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Aall, Carlo, Kyrre Groven i Gard Lindseth. "The Scope of Action for Local Climate Policy: The Case of Norway". Global Environmental Politics 7, nr 2 (maj 2007): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.2.83.
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One of the key features of the post-Rio era has been how global environmental governance is mediated between local, national and global levels of government. In this article, we draw on experiences from local climate policy planning in Norway in order to discuss the ways in which climate change enters into a municipal policy setting. Based on the Norwegian case, supplemented with knowledge gained from an international literature review, we present a typology of six different categories of local climate policy. We highlight that local actors can both play the role as a structure for the implementation of national or international climate objectives, as well as that of being policy actors taking independent policy initiatives. We emphasize how the relationship between national and local authorities is a crucial factor if climate policy as a specific local responsibility should be further strengthened.
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Tomaszyk, Mikołaj. "Action against smog at local government level in relation to urban public transport: evidence from selected Polish cities". Urban Development Issues 55, nr 3 (22.05.2018): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/udi-2018-0005.
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Abstract All of us wish to breathe clean air. In recent years, a problem of growing importance is how to combat particulates which cause smog and are harmful to the human environment. International forums have adopted documents to prevent carpet emissions. As a result, public authorities in individual states have to tackle the tough challenge of implementing new regulations via their legal framework and administrative practice. The slogans “Clean Air” and “Right to Clean Air” trigger off grassroots movements which strive to coax the units of local government to take decisive action on a pro-ecological transport policy. While mindful of the influence of polluted air on human health, local interest groups have social control of authorities. The objectives of the article are to present the legal framework for the ‘smog alert’ and free public transport initiatives, and to analyse how local authorities have implemented free public transport, whether for all a city’s residents or just for the drivers who decide to forgo driving and have to show valid vehicle registration certificates to use public transport for free. The paper draws upon interviews and a critical review of substantive literature about the techniques for reducing smog. A scientific approach is adopted to the major body of work. Additionally, the analysis compares the pro-ecological activities of local governments in selected Polish cities. It focuses directly on the subjects managing public transport and the operators offering transport services.
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Klyuchnikov, Andrey Yu, i Vladimir S. Kruzhilin. "The Right to Effective Management in the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights". Administrative law and procedure 12 (10.12.2020): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2020-12-29-31.
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The article is devoted to the study of the right to effective management recognized by the international justice as a complex interdisciplinary institution affecting the functioning of public authorities and local self-government, officials and courts. The authors study the principles of the right to effective management, the powers granted to persons in connection with the action of the Institute, taking into account the practice of the ECHR.
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Matkó, Andrea Emese, i Csaba Berde. "Relationships between competitiveness in the Northern Great Plain and the organisational culture of local authorities". Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 6, nr 5 (31.12.2012): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2012/5/2.
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One of the five basic factors in the Lengyel-type pyramid model – institutions and social capital – is essential in the economic growth of the region. Economic success however, does not only depend on participants in the economy, but on social factors such as the roles played by local authorities, including their functions, operation and organisational culture, all of which are crucial factors. Based on the results obtained regarding organisational culture it can be stated that performance orientation, dominant motivation based on calculated risk, forward planning and regular feedback are expected values at local authorities in all three counties. All local authorities emphasise the importance of the need for forecasting. Respondents find it important that organisations encourage and reward individual action and contributions as expected values. The degree of human orientation expected by local authorities reflects the fact that respect for colleagues and attention to their well-being should be at the highest level. Reinforcing these organisational culture values (dimensions) is the basis for the efficient and successful operation of organisations (local authorities). The study examines the organisational culture of local authorities in the Northern Great Plain, looking for any relationships it might have with the competitiveness of the region. This study is an element of the wider research into organisational culture. We used the GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness) survey, which had been successfully applied in the research programme In Competition with the World at the Corvinus University of Budapest. Koopman, Den Hartog, Konrad et al. (1999) examined the culture variables of 21 European countries in organisations. Based on Hungarian and international literature it can be stated that a similar survey of local authorities has not yet been conducted.
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Bozhenko, Victoria, Anna Buriak, Andrii Bozhenko i Oleksandr Roienko. "Transparency and Corruption Prevention in Financing Climate Action". Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 7, nr 2 (2023): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.7(2).88-94.2023.
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The article summarises the arguments and counter-arguments within the scientific debate on enchancing the climate finance transparency. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism of climate finance and identify the key challenges that hinder the effective climate fund monitoring system. The relevance of addressing this research problem is due to the fact that the largest recipients of international climate finance are countries with high corruption risks, low standards in protection human rights, low trust in law enforcement and judicial authorities, etc. Therefore, the reporting and the quality of the reports prepared on the funds received under international assistance programmes is an important component of establishing long-term relations and trust between donor-countries or receipient-countries. The article examines the issue of climate finance transparency in the following logical sequence: analysed scientific publications on the issues of transparency and corruption in climate finance, examined the institutional mechanism of global climate finance, analysed the scale of climate finance in the world, and identified the main challenges in improving the transparency and efficiency of climate funds. The study was conducted using empirical (observation, description) and theoretical (grouping, synthesis, abstraction) research methods. The paper substantiates that the strengheting transparency of climate finance in developing countries requires a comprehensive approach - on the one hand, improving the level of justice, judiciary, enchancing the work of local regulatory authorities, developing legislation in recipient countries of international financial assistance, and on the other hand, improving the methodology of integrated accounting and reporting on the receipt and use of climate funds, as well as tracking the effects of project implementation. The study found that the key challenges that hinder the formation of an effective climate funds monitoring system are: a data collection and reporting system, an accounting and reporting system, and a coordination system.
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Berry, Peter, Paddy Enright, Joy Shumake-Guillemot, Elena Villalobos Prats i Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum. "Assessing Health Vulnerabilities and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review of International Progress". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, nr 12 (23.11.2018): 2626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122626.
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Climate change is increasing risks to human health and to the health systems that seek to protect the safety and well-being of populations. Health authorities require information about current associations between health outcomes and weather or climate, vulnerable populations, projections of future risks and adaptation opportunities in order to reduce exposures, empower individuals to take needed protective actions and build climate-resilient health systems. An increasing number of health authorities from local to national levels seek this information by conducting climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessments. While assessments can provide valuable information to plan for climate change impacts, the results of many studies are not helping to build the global evidence-base of knowledge in this area. They are also often not integrated into adaptation decision making, sometimes because the health sector is not involved in climate change policy making processes at the national level. Significant barriers related to data accessibility, a limited number of climate and health models, uncertainty in climate projections, and a lack of funding and expertise, particularly in developing countries, challenge health authority efforts to conduct rigorous assessments and apply the findings. This paper examines the evolution of climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessments, including guidance developed for such projects, the number of assessments that have been conducted globally and implementation of the findings to support health adaptation action. Greater capacity building that facilitates assessments from local to national scales will support collaborative efforts to protect health from current climate hazards and future climate change. Health sector officials will benefit from additional resources and partnership opportunities to ensure that evidence about climate change impacts on health is effectively translated into needed actions to build health resilience.
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Mourad, Lama. "“Standoffish” Policy-making: Inaction and Change in the Lebanese Response to the Syrian Displacement Crisis". Middle East Law and Governance 9, nr 3 (11.11.2017): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00903005.
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With the largest refugee population per capita in the world, Lebanon now officially hosts at least 1.1 million Syrian refugees. Until late 2014, the Lebanese government maintained de facto open borders and little to no regulation of Syrians within its borders. This period has largely been understood as one of state absence: referred to broadly as a “policy of no-policy.” This paper looks at the way in which state inaction played a major role in structuring the responses that did emerge, both “below” and “above” the state, from local authorities and international agencies. I shed light on how indirect measures taken by the central government facilitated and encouraged greater local autonomy in governing the refugee presence. This, in turn, further decentralized and fragmented the current set of responses to the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon and legitimized discretionary action by municipal authorities.
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Mohd Arifuzzaman, M. Mizanur Rahman, Md Sultan Ul Islam i Md Nezam Uddin. "Health Vulnerabilities and Resilience to Climate Change: An Update of International Progress". Ibrahim Cardiac Medical Journal 9, nr 1-2 (5.03.2020): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icmj.v9i1-2.53993.
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Despite being one of the most important societal challenges of the 21st century, public engagement with climate change currently remains low worldwide. Mounting evidence from across the behavioral sciences has found that most people regard climate change as a non-urgent and psychologically distant risk—spatially, temporally, and socially-which has led to deferred public decision making about mitigation and adaptation responses. Climate change is increasing risks to human health and to the health systems that seek to protect the safety and well-being of populations. Health authorities require information about current associations between health outcomes and weather or climate, vulnerable populations, projections of future risks and adaptation opportunities in order to reduce exposures, empower individuals to take needed protective actions and build climate-resilient health systems. Health authorities from local to national levels badly seek this information by conducting climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessments. While assessments can provide valuable information to plan for climate change impacts, they are often not integrated into adaptation decision making, probably because the health sector is not involved in climate change policy-making processes at the national level. Significant barriers related to data accessibility, a limited number of climate and health models, uncertainty in climate projections, and a lack of funding and expertise, particularly in developing countries, challenge health authority efforts to conduct rigorous assessments and apply the findings. This paper reviews the evolution of climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessments, including guidance developed from such projects, and implementation of the findings to support health adaptation action. The findings derived from the study will support collaborative efforts to protect health from current and future climate change hazards. Health authorities may benefit from additional resources to ensure that evidence about climate change impacts on health could effectively be translated into needed actions to build health resilience.
Ibrahim Card Med J 2019; 9 (1&2): 80-92
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Golubeva, Elena, i Anastasia Emelyanova. "Local community practices to improve healthy aging in the North". Magyar Gerontológia 13 (29.12.2021): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47225/mg/13/kulonszam/10575.
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The governments of Finland, Denmark, Norway and Russia have developed national programs to address population ageing. There are also successful practices in healthy ageing at the local level in different countries, but they remain unknown among the global professional community and governmental authorities.
Healthy ageing has become an important policy issue at all levels of the society. The key international document is the World Health Organization’s (WHO) plan for a Decade of Healthy Ageing 2020–2030 which is the second action plan of the WHO ‘s Global strategy on ageing and health. The Plan consists of 10 years of concerted, catalytic, sustained collaboration to improve the lives of older people, their families, and their communities. Older people themselves are in the core of this plan, and it brings together variety of actors, including governments, civil society, international agencies, professionals, academia, the media, and the private sector. The Plan also notes that healthy ageing is not only a healthcare issue but also needs to engage many other sectors.
The aim of research was to search and introduce local community practices according the priority areas of WHO Decade of Healthy Aging action plan for gerontological policy in arctic countries.
Examples of good practices for the Priority 1 of the Plan: Change how we think, feel and act towards age and ageing
Fostering of Healthy Ageing requires fundamental shifts from existing stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination towards older people. Older people should not be seen only as an economic burden for the welfare society, but as contributors to the state and communities, and as resourceful carriers of traditional values and wisdom. Governments eliminate age discrimination by variety of actions, such as legislative changes, and policies and programs which engage older people in decision-making.
Initiatives for Priority 2 of the Plan: Ensure that communities foster the abilities of older people
The environments which are built on decisions made not only by policy makers but involve citizens of all ages are better places to grow, play, live, work and retire. Even those people who have lost their capacity, shall be able to continue to enjoy everyday activities, to continue to develop personally and professionally, to participate and contribute to their communities while retaining their autonomy, dignity, health, and well-being.
Practices for Priority 3 of the Plan: Deliver person-centered, integrated care and primary health services to older people
Good-quality essential health services include prevention of diseases; promotion of healthy lifestyle; curative, rehabilitative, palliative and end-of-life care; safe, effective, good-quality essential medicines and vaccines; dental care; assistive technologies, while ensuring that the use of services does not cause the user financial hardship.
Local northern practices are mirrored against the recently released WHO Decade of Healthy Ageing 2020-2030 Action Plan with paying attention to indigenous elders. Based on these practices the national, regional, and municipal level authorities of the Nordic countries and Russia were suggested to consider the policy recommendations based of the research.
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Honcharenko, Oleksiy, i Alina Ivanenko. "Participation of Local Administration Bodies of Provisional Military Administration and Reichskommissariat ‘Ukraine’ in Ensuring Holocaust Measures (1941-1944)". Eminak, nr 1(41) (13.04.2023): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).629.
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The purpose of the research paper is to uncover the role and significance of local administration bodies that were established on the territories under the control of the Provisional Military Administration (PMA) and the Reichskommissariat ‘Ukraine’ (RKU) in ensuring the Holocaust policy.
Scientific novelty is based on the original documentary sources analysis. It is determined that the employees of local administration bodies in the German occupation zones of Ukraine, even against their will, took an active part in various forms of preparation and technical support for actions to exterminate Jews, their persecution by the authorities, and looting of the property belonging to them.
Conclusions. In the territories under the control of the PMA and the RKU, local administration bodies were established, which, although not unified, were still typical institutions of occupation administration. Despite the unequal organizational structure, local administration bodies had to perform all the tasks assigned by the German authorities. In the practical activity of those authorities, there were no repressive and punitive functions, but it was their staff who had to provide the measures that were the basis of the Holocaust policy, which was consistently and all-out conducted by the Nazis in occupied Ukraine.
Performing the functions of the occupation administration, the employees of the local administration bodies of the PMA and the RKU took an active part in both the preparatory measures and the purely technical support of actions for the extermination of the Jews. With the assistance of the local administrative staff members, the German authorities managed to settle the matter of registration and identification of the Jewish population, establish an effective system of control over issuing personal documents, as well as search and selection of places for conducting the massacres. Without their active participation, the Nazis would not have been able to organize actions of extermination people so quickly, as well as to identify systematically those who managed to avoid death and were hiding from the persecution of the German occupiers. Also quite actively, some employees of local administration bodies participated in propagandistic provision and justification of massacres of the Jews in Ukraine.
Local authorities took part in the redistribution of property that belonged to the killed Jews. A great part of the former Jewish property, with the permission of the German authorities, was given to the local authorities, and the funds received after its sale were transferred to the bank accounts of the local authorities and used to finance their activities. At the same time, many employees of local administration bodies, using their official position, tried to obtain part of the property of people who had already been killed.
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Belhaj, Abdessamad. "Beyond the Global Mufti: Religious Authority as Political Action". Religions 13, nr 2 (20.01.2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13020100.
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The International Union of Muslim Scholars, headquartered in Qatar, is an organisation of Muslim jurists founded in 2004 by Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī and led today by Aḥmad al-Raysūnī. Despite its importance in the current religious-political discourse in the Muslim world and beyond, this organisation received little attention from scholars, and no study to date has been dedicated to examine its claims and practices of authority. The central thesis of this paper is that the jurists of IUMS are religious and political authorities who: 1. embrace a wide range of “umma” issues, which allow IUMS to appear as the “authentic” and “autonomous” “guardian” of Islam; 2. play a role in international relations (ranging from Chad to China) as “supporters” of particular political actions; 3. negotiate a new type of religious authority embodied by the scholar-activist who emerged as a reaction to the deep religious and political transformations in the Sunni world. To conduct this case study, I approached IUMS from the perspective of sociology of religion (with a focus on the problem of authority) and relied on qualitative methods of analysis (contextualisation, descriptive discourse analysis, in particular), inspecting the local context of IUMS in Qatar as well the global context of umma politics, and using Arabic sources available on its website.
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Santilli, Cecilia, i Roberto Scaramuzzino. "RESHAPING ALLIANCES AND REDRAWING BOUNDARIES: HOW INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AFFECTED ITALIAN CIVIL SOCIETY". Mobilization: An International Quarterly 27, nr 3 (1.09.2022): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-27-3-353.
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Many conflicts in Italian politics have focused on migration policy. After the national elections in 2018, this conflict cut across all societal spheres and levels of governance and administration. On the one hand, tightening migration policies and criminalizing pro-migrant civil-society actors created a conflict between the government and many civil-society actors. On the other hand, civil-society and public-sector actors formed new alliances and lines of conflict at the local and national levels. This article analyzes the development of Italian civil society around the migration issue from the 1970s to 2019 from a relational perspective using the strategic action field approach. This approach offers a conceptual framework and an analytical model for studying behaviors and relations among different types of collective actors, including civil-society actors and public authorities.
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Bravo, Giulia, Giovanni Cattani, Francesca Malacarne, Pierfrancesco Tricarico, Luca Arnoldo, Laura Brunelli, Carla Zotti i in. "SPiNCAR: A systematic model to evaluate and guide actions for tackling AMR". PLOS ONE 17, nr 3 (10.03.2022): e0265010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265010.
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Background Italy records very alarming levels antimicrobial resistance (AMR), so a National Action Plan on Antimicrobial resistance (PNCAR) was developed, adopting the AMR European Union’s recommendations based on the results of the ECDC site visit of January 2017. For achieving PNCAR objectives, it is necessary to support and harmonize the implementation of recommendations in all the different healthcare levels (regional authorities and local trusts), so the SPiNCAR project was launched to create a tool for reaching this goal. Methods We developed a framework based on a scientific literature and national and international guidelines. Firstly, we identified the major intervention areas for tackling AMR, then, for each area, we built a set of standards, both for regional authorities than for local trusts. Every standard is composed by a set of essential and additional criteria, which refer to a minimum or supplemental performance level respectively. The contents were firstly discussed by the project’s team during face-to-face kick-off meetings, then confirmed with Delphi methodology and finally validated through a pilot study. Results The final framework consists of seven different areas that reflect the PNCAR structure: Governance, Surveillance and Monitoring, Appropriate Use of antimicrobials, Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) control and prevention, Education and Training, Alliance among Stakeholders, Implementation. The total number of standards for the regional framework was 34 with 264 criteria and for the local version 36 criteria with 279 standards. Conclusion The ongoing use of this tool, developed on international evidences and recommendations that were tailored on the Italian specific context, allows monitoring the improvement achieved over time and plan the next steps.
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Beraud, Alain, i Jean-Claude Sainlos. "ACCIDENTAL MARINE OIL POLLUTION: FRENCH POLICY AND RESPONSE". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, nr 1 (1.02.1985): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-97.
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ABSTRACT To avoid large-scale marine oil pollution, France took certain legal and technical measures to protect its coastline and to implement an organization specifically to respond to oil slicks. These measures emphasize the prevention of accidents. They entail, on one hand, a legal basis integrated with international maritime regulations, and, on the other, methods for surveillance of navigation and for intervention. The organization for marine pollution control distinguishes pollution at sea from pollution on land and allocates responsibilities accordingly. On the local level, unity of action is based on the competences of the two authorities who have state authority for civilian action, at sea for one, and on land for the other (the “Préfet Maritime” at sea and the “Commissaire de la République du Département” on land).
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Carrard, Naomi, Hannah Neumeyer, Bikash Kumar Pati, Sabiha Siddique, Tshering Choden, Tseguereda Abraham, Louisa Gosling, Virginia Roaf, Jorge Alvarez-Sala Torreano i Sören Bruhn. "Designing Human Rights for Duty Bearers: Making the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation Part of Everyday Practice at the Local Government Level". Water 12, nr 2 (30.01.2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020378.
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In most countries, local governments bear primary responsibility for ensuring everyone has access to water and sanitation services. For the human rights to water and sanitation to move from recognition to realisation, they need to become part of the everyday practice of local authorities. Yet the potential for the human rights to water and sanitation to practically inform local efforts towards inclusive, sustainable service delivery has received limited attention to date, with human rights discourse more typically focusing on national and international levels or on building the capacity of rights holders to claim their rights from government. There is considerable opportunity to consider how human rights can constructively inform local government efforts to expand and improve services. This Communication article presents a novel approach to making human rights relevant and actionable for local authorities. Developed by a consortium of WASH-focused organisations and informed by design thinking, the Making Rights Real approach combines user-centred materials showing how human rights can inform local action, with a process of constructive engagement between civil society and local government professionals. The Making Rights Real approach has been applied in 12 countries by 37 civil society organisations to date. In this paper, we describe the development and features of the Making Rights Real approach, share initial results from its implementation, and reflect on the potential for the approach to catalyse transformational change towards local realisation of the human rights to water and sanitation.
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Boyce, Matthew R., Melissa Cordoba Asprilla, Breanna van Loenen, Amanda McClelland i Ariella Rojhani. "How do local-level authorities engage in epidemic and pandemic preparedness activities and coordinate with higher levels of government? Survey results from 33 cities". PLOS Global Public Health 2, nr 10 (19.10.2022): e0000650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000650.
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The COVID-19 pandemic suggests that there are opportunities to improve preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks. While much attention has been given to understanding national-level preparedness, relatively little attention has been given to understanding preparedness at the local-level. We, therefore, aim to describe (1) how local governments in urban environments were engaged in epidemic preparedness efforts before the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) how they were coordinating with authorities at higher levels of governance before COVID-19. We developed a survey and distributed it to 50 cities around the world involved in the Partnership for Healthy Cities. The survey included several question formats including free-response, matrices, and multiple-choice questions. RACI matrices, a project management tool that helps explain coordination structures, were used to understand the level of government responsible, accountable, consulted, and informed regarding select preparedness activities. We used descriptive statistics to summarize local-level engagement in preparedness. Local authorities from 33 cities completed the survey. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, 20 of the cities had completed infectious disease risk assessments, 10 completed all-hazards risk assessments, 11 completed simulation exercises, 10 completed after-action reviews, 19 developed preparedness and response plans, three reported involvement in their country’s Joint External Evaluation of the International Health Regulations, and eight cities reported involvement in the development of their countries’ National Action Plan for Health Security. RACI matrices revealed various models of epidemic preparedness, with responsibility often shared across levels, and national governments accountable for the most activities, compared to other governance levels. In conclusion, national governments maintain the largest role in epidemic and pandemic preparedness but the role of subnational and local governments is not negligible. Local-level actors engage in a variety of preparedness activities and future efforts should strive to better include these actors in preparedness as a means of bolstering local, national, and global health security.
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Palomo-Navarro, Alvaro, Aidan McDermott, John Dooley i Ronan Farrell. "An investigation into environmental waste enforcement in Ireland". Irish Geography 46, nr 2 (20.12.2014): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.2013.279.
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Despite a number of campaigns conducted in Ireland to increase awareness about appropriate waste management, waste enforcement is still a significant issue. Decisions such as the privatisation of waste collection services and the introduction of new waste charges have contributed to some of the classic waste enforcement issues, like illegal dumping. In addition, the current economic recession affects the resources that local authorities have available to implement enforcement actions. In order to analyse the current situation of waste enforcement in Ireland, a survey was carried out amongst the 34 environmental departments within the Irish local authorities. This paper presents the survey findings. From the results, the principal current waste enforcement issues are extracted and compared with previous studies in the field. In addition, an analysis of the resources employed with regard to technology, personnel, legal prosecutions and best practices is also performed. The technologies and practices used are evaluated for efficiency at reducing the main illegal actions, such as illegal dumping, and compared to international best practices. Finally, the actions carried out by the local authorities in terms of public awareness and environmental education are reviewed.
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Piaggesi, Danilo, i Dianne Davis. "The Triple Helix Approach for the Creation of a Knowledge Society". International Journal of Knowledge Society Research 6, nr 3 (lipiec 2015): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijksr.2015070103.
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In the present society, we are experiencing a convergence and crossing-over of three worlds which were previously separated: public research, business and governments; this convergence is represented by the Triple Helix model. It refers to a spiral model of innovation that captures multiple reciprocal relationships among institutional settings (public, private and academic) at different stages in the capitalization of knowledge. This paper presents a good practice of “The International Council for Caring Communities” (ICCC) that, in our opinion, represents a Triple Helix approach in action. ICCC in fact, since 1995 has been addressing social and economic issues with a method based on the cooperation efforts of non-traditional groups of decision makers and experts from government, international organizations, local authorities, the private sector, academia, health organizations and related industries.
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Dharmawan, Ni Ketut Supasti, Desak Putu Dewi Kasih, I. Gede Agus Kurniawan i Putu Aras Samsithawrati. "The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: National Action Plans Toward Corporation Responsibility". Hasanuddin Law Review 4, nr 2 (25.08.2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i2.1480.
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As a global principal, corporations have the obligation to comply with national and international hard law of human rights, respect soft laws and global standards. The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (GPs) of 2011 were unanimously endorsed by the Human Rights Council and are respected as a global standard that stipulates that corporations should respect human rights when conducting their business activities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the scope and focus of National Action Plans (NAPs) by comparing the Netherlands NAP on Human Rights (2013) is compared to the UK’s updated NAP of 2016 with the aim of providing ideas and good examples of a NAP for Indonesia. This study used normative legal method. It is considered to be a valuable lesson both for developed and developing countries that for practical matters it is highly important to create and implement a NAP for the implementation of the GPs. Fortunately, Indonesia in June 2017 has launched a National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights (NAP). The burden responsibility to carry out the NAP on Business and Human Rights to corporation to be implemented strongly rests on the government authorities both central government and all levels authorities, including the local level, have the duty to implement human rights obligation, including to convince corporations that upholding the GPs will ultimately be to their benefit.
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Everbecq, Etienne, Aline Grard, Pol Magermans i Jean-François Deliège. "Water Framework Directive and Modelling Using PEGOPERA Simulation Software". Journal of Modeling and Optimization 11, nr 1 (15.06.2019): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jmo.2019.11.1.36.
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The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) established a framework for community action in the field of water policy. To implement the WFD, the competent authorities for watershed management should use modelling techniques to establish, for example, the pressure/impacts relationship. The PegOpera modelling tool (composed of the water quality model Pegase and a friendly Graphical User Interface), has been developed in order to be compliant with the requirements of the WFD. Pegase is a physicochemical model describing the behaviour of whole river systems, at various scales, from tens to tens of thousands km². The specificity of the model is its ability to work at a high spatial resolution not only for small river basins (water body level), but also for large drainage networks. Already used by several basin management competent authorities, the PegOpera modelling tool proved to be an efficient tool for helping in surface water management from local up to the international district level and is therefore an operational numerical tool for WFD implementation.
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Di Fusco, Stefania Angela, Alessandro Alonzo, Alberto Aimo, Andrea Matteucci, Rita Cristina Myriam Intravaia, Stefano Aquilani, Manlio Cipriani i in. "ANMCO position paper on vericiguat use in heart failure: from evidence to place in therapy". European Heart Journal Supplements 25, Supplement_D (maj 2023): D278—D286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad106.
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Abstract In the growing therapeutic armamentarium for heart failure (HF) management, vericiguat represents an innovative therapeutic option. The biological target of this drug is different from that of other drugs for HF. Indeed, vericiguat does not inhibit neuro-hormonal systems overactivated in HF or sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 but stimulates the biological pathway of nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which is impaired in patients with HF. Vericiguat has recently been approved by international and national regulatory authorities for the treatment of patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction who are symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy and have worsening HF. This ANMCO position paper summarises key aspects of vericiguat mechanism of action and provides a review of available clinical evidence. Furthermore, this document reports use indications based on international guideline recommendations and local regulatory authority approval at the time of writing.
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McGloughlin, Jackie S., i John Sweeney. "Multi-level climate policies in Ireland". Irish Geography 44, nr 1 (12.04.2014): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.2011.39.
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Global greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise even though there are binding international agreements and national commitments for emission reductions. While some states and local governments around the world are taking action to reduce emissions and adapt to the inevitable climate change impacts, overall collective goals are not being realised and this implementation gap may be due to multi-level governance failures. To date there has been limited research of Irish climate measures, with a significant gap at the sub-national level. This research explores whether city and county councils are the lowest most effective level for climate change actions in Ireland through a nationwide survey and a review of all relevant government policies at local, regional and national levels. The study reveals that local climate measures are isolated best-practice examples rather than being widespread throughout the country. This study concludes that there is limited vertical integration among Irish government levels as evidenced by survey responses from local authority staff members, limited incorporation of higher-level objectives into local policy documents, and limited details in national level policies as to local level implementation. Similar to municipalities in other countries, Irish local authorities face challenges which are hindering their advancement of climate measures. If the higher-level collective goals are to be achieved in Ireland, the national government will need to drive forward the climate change agenda with formalised commitments and mandatory local implementation.
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Al-Sukhun, Sana, Gilberto de Lima Lopes, Mary Gospodarowicz, Ophira Ginsburg i Peter Paul Yu. "Global Health Initiatives of the International Oncology Community". American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, nr 37 (maj 2017): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/edbk_100008.
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Cancer has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 60% of the world’s total new cases are diagnosed. The challenge for effective control of cancer is multifaceted. It mandates integration of effective cancer prevention, encouraging early detection, and utilization of resource-adapted therapeutic and supportive interventions. In the resource-constrained setting, it becomes challenging to deliver each service optimally, and efficient allocation of resources is the best way to improve the outcome. This concept was translated into action through development of resource-stratified guidelines, pioneered by the Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI), and later adopted by most oncology societies in an attempt to help physicians deliver the best possible care in a limited-resource setting. Improving outcome entails collaboration between key stakeholders, including the pharmaceutical industry, local and national health authorities, the World Health Organization (WHO), and other nonprofit, patient-oriented organizations. Therefore, we started to observe global health initiatives—led by ASCO, the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), and the WHO—to address these challenges at the international level. This article discusses some of these initiatives.
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Selzer, Assaf. "The Ayalon River and the Relationships between the Authorities, 1948-1965". Iyunim, Multidisciplinary Studies in Israeli and Modern Jewish Society 34 (1.12.2020): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51854/bguy-34a105.
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During the first two decades following the establishment of the State of Israel, the Tel Aviv-Jaffa municipality had to deal with flooding from the Ayalon River. By means of constructing a series of walls, the route of the river and its depth were altered in an unsuccessful attempt to solve the problem. It became clear that a more drastic solution was necessary. Water issues and rivers in particular provide a unique opportunity to study the underlying relationships between local and central governments and between local and international water experts. In this article, I compare the different interests of those who were involved in dealing with the flooding from the Ayalon and the motivations behind their actions. As part of the solution to the Ayalon flooding problem, an infrastructure company was established in 1965 as a partnership between the Tel Aviv-Jaffa municipality and the Israeli government. The main task of the company was to construct a highway along the route of the river, thus ironically providing a drastic solution to the problem.
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Ahasan, Rabiul, Timo Partanen i Lee Keyoung. "Global Corporate Policy for Financing Health Services in the Third World: The Structural Adjustment Crisis". International Quarterly of Community Health Education 20, nr 1 (kwiecień 2000): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/tctc-vcpx-jtul-k7tg.
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Western nations and international financiers are usually the donors for most of the Third World countries. International funds allocated for development projects in these nations are under control of such groups, in which global corporate policy, bureaucracy, and neo-liberalization play a major role. International financiers also bias the socio-political, environmental, local administration, and even public health policy of the poor nations. Financial packages are usually sanctioned, distributed, and reimbursed under strict terms and conditions that Third World nations must heed and agree to with the fundamental commitment to change accordingly. Obviously, these terms and conditions are complicated for local governmental authorities. In most of the implementation phase of a project supported by foreign loan/aid, the efficient features of their own or the donors may be reflected, while the proposal and prospects for the actual benefits are left to the local populace. Cutting government spending and neglecting the benefits to poor people, global capitalism maintains corporate policy that may also focus on the goals of profit making instead of public benefit. As such, enhancing privatization, structural adjustments have been devised by the international financiers in many sectors. The reason is that private sectors must necessarily comply with the market dynamics of free choice and with the belief that it could be more efficient and equitable than the local government's action. It is thus important that healthcare professionals, government officials, and others solicit their opinions about international policy on privatization programs through a range of cost-benefit analyses. In order to identify and evaluate the negative effects of structural adjustment, this article comments on international policy for financing health services in the Third World.
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Vandeginste, Stef. "Ethnic Quotas and Foreign NGOs in Burundi: Shrinking Civic Space Framed as Affirmative Action". Africa Spectrum 54, nr 3 (30.10.2019): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002039719881460.
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Since January 2017, foreign non-governmental organisations (ONGEs) active in Burundi are required to respect ethnic quotas (60 per cent Hutu, 40 per cent Tutsi) when employing local staff. The ethnic quota requirement was adopted amidst fears of re-ethnicisation of politics and society, enhanced control on civil society and tense relations between the Burundi government and its aid partners. While authorities justify the measure as a remedy for decades of discrimination along ethnic lines, an analysis of the legal reform shows that a variety of other motivations and dominant party interests account for its adoption and enforcement. While the reform mirrors a wider international trend of shrinking civic space, the Burundi case study also shows how a clever discursive strategy may skillfully divide ONGEs and their funding agencies. Furthermore, the case study reveals the instrumental use of obscurity and ambiguity in terms of the legal wording and enforcement of the ethnic quota requirement.
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MacDougall, Heather. "Toronto’s Health Department in Action: Influenza in 1918 and SARS in 2003". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 62, nr 1 (11.10.2006): 56–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrl042.
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Abstract This article compares the Toronto Health Department’s role in controlling the 1918 influenza epidemic with its activities during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and concludes that local health departments are the foundation for successful disease containment, provided that there is effective coordination, communication, and capacity. In 1918, Toronto’s MOH Charles Hastings was the acknowledged leader of efforts to contain the disease, care for the sick, and develop an effective vaccine, because neither a federal health department nor an international body like WHO existed. During the SARS outbreak, Hastings’s successor, Sheela Basrur, discovered that nearly a decade of underfunding and new policy foci such as health promotion had left the department vulnerable when faced with a potential epidemic. Lack of cooperation by provincial and federal authorities added further difficulties to the challenge of organizing contact tracing, quarantine, and isolation for suspected and probable cases and providing information and reassurance to the multi-ethnic population. With growing concern about a flu pandemic, the lessons of the past provide a foundation for future communicable disease control activities.
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Lysenko, T. V. "HISTORIOGRAPHY OF LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITY RESEARCH AT STATE AND LOCAL LEVELS". Європейський правничий часопис, nr 3 (2024) (24.10.2024): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36919/3041-1149(print).3.2024.09-12.
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The article explores the historiography ofthe analysis and study oflegislative activity at the state and local levels. It generalizes scientific approaches and directions of analysis by domestic and international scholars who have conducted detailed research and systematization ofscientific works and summarized the main problematic aspects in scientific works and dissertations. Particular attention is paid to Russia's military actions against Ukraine, which negatively impact the state's development. It is proposed that scientists seek ways to address problematic aspects at a global level. A proposal is madefor domestic scholars to pay special attention to the legislative activity at the state and local levels in the present time, specifically during the wartime period. It is important to study and research the scientific achievements of international researchers and, by analyzing their works, consider both the negative and positive factors that influence the development of legislative activity. It is essential to apply positive foreign experience in practice, as military actions should not hinder the progressive development ofstate and local authorities or violate rights andfreedoms.
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Nguyen Thi Thanh, Mai, i Ian Furniss Wilderspin. "Recovering Sustainable Settlements for People Affected by Disaster: An Inclusive-Participatory Approach". E3S Web of Conferences 403 (2023): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340301025.
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Typhoon Damrey struck Vietnam in November 2017 and was the strongest storm to hit the country in over 15 years. It impacted 13 central coastal provinces. Many domestic and international organisations provided timely support to affected populations. These projects were successful in recovering settlements and rebuilding houses for affected people through the application of a participatory-inclusive approach. This paper evaluates the restoration of settlements and rebuilding of homes in international projects using a participatory approach. The Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance guide to the Development Assistance Committee criteria in Evaluations of Humanitarian Action was used to assess the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, sustainability and replicability. Data collection included desk-based research and semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from central to local authorities and beneficiary communities. The results showed that a transformation towards a participatory bottom-up approach is crucial for effective recovery and rebuilding efforts.
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Murphy, Ray, i Declan Gannon. "CHANGING THE LANDSCAPE: ISRAEL'S GROSS VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE OCCUPIED SYRIAN GOLAN". Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 11 (grudzień 2008): 139–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135908001396.
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AbstractSuccessive Israeli governments have adopted a number of policies to control and contain the Syrian population since Israel began its occupation. Numerous villages have been destroyed, thousands driven from their homes, private and public property expropriated, the remaining Arab villages have been prevented from expanding and the free movement of people curtailed. In 1981, Israel enacted legislation that purported to annex the territory. This move was widely condemned by the international community and from the perspective of international law, the Syrian Golan remains an occupied territory to which the laws of occupation apply.The northern hemisphere summer of 2008 marked the 41st anniversary of Israel's occupation. This report outlines the background to the occupation and the consequences for the local population. It then examines the action of the Israeli authorities and argues that certain practices by the Israeli Defence Forces constitute war crimes, which in some cases may also amount to grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention governing the protection of civilians.
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Kamiñski, Tomasz. "The Sub-state Dimension of the European Union Relations with China". European Foreign Affairs Review 24, Issue 3 (1.10.2019): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2019030.
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Regional governments across the world actively participate in international relations. They open trade and cultural missions abroad, join international networks of cooperation, and sign treaties and agreements with their partners from other countries. Relationships at regional and local levels have moderated rising tensions between states that might otherwise paralyse global governance. Fast growing networks of sub-state contacts in Sino-European affairs create new opportunities for the European Union (EU) to advance European interests, norms and values. Unfortunately, acknowledgement, by Brussels, of such potential political instruments is limited. The main goal of this article is to show how the EU could benefit from growing substate connections with China. This article begins with an explanation, based upon a survey conducted among regional authorities from the five EU Member States, of the phenomenon of fast-growing cooperation on the sub-state level between Europe and China (Germany, France, Italy, Poland, and Spain). Next, this study identifies, through interviews with the European External Action service (EEAS), the European Commission (EC) officials and the regional authorities, EU activities that promote collaborations on ‘the third level’ of its relations with China. The research concludes with suggestions of possible ways Europe could benefit from further development of sub-state contacts with China.
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Payre, Renaud. "The Science that Never Was: ‘Communal Science’ in France, 1913–1949". Contemporary European History 11, nr 4 (28.10.2002): 529–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777302004022.
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Attempts to develop a ‘municipal science’ bear witness to the challenges posed by the city to methods of government in the first decades of the twentieth century, particularly in France. Both in France and on the international scene, reformers sought new ways of thinking ‘scientifically’ about towns and their government. This article takes a serious look at ‘municipal science’, a fragile development which was never fully accepted in academic circles. It studies the endeavours to provide a scientific clothing for the reforming discourse developed by associations of town councillors and disseminated by teaching institutions or journals devoted to municipal administration. It also examines the contribution made by this crusade – at once political and scientific – to the renewal of public action through local authorities.
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Sabbi, Matthew, Lamine Doumbia i Dieter Neubert. "Dynamics of Everyday Life within Municipal Administrations in Francophone and Anglophone Africa". Africa Spectrum 55, nr 1 (kwiecień 2020): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002039720914630.
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Decentralisation in sub-Saharan Africa promises to build responsive institutions, hold officials to account and promote popular participation. Still, existent studies ignore the everyday interface between decentralised structures and citizens, as well as how decentralised institutions function in relation to their local contexts and other “authorities” on the margins. These contexts shape service provision and the impact of local power structures on local communities. Against this backdrop, our conference in Dakar, Senegal, on “Dynamics of Everyday Life within Municipal Administrations in Francophone and Anglophone Africa,” which took place in May 2019, demonstrated three key points of interest: namely, how actors within local bureaucracies interface with those who are outside; how ordinary citizens appropriate the bureaucratic techniques of the state and how these actors negotiate and adapt to the daily practices of municipal administrations. In general, decentralisation is not simply implemented, rather, it creates new frameworks and spaces for both formal and informal public action.
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Chen, Xi, Geoffrey Silvera, Jonathan Fisk i Courtney Haun. "Signal Fires: The Use of Diversity Value Signaling in Local Government Job Advertisements Following the Summer of Racial Reckoning". Journal of Social Equity and Public Administration 1, nr 2 (2.07.2023): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/jsepa.v1i2.4816.
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Following the events of the summer of 2020, public and private sector organizations have engaged in a variety of actions related to promoting, valuing, and celebrating diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Perhaps due to their role as direct providers of public safety, local governments are along the front lines of DEI efforts and values. Using a novel dataset of International City/County Management Association job advertisements from July 1, 2020–November 1, 2020, this article examines why some local hiring authorities utilize DEI signaling language in their job advertisements while others do not. Results indicate that both external and internal characteristics are associated with diversity value signaling in local government administrations.
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Robel, Jakub. "Stimulating the Activity of Local Governments in the Field of Economic Development in the Member States of the Council of Europe". Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 84, nr 4 (2024): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2024.84.13.
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The article focuses on the role and importance of the activity of local governments in the economic development process of the Council of Europe member states, taking into account the specific role of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe. In the context of contemporary economic and social challenges, the effectiveness of actions taken by local governments is analysed, taking into account the specific impact of the Congress on shaping regional policy. The article is based on case studies and an analysis of the practices of local governments from selected member states of the Council of Europe, with particular emphasis on the role of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe. In the context of global trends, the article points to the importance of the Congress as a platform to exchange experiences, coordinate activities and represent the interests of local governments at the European level. It also presents tools and instruments that the Congress can use to support and stimulate the activity of local governments, such as initiating inter-sectoral dialogue, promoting international cooperation and promoting standards of good practice in local management. In addition, it analyses the challenges faced by the Congress in the context of increasing the effectiveness of its activities.
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Tadeo, Paulson. "Youth and Climate Change in Pastoralist Communities in the IGAD's Karamoja Cluster: The Case Study of Turkana County, Kenya". Journal of Developing Country Studies 8, nr 2 (23.12.2024): 74–109. https://doi.org/10.47604/jdcs.3135.
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Purpose: This study explores the interaction between youth, climate change, and pastoralism in Turkana County, a climate change hotspot within the IGAD's Karamoja Cluster. The study primarily examines youth's knowledge of climate change, its impacts on their lives, and their involvement in climate action initiatives. Methodology: The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from semi-structured questionnaires with qualitative insights gathered from interviews and focus group discussions. Data collection was conducted in both rural and peri-urban areas in Turkana County, supplemented by a review of secondary information from governmental and non-governmental organizations involved in climate action. Findings: The findings reveal a complex association between youth awareness of climate change, its direct impacts on their livelihoods, and their involvement in climate action. Many youths have superficial knowledge of climate issues, and there is, therefore, a critical need for enhanced education and capacity-building to deepen their understanding of climate change, local and national policies, and global climate processes and actions. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: The study is grounded on theoretical frameworks of Social-Ecological Theory and Capability Theory to guide the analysis of youth, climate change, and pastoralist livelihoods. This study makes significant contributions to both academic literature and policy development by providing nuanced insights into the role of youth in climate action within the context of pastoralist communities. It underscores the importance of supporting youth-led initiatives and ensuring access to resources that will support them in promoting resilience in the face of climate change. The study's policy implications are particularly noteworthy, as it recommends integrating climate education into local curricula, prioritizing investment in youth-led climate action, and fostering collaboration among young people, local authorities, NGOs, and international organizations. By addressing the unique challenges faced by the youth in pastoralist settings, the findings aim to inform strategic interventions that improve community climate resilience and sustainable development. This study, therefore, advocates for the inclusion of youth perspectives in climate policy discussions, emphasizing their potential as critical change agents in promoting adaptive capacity and sustainable livelihoods within their communities.
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Oprescu, Mihaela, i Gianina Joldescu-Stan. "Safeguarding the cultural patrimony of the Republic of Moldova". Civil Szemle 22, nr 1 (2025): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.62560/csz.2025.01.6.
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Civil society is one of the most important factors when it comes to cultural heritage management and protection. National and international organizations alike have a keen interest in preserving and protecting cultural heritage in the pursuit of historical continuity and community empowerment. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the tools and means through which the civil society involves itself in safeguarding cultural heritage in the Republic of Moldova. We follow the evolution of the civil society in the last 20 years, with an emphasis of legislative measures taken by authorities, and advocated by civil organizations, towards the protection and preservation of cultural heritage. The hypothesis we base our research on consists of the idea that the process of protecting cultural heritage is a complex and pervasive endeavour, and civil organizations, while having a big impact in constructing and implementing legislative and strategic documents, have little influence in the real act of safeguarding cultural heritage, in the absence of thorough collaboration with national and local authorities. From a methodological perspective, the research includes tools such as: literature review, document analysis, legal research and an overview of concrete actions conducted by civil society organizations in the Republic of Moldova, towards cultural heritage protection and promotion. The last offers an original perspective on civil society’s role in safeguarding cultural heritage, following three areas of action pertaining to cultural civil organizations: advocacy and policy making, education and raising awareness and research and development.
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Bębnowski, Damian. "Economic Challenges for Africa in Light of Benedict XVI’s Exhortation Africae Munus". Catholic Social Science Review 28 (2023): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/cssr20232812.
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The aim of the paper is to identify the economic component of Pope Benedict XVI’s Africae Munus exhortation of 2011, and then to relate his reflection to selected elements of contemporary economic thought. This will be done through a critical analysis of the text combined with a discussion of its diagnosis of the most important economic challenges for Africa and proposals for action in this field. The Pope, listening to the voice of the Second African Synod of 2009, treats the continent in a subjective manner, focusing on the tasks of the Church and local authorities and communities. In doing so, he appeals to the international community to respect the sovereignty of the continent and its specificity, and to beware of ideological pressures. The economic problems addressed in the document are shown from an integral perspective, having its source in Catholic social teaching.
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Blinova, Maria, i Yanina Rodyk. "Analysis of the implementation of the Sustainable Urban Development Goal in Ukraine". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1376, nr 1 (1.07.2024): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1376/1/012040.
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Abstract This article aims to analyse the transformation of ideas about “sustainable development” and compare the approaches to implementing this concept across different levels. It is demonstrated that sustainable development is developing dynamically, with each stage identifying certain shortcomings and proposing changes in its interpretation and implementation measures. The goal is to understand how this process has occurred, from international UN documents to the level of state legislation in Ukraine and local authorities, including local and professional communities. The focus is on problems related to the urban environment, specifically the implementation of the SDG “Sustainable development of cities and communities.” The article discusses the differences in interpretation and approaches to this goal at different legislative levels. It is argued that a transition is occurring at the national level, moving from general abstract principles to specific action plans and the identification of priorities. However, the strategic directions of implementation still need to be correlated with local initiatives. The scientific novelty of this article is its comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the sustainable development concept at various levels and its practical value is in providing insights for policymakers and professionals working in the field of sustainable urban development.
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Ahlers, Anna L., i Yongdong Shen. "Breathe Easy? Local Nuances of Authoritarian Environmentalism in China's Battle against Air Pollution". China Quarterly 234 (14.12.2017): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741017001370.
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AbstractThe heavy smog suffocating China's cities is increasingly being perceived as a threat by both the population and the authorities. Consequently, political action aiming at regulating ambient air pollution has become increasingly comprehensive and rigid in recent years. Even measures limiting consumption and production seem to become acceptable as China is facing an airpocalypse. Does this suggest a genesis of real “authoritarian environmentalism” (AE) in China? Taking this as a heuristic point of departure, we present findings from research on the implementation of air pollution control measures in Hangzhou city. We offer a critical examination of the concept of AE and, in particular, of local policy implementation strategies vis-à-vis the general public. Two measures in Hangzhou's air policy portfolio are analysed that reveal considerable variation: restrictions on the use of private cars and the (re)location of industrial facilities. Describing the conditions that have helped to produce different implementation strategies, we argue for different emphases in a potential Chinese model of AE. In a context where outcomes are sought at any cost, we observe more complexity and nuances than are usually captured by the AE concept.
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Hoffmann, Jean-Marc, Annina Bauer i Regina Grossmann. "The carbon footprint of clinical trials: a global survey on the status quo and current regulatory guidance". BMJ Global Health 8, nr 9 (wrzesień 2023): e012754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012754.
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IntroductionAll economic sectors including the service sector, along with healthcare, education and research, need to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to limit global temperature increases. In this study, we aim to globally assess the awareness and current actions taken by Academic Research Institutions (ARIs) or governments regarding the reduction of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions for clinical research.MethodsWe designed a cross-sectional survey-based study, which was distributed within the International Clinical Trials Center Network (ICN). The survey population comprised representatives of the ICN who had extensive experience in academic clinical research and profound knowledge and understanding of the local context.ResultsThe response rate was 80%. Responding ARIs were from 15 different countries and 4 continents. Around half of the ARIs reported that almost none of their research projects considered reducing their carbon footprint. The other half of the ARIs were not familiar with this subject at all. According to 60% of the respondents, greenhouse gas emissions are not assessed by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)/Ethics Committees (ECs) or competent authorities, while 40% did not know. Neither IRBs/ECs nor competent authorities currently advise sponsors and investigators on reducing the carbon footprint of their clinical research projects. As for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in clinical research, virtual conferences and meetings were the most commonly implemented measures by ARIs across all regions. Finally, we have put together an action plan/checklist advising researchers on carbon footprint reduction for clinical trials.ConclusionCurrently, greenhouse gas emissions are neglected during the planning phase of a research project, and they are not yet addressed or assessed by default during the approval procedures by IRBs/ECs or competent authorities. Thus, all involved stakeholders within clinical research need to be made aware of it through advice from ARIs and IRBs/ECs, among others.
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Nironka, Yu. "INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN PUBLIC CONTROL". Scientific Notes Series Law 1, nr 12 (październik 2022): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2022-12-95-99.
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It is stated that in foreign countries, Civic Control is considered in the light of interaction and mutual influence of the public and its institutions to state power and its officials, the positivity of such cooperation, directions of public activity to the state mechanism of power. It is noted that in different countries of the world to subjects of public control include individuals and public organizations. However, they may also be Public Councils and Supervisory Board of Labor Teams, Public Planning Planning Communities, Public Budget Public Councils, Commodities in the Election of Police Commissioners and Police and Crime Commission. The subjects of public control may be the majority of participants in social relations, which are not endowed with state-owned powers. Forms of public control over state bodies and activities of officials are revealed. Defined as the main of them directly public control, public monitoring, public hearings, public councils, public examination, Ombudsman Institute, Public Verification, Public Investigation, Journalist Investigation, Citizens of Citizens to State Authorities and Local Self-Government, Hearing of Reports. Such a conclusion is based on the relevant US, Canada, France, Spain, Belgium. Innovative forms of public control include: registration of errors of officials, their intentional and random violations of the valid rules and consequences of this, encouraging positive actions of officials and officials, administrative appeal of the actions and acts of local self-government bodies, the Civil Defender Service. It is indicated on such a relatively new form of control as civilian control over internal and external safety. It is widely used in controlling the armed forces. It is noted that public control can be both external and internal. Their definitions are given. Conclusions are made on the need to intermitect effective foreign practices for Ukraine.
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Kidirniyazov, D. S. "THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE RELATIONS OF RUSSIA AND TURKEY IN THE 1770-1790 s". History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, nr 3 (15.09.2017): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch13324-34.
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The Küçük Kaynardzha Peace Treaty of 1774, which sanctioned joining of Kabardia and Ossetia to Russia and formal independence of the Kuban Nogais, once again confirmed that the solution of the question of the international legal status of the North Caucasus was the prerogative right of great powers and did not belong to the sphere of Russian-Caucasian relations. Since the 1770s, military lines in the form of fortification chains and some Cossack settlements were built in the region. Access to the Black Sea at the end of the 18th century and joining of the Crimea to Russia became important events in international life and politics. They raised the authority of Russia in Europe and at the same time heightened tensions with the Turkish Empire. The people’s liberation movement under Sheikh Mansur’s command caused a massive public outcry in the North Caucasus due to common goals of the local peoples in the liberation struggle. The Treaty of Jassy of 1791 only confirmed the terms of the peace treaty of 1774 without any new territorial changes in the region. During the period under consideration, the Russian authorities hardly took any actions in regards to the local peoples. The actions of the Russian administration in the region did not go beyond external control and encouragement of trade and economic ties between the local population and immigrants from the central provinces of Russia. The control was carried out by the military authorities actively introduced into the geographical area of the region (construction of fortresses, creation of new garrisons and places of deployment of Russian troops). The creation of the civil administration of the region (vicarious authority, government, police force) was also started.
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Pawlewicz, Katarzyna, i Iwona Cieślak. "The Use of Level Based Weight Assessment (LBWA) for Evaluating Public Participation on the Example of Rural Municipalities in the Region of Warmia and Mazury". Sustainability 14, nr 20 (20.10.2022): 13612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013612.
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Social participation is presently a legal requirement or a prerequisite for public policy decision-making both on the global and local scale. Therefore, both international (Agenda 21, Agenda 2030) and domestic documents (in Poland: Social Capital Development Strategy and Strategy for Responsible Development) emphasize the role of social participation for development. The co-participation of local residents and local authorities is thus an important factor that contributes to the success and well-being of local communities, improves local governments’ relations with the residents, and promotes a sense of belonging to a community and responsibility for the “common good”. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate public participation in rural municipalities of the Region of Warmia and Mazury and to analyze the influence of various indicators on the level of public participation. The four categories of public participation were selected based on a review of the literature and an analysis of data availability: public action, public involvement, electoral participation, and obligatory participation. These categories were described with the use of fourteen indicators. Data for the study were obtained from publicly available statistical databases and a survey of local government representatives. Public participation was evaluated with the use of the Level Based Weight Assessment (LBWA) method, which revealed that public participation in rural municipalities of the Region of Warmia and Mazury is moderate and is influenced mostly by social consultations, legislative initiatives, and local government elections.
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Kamiński, Tomasz. "Funkcjonowanie miast Azji Południowo-Wschodniej w ramach międzynarodowych sieci współpracy". Sprawy Międzynarodowe 72, nr 3 (27.09.2019): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/sm.2019.72.3.11.
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Although climate policy is formulated at national and supranational levels (for example, the European Union, the United Nations), cities are responsible for its practical implementation. As a consequence, actions taken by local authorities are becoming an important factor in the success of global climate policy. One of the cities’ activities is sharing environmental knowledge within international city networks. This form of international cooperation is also becoming increasingly popular in Southeast Asia.This article analyses the participation of Asian cities in the three most important networks dealing with the exchange of ecological knowledge: C40, City Net and ICLEI. Based on interviews with representatives of all surveyed networks and the city officials of Quezon City, Philippines, I present the characteristics of cities functioning in networks, in particular the knowledge flow model, which has a certain postcolonial feature but also promotes social dialogue and cooperation with local partners.
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Bardal, Kjersti Granås, Mathias Brynildsen Reinar, Aase Kristine Lundberg i Maiken Bjørkan. "Factors Facilitating the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Regional and Local Planning—Experiences from Norway". Sustainability 13, nr 8 (12.04.2021): 4282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084282.
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Successful implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) depends on regional and local authorities’ ability to implement the goals in their respective contexts. Through a survey and interviews with informants in Norwegian municipalities and county councils, this paper explores and offers new empirical insight into (1) which factors can be identified as facilitating the implementation of the SDGs in Norwegian local and regional planning; (2) how the facilitating factors are conditioned by the different local and regional institutional contexts; and (3) how these factors from the Norwegian context correspond or differ from those in the international literature. We find that the existing Planning and Building Act is considered a suitable framework for the implementation of the SDGs in the Norwegian context, and that the SDGs are high on the national and regional governmental agendas. However, work remains in integrating the SDGs into underlying governmental activities. They must be incorporated into action plans and planning tools, which will require involvement, collaboration and development work across sectors and authority levels, and the development of guidelines for how this can be done. Allocating enough resources for this work will be crucial, and smaller municipalities may need other types and degrees of support than larger ones.
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Chia, Ngam Confidence. "Armed Violence and the Desecration of Traditional Authorities and Emblems in Anglophone Cameroon". JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL POLICY 9, nr 1 (22.09.2023): 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/jhsp.v9.no1.2023.pg78.97.
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Violence tops the chart of key Security challenges that have provided anxious moments to governments at local, national, and international levels in the 21 st Century. While protests and other civic engagements are basic requirements for vibrant democracies and governance, armed violence from criminals and militia on various counts has not only multiplied but grown to impose new and quite exacting security concerns, especially for African countries already hunted by heavy debt burden, hunger, strife and other forms of troubles. It is easy to understand violence against the state or any other organized system as a response to poor governance and mismanagement since all of them combine to nurture or implant grievances in some groups and people but it is difficult to understand why armed groups will turn to exert violence on its own established traditional authorities and Institutions which they have held for long as custodians of anything that protects their wellbeing. This paper has a mission to examine how armed violence has desecrated and repeatedly toyed with both the traditional authorities (Fons, Chiefs, Lamidos, notables) and insignia that formed the nucleus of traditional private and public elegance in the two Anglophone regions of Cameroon prior to and during the violent phase of the war of secession that has been raging the Cameroon political economy since 2017. The arguments sustained plus submissions of this paper are a product of scrutiny of the synchrony of data gleaned from primary, secondary, and other sources. After presenting the context of the study which critically engages the issues and background required for an understanding of the key matters in discourse, we argue that(a) the desecration or practice of violence on traditional authorities and their insignia in Anglophone Cameroon has destroyed the key elements of hope that bonded not only people but also the segments/regiments of the society together, (b) such macabre action
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Anton Borysenko, Halyna Tatarenko, Oksana Brusakova, Alla Pyshna i Nataliia Bilak. "Prevention of Corruption in Local Self-Government Bodies: Legal Regulation And Foreign Experience". Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan 11, nr 1 (29.12.2023): 213–25. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i1.1079.
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The article focuses on the negative impact of corruption on the efficiency of the state, the reduction of the governability of the state, and the deterioration of the organization of public life even in the conditions of war in Ukraine. Prevention of corruption risks in local self-government bodies should be implemented by authorities exclusively at the level of a legislative act, necessarily in compliance with the principle of the rule of law and the corresponding guarantees of security in a certain state. The article analyzes in detail the legislation of Ukraine (administrative and criminal legal frameworks) regarding the prevention of corruption risks in local self-government bodies. It was concluded that the strengthening of responsibility for corruption in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine is fully justified, as it is aimed at preventing the "reduction" of international aid during the war and striking preventive strikes by equating corruption with collaboration with the enemy. A scientific vision of the legislative approach to solving the problem of combating corruption in Ukraine is formulated, taking into account the realistic goals of such activities and the war in the country. It has been proven that prevention of corruption risks in local self-government bodies is possible with the help of the following measures: anti-corruption mechanisms at the legislative level and in the activities of public administration bodies; formation of an effective system of state institutions that actually implement state policy in the field of combating corruption risks; prosecution of natural persons for corruption in the form of deprivation of liberty and other measures; intolerance of the population to corruption in war conditions. Attention is focused on the need for states to comply with international standards, namely the recommendations of GRECO and the Istanbul Action Plan of the OECD Anti-Corruption Network.
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Deng, Yanhua, i Kevin J. O'Brien. "Relational Repression in China: Using Social Ties to Demobilize Protesters". China Quarterly 215 (24.07.2013): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741013000714.
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AbstractChinese local officials frequently employ relational repression to demobilize protesters. When popular action occurs, they investigate activists' social ties, locate individuals who might be willing to help stop the protest, assemble a work team and dispatch it to conduct thought work. Work team members are then expected to use their personal influence to persuade relatives, friends and fellow townspeople to stand down. Those who fail are subject to punishment, including suspension of salary, removal from office and prosecution. Relational repression sometimes works. When local authorities have considerable say over work team members and bonds with protesters are strong, relational repression can help demobilize protesters and halt popular action. Even if relational repression does not end a protest entirely, it can limit its length and scope by reducing tension at times of high strain and providing a channel for negotiation. Often, however, as in a 2005 environmental protest in Zhejiang, insufficiently tight ties and limited concern about consequences creates a commitment deficit, partly because thought workers recognize their ineffectiveness with many protesters and partly because they anticipate little or no punishment for failing to demobilize anyone other than a close relative. The practice and effectiveness of relational, “soft” repression in China casts light on how social ties can demobilize as well as mobilize contention and ways in which state and social power can be combined to serve state ends.
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Iancu, A., S. Martelli, A. K. Cerutti, G. Janssens-Maenhout, G. Melica, S. Rivas-Calvete, A. Kona, P. Zancanella i P. Bertoldi. "A harmonised dataset of greenhouse gas emissions inventories from cities under the EU Covenant of Mayors initiative". Earth System Science Data Discussions 8, nr 1 (23.06.2015): 461–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-8-461-2015.
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Abstract. The realization of national climate change commitments, as agreed through international negotiations, requires local action. However, data is still insufficient to make accurate statements about the scale of urban emissions (UNHABITAT, 2011). The need of comparable emission inventories at city level, including smaller cities, is widely recognized to develop evidence-based policies accounting for the relation between emissions and institutional, socio-economic and demographic characteristics at city level. This paper presents a collection of harmonized greenhouse gases (GHG) emission inventories (the "CoM sample 2013") at municipal level directly computed by the cities and towns that participate in the EU Covenant of Mayors initiative. This is the mainstream European movement of local and regional authorities who voluntarily commit to reduce GHG emissions by 20 % or more by 2020. The "CoM sample 2013" (http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/com/data/index.php?SECURE=123, doi:10.2904/EDGARcom2013) has been carefully checked to ensure its internal consistency and its congruity with respect to internationally accepted guide values for emission factors. Overall, it provides valuable data for the analysis of the heterogeneity of final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of cities.