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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „International economic history”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 31 stycznia 2023

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1

Grubacic, Sanja, i Julian Schuster. "Economic nationalism in the history of international economics". International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education 9, nr 3 (2018): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpee.2018.093414.

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Schuster, Julian, i Sanja Grubacic. "Economic nationalism in the history of international economics". International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education 9, nr 3 (2018): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpee.2018.10013940.

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J.K. "VII International Symposium of Economic History". Americas 43, nr 4 (kwiecień 1987): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000316150005344x.

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4

Bliss, C. "Eli Heckscher, International Trade, and Economic History". History of Political Economy 40, nr 4 (1.01.2008): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-2008-030.

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Sun, Cheng, i Yunbiao Li. "The Development History and Trend of International Agricultural Economics". Research on World Agricultural Economy 1, nr 1 (21.10.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v1i1.161.

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Agricultural economics is a science that studies the relations of production and the laws of productivity in agriculture. International agricultural economics is to study the agricultural production relations and the laws of productivity in different regions of the world, countries with different systems, and different historical stages, especially the history and future development trends of agricultural economic development under different social systems in the East and the West, in order to learn from each other. The development of agricultural economic theory and practical experience, promote the integration of global agricultural economy, improve the status quo of global chemical agriculture, develop global modern ecological agriculture, ensure global food and food safety, and improve the health of human life.

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6

Klein, L. R. "The Early History of the International Economic Review". International Economic Review 36, nr 1 (luty 1995): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2527423.

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Middleton, Roger. "W(h)ither Economic History, or Economic History is what Economic Historians Do?" Business History 46, nr 3 (lipiec 2004): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0007679042000219201.

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Førland, Tor Egil. "The History of Economic Warfare: International Law, Effectiveness, Strategies". Journal of Peace Research 30, nr 2 (maj 1993): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343393030002003.

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9

Kholopov, A. V. "Economic Studies". MGIMO Review of International Relations, nr 5(38) (28.10.2014): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-171-181.

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The establishment of the School of Economic Science at MGIMO was due to the necessity of the world economy research, and the need to prepare highly skilled specialists in international economics. The school is developing a number of areas, which reflect the Faculty structure. - Economic theory is one of the most important research areas, a kind of foundation of the School of Economic Science at MGIMO. Economic theory studies are carried out at the chair of Economic theory. "The course of economic theory" textbook was published in 1991, and later it was reprinted seven times. Over the past few years other textbooks and manuals have been published, including "Economics for Managers" by Professor S.N. Ivashkovskaya, which survived through five editions; "International Economics" - four editions and "History of Economic Thought" - three editions. - International Economic Relations are carried out by the Department of International Economic Relations and Foreign Economic Activity. Its establishment is associated with the prominent economist N.N. Lyubimov. In 1957 he with his colleagues published the first textbook on the subject which went through multiple republications. The editorial team of the textbook subsequently formed the pride of Soviet economic science - S.M. Menshikov, E.P. Pletnev, V.D. Schetinin. Since 2007, the chair of Foreign Economic Activities led by Doctor of Economics, Professor I. Platonova has been investigating the problems of improving the architecture of foreign economic network and the international competitiveness of Russia; - The history of the study of problems of the world economy at MGIMO begins in 1958 at the chair baring the same name. Since 1998, the department has been headed by Professor A. Bulatov; - The study of international monetary relations is based on the chair of International Finance, and is focused on addressing the fundamental scientific and practical problems; - The chair "Banks, monetary circulation and credit" was created in February 2012. It is head by Professor G.S. Panova. The members of the chair are experienced bank employees; - The field of practical application of research results in the field of accounting, statistics and auditing has been expanding in recent years. The research in the field is conducted at the synonymous chair; - An important direction of development of economic studies at MGIMO is a risk management and insurance. Established in 1993, the Department of Risk Management and Insurance is headed by Professor R.T. Yuldashev.

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10

Olaoye, Kehinde Folake, i Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah. "Domestic Investment Laws, International Economic Law, and Economic Development". World Trade Review 22, nr 1 (13.01.2023): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745622000374.

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Abstract‘Development’ is a legal concept which has been central to the practice of international economic law (IEL). This Article examines how ‘development’ continues to be at the heart of struggles between domestic investment laws (DILs) and international economic law. By examining over 3000 international investment agreements (IIAs) and DILs signed in the last seven decades, this Article identifies the ways in which the concept of development has evolved in tandem with the growth of international economic law by dividing the history of international investment law into six main phases. It traces the emergence of ‘development’ in DIL to the decolonization era arguing that post 1990, the proliferation of international investment treaties and growth of investment treaty arbitration have been used as tools of liberalization on the weak premise that this would lead to economic development. In this context, this Article examines closely the interpretation of ‘investment’ by ICSID tribunals, promotion of international arbitration for economic development, attempts to internationalize economic development contracts, continued relevance of the New International Economic Order, and shift to sustainable development in IEL discourse.

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11

McKenzie, Francine. "International Economic Relations Since 1945". Journal of Cold War Studies 17, nr 2 (kwiecień 2015): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_00537.

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Hopewell, Kristen. "The Liberal International Economic Order on the Brink". Current History 116, nr 793 (1.11.2017): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2017.116.793.303.

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Maltsev, A. A. "Whither history of economic thought: A perspective from Russian and international scholars". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 9 (5.09.2020): 94–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2020-9-94-119.

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The article examines the problems and prospects of the history of economic thought (HET) based on a survey of 53 Russian and 170 international scholars. It has been demonstrated that the expansion of the range of historiographic methods, growing interest of the HET community towards the history of the 20th century economics as well as growing cooperation of historians of economic thought with the scholars from different social sciences and humanities have increased the attractiveness of the HET field among young researchers. These developments help to reduce the problem of the HET community’s aging and allows to look ahead to the future of the HET in a positive way. Against the background of these trends, theoretical, methodological and institutional features of the Russian community of historians of economic thought are analyzed. The analysis reveals that the members of the Russian community have more in common with their international colleagues than fundamental differences.

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14

Pitts, Jennifer. "International relations and the critical history of International Law". International Relations 31, nr 3 (wrzesień 2017): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117817726227.

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Just as the contemporary global structure is a product of nineteenth-century economic and political developments, namely, industrial capitalism and global empires dominated by European metropoles, a misleading conception of the international system as composed of formally equal sovereign states is a product of the same period, as Vattel’s conception of states as equal moral persons was taken up and transformed in the early nineteenth century, especially in imperial Britain. This model continues to shape interpretations of global politics in International Relations (IR), despite the persistence of the imperial legacy in the form of a stratified globe. Historical work informed by postcolonial studies and recent scholarship in International Law can give IR greater analytical and critical purchase on the current global order.

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15

Urokboev, Iskandar, i Shahboz Doniyorov. "ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY IS A PRIORITY OF UZBEKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY AT THE PRESENT STAGE". CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 02, nr 09 (30.09.2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-09-09.

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Active implementation of economic diplomacy in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan is one of the priorities of today. Because, in the active promotion of economic diplomacy, it is important to attract investment, increase tourism and export potential. The growing role of economic diplomacy in the system of international relations shows that it should be applied in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The article discusses the current work in this direction and its prospects.

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16

Tomlinson, Jim, i Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich. "Interactions in the World Economy: Perspectives from International Economic History." Economic History Review 44, nr 1 (luty 1991): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597529.

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17

Vagts, Detlev F. "International Economic Law and the American Journal of International Law". American Journal of International Law 100, nr 4 (październik 2006): 769–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000031882.

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To discuss the history of international economic law since the American Journal of International Law was first published in 1907 requires the author to project categories common to the parlance of 2006 back to times when theywere unknown. So far as it appears, the term did not become current until after World War II. Its scope is controversial. According to one definition, it encompasses “the total range of norms (directly or indirectly based on treaties) of public international law with regard to transnational economic relations.” A wide variety of international law rules have been said to have a financial impact somewhere. For practical purposes, in this essay I define international economic law as the international law regulating transborder transactions in goods, services, currency, investment, and intellectual property. I exclude from the inquiry issues of private international law, as well as of economic warfare.

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18

Carter, David B., i H. E. Goemans. "International Trade and Coordination". World Politics 70, nr 1 (27.12.2017): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887117000284.

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This article examines how the institutional design of borders affects international trade. The authors explore variation in the effects of borders by comparing new international borders that follow precedent and thus have a prior institutional history with new international borders that lack such an institutional history. The former minimally disrupt—or restore—previous economic networks, while the latter fundamentally disrupt existing economic networks. A variety of empirical tests show that, consistent with this institutional perspective on borders, new international boundaries that follow precedent are associated with significantly faster recovery and greater increase in subsequent trade flows. By contrast, when new international borders are truly new, they disrupt local economic networks, introduce new transaction costs, and impose higher adjustment costs on states, which the authors show to have long-term deleterious effects on trade.

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19

Sylla, Richard, Lance E. Davis i Robert J. Cull. "International Capital Markets and American Economic Growth." Economic History Review 48, nr 4 (listopad 1995): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598162.

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Salihu, MA Arben. "The impact of Oil Prices on the International Economic Arena: The Economic Factors and International Players". ILIRIA International Review 4, nr 1 (30.06.2014): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v4i1.52.

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Throughout history the new technologies and discoveries revolutionized the way we live. The discovery, the oil, has been critical for society, becoming the world’s most profitable and essential industry transforming itself from domestic to international business. The aim of this paper, above all is to analyze the role of oil and its price volatility in world economy. The ongoing changes and transformations in world oil industry tend to have a great effect not only on the oilimporting countries but also on oil-exporting nations. The demand or supply-triggered oil price volatility differ in its effects to world economic activity. Although it may have different effect for the oil importing nations in comparison to oil exporting nations, still inflationary pressure may be a common feature. A number of points relevant to the study are put forward highlighting pros and cons of issues discussed. The paper also elaborates the environmental concerns, deriving from the increase of oil consumption and the necessity (globally) to increase efforts in finding a decent,(environmentally friendly) replacement for oil.

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21

Doxey, Margaret, Gary Clyde Hufbauer i Jeffrey J. Schott. "Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy". International Journal 41, nr 1 (1985): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202364.

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22

Kotlica, Slobodan. "Globalization and international trade". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, nr 112-113 (2002): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0213245k.

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In this paper, the author discusses main characteristics of integration and globalization as economic phenomena. Basic characteristics of the contemporary wave of globalization were compared with the characteristics of the first wave of globalization (1870-1913). Two waves of globalization have important similarities. Ignoring of data from economic history became a source of myths about processes in modern world economy.

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23

Honningdal Grytten, Ola. "Public finances, governance control and economic growth: a macroeconomic history approach". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, nr 1 (11.03.2019): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(1).2019.15.

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The size of the public sector is an important tool in public governance. Public sector size may fuel both economic growth and political influence over the economy. By compiling and processing data from different sources of public accounts the paper aims at mapping the development of key financial indicators for the Norwegian central government sector during the transition period from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century. The data enable us to give measures of the size of the public sector alone and compared to the overall economy. It is found that the sector started its continuous growth before politicians deliberately started to increase the sector’s size of the total economy. The paper also finds that an increase of the public sector often, but not always, reflects political economy regimes. Persistent growth in public finances as a tool for economic policy making did not take place before the introduction of the social-democratic regime in 1935. The paper also concludes that economic growth started before the growth in the public sector, suggesting that public sector growth might as well be a result of economic growth or vice versa.

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24

Hansen, Niles. "Mexican Economic Development Strategy in an International Context". Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 6, nr 2 (1990): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1051838.

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Wang, Chenxi. "Special Economic Zones: The Subnational- National-International Nexus in China’s Integration With the International Economic Order". Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 6 (1.12.2022): 1013–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022042.

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This article investigates China’s Special Economic Zones (SEZs) strategy in the context of China’s integration with the international economic order by concurrently examining China’s internal and external economic policy. It expounds the experimental development path of a massive unitary country which strives to balance between the international pressure against the background of economic globalization and the internal unevenness across different regions. Based on case study of SEZs in different historical times, this article explores a subnational-national-international nexus in China’s integration with the international economic order. This article highlights that, throughout the history, the Chinese central government persistently mobilizes certain regions and names them as SEZs to experiment innovative policies, so as to facilitate the enactment of foreign economic policies and the engagement in international trade and investment negotiations. This study opens the black box of the Chinese State and tells a complementary story regarding China’s interaction with international economic law from a structural perspective. It provides a springboard for future studies of China’s engagement with the rules-based global economy in a world where the international economic legal order recursively travels across international, national and local levels. China, Special Economic Zones, International Economic Order, Regional Trade Agreements, Bilateral Investment Treaties, Shenzhen SEZ, Shanghai FTZ, Hainan FTP, Subnational-national-international Nexus

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Murphy, Hugh. "Communication: An Open Letter to the International Maritime Economic History Association". International Journal of Maritime History 24, nr 2 (grudzień 2012): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141202400212.

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Komarov, A. S. "International commercial arbitration in Russia as a means of resolving international economic disputes". Review of Central and East European Law 22, nr 1 (styczeń 1996): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02743184.

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van Zanden, Jan Luiten. "The Growing Maturity of Indonesian Economic History". Itinerario 26, nr 3-4 (listopad 2002): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300015655.

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In recent years two high quality overviews of the economic history of Indonesia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been published that testify of the growing maturity of the field. The two books – The Indonesian Economy in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A History of Missed Opportunities by Anne Booth (1998), and The Emergence of a National Economy. An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000 by a team of authors (Howard Dick, Vincent Houben, Thomas Lindblad and Thee Kian Wie) (2002) – are written by distinguished experts in the field. Both books also aim to be comprehensive, but interestingly, they do this in very different ways. But let me focus on the similarities first: apart from the obvious fact that they want to present an economic history of Indonesia over the past twohundred years, they also have in common that they stress the links between economic and political history. Both try ‘to bring the state back in’, by focussing on the process of state formation – in particular in the colonial period – and, even more importantly, by analysing the consequences of government policies for economic development. The leading theme of the The Emergence (TE), as formulated in the programmatic opening chapter by Howard Dick, are the links between state-formation, the nation state, and the national economy. Similarly, The Indonesian Economy (TIE) contains a detailed analysis of government policy, and in the final analysis of the ‘missed opportunities’ of Indonesia's past, the state plays a crucial role. This also brings me to the other obvious striking similarity: both books try to explain the failure of Indonesian economic development in this period (or at least until the second half of the 1960s), and discuss the reasons why economic development was relatively slow.

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Samosiuk, I., V. Orzheshkovsky, W. Zukow i A. Sikorska. "To the history of hydrothermotherapy: pages of history". Journal of Education, Health and Sport 1, nr 1 (3.03.2011): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2011.01.01.001.

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In 1921 in London, was created by the International Society of Medical Hydrology, which included scientificsocieties of scientists from over 40 countries, in 1928 they were joined by scientists of the Soviet Union. In 1937 wasorganized by the International Federation of the health resort, which in 1947, renamed the "International Federation ofHydrotherapy and Climatology (FITEC). In 1999, Congress in Yalta, it was called "The World Federation ofHydrotherapy and Climatotherapy (FEMTEC). FEMTEC is the most representative association of Spa and healthorganizations in the world. FEMTEC composed of national Spa and health resorts associations and federations, as wellas central state organizations dealing with Spa problems from many countries and continents. FEMTEC functions underthe aegis of the World Health Organization and submits every three years report on its activities. The principal functionsof the Federation are following: representing world thermalism matters and promote them internationally before statesand public organization; international business-like co-operation in health resorts' sector; study, research and experienceexchanges in the sphere of Spa treatments; popularization of Spa and health resorts of the FEMTEC member-countriesin different countries of the world. With a view of organizing fruitful activities of FEMTEC there function 4 permanentcommissions: medical, economic, technical and social. FEMTEC members actively participate in international scientificsymposia, exhibitions, conferences; there are held annual General Assembly, Executive Board and ExecutiveCommittee meetings. Every year FEMTEC organizes Scientific Congress along with a competition of scientific works,marks of the best thermalists etc. The Federation maintains close contacts with European Spas Association (ESPA),World Tourism Organization (WTO) and other international organizations. The Board of FEMTEC includes thefollowing member: Prof. Nikolay Storozhenko - (Russia) President of FEMTEC from 1998, President National SpaAssociation D.M., Honored Physician (http://www.naturmed.unimi.it/femtec.html). In 1996 he joined the Federation ofRussia, which was timed to the International Congress "The resort medicine, science and practice", held in May 1996 inSt. Petersburg. In 1998 the Federation adopted the Ukrainian Association of Physiotherapists and health resort. One ofthe main problems is FEMTEC: cooperation of scientific institutions, exchange of information in the study oftechnological and scientific problems associated with water-and climate-through scientific committees, convening theannual congresses, conferences, symposia, seminars, publications, etc.

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Van Dijk, P. "Nature and Function of Equity in International Economic Law". Grotiana 7, nr 1 (1986): 4–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187607586x00020.

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Hooft, T., i H. Ph Visser. "The Theory of Justice and the International Economic Order". Grotiana 7, nr 1 (1986): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187607586x00048.

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Wilkins, Mira, i Barry E. Carter. "International Economic Sanctions: Improving the Haphazard U.S. Legal Regime". Journal of American History 76, nr 3 (grudzień 1989): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2936535.

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Lothian, James R., Lance E. Davis i Robert J. Cull. "International Capital Markets and American Economic Growth 1820-1914". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28, nr 1 (1997): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/206211.

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Abrahams, Paul B., Lance E. Davis i Robert J. Cull. "International Capital Markets and American Economic Growth, 1820-1914." Journal of American History 83, nr 2 (wrzesień 1996): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944984.

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Vlassopoulos, Kostas. "Greek History". Greece and Rome 63, nr 2 (16.09.2016): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383516000097.

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It is quite remarkable that the study of Greek economic history has been long pursued in the absence of any overall synthesis. The revised translation of Alain Bresson'sThe Making of the Ancient Greek Economy, originally published in French in 2007, is undoubtedly a major contribution that will have a significant impact on how the subject is taught and studied in the Anglo-Saxon world. The volume is effectively divided into two parts. The first situates Greek economies in their environment, by exploring demography, sources of energy, agriculture, pastoralism, and non-agricultural production. The second part focuses on the nature of ancient markets, by examining internal and external markets, the international division of labour, and the role of currency, credit, and taxation. While the first part is primarily a useful summary of current research, the second part is an original contribution to our understanding of Greek markets. Not only are we given for the first time a detailed analysis of how theagoraand theemporionfunctioned, but Bresson is able to fully document the existence of complex networks creating an international division of labour. These are major advances, but the work has two major problems. Despite its size, it is a lopsided analysis. It is remarkable, for example, that there is not a single chapter devoted to labour, and that its nineteen-page index lacks any reference to terms such as wages, class, exploitation, poverty, or consumption. And, while Bresson offers an excellent description of many economic aspects, the book is distinctly unconvincing whenever it tries to explain patterns or the nature of Greek economic growth. It will be essential for any future work in Greek economic history, but for a comprehensive framework that can actually explain things, we will unfortunately have to wait.

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Tung, Genevieve. "International Trade Law and Information Policy: A Recent History". International Journal of Legal Information 42, nr 2 (2014): 241–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500012051.

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In September 2008, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) announced the United States’ intention to join Singapore, New Zealand, Brunei, and Chile in what was then called the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement, a preferential trade agreement. Since then, the agreement has grown in scope and ambition. The negotiations to create what is now known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) have expanded to include seven other nations. The USTR wants the TPP to be “an ambitious, next-generation, Asia-Pacific trade agreement that reflects U.S. economic priorities and values.” According to the USTR's webpage dedicated to the agreement, the administration is “working in close partnership with Congress and with a wide range of stakeholders, in seeking to conclude a strong agreement that addresses the issues that U.S. businesses and workers are facing in the 21st century.”

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Bessant, Bob. "History, compassion and economic rationalism". Journal of Australian Studies 16, nr 33 (czerwiec 1992): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059209387094.

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Alacevich, Michele. "Not a Knowledge Bank: The Divided History of Development Economics and Development Organizations". Social Science History 40, nr 4 (2016): 627–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.25.

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Development economics was born as a distinct disciplinary field in the aftermath of World War II, when the development of so-called Third World countries, due to the dynamics of decolonization and the Cold War, became an international priority. At the institutional level, the birth of development economics was paralleled by the reorientation of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (so-called the World Bank) from the support of European reconstruction to funding development policies worldwide. Not surprisingly, the paths of the Bank and of pioneers of development economics often crossed, and it is fair to say that the Bank and the new discipline—from the perspective of the history and sociology of social sciences—are part of the same story. Indeed, one would think that the Bank was the natural place for the breeding of development economics. This seems coherent with the image we have of the Bank today: the reign of economists. Yet, for most of the years when development theory was shaped, the Bank, although very active in development policies worldwide, was remarkably silent in the field of development economics. This paper will connect the study of economic ideas and economists in international organizations with the history of economic policies. Based on previously untapped archival sources, it will discuss how the history of development economics and of development organizations—and especially the largest among them, that is, the World Bank—proceeded separated for a long stretch of time, and how they later converged.

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Nadtochii, Igor' Olegovich, i Oleg Alekseevich Novikov. "The “philosophy” of economic diplomacy as an instrument of “soft law”: history and modernity". Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations, nr 4 (kwiecień 2021): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0633.2021.4.36891.

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The subject of this research is the phenomenon of economic diplomacy as an instrument of “soft law”, which is becoming widespread in the international relations of modern multipolar world. The object of this research is the international relations and the impact of international legal norms upon formation of their peculiarities. Attention is given to the differences between “soft” and “hard” international law, as well as international and “quasi-international” law. The author explores various historical aspects of international relations, within the framework of which are implemented certain legal mechanisms and instruments. Incompletion of evolution of the phenomenon of “soft law” at the present stage is observed. The conclusion is made that the task of “soft law” in international relations lies in the use of the established international legal toolset and correction of the global world order to the benefit of a certain country of group of countries. It is noted that that key criterion that determines “soft law” as a unique instrument of international relations and international law is the nature of the means that without the extensive use of non-legal instruments. At the same time, the authors claim that in a number of cases, the emergence of legal mechanisms is the result of continuous application of “soft law”.

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Odell, Kerry, Lance E. Davis i Robert J. Cull. "International Capital Markets and American Economic Growth, 1820-1914." American Historical Review 102, nr 2 (kwiecień 1997): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170968.

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Gadelshina, Elvira R. "Economic Sanctions against Russia: Implications for International Business". Business Law Review 37, Issue 3 (1.06.2016): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2016021.

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Recent history has seen a significant number of occasions when states and non-state actors purported to influence other states’ internal policy and geopolitical strategy by imposing economic sanctions. The most notable examples include the infamous US trade embargo on Cuba (condemned by the UN General Assembly for the 24th consecutive year), the recently lifted UN and partially struck down US sanctions against Iran and the near-total financial and trade embargo against Iraq (lifted by the UN Security Council in 2003 after Saddam Hussein had been forced from power). Comprehensive sanctions programs, which block all trade, are currently administered by the US Office of Foreign Assets Control against Burma (Myanmar), Sudan and Syria.

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Goldfinch, Shaun, i Daniel Malpass. "The Polish Shipyard: Myth, Economic History and Economic Policy Reform in New Zealand*". Australian Journal of Politics & History 53, nr 1 (7.03.2007): 118–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2007.00446.x.

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Avtonomov, V. "Economic theory in IMEMO (The Soviet period)". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 11 (20.11.2016): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-11-117-134.

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The article deals with the history of economic research at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This history is analyzed in the context of the Soviet and world economic science. The specific nature of Soviet economic theory is characterized as well as a special position of IMEMO, in its function of the leading thinktank in the field of world economy and international relations. Two main directions of theoretical work of IMEMO economists are identified: transition from the facts and statistical data towards a revision of dogmatic Marxism, and from Western theories to original ideas and practical recommendations. The connection of the theory and applied expertise is given a special attention.

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Lindblad, J. Thomas. "Ninth International Congress of Economic History, Bern (Switzerland), August 24–29, 1986". Itinerario 10, nr 2 (lipiec 1986): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300007488.

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Casson, Mark. "International rivalry and global business leadership: an historical perspective". Multinational Business Review 28, nr 4 (23.07.2020): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-06-2020-0128.

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Purpose This paper aims to introduce economic history as a new stream of international business (IB) research. It offers a long-term perspective on how the IB has evolved over time, focussing on the interplay between multinational enterprise and the nation state. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses existing scholarly literature on international economic history to develop eight key propositions regarding the interface between the politics and economics of foreign direct investment (FDI). Findings There is a rivalry between nation states and competition between firms. These two forms of conflict interact. Nations use their leading firms as instruments of international policy while leading firms rely on political and financial support from home nations. Using historical evidence and cross-country comparisons, the paper explains has the scale and scope in IB activity have changed dramatically over time. Research limitations/implications There is scope for more detailed historical studies on national policies towards inward and outward FDI. Practical implications It is important to see the recent international economic policies of China in a long-run historical perspective and to appreciate the similarities between its policies and those of other countries in the past. Social implications Many of the potential economic gains generated by FDI may be lost through an excessive commitment of resources to the pursuit of military power as a foundation for international political power. Originality/value This paper challenges IB researchers to widen their horizons.

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Omand, David. "The authorised history of British defence economic intelligence". Intelligence and National Security 36, nr 1 (23.04.2020): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2020.1756628.

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Viktorovna Tretyakova, Galina, Ofeliia Andranikovna Azarova, Victoria Victorovna Levchenko, Olga Vladimirovna Meshcheryakova i Olga Yevgenievna Lebedeva. "Economic Prospects of Balanced Development of International Relations". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 4.38 (3.12.2018): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24625.

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The article deals with the systematization of economic prospects of balanced development of international relations. It is established that the prerequisites for rapid development are special conditions of certain factors, which acquire different acuteness or form as institutional determinants of development. It is proved that the balanced development of international relations is associated not only with economic issues, but also with social features, political conflicts, and history. Globalization, which has originally manifested itself as liberalization, and then as the integration of capital, goods, and labor into a single world market also complicates the problem. The article highlights the importance of specialization because it is specialization that provides an opportunity to increase efficiency at the level of individuals, organizations, regions, and countries through the effect of scale, comparative advantages, and technological changes.

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Turner, Louis. "Economic sanctions reconsidered: history and current policy". International Affairs 62, nr 2 (1986): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2618388.

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Kennedy, William P. "Growth recurring: economic change in world history". International Affairs 66, nr 2 (kwiecień 1990): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621378.

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Diebold, William, Gary Clyde Hufbauer i Jeffrey J. Schott. "Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy". Foreign Affairs 64, nr 2 (1985): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20042595.

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