Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / International legislation

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „International legislation”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 31 stycznia 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "International legislation"

Marković, Savo. "Legislative Prospective of the Arrest of Ships in Montenegro". PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 21, nr 4 (2.03.2012): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v21i4.241.

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In the existing legislative process, the Montenegrin judicature faces a series of questions imposed by the practice of arresting ships. Legislation tries to respond to them by innovating the current regulations, based on the 1977, i.e. 1998 Maritime and Inland Navigation Act (MINA), and by taking into consideration the achievements of foreign, similar jurisprudences and legislations, as well as of international conventions. The proposed solutions in the draft of the Maritime Navigation Act represent a certain change in legislative systematization of the legal institute of temporary measure of ships arrest. KEY WORDS: arrest of ships, national legislation, International Arrest Conventions

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Kashirkina, Anna, i Andrey Morozov. "Theoretical Approaches of the European Commission for Democracy Through Law (the Venice Commission) to the Assessment of Anti-Terrorism Legislation: international Legal Discourse and Implementation Problems". Russian Journal of Criminology 14, nr 3 (30.06.2020): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(3).411-422.

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The topic of the article is highly relevant due to the importance of basing the legislative regulation of counter-terrorism activities on international treaties in this sphere. Besides, the legislative regulation of counteracting terrorism should be developed in accordance with the current international law acts and should take into account international obligations that they entail. The authors believe that the improvement of counter-terrorism legislation is facilitated by the work of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission), which conducts an expert evaluation of the national legislations of member states. The goal of this research is to analyze the current international law regulation in the sphere of counteracting terrorism and in identifying the specifics of its application by the Venice Commission in its assessment of national counter-terrorism legislations. The authors examine some issues connected with the work of the Venice Commission on preparing conclusions and recommendations that contain its assessment of the counter-terrorism legislation of a number of countries (the Republic of Moldova, the French Republic). They note the specifics of the work of the Venice Commission as a special auxiliary body of the Council of Europe that analyzes and assesses the legislative acts of member states based on the poly-functional guidelines of the Council of Europe. While assessing national legislations, the Venice Commission uses international law acts that contain, among other things, universally recognized principles and norms of international law, so the authors of the article show the significance of the international law regulation of counteracting terrorism through international treaties both between different countries and under the aegis of international organizations and integration unions; they also identify the problems connected with their implementation in national legislations. Based on the conducted research, the authors come to the following conclusions: the legislative regulation of counteracting terrorism should be amended with strict observance of the universally recognized principles and norms of international law incorporated, among other things, in international treaties; it is necessary to develop the international law regulation in the sphere of counteracting terrorism while taking into account new challenges and threats brought about by globalization and use the potential of international law instruments; international bodies play an important part in improving national counter-terrorism legislations, specifically, the Venice Commission, which, through its expert work, contributes to the development of legislation based on international legal acts.

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Magill-Cuerden, Julia. "International midwifery legislation". British Journal of Midwifery 10, nr 12 (5.12.2002): 732–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2002.10.12.732.

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de Ruiter, Willem. "International maritime legislation". WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 5, nr 1 (kwiecień 2006): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03195077.

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RAKHIMOVA, Gakku N., Sergazy KUSSAINOV, Baurzhan O. ZHANGUTTIN, Zhomart K. SIMTIKOV, Yermek A. BURIBAYEV i Zhanna A. KHAMZINA. "The Welfare State in Kazakhstan: Development Based on International Experience and International Standards". Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, nr 6 (1.11.2019): 2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.6(36).26.

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The relevance of the article lies in the need to modernize the social protection system of Kazakhstan to solve the problems of poverty. The study aims to offer opportunities for the transformation and implementation of international experience in the field of social security in the legislation of Kazakhstan. Applying the legal comparative method, the authors identified the main parameters of the social protection systems of the European member states of the International Labor Organization and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Analysis of the development of legislation on social security and social insurance has revealed the possibility of transforming the legislation of Kazakhstan in accordance with foreign standards and suggest steps to be taken to build a welfare state: systematization and codification of legislation on social security and social insurance; the continuation of the formation of the legal framework for compulsory social insurance for temporary disability, for pregnancy and childbirth; updating health insurance legislation; legislative consolidation of specific criteria and standards that will allow more clearly determine the types and volumes of guaranteed social security.

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Truby, Jon. "International Investment Law, Trade in Services and Customs: Legislative Strategies for States Hosting International Competitive Events". Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 1 (1.01.2017): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017006.

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Any nation hosting a mega sports event faces an onerous and pressing legislative task with an inflexible deadline to introduce or amend essential legislation in order to accommodate the many demands of the event. The requirements of international investors and the laws governing trade in services all need due consideration prior to the execution of such an event. Never before have the demands of legislative reform been more pressing than on the State of Qatar in its mammoth efforts to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup QatarTM, with a 2017 deadline to do so. The demands on a host nation to enact adequate Enabling Legislation adequate to deliver a mega sporting event are so significant and require such accuracy that before even considering what type of legislation should be passed, lawmakers must strategize as to their method of enacting wide-ranging, reformist and potentially contentious legislation. In the context of the FIFA World Cup Qatar and other mega sporting events, this article evaluates the variety of possible legislative strategies for enacting the legal reforms required to host such an event. It does this by considering how previous tournament hosts, including South Africa, Russia and Brazil have undertaken this, as well as how London managed with the Olympic games. It then considers how best these laws can be passed to include also laws that would leave a positive legacy for the host nation. Finally it considers how the use of emergency legislation could have a detrimental affect on the host nation, and warns against overruling certain constitutional freedoms and rights.

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Doomen, Jasper. "Realism in International Legislation". Volume 4 Issue 1 (2012) 4, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/ijpp.4.1.3.

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The status of ‘international law’ is examined critically. In the first section, the basis of (national) legislation is described. This consists of an inquiry into a credible meaning of ‘natural law’. It is focused on the question whether universal principles exist and, if so, of what kind. Section 2 deals with the issue of enforcement. National legislation invariably realizes this, but this is not obvious at the international level. Section 3 deals with human rights. It is discussed whether their presence points to the existence of ‘international law’. To this end, a possible reason for these rights to have developed is expounded.

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Nicholson, Emma. "International computer security legislation". Computer Fraud & Security Bulletin 1990, nr 10 (październik 1990): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-0496(90)90104-s.

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Watson, Kaitlyn E., Judith A. Singleton, Vivienne Tippett i Lisa M. Nissen. "Do disasters predict international pharmacy legislation?" Australian Health Review 44, nr 3 (2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah19093.

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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore whether a relationship exists between the number of disasters a jurisdiction has experienced and the presence of disaster-specific pharmacy legislation. MethodsPharmacy legislation specific to disasters was reviewed for five countries: Australia, Canada, UK, US and New Zealand. A binary logistic regression test using a generalised estimating equation was used to examine the association between the number of disasters experienced by a state, province, territory or country and whether they had disaster-specific pharmacy legislation. ResultsThree of six models were statistically significant, suggesting that the odds of a jurisdiction having disaster-specific pharmacy legislation increased as the number of disasters increased for the period 2007–17 and 2013–17. There was an association between the everyday emergency supply legislation and the presence of the extended disaster-specific emergency supply legislation . ConclusionsIt is evident from this review that there are inconsistencies as to the level of assistance pharmacists can provide during times of crisis depending on their jurisdiction and location of practice. It is not a question of whether pharmacists have the skills and capabilities to assist, but rather what legislative barriers are preventing them from being able to contribute further to the disaster healthcare team. What is known about the topic?The contributing factors to disaster-specific pharmacy legislation has not previously been explored in Australia. It can be postulated that the number of disasters experienced by a jurisdiction increases the likelihood of governments introducing disaster-specific pharmacy legislation based on other countries. What does this paper add?This study compared five countries and their pharmacy legislation specific to disasters. It identified that as the number of disasters increases, the odds of a jurisdiction having disaster-specific emergency supply or disaster relocation or mobile pharmacy legislation increases. However, this is likely to be only one of many factors affecting the political decisions of when and what legislation is passed in relation to pharmacists’ roles in disasters. What are the implications for practitioners?Pharmacists are well situated in the community to be of assistance during disasters. However, their ability to help patients with chronic disease management or providing necessary vaccinations in disasters is limited by the legislation in their jurisdiction. Releasing pharmacists’ full potential in disasters could alleviate the burden of low-acuity patients on other healthcare services. This could subsequently free up other healthcare professionals to treat high-acuity patients and emergencies.

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Yurkova, Marina A. "Features of international educational legislation". Leningrad legal journal, nr 1 (2021): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35231/18136230_2021_1_145.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "International legislation"

Tremblay, Michel 1955 Feb 27. "The legal status of military aircraft in international law /". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81237.

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Since the beginning of the history of aviation, the use of aircraft for military purposes revealed an efficient and dangerous weapon in the arsenal of a State. First it was used as observatory post, and then the aircraft took a more active role in combat until it became a destructive and deadly weapon. The definition of military aircraft in international law is not clear as States only wish to regulate international civil air navigation and not state aircraft. On the other hand, the Law of armed conflict defines the status of every aircraft with their respective duties and rights in the conduct of hostilities. The interception of civil aircraft by military aircraft shall be done in accordance with the international standards adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization in virtue of the Chicago Convention and it's limited to determine the identity of the aircraft. The use of deadly force against civilian aircraft in flight is equivalent of pronouncing the death sentence of its occupants without the hearing of a trial. Respecting the international standards of interception of civil aircraft is a necessity.

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Rose, Cecily Elizabeth. "International regulation of private sector corruption". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648506.

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Lim, Kevin (Kevin Shun Wei). "Estimating the effects of foreign bribery legislation in the international economy". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62471.

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Thesis (S.M. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-67).
Foreign bribery - the payment of bribes across borders - poses a classic collective action problem in theory. A firm may extract benefits through the payment of bribes to foreign public officials without its own country bearing the associated costs of governmental corruption, and hence while eliminating foreign bribery may be in the best interests of all who are engaged with the global economy, there are few obvious incentives for any one national government to be the first to take action. Over the last two decades, however, an unprecedented degree of multilateral cooperation on the issue of foreign bribery has been achieved. In particular, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has been a key institutional locus of activity, serving as the coordinating body for the monitoring and enforcement of a comprehensive anti-bribery convention that was adopted in 1997. This convention appears to have been largely successful at least in terms of spurring legislative change: all OECD member countries as well as several nonmember nations have since adopted laws that explicitly criminalize the act of bribing foreign public officials, and the capacity of the state to monitor, detect, and prosecute the offense of foreign bribery has ostensibly been enhanced. Given the potential for collective action problems to develop, it is thus important to ask whether the legislative action that has been taken thus far is meaningful in any measurable sense. I answer this question by constructing an original measure of the strictness of foreign bribery legislation, which I then employ as the main independent variable in an empirical study of export data, utilizing both difference-in-difference estimators and regression analysis. The results of my analysis provide support for the hypothesis that the enactment of stricter foreign bribery legislation amongst the countries party to the OECD convention has reduced exports to more corrupt countries more so than it has exports to less corrupt countries. These findings are robust to a variety of sensitivity tests, and I thus conclude that the OECD's multilateral anti-bribery initiatives have indeed had a meaningful impact on business decisions in the international economy.
by Kevin Lim.
S.M.and S.B.

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Kadikov, Artem. "International taxation of cross-border digital commerce". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea6c6f2e-c65f-4fa5-945a-22eb71e12667.

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This thesis discusses jurisdiction to tax cross-border digital commerce. The primary objective is to consider the reasons for the erosion of jurisdictional links, or nexus, between countries and taxpayers' digital activities and evaluate possible solutions for addressing such nexus erosion. Whilst it is argued that digital commerce is impossible to ring-fence due to digital technologies transcending all industries, the main focus of this research is on automated business models as case studies for the broader tax issues applicable across the entire digital economy. Using cloud computing, online advertising and e-tailing models as examples of digital commerce in the narrow sense, this thesis demonstrates that the proxies for establishing jurisdictional nexus have become increasingly fluid, thereby challenging the traditional international tax regimes for profits and consumption taxation. Numerous policy solutions have been proposed in order to rectify nexus erosion, including global and territorial tax models. Unlike the previous research in this area, this thesis focuses on the nexus elements of such proposals and assesses their viability in the light of the wider Internet governance jurisprudence. Global tax solutions, such as global e-commerce taxes and formulary apportionment, are analysed in the context of the international governance regime for the technical Internet infrastructure. Territorial virtual tax solutions, such as virtual permanent establishments, withholding taxes and destination cash flow taxes, are considered in the light of the Internet jurisprudence on the 'effects' and 'targeting' nexus standards. It is argued that, given the lack of technical and political infrastructure, none of the proposed routes would be viable from a practical perspective in the near future. It is concluded, therefore, that a practical solution would involve retaining the traditional profits and consumption tax models, whilst testing a narrow version of the digital targeting nexus standard as a backstop anti-abuse measure. It is envisaged that the limited anti-avoidance provision would subsequently pave the way for a comprehensive long-term solution, as digitisation continues to transform global commerce.

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冼澤榮 i Chak-wing Simon Sin. "International business environment: air services agreement". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31268286.

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MONTICINI, PIERLUIGI. "SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE: INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION, TECHNICAL ASPECTS, PRESENT SITUATION AND FUTURE POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6531.

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The object of this thesis is to sustain that achieving Sustainable Development in Aquaculture and Fisheries is not only possible, but also strongly recommendable. Fishing and Aquaculture products are a highly valuable source of protein that remarkably contribute to food security at a global level. They also constitute a source of income and employment, but when ill managed, can cause irreversible depletion of natural aquatic resources.

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Collier, Richard Stuart. "The consequences for international fiscal law of unilateral anti-tax haven legislation". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326319.

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Lusa, Bordin Fernando. "The analogy between states and international organizations : legal reasoning and the development of the law of international organizations". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708385.

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Winanti, Poppy Sulistyaning. "External pressures or domestic politics : explaining change in developing countries’ intellectual property legislation". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2794/.

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This thesis aims to explain the change in developing countries’ intellectual property legislation as a response to their Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) obligations. When the TRIPs Agreement was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade talks, developing countries resisted its adoption because of their different domestic norms and traditions relating to intellectual property rights and concerns about the administrative costs of implementing the agreement. Nevertheless, when the TRIPs Agreement came into force, almost all developing countries altered their domestic intellectual property laws, and many did so prior to the deadline for implementation and/or adopted more rigorous intellectual property rules than required by TRIPs. That many developing countries have adjusted their domestic intellectual property law poses the puzzle that this thesis seeks to explain. It does so by testing two competing explanations: the role of external pressures (both in terms of great power coercion and legalisation of international institutions) and domestic politics. This thesis combines a survey of the timing and quality of 102 WTO developing country members’ legislation across patents, copyrights, and trademarks, with detailed case studies of changes to intellectual property legislation in India and Indonesia, which are both unlikely cases for compliance, but reflect different domestic political circumstances. The empirical findings demonstrate that external pressures cannot provide a satisfactory explanation, as policy change occurred both with the presence and in the absence of these pressures. In order to fully understand the change in developing countries’ intellectual property legislation, it is also necessary to analyse the preferences of domestic actors (societal and governmental) and how they interact. By arguing this, this thesis thus suggests the importance of taking domestic politics into account to explain change in developing countries’ domestic legislation as a response to inconvenient international obligations.

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Desgagné, Richard. "La participation des états au commerce international : les contrats gouvernementaux en droit comparé et en droit international". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60704.

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The study is about the activities of public entities in international trade, more precisely, about international government procurement. The law of government contracts, in international and municipal law, seeks to balance the stability of contractual relations between the parties and the mutability of the contract which flows from a recognition of the primacy of the public interest. The precise balance struck varies from one legal system to another. Part One of the work looks, firstly, at the recognition, immunities and capacity of public entities in international commercial transactions. Secondly, it treats the conflict of laws rules applicable before national and arbitral jurisdictions. Thirdly, it explores the various possibilities of applicable law, namely the law of the contracting State, the lex mercatoria and public international law. Part Two examines, from a comparative perspective, the notions of "public body", "public contract" and "contrat administratif" in Ameircan, English and French law. The third part explores two main themes. Firstly, the process of procurement in national law, European law, and under the Agreement on Government Procurement; and secondly, the question of the stability of the contractual obligations which can be disturbed by unilateral interventions of the contracting public entity and by external supervening events.

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Książki na temat "International legislation"

Ayusawa, Iwao Frederick. International labor legislation. Clark, N.J: Lawbook Exchange, 2005.

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Wyles, Alison M. Sweeteners in food: International legislation. Wyd. 6. Leatherhead: Leatherhead Food RA, 1995.

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Pollard, J. A. Sweeteners in food: International legislation.. Wyd. 5. Leatherhead: BFMIRA, 1989.

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Zoller, Elisabeth. Enforcing international law through U.S. legislation. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Transnational Publishers, 1985.

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Zoller, Elisabeth. Enforcing international law through U.S. legislation. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Transnational Publishers, 1985.

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Pamborides, G. P. International shipping law: Legislation and enforcement. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999.

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Avizandum legislation on international private law. Edinburgh: Avizandum Publishing Ltd., 2013.

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Anderson, Simon. Who benefits from antidumping legislation? London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1992.

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Merkin, Robert M. Singapore arbitration legislation: Annotated. Abingdon, Oxon: Informa Law from Routledge, 2016.

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Schultsz, Jan C. Legislation in the Netherlands and international arbitration. Deventer: Kluwer, 1986.

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Części książek na temat "International legislation"

Rao, Sunil. "International comparisons". W Modern Slavery Legislation, 93–114. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429341465-5.

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Bauer, Klaus. "International Flavor Legislation". W Source Book of Flavors, 876–914. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7889-5_23.

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Li, Jian, i Alan Paisey. "National Legislation". W International Transfer Pricing in Asia Pacific, 103–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230511606_8.

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Sloss, Lesley L. "International Legislation and Trends". W Mercury Control, 51–68. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527658787.ch4.

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Tsivolas, Theodosios. "European and International Legislation". W Law and Religious Cultural Heritage in Europe, 113–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07932-5_8.

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Poitras, S., i J. M. Bertolote. "Mental Health Legislation: International Trends". W Contemporary Psychiatry, 653–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59519-6_38.

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Nurse, Angus. "International and Regional Wildlife Legislation". W Policing Wildlife, 41–62. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137400017_3.

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Nuggehalli, Nigam. "Overview of Indian Legislation Regarding International Taxation". W International Taxation, 5–15. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3670-2_2.

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Parker, H. D., i G. D. Pitt. "Oil pollution control and international legislation". W Pollution Control Instrumentation for Oil and Effluents, 17–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3233-3_2.

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Gutmann, Thomas, i Bernhard Gerok. "International legislation in living organ donation". W Procurement, Preservation and Allocation of Vascularized Organs, 317–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5422-2_38.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "International legislation"

Hamah Saeed, Tahseen. "Assumptions and legal and political intellectual principles of positive discrimination of women and their application to the laws in force in the Kurdistan region". W REFORM AND POLITICAL CHANGE. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdiconfrpc.pp149-170.

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"This research enters into the field of philosophy of law. He investigated it about the positive differentiation of women in legal thought. After defining the assumptions of the concept, such as the necessity to distinguish between formal equality, and real equality, because positive differentiation is a privilege given to the disadvantaged as if it appears to create inequality, and it is formed until it compensates them with the forbidden, which was practiced before and is now practiced. And that positive differentiation is not only concerned with women but also with all other disadvantaged groups, such as minorities, children and the elderly, even if the female component is more visible. So it entered into the global legislative policy, whether in international law or in national law, so would hold international agreements, hold conferences and establish international organizations for that. Positive differentiation is considered a subsidiary legal principle and complementary to the principle of equality and fairness, and for this existence is related to the existence of that principle, and it is known that the principle are not often written in legislation, but the legislator must take them into account when setting legal rules. Positive the positive differentiation as a legal principle that is observed in global legislation, and the legislator in the Kurdistan region of Iraq tried to observe the principle at a time when the federal legislator did not pay much attention to the principle, and this legislative policy in the region is more in line with the global legislative policy, and this is why the Kurdistan legislator tried to repeal or amend federal law Or legislate new laws in implementation of the principle that fall within its powers, so the anti-family violence law is a perfect example of this, which has no parallel in Iraq so far."

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Petrova, Daniela. "INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF MEDIATION IN THE EU". W THE MEDIATION IN THE DIFFERENT PUBLIC SPHERES 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/mdps2021.119.

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The future in resolving disputes in all spheres of public life lies in mediation. The aim of the author of this article is to present the current relevant European legislation on mediation and how it has found application - transposition into the legislation of EU member states. After a comparative analytical review, highlight the similarities and differences regarding the legal regulation in the individual countries and point out the good legislative practices and the progress made by the EU member states.

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Opolska, Ieva, i Liga Proskina. "International and Latvian legislation on sport". W 20th International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2019". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2019.110.

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Kuchma, Olha, i Liudmyla Sinova. "INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION: USING PRIORITY". W Relevant Issues of the Development of Science in Central and Eastern European Countries. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-588-11-2_61.

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Yang, Yuqiao, Xiaoqiang Lin, Geng Lin, Zengfeng Huang, Changjian Jiang i Zhongyu Wei. "Joint Representation Learning of Legislator and Legislation for Roll Call Prediction". W Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/198.

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In this paper, we explore to learn representations of legislation and legislator for the prediction of roll call results. The most popular approach for this topic is named the ideal point model that relies on historical voting information for representation learning of legislators. It largely ignores the context information of the legislative data. We, therefore, propose to incorporate context information to learn dense representations for both legislators and legislation. For legislators, we incorporate relations among them via graph convolutional neural networks (GCN) for their representation learning. For legislation, we utilize its narrative description via recurrent neural networks (RNN) for representation learning. In order to align two kinds of representations in the same vector space, we introduce a triplet loss for the joint training. Experimental results on a self-constructed dataset show the effectiveness of our model for roll call results prediction compared to some state-of-the-art baselines.

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Smith, Catherine E. "Need for an international legislation on space debris". W SPIE's 1995 Symposium on OE/Aerospace Sensing and Dual Use Photonics, redaktor Timothy D. Maclay. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.212569.

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Taha, Siba, i Alhan Ibrahim. "The role of urban legislation in improving the mental images of the city (Erbil city as case study)". W INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.243.

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The laws and legislations are the basic tools that affect the performance, accomplishment, and continuity of the developmental objectives of the organizational plans. The rules and standards regulate the resources of urbanization as a material product, in addition, to achieve a kind of harmony and regularity in the urban land scene of the city and provide more space for the cognitive and visual aspect of the recipient who he has mental images of the urban scene through which can select the shape and features of urban identity. It illustrated by the introduction of Iraqi legislation that suffers from multiple problems, evidenced by the lack of legislation in the control of urban growth, and investigating the requirements of visual sustainability not only limited to functional, economic and social aspects. It is an integrated system works to create a sustainable urban environment. Hence, the importance of the development of Iraqi urban legislation representing by preparing the urban area in a new framework, through the control and treatment of its physical components by linking them to cultural, historical and civilizational elements within an appropriate environmental framework. The paper reviewing the urban laws in Erbil city within the previous periods of time as well as the various urban policies used in the city center, to benefit from the knowledge and evaluation of problems, and identify the legislative directions that can be adopted as suggestions for the development of urban legislation within the criteria, take the factors: social, cultural, functional, environmental and aesthetic, at the level of legislation.

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Perbangsa, Anzaludin Samsinga, Meldy Hariawan i Bens Pardamean. "Legislation Information System". W 2018 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icimtech.2018.8528176.

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Tatarnikov, V. G. "Property Forfeiture In Criminal Legislation: National And International Aspects". W RPTSS 2018 - International Conference on Research Paradigms Transformation in Social Sciences. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.12.140.

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I.A., Krygina, i Rybak S.V. "ECONOMIC POLICY AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL LEGISLATION IN THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL SECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY". W "INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION". ДГТУ-Принт, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2021.115-119.

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The systemic and structural changes taking place in modern Russian legislation reflect those large-scale changes that primarily manifest the internal and external aspects of the state's integration into international integration associations, which significantly expands the scope of legal regulation not only in the economic segment of public relations, but also makes it possible to optimize legislative regulation in certain spheres of economic and economic activity. The purpose of this study is a special area of social relations, which is objectively included in the operating mechanism of management, but does not have its own independent legislative consolidation. We are talking about the so-called «economic legislation», a concept that in Russian jurisprudence is very conditional, since it is still not accepted to single out a separate subject of legal regulation in this sphere of relations in the legal and legislative doctrine. Guided by the set research goals and objectives, the authors attempt to analyze the regulatory framework of the mechanisms of integration interaction. At the same time, the author's vision of this problem is based on special tools and an approach that provide a comprehensive vision of the problem under consideration and is based on the dualism of its perception. Nevertheless, in recent years in the Russian legal science, an opinion has been increasingly expressed about the need for an integrated approach to this problem, which is justified by the objective processes of integrating the Russian economy into the global economic space and, accordingly, the unification of Russian legislation, in particular agrarian legislation, into the global regulatory framework regulatory system.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "International legislation"

Krylov, Konstantin Davydovich. Russian Labor protection Legislation and International Standards. DOI СODE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/doicode-2022.043.

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Shucksmith, Rachel, Tim Stojanovic, Anne-Michelle Slater, Inne Withouck i Kathryn Allan. Using marine planning to balance competing demands on the marine environment: international comparisons. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.24920.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] Scottish and UK context. The Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 established an integrated planning system for the UK’s marine environment. England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have developed separate marine planning processes with the 2009 Act remaining the overarching legislation. This has resulted in a variety of institutional and governance arrangements across the UK.

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Hicks, Jacqueline. Approaches to Combatting Modern Slavery in Supply Chains. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.004.

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The purpose of this rapid review is to lay out some of the general approaches used by both business and government to tackle ‘modern slavery’ in international business supply chains, and locate evidence of their effectiveness International institutions have been encouraging large international businesses to tackle modern slavery by offering guidelines on how to investigate the issue in their supply chains (‘due diligence’), but their implementation, and ‘auditing’ is highly variable. National governments are increasingly mandating businesses through legislation to report on what they do. More recently, governments have begun imposing a legal duty of care on parent companies which means they can be held responsible for what their subsidiaries do. Key findings are: There is no consistency in how international companies currently implement the due diligence guidelines; The design of national disclosure legislation is generally judged to be flawed. There is medium compliance in terms of quantity of company reports and low compliance in terms of quality; The design of national disclosure legislation is generally judged to be flawed. There is medium compliance in terms of quantity of company reports and low compliance in terms of quality. Overall, the evidence on forced labour and modern slavery is recognised as being “dangerously thin and riddled with bias” (LeBaron, 2018, p.1). It is difficult to research directly because of its illegality, the involvement of powerful interests, and the potential to further endanger highly vulnerable workers. Nevertheless, there is a very large number of articles and reports written on the issue, particularly from the last five years. The main sources used in this review came from both grey literature and academic literature.

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Young, Alys, Natalia Rodríguez Vicente, Rebecca Tipton, Jemina Napier, Sarah Vicary i Celia Hulme. A Scoping Review of interpreter-mediated assessments under the Mental Health Act (1983) and international equivalents. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0086.

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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this scoping review is to identify and evaluate available evidence concerning assessments under the Mental Health Act (1983) (MHA) (and international equivalents) which are carried out with the assistance of a spoken or signed language interpreter. ‘International equivalents’ refers to pieces of legislation in countries other than England and Wales that concern formal assessment for compulsory assessment and treatment, including hospital detention, with respect to a mental disorder. [Both the specific Act that applies to England and Wales and its international equivalents are henceforth referred to as MHA]. The guiding questions are: • What are the enablers and barriers to good practice in interpreter mediated MHA assessments? • To what extent and how might interpreter mediation support or impede the legal rights and best interests of those assessed under the MHA? The aim is to determine whether the body of research available to date is sufficient to inform evidence-based guidelines for interpreters and for mental health professionals, in particular those who have the duty to make decisions under the MHA, known in England and Wales as Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHPs), to work in a joint and effective manner.

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Lewis, Dustin. Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/wwxn5790.

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Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several others call for new rules. Meanwhile, the vast majority of efforts by States to address relevant systems focus by and large on weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Partly as a result, the broad spectrum of other far-reaching applications is rarely brought into view. One normatively grounded way to help identify and address relevant issues is to elaborate pathways that States, international organizations, non-state parties to armed conflict, and others may pursue to help secure greater respect for international law. In this commentary, I elaborate on three such pathways: forming and publicly expressing positions on key legal issues, taking measures relative to their own conduct, and taking steps relative to the behavior of others. None of these pathways is sufficient in itself, and there are no doubt many others that ought to be pursued. But each of the identified tracks is arguably necessary to ensure that international law is — or becomes — fit for purpose. By forming and publicly expressing positions on relevant legal issues, international actors may help clarify existing legal parameters, pinpoint salient enduring and emerging issues, and detect areas of convergence and divergence. Elaborating legal views may also help foster greater trust among current and potential adversaries. To be sure, in recent years, States have already fashioned hundreds of statements on autonomous weapons. Yet positions on other application areas are much more difficult to find. Further, forming and publicly expressing views on legal issues that span thematic and functional areas arguably may help States and others overcome the current normative stalemate on autonomous weapons. Doing so may also help identify — and allocate due attention and resources to — additional salient thematic and functional areas. Therefore, I raise a handful of cross-domain issues for consideration. These issues touch on things like exercising human agency, reposing legally mandated evaluative decisions in natural persons, and committing to engage only in scrutable conduct. International actors may also take measures relative to their own conduct. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline several such existing measures. In doing so, I invite readers to inventory and peruse these types of steps in order to assess whether the nature or character of increasingly complex socio-technical systems reliant upon war algorithms and data may warrant revitalized commitments or adjustments to existing measures — or, perhaps, development of new ones. I outline things like enacting legislation necessary to prosecute alleged perpetrators of grave breaches, making legal advisers available to the armed forces, and taking steps to prevent abuses of the emblem. Finally, international actors may take measures relative to the conduct of others. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline some of the existing steps that other States, international organizations, and non-state parties may take to help secure respect for the law by those undertaking the conduct. These measures may include things like addressing matters of legal compliance by exerting diplomatic pressure, resorting to penal sanctions to repress violations, conditioning or refusing arms transfers, and monitoring the fate of transferred detainees. Concerning military partnerships in particular, I highlight steps such as conditioning joint operations on a partner’s compliance with the law, planning operations jointly in order to prevent violations, and opting out of specific operations if there is an expectation that the operations would violate applicable law. Some themes and commitments cut across these three pathways. Arguably, respect for the law turns in no small part on whether natural persons can and will foresee, understand, administer, and trace the components, behaviors, and effects of relevant systems. It may be advisable, moreover, to institute ongoing cross-disciplinary education and training as well as the provision of sufficient technical facilities for all relevant actors, from commanders to legal advisers to prosecutors to judges. Further, it may be prudent to establish ongoing monitoring of others’ technical capabilities. Finally, it may be warranted for relevant international actors to pledge to engage, and to call upon others to engage, only in armed-conflict-related conduct that is sufficiently attributable, discernable, and scrutable.

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Devereux, Stephen. Policy Pollination: A Brief History of Social Protection’s Brief History in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2020.004.

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The relatively recent emergence and sustained rise of social protection as a policy agenda in Africa can be understood as either a nationally owned or ‘donor-driven’ process. While elements of both can be seen in different countries at different times, this paper focuses on the pivotal role of transnational actors, specifically international development agencies, as ‘policy pollinators’ for social protection. These agencies deployed a range of tactics to induce African governments to implement cash transfer programmes and establish social protection systems, including: (1) building the empirical evidence base that cash transfers have positive impacts, for advocacy purposes; (2) financing social protection programmes until governments take over this responsibility; (3) strengthening state capacity to deliver social protection, through technical assistance and training workshops; (4) commissioning and co-authoring national social protection policies; (5) encouraging the domestication of international social protection law into national legislation. Despite these pressures and inducements, some governments have resisted or implemented social protection only partially and reluctantly, either because they are not convinced or because their political interests are not best served by allocating scarce resources to cash transfer programmes. This raises questions about the extent to which the agendas of development agencies are aligned or in conflict with national priorities, and whether social protection programmes and systems would flourish or wither if international support was withdrawn.

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Nentwich, Michael, red. A collaboratively derived international research agenda on legislative science advice. Vienna: self, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/10.1057/s41599-019-0318-6.

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Elnour Abdelkarim, Zeinab. Assessing Sudan's Electoral Legal Framework. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, maj 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2022.18.

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Assessing Sudanʼs Electoral Legal Framework provides an in-depth insight and analysis of Sudanʼs current legal framework for elections. It measures Sudanʼs legal electoral framework against a common international understanding of the principles, norms and obligations that define credible and democratic elections. The objective of this analysis is not to criticize or pass judgement on the countryʼs existing electoral processes; instead, it offers an unbiased assessment of how Sudanʼs existing electoral laws and country context create an enabling or disabling environment for free and fair elections. It provides comprehensive and constructive recommendations to strengthen existing legislation and improve fairness, uniformity, reliability, consistency and professionalism in Sudanʼs future elections. This Report also assesses the status of core democratic principles and freedoms that provide the foundation for credible elections and highlights any restrictions on these fundamental rights and liberties that could interfere with the countryʼs upcoming elections or delay its political transition. It calls upon the transitional government to protect citizensʼ rights and liberties and prevent abuses that may influence public trust, fairness, and openness of electoral and other transitional processes. Lastly, this Report discusses political, socio-economic, and legal issues impacting Sudanʼs roadmap to democratic transition before the October 2021 military coup.

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Megersa, Kelbesa. Tax Transparency for an Effective Tax System. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), styczeń 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.070.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the transparency in the tax system and its benefits; e.g. rising revenue, strengthen citizen/state relationship, and rule of law. Improvements in tax transparency can help in strengthening public finances in developing countries that are adversely affected by COVID-19. The current context (i.e. a global pandemic, widespread economic slowdown/recessions, and declining tax revenues) engenders the urgency of improving domestic resource mobilisation (DRM) and the fight against illicit financial flows (IFFs). Even before the advent of COVID-19, developing countries’ tax systems were facing several challenges, including weak tax administrations, low taxpayer morale and “hard-to-tax” sectors. The presence of informational asymmetry (i.e. low tax transparency) between taxpayers and tax authorities generates loopholes for abuse of the tax system. It allows the hiding of wealth abroad with a limited risk of being caught. Cases of such behaviour that are exposed without proper penalty may result in a decline in the morale of citizens and a lower level of voluntary compliance with tax legislation. A number of high-profile tax leaks and scandals have undermined public confidence in the fairness of tax systems and generated a strong demand for effective counteraction and tax transparency. One of the key contributing factors to lower tax revenues in developing countries (that is linked to low tax transparency) is a high level of IFFs. These flows, including international tax evasion and the laundering of corruption proceeds, build a major obstacle to successful DRM efforts. Research has also identified an association between organisational transparency (e.g. transparency by businesses and tax authorities) and stakeholder trust (e.g. between citizens and the state). However, the evidence is mixed as to how transparency in particular influences trust and perceptions of trustworthiness.

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Ciapponi, Agustín. Do interventions reduce health care fraud and abuse? SUPPORT, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/131212.

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Health care fraud is a serious problem for health systems considering the enormous volume of money spent on health care. There are increasing national, regional and international fraud control initiatives. Political, legislative, and administrative interventions are being intendend to combat it.

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