are applied, identifies the factors which should influence the law, and proposes appropriate reforms to the principles. This thesis is in five related parts. The first part examines the procedural and constitutional context in which the principles of jurisdiction have been developed and applied. This context has important implications for the law and practice of jurisdiction, which have largely been overlooked in the literature, although they are important in understanding how the principles have developed and how they are applied. The second part critically analyses the present law of jurisdiction. The Australian principles of jurisdiction have not changed substantially in the last 100 years, while economic and social conditions which affect international litigation have undergone dramatic and wide-reaching changes. The present law provides that the courts are jurisdictionally competent in a wide range of cases, which do not all require a substantial connection between the dispute and the forum. The various principles applied in declining jurisdiction make it likely that the Australian courts will exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction in the majority of cases. Foreign jurisdictional agreements should be enforced by a stay unless there are strong reasons for non- enforcement. But the application of overriding mandatory rules, even where there is a jurisdictional agreement, and the courts' wide discretion under the Australian forum non conveniens principle make it unlikely that the courts will decline to exercise jurisdiction. The present principles, in short, permit the courts to take jurisdiction in too many cases, and require them to decline to exercise jurisdiction in too few cases. The third part examines how the principles on declining jurisdiction operate in practice. This is addressed by a doctrinal and an empirical analysis of the manner in which these principles are applied by the Australian superior courts. These analyses identify factors which appear to influence decisions in practice, not all of which are consistent with the applicable principles. For example, the principle requires the court to enforce foreign jurisdictional agreements unless there are strong grounds for non-enforcement. In practice, strong grounds are easily shown. These analyses show that there are factors which influence decisions which are not always apparent from the principles, suggesting that reform is required. The fourth part identifies the factors which ought to influence the law and practice of jurisdiction. The relevant factors are identified in terms of the interests of foreign states, individual litigants' interests and the forum state's interests. The law and practice of jurisdiction are examined to determine whether those interests do in fact influence law and practice. Many important interests, especially of foreign states and of defendants, are not sufficiently taken into account. This also implies that reform of the principles is warranted. The fifth part considers how Australian jurisdictional principles could be improved. Detailed reforms are suggested, drawing on a discussion and an evaluation of different approaches to jurisdiction, particularly drawing on the European Community's Regulation on Jurisdiction and Judgments. The principles should ensure that the court is jurisdictionally competent only where it is likely to be an appropriate forum for the dispute. The proposed reforms identlfy grounds of exclusive jurisdiction, provide protection to weaker parties to contracts, and otherwise require the enforcement of jurisdictional agreements. Default rules of jurisdiction which are likely to indicate a strong connection between the forum and the dispute are proposed. Specific principles for declining jurisdiction are also proposed. Retention of the forum non conveniens principle is recommended, but the English principle is advocated as a more suitable and just approach. This thesis is intended to contribute both to a theoretical understanding of this area of law and to an understanding of its practical application.
2
Keyes, Mary Elizabeth. "A Critical Analysis of Jurisdiction in International Litigation". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365397.
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This thesis critically analyses the Australian law of jurisdiction in private international litigation. Jurisdiction in international litigation is often regarded as a procedural area of law which is less important than choice of law in practical and theoretical terms. There has been little scholarly attention devoted specifically to the study of jurisdiction in Australia. In recent years, jurisdiction has certainly overtaken choice of law in practical importance. This emphasises the need for critical academic study of the law of jurisdiction. This thesis addresses this need. It critically analyses the present principles and the manner in which they are applied, identifies the factors which should influence the law, and proposes appropriate reforms to the principles. This thesis is in five related parts. The first part examines the procedural and constitutional context in which the principles of jurisdiction have been developed and applied. This context has important implications for the law and practice of jurisdiction, which have largely been overlooked in the literature, although they are important in understanding how the principles have developed and how they are applied. The second part critically analyses the present law of jurisdiction. The Australian principles of jurisdiction have not changed substantially in the last 100 years, while economic and social conditions which affect international litigation have undergone dramatic and wide-reaching changes. The present law provides that the courts are jurisdictionally competent in a wide range of cases, which do not all require a substantial connection between the dispute and the forum. The various principles applied in declining jurisdiction make it likely that the Australian courts will exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction in the majority of cases. Foreign jurisdictional agreements should be enforced by a stay unless there are strong reasons for non- enforcement. But the application of overriding mandatory rules, even where there is a jurisdictional agreement, and the courts' wide discretion under the Australian forum non conveniens principle make it unlikely that the courts will decline to exercise jurisdiction. The present principles, in short, permit the courts to take jurisdiction in too many cases, and require them to decline to exercise jurisdiction in too few cases. The third part examines how the principles on declining jurisdiction operate in practice. This is addressed by a doctrinal and an empirical analysis of the manner in which these principles are applied by the Australian superior courts. These analyses identify factors which appear to influence decisions in practice, not all of which are consistent with the applicable principles. For example, the principle requires the court to enforce foreign jurisdictional agreements unless there are strong grounds for non-enforcement. In practice, strong grounds are easily shown. These analyses show that there are factors which influence decisions which are not always apparent from the principles, suggesting that reform is required. The fourth part identifies the factors which ought to influence the law and practice of jurisdiction. The relevant factors are identified in terms of the interests of foreign states, individual litigants' interests and the forum state's interests. The law and practice of jurisdiction are examined to determine whether those interests do in fact influence law and practice. Many important interests, especially of foreign states and of defendants, are not sufficiently taken into account. This also implies that reform of the principles is warranted. The fifth part considers how Australian jurisdictional principles could be improved. Detailed reforms are suggested, drawing on a discussion and an evaluation of different approaches to jurisdiction, particularly drawing on the European Community's Regulation on Jurisdiction and Judgments. The principles should ensure that the court is jurisdictionally competent only where it is likely to be an appropriate forum for the dispute. The proposed reforms identlfy grounds of exclusive jurisdiction, provide protection to weaker parties to contracts, and otherwise require the enforcement of jurisdictional agreements. Default rules of jurisdiction which are likely to indicate a strong connection between the forum and the dispute are proposed. Specific principles for declining jurisdiction are also proposed. Retention of the forum non conveniens principle is recommended, but the English principle is advocated as a more suitable and just approach. This thesis is intended to contribute both to a theoretical understanding of this area of law and to an understanding of its practical application.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Law
Full Text
3
BOANADA, VANESSA DE CASTRO. "POST-MODERNITY IRONIES: INDIGENOUS MOVEMENTS STRATEGIES OF INTERNATIONAL LITIGATION". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14091@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORA dissertação Ironias da Pós-modernidade: A ação estratégica de movimentos indígenas através do litígio internacional apresenta, a partir do conceito de conflito da teoria social de Niklas Luhmann, um estudo de caso sobre a ação internacional de uma tribo indígena desde a origem local do conflito até sua transposição a fóruns internacionais com a formação de redes de solidariedade. Trata-se do estudo do caso do Povo Sarayaku, no Equador, que resiste há 30 anos à exploração petrolífera em seu território ancestral e que logrou transpor suas demandas ao Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. O estudo evidencia a utilização estratégica de procedimentos e de mobilização social na forma de movimentos de protesto como mecanismos específicos de contenção do risco de um conflito aberto e generalizado. Finalmente, o estudo tem como objetivo observar os efeitos destes mecanismos em ralação às expectativas iniciais do referido povo.
The dissertation Post-modernity ironies: Indigenous movements strategies of international litigation shows, drawing from the concept of conflict on Niklas Luhmann social theory, a case study on the protests of an indigenous tribe, from the beginning of the conflict, since its local origins, until the its internationalization, with the formation of nets of solidarity. The case under analysis refers to the Sarayaku People, in Ecuador, which have been resisting for almost 30 years against oil exploitation in its ancestral land and has been successful in taking its protest to the Inter-American System of Human Rights. The study highlights the strategic use of procedures and social mobilization (taking the form of protest movement) as mechanisms for the contention of the risks of a generalized and open conflict. Finally, the study intends to observe the effects of those mechanisms in relation to the original expectations of the Sarayaku People.
4
Ayten, Ilkay. "Prediction Of Litigation Probability For International Construction Projects During Bidding Stage". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611612/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
PREDICTION OF LITIGATION PROBABILITY FOR INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS DURING BIDDING STAGE
Ayten, ilkay
M.S., Department of Civil Engineering
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rifat Sönmez February 2010, 102 pages Over the years many researchers agreed that between the parties involved in construction projects such as
owner, contractor, engineer and suppliers trying to perform different scopes in different timetables. Therefore, disputes are inevitable due to the complexity of the work. Occurrence of litigation is the most terrifying process to deal with during any construction project for both owner and the contractor because of the time and money consuming nature of the process. Hence, contractors should try to eliminate any potential risk factors that will lead to litigation. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that influence court action between parties in international construction projects and develop a statistical model that will predict the litigation probability of an international construction project during bidding stage. The final prediction model revealed that contractual awareness and consciousness of risk factors is the key to predict litigation probability. Considering awareness of the factors affecting litigation probability are displayed in this thesis. Companies may have the opportunity to develop risk assessment and management strategies while reconsidering their contingency estimates.
5
Sasamori, Norman Cousins. "Forum non conveniens : foreign plaintiffs and U.S. aviation litigation". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59926.
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This thesis examines the doctrine of forum non conveniens as follows. First, the preliminary factors for foreign aircraft accident plaintiffs to consider, such as the diminishing deterrents to aircraft accident litigation and requirements for bringing a suit to a U.S. forum, are set forth. Second, the development of the doctrine of forum non conveniens is traced from its origins to the landmark case of Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235 (1981) to present. Finally, after examining various model solutions to the problems raised by the doctrine of forum non conveniens, a new solution is proposed.
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Li, Ao. "Transnational patent infringement litigation :jurisdiction and applicable law". Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3525673.
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Lee, Rainbow Lai Yee. "What are the comparisons of international litigation and arbitration in mainland China". access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b21324268a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2006."A dissertation paper undertaken in partial fulfillment of the Master of arts in arbitration and dispute resolution." Title from title screen (viewed on Sept. 20, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.
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Geeroms, Sofie. "Foreign law in civil litigation : a comparative and functional analysis /". Oxford : Oxford university press, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392234602.
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Ladrowska, Olga Małgorzata. "Multi-defendant disputes in international commercial litigation : comparative analysis of EU, English and US approaches". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709250.
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Abdullah, Muhammad Tahir. "Role of UAE courts in international commercial arbitration". Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/305727.
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Concept of arbitration has been prevalent, historically, in the Middle East since the early days of Islam. The arbitral process has been problematic in the UAE however, it has not been until recently that the UAE has recognized the importance of arbitration as a powerful dispute resolution alternative and revised its legislation to accommodate the proceedings of domestic and international arbitration. In the past, foreign investors have been reluctant to select the UAE seat for their arbitration proceedings. There has been a perception that, as a general rule, the practice of international commercial arbitration in the Middle East is still in its infancy. The UAE is now demonstrating to the international community that it has the necessary infrastructure and laws in place to successfully count itself as one of the key arbitration players, alongside London, Paris and Hong Kong. This has been the result of the UAE updating their laws, reforming dispute resolution practice and procedures and through the establishment of key regional arbitration centres. The UAE's accession to the New York Convention was also seen as a significant step in demonstrating the UAE's commitment to foreign investors and the international community. Under Federal Decree No. 43 of 2006, the UAE managed to accede to the New York Convention. The UAE's accession is considered as a mile stone towards provision for a more straightforward arbitral process and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in other Convention states. As a recent development, the UAE has evidenced the joint venture between the Dubai International Financial Centre ('the DIFC') and the London Court of International Arbitration ('the LCIA'), in February 2009, to create the DIFC-LCIA Arbitration Centre ('the DIFC~LCIA'). The DIFC-LCIA operates alongside the longer-established Dubai International Arbitration Centre ('the DlAC'). Both offer their own procedural rules and regulations for the amicable settlement of disputes through arbitration. The Courts role is vital in an arbitral proceeding in any jurisdiction. Although arbitration is believed as a court-free, independent forum for dispute resolution; the court plays fundamental role to ensure that the arbitral proceeding is taking place in a moderate and independent decorum. The UAE Court's role towards the International commercial arbitration has been very problematic and the courts historically used to intervene in the arbitral proceeding over tiny issues. The new UAE arbitration laws has changed the situation and curtailed the courts powers to interfere the arbitral proceeding. At present, the arbitration in the UAE is more independent and straightforward. The proposed UAE arbitration law has much more similarities with the Model Law UNCITRAL and meets the International standards. A lot of work still has to be done in order to make the arbitration more independent, straightforward and friendly in the UAB. The Court's role is vital and is required to be more supportive then it is at present in the arbitral process.
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Alba, Betancourt Ana Georgina. "Cross-border conflicts of patents and designs : a study of multijurisdictional litigation and arbitration procedures". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8918.
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This thesis examines procedural litigation problems arising when two parties have a conflict involving the same patent or design, with an impact in several jurisdictions, taking as a case study the litigation procedures of Apple and Samsung. The thesis asks whether this type of dispute is best resolved through a single procedure. If so, what would be the circumstances surrounding such procedure in terms of jurisdiction, applicable law, preliminary injunctions and enforcement of the decisions? It first identifies the problems related to the type of dispute when taking parallel actions in different National Courts. Then it examines the European litigation procedure of patents and designs and assesses how this system addresses the inconsistency of the national litigation regime. It argues that in relation to patents, the Unitary Patent Court (UPC) has the potential to solve some of the problems identified in the thesis and that a similar unitary system should be extended to disputes involving designs. However, in the absence of an effective international court system outside the EU for global disputes, it suggests that a single arbitration procedure is still needed. The thesis identifies the main legal barriers to an arbitration procedure as being: bringing the parties to arbitrate, the arbitrability of the dispute, the identification of applicable law and the need for preliminary injunctions. It is concluded that: the agreement to arbitrate should be facilitated by the authorities so that it is appealing to the parties; the arbitrability can be resolved by limiting the effect of the judgment to the parties; a flexible approach can be adopted to applicable law through the application by the arbitrator of ‘choice of law’ rules; and, even when a preliminary injunction is needed, the parties may recur to arbitration. The thesis concludes that the primary benefit of a single arbitration procedure would be the creation of a single award enforceable at international level.
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Legris, Emilie. "Le tiers dans le contentieux international". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0035.
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La réflexion sur le tiers dans le contentieux international a pour origine le constat d’une présence accrue des tiers dans le cadre du règlement juridictionnel des différends internationaux, questionnant la vision traditionnelle du procès international comme étant « la chose des parties ». Le tiers est défini négativement, comme toute entité qui n’est ni l’organe juridictionnel, ni les parties à l’instance. Tout au long de l’étude, il est procédé à une identification plus précise de cette notion à géométrie variable : selon la juridiction considérée et le type de procédure examiné, le tiers est un Etat, une organisation internationale, une personne privée physique ou morale. Dans le cadre d’un corpus de juridictions varié, la place du tiers dans le contentieux international est étudiée, en examinant successivement les aspects relevant de sa protection et de sa participation dans le contentieux international. En filigrane, l’étude appréhende la contribution des tiers au maintien de la paix, dans le cadre du règlement pacifique juridictionnel des différends internationauxThe reflection on third entities in international litigation comes from the finding of an increased presence of “thirds” in the jurisdictional settlement of international disputes, thus questioning the traditional vision of the international trial as being “the thing of the parties”. The “third” is defined negatively, as any entity that is neither the jurisdiction nor the parties to the proceedings. Throughout the study, a more precise identification of this notion is developed : depending on the jurisdiction in question and the type of procedure examined, third entities are either States, international organizations, private (physical or moral) persons. Within the framework of diverse jurisdictions, the study apprehends the place given to third entities in international litigation, examining successively their protection and their participation. In the background, the study looks at the contribution of third entities to peacekeeping, as part of the peaceful settlement of disputes
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Luhandjula, Yasmine. "Assessing the Prospects for Climate Action in the form of Climate Litigation as a tool to safeguard Human Rights". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76560.
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Climate change poses major threats to human life in the form of food and water shortages, health issues, loss of property and more. Climate change amplifies existing environmental, social, economic and political challenges and has increased the risk of displacements, accelerates social injustices, inequalities, and threatens human rights, including the right to life itself. Consequently, States can no longer overlook their obligations to effectively address climate change to safeguard human rights. States have agreed to mobilize stronger and more ambitious climate actions. However, their pledges on carbon emission caps, adaptation practices and climate change funds under the Paris Agreement, are not as ambitious as they ought to be. The aim of this research to assess the value and effectiveness of climate litigation as a substantial form of climate action to safeguard human rights. This research reveals that there has been a significant increase in climate litigation procedures and outcomes which reflect multiple ways in which climate litigation has influenced States to enhance and adopt laws to increase climate action on mitigation and adaptation practices. This research also reveals that climate litigation is amplified through public and civil society mobilisation as well as collaboration efforts between lawyers, scientists and activists across the world, and it is recognised as a valuable tool for those who seek accountability and justice for climate-induced harms.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
Unrestricted
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Rippenaar, Shéan Jamie. "The ratification of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, strategic litigation and the right of access to adequate housing". University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6828.
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Magister Legum - LLMAccess to adequate housing is an important socio-economic right and is of central importance for the enjoyment of all rights. The right to access adequate housing is viewed as a fundamental human right and has been described in both International Law and by the South African courts as being essential to the dignity of human beings. Access to adequate housing thus plays an important part in ensuring human dignity for all persons. It is also one of the key elements needed to ensure that all persons have access to an adequate standard of living. Access to adequate housing further plays a vital role in maintaining and improving the lives of all people as it provides both security and shelter. In modern day South Africa, access to adequate housing is held in very high regard. This is evident in the recognition it has received in the National Development Plan as two of the fourteen outcomes of the plan are to ensure that “all people are and feel safe” and “sustainable human settlements and improved quality of household life.” The drafters of the South African Constitution recognised the importance of access to adequate housing as provision was made for the right to access adequate housing in the Final Constitution in section 26. In considering the report submitted by South Africa, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural rights indicated (hereinafter referred to as the “Committee on ESCR”) the housing landscape in South Africa continues to be divided as a result of the past and that the apartheid spatial divide continues to dominate the landscape. Viljoen notes that despite numerous attempts to transform the housing regime from one which was grossly discriminatory to a welfare-orientated legal system that functions under the auspices of the rights and values entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa the poorest households in South Africa remain subject to not only a lack of access to housing but also intolerable housing conditions. He writes further that the judicial enforcement of the right to access adequate housing is a difficult, complex and multi-layered issue with which the courts have been grappling for some time. An examination of the housing rights jurisprudence reveals that housing rights and access to adequate housing has been one of the most fiercely contested and frequently litigated topics in the country. The jurisprudence also shows that housing is an area where much legislative, policy and infrastructure progress has been made.
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Irnsperger, Elena Maria. "Enforcement of the law in the People's Republic of China - with focus on international civil litigation and arbitration". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12968.
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Includes bibliographical references.The main aspect of the paper is the investigation of the enforcement of law of foreign (and domestic) judgments as well as arbitral awards in People´s Republic of China (PRC). The focus lies on international civil litigation and arbitration. For this purpose it is essential to elaborate on the judicial structures and its impact on the enforcement of laws in the PRC. The court system as well as its size and performance, the prosecution system, the lawyer system, the jurisdiction and the arbitration system will be briefly discussed. Thereafter, the study focuses on the recognition and enforcement of civil judgements and arbitral awards in the PRC. The organization of the enforcement and its procedure, laws and regulations in general will be addressed before the enforcement of civil judgements and arbitral awards will be investigated in detail. The investigation of the enforcement of judgments in the people’s courts of China is separated in the enforcement of domestic judgments and foreign judgments. While examining the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards it is important to consider the different categories of awards. In the following the challenges and obstacles facing the Chinese judicial system will be determined. The legal education, the lack of professionalism, local protectionism and the lack of judicial independence are just some of them. The progress China has made in the last decades will also be mentioned. Especially the judicial reforms from 1999 to 2014 and the efforts made to improve the enforcement of law. In addition the practical side will be determined, therefore, important or recent cases will be considered. The goal of the paper is to give an overview of the current social and economic environment of law enforcement and the measures which should be taken to improve the law enforcement in the PRC. Due to the lack of official statistics in regard of law enforcement in the PRC, the study is based on collected information from different sources.
16
Jonshult, Patrick. "LEGAL BASIS CONFLICTS REGARDING EU EXTERNAL ACTIONS : Upholding the key properties of the CFSP and the AFSJ provisions when negotiating and concluding international agreements". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-266941.
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Since the competence provided in the CFSP and the AFSJ areas in certain situation can overlap, issues have arisen in the recent case law and literature concerning the choice of legal basis. The provisions of the two policy areas concern important international areas and the institutional balance, which is based on what legal basis is chosen, leads to a number of institutional consequences such as division of power between the Member states and the Union’s institutions. The idea behind this paper is to display an ample and just picture of a complicated situation in order to highlight the issues at hand that have arisen due to the complexness of the legal framework. If one of the policy areas are chosen as the correct legal basis, different rules in the treaty applies, which leads to different distribution of power since different institutions in EU play different roles depending on legal basis. The purpose of this work is therefore to analyse the external dimension of the AFSJ and the CFSP rules and examine how the correct legal basis can be determined by the legislator at the same time as the Member States and the EU’s ability to fulfil their objectives and goals is not undermined.
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Kun, Orsolya. "The equitable jurisdiction to grant injunctive relief in international commercial litigation : a comparison of the current English and American practice". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621282.
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Nurmela, Ilona. "Viability of litigation in resolving international commercial business-to-business disputes in the EU, in particular in England and Estonia". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614184.
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Stoppioni, Edoardo. "Une analyse critique du discours du juge de l’OMC et de l’arbitre de l’investissement sur le droit non écrit". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D010.
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Ce travail a tenté de dresser une cartographie de l'utilisation par le juge de l'OMC et l'arbitre de l'investissement de l'argument juridique fondé sur le droit non écrit. Le discours juridictionnel est considéré dans une perspective métathéorique et le droit non écrit a été étudié en tant que structure discursive au sens foucaldien du terme. En prenant comme point de départ la thèse de Martti Koskennicmi, il est soutenu que le discours juridictionnel fondé sur le droit non écrit est caractérisé par des oppositions binaires, propres au droit international libéral. Aussi ce discours oscille-t-il entre deux pôles : celui de l'apologie et celui de l'utopie. Ce balancement est résumé, dans ce travail, par l'emploi de deux concepts qui représentent les deux extrémités du spectre : la banalisation et la systématisation. Dans une logique de banalisation, le juge ancre son espace normatif dans le droit international général pour y ancrer sa légitimité. La banalisation de son espace normatif particulier reflète la volonté du juge de s'aligner sur les structures de pouvoir du droit international général. Il a été démontré, dans cette optique, que le juge de l'OMC, tout comme l'arbitre d'investissement, a banalisé à dessein la nature de son espace normatif ainsi que sa fonction juridictionnelle. Un deuxième registre linguistique employé par le juge est celui de la systématisation. Dans ce contexte, le juge utilise moins le droit non écrit pour ancrer son espace normatif dans le droit international général que pour construire une certaine unité interne au régime. Le langage de systématisation a pour effet ultime de renforcer la logique néolibérale sur laquelle le régime est bâtiThe thesis has attempted to sketch a cartography of the way the WTO judge and the investment arbitrator use the judicial argument based on unwritten Law. The general approach consisted in studying the judicial discourse from a metatheoretical perspective: unwritten law is studied as a discursive structure in the Foucauldian sense of the term. Taking Martti Koskenniemi's thesis as a starting point, it is maintained that the judicial discourse based on unwritten law is grounded on binary oppositions. It oscillates between two poles : the pole of apology and the pole of utopia. This oscillation is explained using two concepts, constituting the extremities of the spectrum: banalization and systematization. In the perspective of banalization, the judge grounds its normative space in general international law. Using this approach, the WTO judge and the investment arbitrator have banalized both the nature of their normative spaces and their own judicial function. The judge also uses the linguistic register of systematization. ln this context, unwritten law is used to construct the internal unity of the regime. The effect of the language of systematization is to generate a movement between consolidation of the unity of the regime and strengthening the embedded neoliberal bias thereof
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Mirindo, Frank. "Environmental Dispute Resolution in Tanzania and South Africa: A Comparative Assessment in the Light of International Best Practice". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9222_1263173869.
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This research examines the effectiveness of these dispute resolution mechanisms in environmental disputes and what improvements should be made in order to make those mechanisms suitable for these types of disputes.
21
Timoney, Caroline. "Reflections on the evolving jurisprudence concerning the presence of the accused : focusing on National Commissioner of the South African Police Service v Southern African Human Rights Litigation Centre and Another". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15197.
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On 30 October 2014 South Africa's Constitutional Court unanimously stated that the South African Police Service was obligated to investigate allegations of torture in Zimbabwe. This landmark decision, based on South Africa's international obligations and domestic legislation, is rooted in the Court's interpretation of universal jurisdiction and in particular its application of the presumption of the "anticipated presence" of the accused. The case, first heard in the North Gauteng High Court in 2012 before being taken on appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal and Constitutional Court, concerned allegations of torture against ZANU-PF officials and Zimbabwean police during the run-up to elections in 2007. This final judgment imposes a binding obligation on the South African Police Service to investigate the allegations, prior to any decision on further prosecution. This dissertation begins by providing a background to South Africa's implementation of the Rome Statute domestically before focusing on the theoretical framework of universal jurisdiction. This is followed by an examination of the South African jurisprudence, in particular the judgment of the Constitutional Court in National Commissioner of the South African Police Service v Southern African Human Rights Litigation Centre and Another. The Constitutional Court's decision to allow for the exercise of universal jurisdiction in absentia (otherwise known as "anticipated presence") must be located within the broader concept of jurisdiction. Anticipated presence is a controversial issue and this paper will explain both the Court's reasoning as well as possible implications of this judgment. The fight against impunity for perpetrators of international crimes, emphasised by both the Rome Statute and South Africa's own legislation, has been strengthened by this judgment. This paper will also examine the remaining areas of concern which were not addressed by the Constitutional Court. This Constitutional Court judgment will define the approach of South African courts in forthcoming cases concerning the application of the Rome Statute. Despite the Constitutional Court's failure to take all factors into account in its judgment, this landmark decision has changed the legal landscape considerably and will be a powerful tool to counter the culture of impunity.
22
Ríos, Pizarro Carlos. "Three is a crowd? Some notes about Third Party Funding and its application in commercial arbitrations". IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123422.
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In this article, the author introduces us to the institution of third party funding and its future application in arbitration litigation. Third party funding allows the litigant’s costs can be funded. Moreover, he points out the problems that the third party financing has, and the implementation of rules to deal with this situation. Finally, there is a tendency to expand the duty of disclosure of the parties whether a third party is funding them.En este artículo, el autor nos introduce a la institución del third party funding y su futura aplicación en los litigios arbitrales. El third party funding permite que los costos del litigante puedan ser financiados. Asimismo, señala los problemas que presenta el tercero financista, y la implementación de normas para afrontar esa situación. Finalmente, hay una tendencia de ampliar el deber de revelación de las partes sobre si se está siendo financiado por un tercero.
23
Hutton, Ian William. "The legal aspects of cross-border asset tracing with specific reference to the conflict of laws elements of international civil fraud litigation". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343554.
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24
Diallo, Thierno Abdoulaye. "Regard sur l'Etat justiciable en droit International". Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0040/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur le statut de l'Etat justiciable en droit international. L'étude de l'Etat, sujet de droit international et justiciable des juridictions internationales, conduit à l'analyse de sa personnalité juridique internationale. Pour connaître le statut juridique de l'Etat et sa possible mise en cause devant une juridiction internationale, il a fallu donner un essai de définition du concept d'Etat et de celui de souveraineté. C'est à partir de la variante souveraineté que se décline le phénomène de justiciabilité de l'Etat en droit international. Dans cette étude, le nouveau droit international tel que proposé par la Charte des Nations en 1945, maintient l'Etat dans son rôle classique de sujet principal du droit des gens, en lui étant tout de même le statut de souverain absolu et inaccessible. En plus du contentieux interétatique classique, le souverain étatique est devenu depuis cette date un acteur contentieux presque banal devant les nouvelles juridictions internationales. C'est ainsi que l'émergence de nouveaux acteurs de la société internationale comme les individus, les entreprises et les ONG, a donné lieu à un nouveau développement conventionnel dans des espaces juridiques qui échappent au contrôle étatique. La protection internationale des droits de l'homme fait passer l'individu de la sphère nationale à la sphère internationale. Le nouveau droit international économique institutionnalisé par le CIRDI en 1965, le nouveau droit de la mer matérialisé par la Convention de Montego Bay de 1982 et le développement des juridictions pénales internationales (lutte contre l'impunité) sont la preuve d'une transformation de l'environnement juridique international où l'Etat n'est plus l'unique centre d'intérêt des rapports internationauxThis thesis examines the status of the defendant State in international law. The study of State, subject of international law and immune from international courts, led to the analysis of its international legal personality. To know the legal status of the State and its possible questioned before an International Court, it took to give a definition of the concept of sovereignty and state test. It is from the variant sovereignty comes the phenomenon of justiciability of the State under international law. In this study, new international law as proposed by the Charter in 1945, maintains the State in his classic role as main subject of the law of Nations, by taking away all the same absolute and inaccessible sovereign status. In addition to the classical inter-State disputes, the sovereign State has become since that date an almost banal litigation player before the new international courts. It is as well as the emergence of new actors in the international society as individuals, businesses and NGOS, gave rise to a new conventional development in legal spaces that are outside State control. The international protection of human rights puts the individual in the national sphere to the international sphere. The new international economic law, institutionalized by the ICSID in 1965, the new law of the sea, materialized by the Montego Bay Convention of 1982 and the development of international criminal courts (Fight against impunity) are evidence of a transformation of the international legal environment where the State is no longer the only main interest of international reports
25
Parling, Isabella. "Climate Change Litigation Based on Human Rights : challenges and possbilities in Sweden". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444217.
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Climate change litigation is expanding at fast speed throughout various jurisdictions around the world. Citizens are taking states’ lack of climate mitigation measures to courts, demanding that more has to be done on the climate crisis. More often now, litigants use human rights based argumentation which relies on international human rights law: human rights treaties, conventions, and precedent from human rights courts. According to litigants, states are therefore seen as both creating and prolonging this threat against the lives of their citizens, violating some of their most basic human rights, such as the right to life. Coupling these human rights obligations with climate treaties such as the Paris Agreement has proven effective when attempting to establish a causal connection between state emissions and climate change’s threat to citizen’s lives. This is sometimes characterized as a global ‘rights turn’ or a ‘greening’ of human rights. While a climate litigation case was denied to be brought up in Swedish courts in 2016, the Swedish government is now in 2021 finding itself tested again. Several children and youths in Sweden are currently suing the Swedish state, claiming that Sweden does not live up to its international human rights obligations. The claim is based on a human rights framing and is more similar to other ongoing or successful climate litigation cases at present time. While also facing a lawsuit as defendants in a case under the European Court of Human Rights, Sweden is now finding itself in the midst of this new phenomenon. Since, however, the issue of climate litigation in Swedish courts is quite new, the results of a new case in Sweden based on different grounds and on the precedent established in other successful cases in other similar jurisdictions, could be different. The overall purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the intentional human rights obligations that the Swedish state is bound by internationally which can be used in a climate litigation case based on human rights argumentation. The issue at hand is therefore to ascertain what, how and why those obligations concerning the climate and human rights makes it possible or challenging to pursue a case against the Swedish government, and what these obligations entail. If the case is tried in Swedish courts, it will establish the current obligations concerning climate change and its threat to human lives under international human rights law, as well as Sweden’s mitigation duties.
26
Warnasuriya, Chathura. "Minimising litigation on presentation of documents under letters of credit : an alternative approach to the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits". Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15662.
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It is a well-known fact that international trade contracts bear inherently more risk than the trade contracts entered by the parties from the same country. This is due to the differences in business methods and practices used, trade cultures of the parties involved, laws and regulations in the respective jurisdictions. Under these circumstances, it is very important for the seller to have the assurance of that he receives the payment for the goods dispatched and for the buyer to receive the goods what has been ordered. One effective way of having such an assurance is to rely on a letter of credit as an international payment method. But for exporters in particular, this payment method has presented difficulties in meeting the compliance requirements necessary for the payment to be triggered. The UCP 600 published by the International Chamber of Commerce provide the rules that govern letters of credit transactions. At the introduction of the UCP 600, it was aimed to remove wording that could lead to inconsistent application and interpretation, as against the language and style used in the previous version, namely the UCP 500. Highlighting the experiences under UCP 500, the ultimate focus of the revision of the UCP was to minimise the level of litigations that had arisen under the rules provided in the UCP. In several surveys, it has been reported that, nearly 50% of the first presentation for payment under letters of credit are rejected by the banks. This situation implies the fact that the provisions which cover letters of credit transactions are not either clear enough or well understood by the parties involved. Similarly, the decisions made by Courts around the world on issues related to letters of credit have taken different approaches when applying and interpreting the rules. This can clearly be seen by a myriad of controversial judicial standards which have been applied to similar mistakes in documents presented to the bank for payment. This thesis is an investigation into those issues to find out the optimal standards that could be applied to solve the said problems. In doing so, this thesis will strive to ascertain what remedial measures could be taken to address the issues related to examination of documents, the rejection of payment and fraud exception. Key words: International Trade, International Trade Law, Law of Letters of Credit, Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit 600, Examination of Documents and communicating the decision.
27
Rossouw, Mandi. "The harmonisation of rules on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the southern African customs union". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2281_1380785721.
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The Member States of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) have set as their objectives, amongst others, the facilitation of cross-border movement of goods between the territories of the Member States and the promotion of the integration of Member States into the global economy through enhanced trade and investment. Different approaches to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments by Member States and the risk of non-enforcement may lead to legal uncertainty and increased transaction cost for prospective traders, which ultimately act as non-tariff barriers to trade in the region. Trade is critical to Southern Africa, and the ideal is that barriers to trade, of which uncertainty concerning the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments among Member States is one, should be removed. Certainty, predictability, security of transactions, effective remedies and cost are important considerations in investment decision-making
and clear rules for allocating international jurisdiction and providing definite and expedited means of enforcing foreign judgments will facilitate intraregional as well as interregional trade. In addition to trade facilitation, a harmonised recognition and enforcement regime will consolidate economic and political integration in the SACU. An effective scheme for the mutual recognition and enforcement of civil judgments has been regarded as a feature of any economic integration initiative likely to achieve significant integration. While the harmonisation of the rules on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments has been given priority in other regional economic communities, in particularly the European Union, any similar effort to harmonise the rules on recognition and enforcement of Member States have been conspicuously absent in the SACU &ndash
a situation which needs to receive immediate attention. The thesis considers the approaches followed by the European Union with the Brussels Regime, the federal system of the United States of America under the &lsquo
full faith and credit clause&rsquo
the inter-state recognition scheme under the Australia and New Zealand Trans-Tasman judicial system
as well as the convention-approach of the Latin American States. It finds that the most suitable approach for the SACU is the negotiation and adoption by all SACU Member States of a multilateral convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, comparable to the 1971 Convention of the Hague Conference on Private International Law
the EU Brussels I Regulation and the Latin-American Montevideo Convention, as complemented by the La Paz Convention. It is imperative that a proposed convention should not merely duplicate previous efforts, but should be drafted in the light of the legal, political and socio-economic characteristics of the SACU Member States. The current legislative provisions in force in SACU Member States are compared and analysed, and the comparison and analysis form the basis of a proposal for a future instrument on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments for the region. A recommended draft text for a proposed Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments for the SACU is included. This draft text could form the basis for future negotiations by SACU Member States.
28
Tabbara, Amer. "Les actions de groupe dans le contentieux international". Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D017.
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La régulation du contentieux international des actions de groupe constitue le prolongement dans l'ordre international des fonctions poursuivies par une action de groupe dans l'ordre interne -l'accès en justice, l'efficacité économique et la régulation des marchés - et vise à assurer la sécurité juridique, la prévisibilité et l 'harmonie internationale des solutions ; objectifs également partagés par le droit international privé. Cette régulation s'avère pourtant difficile et complexe, notamment en raison de la concurrence exercée par les ordres juridiques en matière de redressement des dommages de masse, et de l'inadéquation des méthodes et instruments de droit international privé à la résolution d'un contentieux complexe, impliquant une multitude de parties et présentant une forte dimension régulatoire. La globalisation du contentieux international des actions de groupe soulève donc des questions complexes de conflits de juridictions, de conflits de lois, de coordination de procédures ainsi que de reconnaissance et d'exécution des décisions.C'est à ces questions complexes que cette thèse propose de répondre. Les solutions proposées tiennent compte des intérêts enchevêtrés que revêt le contentieux de groupe international, et visent essentiellement à prévenir des hypothèses de sous-régulation et de sur-régulation susceptibles d'empoisonner aujourd'hui le contentieux de masse internationalThe regulation of international disputes arising out of group actions consists of safeguarding the functions underlying a domestic group action procedure in the context of international litigation (i.e. access to justice, economic efficiency and market regulation). It also aims to ensure the legal certainty, the predictability and harmony of solutions; the latters are objectives also pursued by the rules of private international law. Such regulation reveals difficult to achieve, in light of the competition arising between the legal systems in relation to the redress of global mass damages and the failure of private international law methods and instruments to address complex disputes putting at stake large number of parties and having a strong regulatory dimension. Thus, the globalisation of group actions disputes raises complex questions of conflicts of jurisdictions, conflicts of laws, coordination of procedures and enforcement of decisions.This PhD dissertation aims at addressing all these complex questions. The suggested solutions take into account the intertwined interests underlying disputes arising out of international group actions and aim essentially to prevent the current intoxication of international mass litigation resulting from the occurrence of situations of under-regulation and overregulation
29
Owona-Mfegue, Kourra-Félicité. "L'arrêt de la Cour Internationale de justice du 10 octobre 2002 relatif au différend frontalier Cameroun c. Nigéria : contribution à l'étude de l'exécution des décisions en matière territoriale". Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100110.
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L’exécution des décisions juridictionnelles internationales soulève l’une des questions, sinon la question fondamentale qu’implique l’autorité des arrêts rendus par la plus haute instance juridictionnelle des Nations Unies : comment assurer de manière effective, en droit comme en fait, la mise en oeuvre de sentences dont l’autorité juridique est indéniable certes, mais évidemment assujettie à la (bonne) volonté des États ? D’ordinaire deux réponses semblent possibles : par l’exécution spontanée ou l’exécution forcée. Pourtant, l’expérience de la mise en œuvre de l’arrêt rendu le 10 octobre 2002 dans l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigeria se démarque de ce schéma classique. Elle n’est ni spontanée, ni forcée mais provoquée. Devant le caractère dérisoire des sanctions possibles en cas d’inexécution, le réalisme diplomatique vient au secours de l’effectivité de la chose jugée. En effet, l’ONU (l’organe judiciaire principal et le Secrétaire général) met en place un dispositif de provocation de la négociation dans l’exécution du futur arrêt, pour n’avoir pas à intervenir sur le fondement de l’article 94 § 2 de la Charte. Dans cette hypothèse la plus sensible dans le domaine de l’exécution des arrêts de la CIJ : celle où la Cour attribue un territoire disputé à un État alors qu’un autre État l’occupe en fait, l’alchimie entre procédure juridictionnelle et procédure négociée s’avère efficace. L’exécution de l’arrêt revêt en outre une dimension originale supplémentaire grâce aux mécanismes sui generis tels que la Commission mixte Cameroun Nigeria et l’accord post-juridictionnel parrainé par l’ONU et les puissances tutrices. On ne peut avoir meilleure illustration de la contribution de l’Afrique à l’effectivité des décisions de la CIJ, comme au règlement pacifique des différends internationauxThe implementation of international judicial decisions raises one of the questions, if not the fundamental one related to the authority of the decisions rendered by the highest Court of the United Nations. In fact the question is How to ensure effectively, the implementation of sentences whose legal authority is undeniable, but certainly and obviously depending of the (good) will of the States, in law and in fact. Usually two answers seem possible: spontaneous implementation or enforcement. However the experience of the implementation of the Judgment in Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria disregard this classic pattern. This is a preventive and early implementation by the parties and third parties, and then a delayed but effective implementation. It led to a probably unique approach in the settlement of judicial disputes. Indeed it is the first time that the UN (i. e ICJ which is the main judicial organ and the Secretary General) without delay for the foreseeable implementation’s difficulties to get involved under Article 94 § 2 of the Charter establishes an early and preventive diplomatic system of implementation. In the view of the ridiculous nature of possible sanctions for non-compliance, the diplomatic realism came to the rescue of the effectiveness of the res judicata. In this most sensitive field in implementing the judgments of the ICJ, the hypothesis in which the Court assigns a disputed territory to a state while another state occupies it in fact and of the hostility of the local populations to the change of the sovereign de facto, the merge between judicial procedure and negotiated procedure is effective. The implementation of this judgment is also original because of its sui generis mechanisms in implementing the decision such as the United Nations Joint Commission or the post-jurisdictional Agreement sponsored by the UN and witnesses States. There is no better example of the African contribution to the effectiveness of the decisions of the ICJ, as far as the peaceful settlement of international disputes is concerned
30
Tleiji, Fatima. "Le cadre juridique du cyber arbitrage dans le commerce international". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D047.
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Cette thèse est une étude comparative entre la loi française et la loi égyptienne ; elle porte sur le cadre juridique du cyber arbitrage dans le commerce international, ces termes signifiant la dématérialisation des procédures de l’arbitrage lequel représente un moyen alternatif pour régler les litiges commerciaux. La question est de savoir dans quelle mesure les règles de l'arbitrage traditionnel sont aptes à régir l'arbitrage dématérialisé et s’il faut créer pour ce dernier des règles juridiques spécifiques. La réponse à cette problématique s’articule autour de la possibilité pour toutes les règles de la législation d’adopter les nouvelles technologies. Notons que l’arbitrage dématérialisé est soumis à la même règle traditionnelle régie par la théorie générale des contrats, selon le principe de la volonté des parties, mais cet arbitrage se déroule hors la présence de ces dernières car par le biais de moyens électroniques. La procédure arbitrale aura lieu à distance, cependant, si au plan technique l'arbitrage en ligne se pratique aisément, il n’en va pas de même au plan juridique. En d’autres termes, l'arbitrage classique comprend pléthore de conditions impératives tant sur le fonds que sur la forme, conditions que l'arbitrage en ligne, en vertu de sa nature, ne réussit pas à satisfaire en totalité. Les deux lois comparées sont globalement convergentes et concordent avec les principes internationaux. Après une longue période de franche hostilité on note, dans les années quatre-vingts de la part des pays arabes, des changements dans leur attitude à l’égard de l’arbitrage commercial international. Toutefois, la loi française dépasse la loi égyptienne en matière électroniqueThis thesis is a comparative study between French law and Egyptian law; it concerns The legal framework for cyber arbitration in international trade, these terms mean paperless arbitration procedures which represents an alternative way to resolve trade disputes. The question is to what extent the rules of traditional arbitration are able to govern dematerialized arbitration and whether to create it for specific legal rules. The answer to this problem is based on the ability of all the rules of law to adopt new technologies. Note that the dematerialized arbitration is subject to the same traditional rule governed by the general theory of contract, on the basis of the will of the parties, but the arbitration shall be conducted without the presence of the latter because through electronic means. The arbitration proceedings will be held remotely, however, if technically online arbitration easily practice it does not hold true in legal terms. In other words, the classic arbitration includes plethora of mandatory conditions on both the funds and the form, terms as online arbitration, pursuant to its nature, does not satisfy in full. Both laws are compared globally convergent and consistent with international principles. After a long period of open hostility there are, in the eighty years from Arab countries, changes in their attitude to international commercial arbitration. However, French law exceeds the Egyptian law on electronic material
31
Dannenberg, Gesa. "Protection internationale des droits de l'homme et responsabilité de l'Etat devant la Cour internationale de justice". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020040.
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L’augmentation des moyens relatifs aux droits de l’homme devant la Cour internationale de Justice pose la question de la forme juridique que prend leur application dans le cadre d’un contentieux de la responsabilité interétatique et généraliste. La procédure de la Cour, conçue en vue de la défense d’intérêts étatiques subjectifs, paraît impropre à tenir compte des relations juridiques complexes dans lesquelles s’établit la responsabilité de l’Etat pour violation des droits de l’homme « internationalement garantis », et se limitant aux rapports de responsabilité bilatéraux entre les Etats parties au différend. Pourtant, au lieu de penser les liens juridiques en cause en fonction des seuls Etats parties au litige et dans des termes d’extériorité de l’individu, la Cour raisonne dans une logique de corrélation. Des relations tripartites émergent entre l’Etat auteur de la violation, les autres Etats également créanciers et débiteurs des obligations, et l’individu titulaire de droits. Mais alors qu’elle est prête à préciser ces relations juridiques, voire à les conceptualiser, la Cour n’en dénature pas pour autant sa fonction juridictionnelle traditionnelle. L’individu est certes pris en compte dans l’engagement de la responsabilité entre Etats : il n’en reste pas moins marginalisé au stade de la mise en oeuvre proprement dite de la responsabilité, mise en oeuvre centrée sur l’Etat et définie par le droit international public. Cette conception particulière de la responsabilité de l’Etat pour violation des droits de l’homme souligne que celle-ci ne saurait être réduite à la relation entre l’individu et l’Etat, dont les autres Etats ne seraient au mieux que les garants désintéressés, mais qu’elle détermine aussi et directement les rapports entre EtatsThe increasing number of human rights based claims before the International Court of Justice raises the question of their implementation in the framework of generalist and interstate litigation. The procedure of the Court has been thought and conceived for the defense of subjective interests of States. Therefore, the Court seems unable to take into account the complex legal relationships in which lies State responsibility for “internationally guaranteed human rights” violations and its scope, limited to bilateral responsibility amongst State parties. But, instead of conceiving the legal connections in dispute as to the only State parties or as external to the individual, the Court endorses a correlation approach. Tripartite relations emerge between the State perpetrator of the human rights violation, other States which are equally creditor and bearer of the obligations infringed and the individual who holds the rights. However although the Court is ready to clarify or even conceptualize the legal relationships involved, it does not distort its traditional judicial function. While the individual is taken into account in the incurrence of State responsibility it is nevertheless marginalized in its implementation, which continues to be centered on the State and defined by public international law. This particular conception of State responsibility for human rights violations underlines that it cannot be reduced to the relation between the individual and the State, for which other selfless States would stand guarantor as the most, but that it also and directly determines interstate relations
32
Ferrero, Julie. "L'interprétation évolutive des conventions internationales de protection des droits de l'homme : contribution à l'étude de la fonction interprétative du juge international". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1050.
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Les conventions internationales de protection des droits de l’Homme ont été élaborées au début de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Or, le champ matériel de ces traités est étroitement connecté aux réalités humaines, elles-mêmes en constante évolution, et les développements technologiques, sociaux, économiques ou scientifiques peuvent avoir des implications directes sur l’exercice des droits et libertés fondamentaux. L’interprétation évolutive des ces instruments, consistant à les envisager « à la lumière des conditions actuelles », est alors devenue courante dans la pratique des juridictions spécialisées, bien qu’elle soit parfois envisagée avec méfiance. Absente des règles d’interprétation du droit international formulées dans la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités, cette modalité interprétative intrigue dans la mesure où elle conduit le juge à s’écarter parfois explicitement du texte de l’accord et donc de la volonté des parties. L’interprétation évolutive invite par conséquent à une réévaluation de la fonction interprétative du juge international, entre son encadrement théorique traditionnellement strict et les exigences empiriques du droit international contemporainHuman rights treaties have been adopted at the end of the first half of the XXth century, in a technological, social and economic context which has since then deeply evolved. To maintain the effectiveness and relevance of those treaties, specialised jurisdictions have therefore increasingly interpreted their provisions in light of current living conditions. This method, called evolutive interpretation of treaties, is still looked at with suspicion. Indeed, it is not recognised by the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties and it may lead the judge to depart from the parties intention as expressed in the text of the convention. The evolutive interpretation of treaties invites therefore to reconsider the international judge’s interpretative function, between its strict theoretical conception and the empirical needs of contemporary international law
33
Tavernier, Julie. "La réparation dans le contentieux international des droits de l’homme". Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020063.
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La réparation des dommages causés aux particuliers est une thématique ancienne en droit international. Toutefois, elle a été longuement appréhendée au seul prisme des relations interétatiques, l’individu n’étant perçu que comme un objet du droit international. Le bouleversement introduit par la protection internationale des droits de l’homme quant au statut de l’individu dans cet ordre juridique invite donc à une relecture de cette question. Les obligations substantielles contractées par les Etats en matière de protection internationale des droits de l’homme devraient logiquement trouver un prolongement dans l’existence d’une obligation de ces derniers de réparer les dommages causés aux particuliers. Or, l’identification d’une telle obligation s’avère délicate, tant au regard de ses créanciers que de son étendue. Sa réalisation est quant à elle laissée en grande partie aux mains du juge. Il s’avère donc malaisé de dégager un véritable régime juridique de la réparation des dommages causés par la violation des droits de l’hommeThe reparation of damage caused to individuals is a former thematic issue of international law. However, its development has been studied only from the point of view of interstate relations as soon as the individual was conceived and treated as an object, not as a subject of international law. The change, brought by the international protection of human rights relating to the status of individual, in this legal order, suggests to re-open the debate on this matter. As a result, the compelling obligations undertaken by member states regarding international protection of human rights, should logically lead to the existence of an obligation for the latter to repair the damage caused to the private individuals. But identifying such an obligation remains delicate both with regard to his creditors and with regard to its scope. Its implementation is left largely with the hands of the judge. It is therefore difficult to find a genuine legal regime for the reparation of damages caused by the violation of human rights
34
Padanassirou, Tchatina. "Essai sur la notion d'économie du contrat pétrolier : étude transnationale de cinquante contrats africains de partage de production". Thesis, Lorient, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORIL553.
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Naguère controversée, l’utilité de la notion d’économie du contrat n’est plus à démontrer. Elle s’entend de l’agrégation des éléments nécessaires à la réalisation de la fonction économique globale et précise du contrat. Dans cette occurrence, l’économie du contrat apparaît comme un instrument d’analyse et de détermination du sort du contrat qui, en s’éloignant de la méthode analytique envisageant le contrat comme une somme d’obligations, met l’accent sur l’opération économique que veulent réaliser les parties, l’idée étant qu’au cœur du contrat se trouve une opération économique, matière objective de l’accord des volontés. Ainsi, étudiée à propos des contrats pétroliers, cette notion offre l’occasion de proposer une lecture renouvelée de ces contrats sous un angle finaliste, en adoptant comme grille d’analyse la physionomie réelle de l’opération que le contrat se propose de réaliser. Une telle démarche présente tout d’abord l’intérêt de transformer la volonté réelle, interne ou psychologique des parties à une volonté rationalisée, affectée au but contractuel. Elle contribue ensuite à une nouvelle appréhension du principe d’intangibilité contractuelle où celle-ci serait attachée à l’utilité de l’opérationWhile it used to be controversial, it is now self-explanatory that the notion of contract economics is meaningful. It is about aggregating elements necessary to achieve the contract’s overall economic and specific function. In this case, contract economics is seen as a tool to analyse and determine the outcome of a contract which, by moving away from the analytical approach that considers a contract as an addition of obligations, underlines the economic transaction that parties are looking to achieve; indeed, at the root of a contract sits an economic transaction, which is the objective material of the agreement of wills. Thus, studied in the framework of oil contracts, this notion makes it possible to build a renovated understanding of these contracts with a goal-driven angle, by using, as a reading grid, the concrete profile of the transaction that is the contract’s purpose. Such an approach is of interest to move the real, inner or psychological will of the parties into a rationalised will assigned to a contractual objective. It also helps to change our way of understanding the principle of contractual inviolability in such a way that this notion would be attached to the usefulness of the planned transaction
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Rabottin, Florent. "La protection des technologies étrangères en Chine". Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0044.
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La participation étrangère dans de nombreux secteurs clés continuant de croitre , le gouvernement chinois a pris conscience du potentiel de la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle. Les innovations sont un des éléments clés pour le développement durable des économies et nécessitent une protection adaptée. Cependant , les opérations sur la technologie sont soumises à un cadre juridique complexe qui peut varier d'un droit étranger de façon importante. Ainsi , cette étude , à travers l' analyse du régime de la technologie , a pour objectif d' exposer les difficultés mais également les opportunités offertes par le droit chinois à l' investisseur étranger. L' élaboration de dispositions proches des standards internationaux ne doit pas masquer les spécificités propres d' une législation au service du développement économique. Il s' agira d'aborder les différents moyens de protection, que ce soit par le brevet ou le secret d' affaire; mais également les opérations de droit des sociétés , les contrats sur la technologie et les incitations fiscales relatives aux activités d'innovation sur le territoire de l' Empire du Milieu. On envisagera ces thèmes tout en appréhendant les considérations pratiques inhérentes aux opérations d' affaires en Chine, tant pour les techniques de protection que pour les moyens en défense de des droits sur la technologieAs foreign participation in many key sectors continues to grow, the Chinese government has become more and more aware of the potential of intellectual property rights' protection in China. Innovation is one of the key elements for the sustainable development of economies. The legislation regarding technology is very complex, thus foreign law practitioners must understand it thoroughly, if they want to avoid pitfalls. Given that applicable Chinese laws can differ from foreign law in important ways, technology legislation in China is fraught with traps for the unwary.Thus, this study aims at highlighting , through the analysis of the technology law system ,the difficulties but also the opportunities offered by Chinese law to a foreign investor.The drafting of provisions in line with international standards should not undermine the specificities of provisions designed for economic development. These analyses will address the various means of protection, either by patent or trade secret ; but also the operations of corporate law , technology contract and tax incentives on innovation activities in China. These issues will be tackled while also looking at practical aspects that are inherent to business operations in terms of both protection techniques and means of enforcing technology rights
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Havlová, Berenika. "Právní postavení Lichtenštejnska v rámci Evropského hospodářského prostoru". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261758.
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The thesis defines legal status of Liechtenstein in the European Economic Area. It is divided into three consecutive chapters. The first chapter consists of two parts - general and economic characteristics of Liechtenstein. The general characteristic is based on the author's experience supported by scientific literature, while economic subchapter is based largely on statistical data. The second chapter focuses on the legal status of Liechtenstein and its position on international scene. The position is viewed from two perspectives, which affects it the most. First, from the perspective of participation in selected international organizations and second, the influence of close relationship with Switzerland. The last chapter analyses international litigation to which Liechtenstein is a party. The aim of this thesis is to define the legal relations of Liechtenstein, which forms its position, using the methods of analysis.
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Assongba, Cossi Hervé. "Les contentieux en transport maritime de marchandises par conteneurs". Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20005/document.
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Le transport maritime par conteneurs est devenu universel compte tenu de son caractère multimodal. Le succès de ce mode de transport est aussi lié à l’implication de plusieurs professionnels tant du monde privé que du monde public. Cependant, le transport de conteneurs constitue un univers de contentieux parfois inconnus. L’usage de ces boîtes fait l’objet de contentieux de nature privé, mais également des contentieux de nature administrative. Bien que des Conventions internationales règlementent le transport maritime en général, l’inadaptation de certaines de ces normes ne facilite pas la résolution de ces contentieux. Et, comme l’administration des douanes est en amont et en aval dans l’exécution du contrat de transport, son intervention ne reste pas sans soulever des contentieux dont la résolution implique deux ordres de juridictionsThe container shipping has become universal because of its multimodal nature. The success of this mean of transport is also linked to the involvement of many professionals from both private and public sectors. However, the container shipping constitutes a field of litigation sometime ignored. The use of these boxes involves not only litigations of private nature but also of administrative nature. Although some international conventions regulate shipping in general, the unsuitability of some of these norms does not help the settlement of these litigations. And, as the customs administration is upstream and downstream involved in the execution of the contract of carriage, its involvement is a source of disputes whose settlement implies two different kinds of courts
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Baumgartner, Samuel P. "The proposed Hague Convention on jurisdiction and foreign judgments : trans-Atlantic lawmaking for transnational litigation /". Tübingen : Mohr, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/360708293.pdf.
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Kuzmina, Alissa. "Quo vadis? Points of friction between cross-border litigation and international arbitration in the EU : A comparative examination of the interplay between the Brussels Regulation, the NY Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards and German and Swedish procedural law". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-94931.
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Gatta, Andrea. "Towards the Harmonisation of Civil Procedure: Translation in Italian Civil Court Proceedings and the Role of Multilingual Document Templates". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17167/.
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Over the past few decades, globalisation, international trade, cross-border investments, travel, and economic and personal relationships between citizens of different countries have had a profound impact on law. An increase in international relationships is inevitably followed by a growth in international and cross-border litigation. Therefore, several initiatives have been launched with the aim of unifying, harmonising, and internationalising civil procedure. Today, the international harmonisation of civil procedure is mainly achieved through soft law instruments, such as the numerous Hague Conventions dedicated to this legal field and the ALI/UNIDROIT Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure. Moreover, in the European Union, harmonisation of civil procedure has reached even more advanced levels across member states.
Any party who becomes involved in an international or cross-border dispute naturally needs to understand what is happening around them. Hence, translation is attributed a major role in international civil procedure. This paper will look at translation in civil proceedings, with particular regard to international and transnational disputes which fall under the Italian jurisdiction¬. Its purpose is twofold: 1) the first aim is to propose a potential resource which could facilitate translation in Italian civil proceedings, i.e. multilingual civil court document templates; 2) the second aim is to raise awareness on the importance of translation in international and cross-border disputes and highlight the peculiarities which characterise this particular type of translation and differentiate it from other areas of both general and legal translation.
Chapter 1 offers an overview of Italian civil proceedings. Chapter 2 is dedicated to legal translation. Chapter 3 focuses on Italian civil court documents and the use of templates in Italian proceedings. Finally, Chapter 4 presents the German and English translations of six Italian sample templates.
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PONZANO, FLAVIO. "Gli effetti di giudicato delle sentenze straniere e dei lodi". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/53868.
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Benché ampiamente studiata con riferimento al contenzioso interno, la res judicata ha ricevuto minore attenzione nella sua “dimensione internazionale”. Il presente lavoro si propone di esplorare i profili incerti degli effetti di giudicato delle “decisioni non domestiche”, intese come decisioni non provenienti dalle corti del foro, e in particolare delle sentenze straniere e dei lodi arbitrali internazionali. Nel tentativo di superare almeno parte delle incertezze e dei problemi della prassi attuale, in relazione alle sentenze straniere si sostiene che i relativi effetti di giudicato vengano determinati sulla base della teoria dell’estensione assoluta degli effetti, la quale assicura certezza giuridica transnazionale ed è consona alla moderna evoluzione liberale delle norme sul riconoscimento. Quanto ai lodi arbitrali, si propone che le istituzioni arbitrali adottino, nei propri regolamenti, ampie regole preclusive che riflettano la natura e gli obiettivi del procedimento arbitrale. Le soluzioni proposte condividono l’idea che gli effetti di giudicato di una “decisione non domestica” dovrebbero essere determinati in linea di principio dal “sistema” a cui la decisione appartiene, sebbene l’adozione di un approccio unitario risulti problematica quando questioni di giudicato sorgono tra corti statali e tribunali arbitrali in maniera da compromettere l’autonomia dell’arbitrato internazionale.Although extensively studied in domestic litigation, res judicata has received less attention in its “international dimension”. This work seeks to navigate the uncharted waters of the res judicata effects of “non-domestic decisions”, understood as decisions that are not rendered by the courts of the forum, and in particular of foreign judgments and international arbitral awards. In an attempt to overcome at least part of the uncertainties and problems of the current practice, as regards foreign judgments it is proposed that their res judicata effects be determined based on the theory of the absolute extension of effects, which ensures cross-border legal certainty and accords with the modern liberal evolution of recognition rules. As regards arbitral awards, it is suggested that arbitral institutions adopt, in their regulations, broad preclusive rules that reflect the nature and objectives of the arbitral process. The proposed solutions share the idea that the res judicata effects of a “non-domestic decision” should be in principle determined according to the “system” to which the decision belongs, although the adoption of a unitary approach is challenged when res judicata issues arise between state courts and arbitral tribunals so to jeopardize the autonomy of international arbitration.
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Bedet, Florian. "Essai sur la définition d’un statut juridique de la procédure de dédouanement des envois postaux". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS529/document.
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La thèse entreprise a pour objectif d’essayer de définir un statut juridique de la procédure de dédouanement des envois postaux. La nature juridique des envois postaux justifie un traitement douanier autonome et distinct des formalités douanières applicables aux marchandises des échanges commerciaux internationaux. Les travaux réalisés devraient tout d’abord aider à répondre aux problématiques liées aux difficultés juridiques de la définition de cette procédure de dédouanement spécifique et leurs conséquences. L’étude portera particulièrement sur le règlement des différends entre les autorités douanières et les importateurs ou exportateurs d’envois postaux internationaux en cas de litige lié au dédouanement. Au préalable, il faut donc relever et clarifier les règles juridiques qui sont déjà applicables au dédouanement des envois postaux, tant au niveau national et européen, qu'au niveau international en ce domaine. Cependant, cela se révèle difficile, et il faut rester opiniâtre devant l'extrême diversité des sources et des textes, parsemés dans de nombreuses branches du droit. Il faut ensuite nécessairement tenter de redéfinir, clairement et simplement, la notion d’envoi postal et la notion de service postal universel justifiant l'application d'une procédure spécifique de dédouanement des envois postaux. La notion de service postal universel implique un dédouanement rapide des envois postaux. Les administrations douanières ont, elles, l’obligation d’assurer le contrôle de toutes les marchandises importées ou exportées de leurs territoires nationales. La mission principale des autorités douanières est de protéger l’attractivité économique des Etats. Les agents douaniers doivent, d’une part, prélever les droits de douane et taxes à l’importation, d’autre part, lutter contre les trafics illicites de marchandises prohibées ou soumises à restriction. La délicate combinaison de l’universalisme du service postal et des obligations douanières doit permettre la reconnaissance et l’établissement d’une procédure de dédouanement spécifique aux envois postaux impliquant une nouvelle détermination des envois relevant du service postal universel et la mise en place de règles de dédouanement obligatoires et communes à l’ensemble des services postaux internationaux. La mise en œuvre d’une coopération internationale renforcée entre les services postaux et les autorités douanières est, en ce sens, préalablement indispensable. L’étude doit permettre de rendre compréhensible, pour les entreprises et les particuliers nationaux et européens, le droit positif douanier applicable au dédouanement postal. On analysera notamment les infractions et les règles douanières sanctionnant les diverses fraudes que l’on retrouve le plus fréquemment en pratique. L’essai sur la définition d'un statut juridique de la procédure de dédouanement des envois postaux démontrera qu’il est impératif de renforcer les pouvoirs et les moyens de contrôle et de sanctions des autorités douanières pour ce type singulier de dédouanement. Les voies de recours non-contentieuses et contentieuses qui sont ouvertes aux redevables et requérants feront également l’objet d’un traitement particulier. Les droits des redevables ou requérants sont notamment garantis par le principe de contrôle de la légalité des décisions de l’Administration des douanes et de ses agents par le juge judiciaire. Le juge judiciaire et le droit européen limitent et encadrent les pouvoirs exorbitants des autorités douanièresThe thesis undertaken aims to try to define a legal status of the procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The legal nature of the postal sendings justifies a customs treatment autonomous and distinct from the customs formalities applicable to the goods of the international commercial exchanges. The completed works should first of all help to answer the problems related to the legal difficulties of the definition of this procedure of specific taking out of bond and their consequences. The study will relate particularly to settlement of disputes between the customs authorities and the importers or exporters of international postal sendings in the event of litigation related to the taking out of bond. As a preliminary, it is thus necessary to raise and clarify the legal rules which are already applicable to the taking out of bond of the postal sendings, so much at the national and European level, that with the international level in this field. However, that appears difficult, and there is necessary to remain obstinate in front of the extreme diversity of the sources and the texts, strewn in many branches with the right. It is then necessarily necessary to try to redefine, clearly and simply, the concept of postal sending and the notion of universal postal service justifying the application of a specific procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The concept of universal postal service implies a fast taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The customs administrations have, they, the obligation to ensure the control of all the imported or exported goods their territories main roads. The main mission of the customs authorities is to protect the economic attractivity from the States. The customs agents must, on the one hand, take the customs duties and import taxes, on the other hand, to fight against the illicit traffics of goods prohibited or subjected to restriction. The delicate combination of the universalism of the postal service and the customs obligations must allow the recognition and the establishment of a procedure of taking out of bond specific to the postal sendings implying a new determination of the sendings concerned with the universal postal service and the installation of rules of taking out of bond obligatory and communes the whole of the international postal services. The implementation of an international cooperation reinforced between the postal services and the customs authorities is, in this direction, beforehand essential. The study must make it possible to make comprehensible, for the companies and the individuals national and European, the customs substantive law applicable to the postal taking out of bond. One will analyze in particular the customs infringements and rules sanctioning the various frauds which one finds most frequently in practice. The test on the definition of a legal status of the procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings will show that it is imperative to reinforce the powers and the means of control and sanctions of the customs authorities for this singular type of taking out of bond. The not-contentious and contentious appeals which are opened up for the debtors and applicants will also be the object of a particular treatment. The rights of the debtors or applicants are in particular ensured by the principle of control of the legality of the decisions of the Customs and Excise and of its agents by the legal judge. The legal judge and the European right limit and frame the exorbitant powers of the customs authorities
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Partida, Sebastian. "La convention d'arbitrage dans le droit des nouvelles puissances économiques (Chine, Inde, Brésil, Mexique)". Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020049.
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Les profondes mutations du commerce international, avec en particulier l'émergence de nouvelles puissances économiques et l’accélération de la révolution numérique, nous invitent à revoir les distinctions traditionnelles entre les différents droits de l'arbitrage. Si l'on peut observer un mouvement d'uniformisation des droits dans les pays occidentaux, en particulier avec une convergence des droits de Common Law et des droits continentaux, qu'en est-il dans les pays qualifiés hier d’ « émergents »? Assiste-t-on à ce même phénomène ? Des particularismes ressortent-ils? L'objet de cette thèse sera d'examiner les spécificités de quatre grands pays - la Chine, l’Inde, le Brésil et le Mexique - dont le poids démographique et économique ne cesse de croître dans les échanges internationaux. Dans une démarche comparative, nous nous intéresserons spécifiquement à la convention d'arbitrage, clé de voûte du droit de l’arbitrage, afin d’essayer de comprendre la philosophie et le traitement réservé à ce mode de règlement des différends dans chacun des ces pays. Cela nous conduira à nous interroger sur la place actuelle du droit français de l’arbitrage, longtemps considéré comme avant-gardiste, et sur son influence dans les années à venirThe profound changes in international trade, particularly in light of the emergence of new economic powers and the acceleration of the Digital Revolution, lead us to revisit the traditional distinctions between the different national arbitration laws. While a movement of standardization of national laws has been observed in Western countries, particularly with a tendency of convergence between Common Law and Civil Law jurisdictions, what about the countries that were qualified yesterday as "emerging"? Is the same phenomenon true for the them and Do particularisms emerge? The purpose of this thesis will be to examine the specificities of four major countries - China, India, Brazil and Mexico - whose demographic and economic weight is growing in international trade day by day. Through a comparative approach, we will focus specifically on the arbitration agreement, being the keystone of arbitration law, in order to try to understand the philosophy and treatment reserved to this dispute resolution method in each of these countries. This will inevitably lead to question the current place of French law, long considered as avant-garde, and its influence in the years to come
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Paiva, Alexandre Magno Ramos. "A contenda do algodão entre Brasil e Estados Unidos na Organização Mundial do Comércio: considerações acerca de seus efeitos para a inserção do Brasil no mundo". Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2603.
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CAPES
After the Cold War, Brazil and United States started a new phase concerning the international commerce, in which Brazil established itself as a global trader, competing with the US products in the world market, mainly in respect to the commodities sector. Cotton, an important raw-material, makes part of in this scenario, and it was the reason for the greatest contend involving the two countries. The process by which Brazil contests the American subsidies toward their local producers dates back to 2002 and had a favorable outcome to the Latin- American country in 2005, when the World Trade Organization recognized the damaging effects resulting from the American practices in the world market of this product. Afterwards, there was a retaliation plead from Brazil and its subsequent authorization, being permitted to cross-retaliate, by which Brazil could break copyrights, for instance, in its compensating efforts. The two countries, ever since, keep a dialogue agenda about the best solution to the case, with a frame-work signed in 2010. The research aims to comprehend how this contentious trespassed the limits of the countries involved, bringing about some sort of international appeal and collaborating for the Brazilian insertion in the World as a global player. The first chapter deals with the reformulation of the domestic scenario, putting the Brazilian State closer to its internal productive sectors, as well as the changings occurred in the international commerce. In the second chapter, there's en explanation about the rules which involves the OMC disputes and how the case between Brazil and USA was conducted, with special highlight for the cotton contentious. Finally, in the last chapter, it is given a major emphasis in the external scenario and how it swayed the decisions of the two contenders for achieving the up-to-date result. The Brazilian victory in the cotton dispute reveals a greater Brazilian protagonist role in the developing world and the rising of its power in the commercial discussions.
Com o final da Guerra Fria, Brasil e Estados Unidos entram numa nova fase em termos de comércio internacional, na qual o Brasil se estabelece como um global trader e passa a concorrer com os produtos norte-americanos no mercado mundial, principalmente no que diz respeito ao setor de commodities. O algodão, importante matéria-prima, se insere nesse novo cenário, e foi motivo da maior contenda envolvendo esses dois países. O processo pelo qual o Brasil contestava os subsídios concedidos pelos norte-americanos aos seus produtores locais data de 2002 e ganhou um desfecho favorável ao país sul-americano em 2005, quando a Organização Mundial do Comércio reconheceu o efeito funesto resultante das práticas norte-americanas no mercado internacional desse produto. Posteriormente, houve o pedido de retaliação por parte do Brasil e sua consequente autorização, sendo-a permitida sob a forma cruzada, ou seja, podendo envolver quebras de patentes, por exemplo, nos seus esforços de ressarcimento. Os dois países, desde então, vêm mantendo uma agenda de diálogo acerca da melhor maneira de solucionar esse contencioso, havendo um acordo sido assinado em 2010. A pesquisa visa compreender como essa contenda ultrapassou os limites dos países envolvidos, ganhando apelo internacional e contribuindo para a inserção do Brasil no mundo como um global player. O primeiro capítulo trata da reforma no cenário doméstico, aproximando o Estado brasileiro dos setores produtivos locais, bem como as mudanças ocorridas no comércio internacional. No segundo capítulo, há uma explanação sobre as regras que circunscrevem as disputas na OMC e como o caso entre Brasil e Estados Unidos foi conduzido, com especial ênfase para o contencioso do algodão. Por fim, no último, dá-se um destaque maior ao cenário externo e como ele influenciou as decisões dos dois contendores para que se chegasse ao desfecho atual. A vitória obtida pelo Brasil no contencioso do algodão aponta para um maior protagonismo brasileiro no mundo em desenvolvimento e um aumento do seu poder nos debates sobre comércio internacional.
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Payne, Bridget Áine. "State-Financed Merger and Acquisition Activity in Germany as a Catalyst for Robust Chinese Patent Law Enforcement". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1171.
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Germany’s economic dominance in Europe, generous investment incentives, and technical manufacturing prowess has encouraged an influx of Chinese-led inbound activity, concentrated in high-tech sector mergers and acquisitions. A close examination of these M&As yields evidence of systemic Chinese state-financing through both state-owned and private vehicles that likely stems from China’s “Made in China 2025” policy, which hopes to stem capital outflow and to indigenize technological innovation. As Germany braces for what it sees to be continuous attempts by China to take patented German technology through M&As, it worries that Chinese patent law will allow for rampant patent infringement by copycat Chinese entities.
This paper presents an overview of the root causes of China’s heavy economic activity in Germany, as well as an analysis of the legal concerns held by German firms based on a close reading of the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China and strategic recommendations for German companies hoping to work with or in China.
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Reichling, Noemie. "Les principes directeurs du procès civil dans l'Espace judiciaire européen". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC021/document.
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Depuis l’entrée en vigueur du Traité d’Amsterdam, le 1er mai 1999 et la « communautarisation » de la coopération judiciaire civile, l’Union européenne a adopté de nombreux instruments applicables aux litiges transfrontaliers, au point que l’on peut aujourd’hui parler d’un « droit judiciaire privé européen ». Or, il est permis de s’interroger sur les principes qui le gouvernent. Par comparaison, le Code de procédure civile français comprend un chapitre entier consacré aux principes directeurs du procès civil. De l’étude des instruments de l’Espace judiciaire civil européen, quatre principes directeurs ont été identifiés : le principe du contradictoire, le principe du rôle actif du juge, le principe de célérité et le principe du dialogue transfrontalier. Il est alors possible, dans une démarche prospective, de s’interroger sur leur éventuelle consécration en droit de l’Union. Un certain nombre d’obstacles ont été relevés mais aucun ne paraît dirimant. Possible, cette consécration semble également souhaitable. Ses différents apports ont en effet été mis en évidence. Il restait à déterminer la base juridique ainsi que l’instrument normatif de cette consécration. À ce titre, l’article 81 du Traité sur le fonctionnement de l’Union européenne relatif à la coopération judiciaire en matière civile pourrait servir de base juridique. Par ailleurs, c’est lavoie du règlement et non celle de la directive qui a été ici privilégiéeSince the Treaty of Amsterdam entered into force on the 1st of May 1999 and the “communitarisation” of judicial cooperation in civil matters, the European Union has adopted many legal instruments relating to cross-border litigation, to the extent that one can now refer to a distinct “European International Private Law”, the governing principles of which have yet to be defined. By comparison, the French Code of Civil Procedure includes an entire chapter devoted to the governing principles applicable to civil trials. Based on a study of the European civil justice area, four governing principles can be identified: the adversarial principle, the principle of the judge’s active role, the principle of urgency and the principle of cross-border dialogue. In prospective terms, it follows that the possibility of these four principles’ being enacted in EU law is a matter worthy of examination. Several obstacles can be identified, none of which appears to be insuperable. Having been recognised as a possibility, such a consecration also seems desirable on the grounds of its several demonstrable advantages. The legal basis and vehicle of the above-mentioned four principles’ legal enshrinement remain to be determined. In this regard, article 81 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, pertaining to judicial cooperation in civil matters, couldserve as a legal basis. In terms of implementation, this study also argues in favor of regulations over directives
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Su, Yii-Der. "Les litiges en matière de marque : contribution à une étude de droit comparé entre la France, la Chine continentale et Taïwan". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA029.
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Le droit de la propriété intellectuelle a connu d’importants développements dans le sillage de la révolution technologique et du phénomène de la globalisation. Le droit de marque confère un monopole au profit de son titulaire, qui lui permet d’établir des liens avec les consommateurs, à travers les produits et les services qui sont revêtus du signe protégé : des liens juridiques et des liens commerciaux par l’effet de la communication, de la publicité, de la transmission de l’image de l’entreprise que celui-ci véhicule. Toutefois, les prérogatives attachées au droit de marque rencontrent des limites inhérentes à tout monopole, à savoir le respect de l’intérêt général, fil un conducteur qui gouverne la procédure d’enregistrement de la marque, au-delà, son maintien en vigueur et la détermination des frontières qui séparent ce qui est permis de ce qui est interdit. S’agissant de s’interroger sur les procédures de règlement des litiges, à l’aune de leur comparaison, entre trois systèmes de cultures juridiques très différentes, à savoir la France « berceau » du droit continental et, du droit administratif d’une part, et, d’autre part, deux entités de tradition juridique divergente - la Chine continentale et Taïwan - , on peut relever un renforcement du pouvoir administratif et en même temps, un mouvement d’harmonisation des règles du contentieux. Le renforcement du pouvoir administratif se manifeste à travers l’extension des compétences en matière de droits de propriété intellectuelle. Ainsi, en Chine continentale, les autorités administratives locales peuvent appliquer les lois administratives pour régler avec célérité les litiges de propriété intellectuelle. En France, le renforcement du pouvoir administratif s’exprime avec la transposition future de la directive de 2015 sur l’harmonisation du droit des marques dans l’Union européenne, qui attribue compétence à l’INPI en matière de déchéance et de nullité des marques, au premier degré. L’harmonisation du droit des marques se révèle avec le renforcement du mécanisme de la retenue en douane en Chine continentale et à Taïwan et, par ailleurs, avec l’instauration de juridictions spécialisées, le législateur taïwanais étant le premier entre les trois systèmes juridiques, à créer une Cour en propriété intellectuelle en 2007There continues to be significant developments in intellectual property law in the wake of the technological revolution and the globalization phenomenon. This thesis seeks to analyze procedures for settling disputes by comparing three decidedly different judicial systems: France (the « cradle » of Civil law legal system) on the one hand, contrasted with two entities of diverging judicial traditions, namely Mainland China and Taiwan. We will take up two trends in particular: a strengthening of administrative power and at the same time a movement toward harmonizing settlement procedures.The strengthening of administrative power is evidenced by its “specialization” and extension of its competence in the area of intellectual property rights. Thus, in Mainland China local administrative authorities can enforce administrative laws to expediently deal with intellectual property disputes. In France, on the other hand, the growth of administrative power can be seen in the transposing of the 2015 future directive regarding the harmonization of trademarks within the European Union, which attributed competence to the INPI for the first degree examination in the revocation and invalidity procedures.The harmonization of trademarks is also visible in the introduction of a reinforced “customs seizure” mechanism in Mainland China and Taiwan. Furthermore, with the establishment of specialized courts, the Taiwanese legislature became the first of the three justice systems to create an intellectual property court in 2007
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Gouin, Margaret E. "Nuclear law: The applicability of Canadian and related international public law principles to litigating the issue of nuclear weapons in Canadian courts". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5597.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine questions of substantive law raised by the prospect of bringing the issue of nuclear weapons before a Canadian court. First, the history of litigation of nuclear issues since 1945 will be reviewed. Next, the relevant principles of international law will be examined for their application, either direct or indirect, to nuclear weapons issues. Other areas of international public law, such as environmental law, human rights law and international criminal law, will also be examined to see how they may be applied to nuclear weapons. In addition, consideration is given to the effect of such influential aspects of the international system as resolutions of the United Nations and unilateral declarations by states. This is followed by a study of how and when international law can be applied by a domestic court in Canada. The next chapter examines principles of Canadian law which may have an application to the issue of nuclear weapons. The primary sources here are the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Constitution Act, 1982 and the Criminal Code.
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Mehtiyeva, Kamalia. "La notion de coopération judiciaire". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D063.
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La diversité des ordres juridiques, ainsi que leur multiplication, ont engendré un besoin croissant d'articulation entre eux. Les seuls mécanismes de coordination ne suffisent plus et s'accompagnent désormais de méthodes d'interaction plus active, durant l'instance et à l'issue de l'instance, formant un tout qu'est le phénomène de coopération judiciaire. Derrière l'analyse de la diversité des méthodes de coopération employées dans l'ordre international (commission rogatoire, notification des actes de procès à l'étranger, extradition, exequatur), et dans l'ordre européen mû par le principe de reconnaissance mutuelle (mandat d'arrêt européen, reconnaissance des décisions civiles et pénales, décision d'enquête européenne), l'étude révèle une unité profonde de la notion de coopération. Les critères de celle-ci, analysée comme un acte de procès, accompli librement par un ordre juridique, à la demande d'un autre, pour les besoins d'une procédure relevant de l'ordre juridique requérant, permettent de remonter à son essence. Elle est un processus d'aide réciproque, fondé sur la réciprocité et dont la finalité de résolution d'un litige transfrontalier dicte les offices respectifs des juges requérant et requisThe diversity of legal orders and their multiplication have led to a growing need to articulate them. Mechanisms of coordination are no longer sufficient and are complemented by more active methods of interaction both during proceedings in court and upon their completion, thus forming an integral whole, known as the phenomenon of judicial cooperation. Behind the analysis of the diversity of the methods of cooperation that are implemented in the international order (letters rogatory, service of process, extradition, exequatur) and in the European order by virtue of the principle of mutual recognition (European arrest warrant, recognition of civil and criminal judgments, European investigation order), the thesis reveals a prefound unity of the notion of judicial cooperation. Its criteria, analysed as procedural act, free/y accomplished by one legal order upon the request of another, for the needs of judicial proceedings pending before or ended in the requesting legal order, allow to trace the essence of judicial cooperation. At the core of judicial cooperation lies the process of mutual aid, based on reciprocity for the purposes of resolving a transborder litigation, and which defines respective powers of the requesting and the requested judge
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Morbach, Rüdiger. "Der kartellrechtliche ordre public in der internationalen Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit". Thesis, Paris 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PA020034.
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Au carrefour des domaines juridiques du droit de la concurrence et du droit de l’arbitrage se situe la liberté contractuelle. Elle est garantie par les règles du droit de la concurrence et en même temps la raison d'être de l’arbitrage. La liberté contractuelle est également à la base d'un conflit qui se présente dans les deux domaines : Le conflit entre la liberté individuelle et les intérêts régulateurs de l’État. Omniprésent dans le droit de la concurrence, ce conflit se manifeste dans le droit de l'arbitrage chaque fois que le droit d'arbitrage rencontre une loi étatique de caractère impératif. Il est particulièrement pertinent lorsque la juridiction de l'État est impliquée dans le cadre d'une procédure d'exécution d'une sentence arbitrale ou d'un recours en annulation. Dans ce cas, s'ajoute également le conflit entre l'arbitrage et le système judiciaire étatique. Étant donné que ces deux systèmes sont jugés équivalents, le juge étatique doit s'abstenir de juger à nouveau le fond du litige tranché par le tribunal arbitral (principe de non-révision au fond). Il peut seulement vérifier que l'exequatur de la sentence arbitrale ne heurte pas un principe essentiel du droit étatique, son ordre public. Les règles du droit de la concurrence qui font partie de l'ordre public, leur application par l’arbitre et leur contrôle par le juge étatique font l’objet de la thèseAt the intersection between arbitration and competition law lies private autonomy. The provisions of competition law safeguard what is at the same time the legal foundation of arbitration. In both areas of law, private autonomy enters into conflict with the state's regulatory interest. While this conflict is omnipresent in competition law, it manifests itself in arbitration only when the arbitral proceedings come into contact with mandatory state law, most notably when a state court has to decide on the enforceability of an arbitral award. If this is the case, not only private autonomy and mandatory state law collide, but also arbitration and state court jurisdiction. As far as arbitration and litigation are considered to be equivalent, a state court may not review the substance of an arbitral award on the merits (principle of non-révision au fond). It may only consider whether the enforcement of the arbitral award would violate an essential principle of the law of the state that the state court is supposed to protect, i.e. its public policy (ordre public). Some of these essential principles derive from a state’s competition law and form the state’s public competition policy. Public competition policy, it’s implications for the arbitral tribunal and its protection by state courts form the subject of doctoral thesis
An der Schnittstelle zwischen der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und dem Kartellrecht liegt die Privatautonomie. Sie wird durch die Regeln des Kartellrechts gewährleistet und stellt zugleich die Legitimationsgrundlage der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit dar. Dabei steht sie in beiden Rechtsgebieten im Konflikt mit dem staatlichen Ordnungsinteresse. Während dieser Konflikt im Kartellrecht allgegenwärtig ist, manifestiert er sich in der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit, sobald das Schiedsverfahren mit zwingendem staatlichen Recht in Berührung kommt, insbesondere wenn ein staatliches Gericht über die Vollstreckbarerklärung oder Aufhebung eines Schiedsspruchs entscheiden muss. In diesem Fall treffen nicht nur Privatautonomie und staatlicher Zwang aufeinander, sondern auch Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und staatliche Gerichtsbarkeit. Werden beide als gleichwertig angesehen, darf das staatliche Gerichte einen Schiedsspruch grundsätzlich nicht in der Sache überprüfen (Prinzip der non-révision au fond). Es darf nur prüfen, ob die Vollstreckung des Schiedsspruchs einen wesentlichen Grundsatz des von ihm zu schützenden staatlichen Rechts verletzen würde, seinen ordre public. Enthalten diese wesentlichen Grundsätze Regeln des Kartellrechts, handelt es sich um den kartellrechtlichen ordre public. Der kartellrechtliche ordre public, seine Bedeutung für das Schiedsgericht und seine Überprüfung durch das staatliche Gericht werden in dieser Dissertation untersucht. Dazu bedarf es eingangs einer allgemeinen Betrachtung der Schnittstellen zwischen Kartellrecht und Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (1. Kapitel). Diese widmet sich einerseits den theoretischen Grundlagen der Beziehung beider Rechtsgebiete, andererseits den vielen praktischen Formen des Aufeinandertreffens von Kartellrecht und Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit. Davon ausgehend soll sich dem kartellrechtlichen ordre public genähert werden, indem dieser in allen seinen Erscheinungsformen dargestellt wird, die anhand ihrer Wirkungen in gängige ordre-public-Kategorisierungen eingeordnet werden und miteinander so ins Verhältnis gesetzt werden, dass Konflikte und ein möglicher Umgang mit ihnen erkennbar werden (2. Kapitel). Im Anschluss soll aufgezeigt werden, wie staatliche Gerichte Schiedssprüche auf eine Verletzung des kartellrechtlichen ordre public überprüfen, welche Kontrollparameter ihre Untersuchung beeinflussen, wie sich Parallelverfahren vor Wettbewerbsbehörden darauf auswirken und welche Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten ein staatliches Gericht hat, das eine Verletzung des kartellrechtlichen ordre public feststellt (3. Kapitel). Im Anschluss sollen Möglichkeiten für das Schiedsgericht und die Schiedsparteien ergründet werden, einen Verstoß gegen den kartellrechtlichen ordre public zu vermeiden (4. Kapitel). Mit den hierbei gewonnenen Ergebnissen soll zuletzt versucht werden, eine Antwort auf die Frage zu finden, ob der kartellrechtliche ordre public einen wirksamen Sicherungs¬mechanismus darstellt, mit dem eine sich eine Rechtsordnung gegen gravierende Verletzungen ihres Kartellrechts durch Schiedssprüche schützen kann