Rozprawy doktorskie: „International action of local authorities”

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Marre, Anissa. "L'action internationale des collectivités territoriales françaises : La construction d'une coopération interterritoriale et interrégionale dans l'Arc latin et le Maghreb". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD002/document.

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Soixante ans après les premiers accords d’amitié entre des collectivités territoriales françaises et leurs homologues étrangers, tout semble avoir évolué : les rapports Etat – collectivités, l’encadrement législatif, la reconnaissance des coopérations transfrontalières et interterritoriales par l’Europe et l’Union européenne et la création d’instruments de coopération. Des jumelages d’amitié historiques à la coopération de territoire à territoire, de la volonté originelle de réconciliation des peuples à l’instauration d’une diplomatie des territoires, l’action internationale des collectivités territoriales ne cesse d’innover et de se déployer. La Méditerranée est un espace historique d’échanges, de migrations et de conflits, où se cristallisent aujourd’hui des enjeux, économiques, sociaux et culturels déterminants pour l’équilibre européen et mondial. Cette histoire commune qui lie les peuples méditerranéens doit être le socle d’une coopération durable permettant de répondre aux problématiques régionales actuelles. L’action internationale des collectivités territoriales y est ancienne et représente un maillon indispensable d’une chaîne de relations avec l’Europe et l’International, mais en pleine mutation, elle cherche encore les fondements de son existence
Sixty years after the first treaties between French local authorities and their foreign counterparts, many things seem to have evolved : including the states reporting of local authorities, legislative framework, international cooperation within the European union and the creation of tools to help this cooperation. From historical twinning to inter authorities cooperation and from the reconciliation of populations to territorial diplomacy, International action of local authorities continues to innovate and develop. The Mediterranean is a historic area of exchanges, migration and conflict where today manifest important economic, social and cultural challenges which determine the European and global balance. This shared history that links the Mediterranean peoples should be the basis for a durable cooperation to address current regional issues. Through these historic interactions we see that international action of local authorities is old and is an essential link in a chain of relationships with Europe and the rest of the world, these links are in a process of undergoing an evolution and are still seeking the solid foundations of their own existence

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2

Louis-Jeune, Manès. "La paradiplomatie dans le droit de l’action publique internationale des collectivités infraétatiques : exemple de la Caraïbe". Thesis, Antilles, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANTI0153/document.

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La paradiplomatie est un concept novateur dans les relations internationales. C’est la doctrine qui essaie de cerner cette notion du point de vue conceptuel. Ainsi, sa définition varie d’un auteur à un autre. Et, les thématiques qui déterminent son champ d’action ne sont pas définies de manière exacte. Elle englobe la coopération décentralisée, les jumelages et les coopérations transfrontalières. Elle occupe une place prépondérante dans le droit des collectivités locales en France, en particulier les départements français d’Amérique, dans leurs relations avec leurs homologues caribéens. Les diverses actions paradiplomatiques de ces collectivités participent au développement durable dans le bassin caribéen. Elle constitue un véritable outil pour les collectivités afin de hisser le flambeau de la diplomatie française dans la Caraïbe. Dans cette optique, elle ne concurrence pas la diplomatie française mais, elle lui sert de complémentarité. Elle est fortement encadrée sur le plan juridique et institutionnel. En effet, la législation nationale, le droit de l’Union et le droit international déterminent sa mise en œuvre et ses limites. Des institutions au niveau national et international fournissent un cadre informationnel et éventuellement un appui financier. Cependant, la paradiplomatie impacte la gouvernance locale
Paradiplomacy is an innovative concept in international relations. It is the doctrine that tries to define this notion from the conceptual point of view. Thus, its definition varies from one author to another. And the themes that determine its scope are not exactly defined. It encompasses decentralized cooperation, twinning and cross-border cooperation. It occupies a prominent place in the law of local authorities in France, in particular the French departments of America, in their relations with their Caribbean counterparts. The various paradiplomatic actions of these communities contribute to sustainable development in the Caribbean basin. It is a real tool for communities to raise the torch of French diplomacy in the Caribbean. In this perspective, it does not compete with French diplomacy, but complement it. It is heavily regulated from a legal and institutional point of view. Indeed, national legislation, EU law and international law determine its implementation and its limits. Institutions at national and international levels provide an informational framework and possibly financial support. However, paradiplomacy impacts local governance

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3

Balducci, Christelle. "Les relations et les actions bilatérales des communes françaises 1884-2014. : Pour une conceptualisation et une étude du bilatéralisme communal". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0881.

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De nombreuses communes françaises sont aujourd’hui ouvertes sur l’extérieur et engagées dans des relations avec d’autres localités françaises ou étrangères : les panneaux aux entrées des villes, les articles dans la presse locale et régionale, les pages sur les sites Internet, les divers documents conservés dans les archives municipales en témoignent. Les jumelages et les coopérations nous sont familiers et développer des relations et des actions bilatérales est une pratique municipale aujourd’hui habituelle.Partant de ce constat cette thèse propose d’en tracer l’histoire depuis la loi municipale de 1884 jusqu’en 2014 et de tenter de construire le concept de « bilatéralisme communal ». Par définition, le « bilatéralisme » correspond au sens strict à une politique d’accords, d’échanges entre des Etats pris deux à deux et ce terme n’a, semble-t-il, jamais été associé aux communes. Pourtant, cette expression « bilatéralisme communal » nous paraît pertinente pour désigner une pratique municipale courante.Afin de comprendre comment se sont développés et fonctionnent les rapports nationaux et transnationaux au niveau le plus simple et d’expliquer l’engagement des communes françaises dans des relations et des actions bilatérales, cette étude se décompose en trois axes complémentaires : le premier s’applique à expliquer les contextes dans lesquels les relations bilatérales s’inscrivent, le deuxième s’intéresse à la mise en place de la relation bilatérale, enfin le troisième a trait aux rapports entre les villes et entend porter un regard critique sur le bilatéralisme communal.L’histoire des relations et des actions bilatérales des communes françaises nous amène donc à nous intéresser aux rapprochements et aux échanges au niveau administratif le plus bas et nous conduit au cœur d’une forme élémentaire du jeu diplomatique aux origines relativement anciennes
Many French municipalities are now open to the outside world and engaged in relations with other French or foreign localities : signs at the entrances to cities, articles in the local and regional press, pages on Internet sites, the various documents kept in the municipal archives testify to this. Twinning and cooperation are familiar to us and developing bilateral relations and actions is a usual municipal practice today.On the basis of this observation, this thesis proposes to trace its history from the municipal law of 1884 until 2014 and to attempt to construct the concept of "communal bilateralism". By definition, "bilateralism" corresponds in the strict sense to a policy of agreements, exchanges between States taken two by two, and this term has never been associated with municipalities. Yet this expression "communal bilateralism" seems to us to be relevant to common municipal practice.In order to understand how national and transnational reports have developed and function at the simplest level and to explain the involvement of French municipalities in bilateral relations and actions, this study is divided into three complementary axes : the first applies to explain the contexts in which bilateral relations take place, the second focuses on the establishment of the bilateral relationship, and finally the third deals with the relations between cities and intends to take a critical look at communal bilateralism.The history of the bilateral relations and actions of the French municipalities therefore leads us to focus on rapprochement and exchanges at the lowest administrative level and leads us to the heart of an elementary form of the diplomatic game with relatively old origins

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4

Ouattara, El Hadj Ali. "Coopération décentralisée et développement local : dynamiques de la coopération décentralisée entre la France et la Côte d'Ivoire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024REIMD005.

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La coopération décentralisée entre la France et la Côte d'Ivoire, née à la fin des années 1950, découle d’une logique de solidarité internationale, héritée des jumelages franco-allemands post-Seconde Guerre mondiale. Étendue aux anciennes colonies françaises, cette coopération a évolué sous l’influence des crises économiques et humanitaires, réorientant les partenariats vers l’aide au développement. La coopération décentralisée franco-ivoirienne s’inscrit dans cette dynamique et est perçue par les collectivités territoriales ivoiriennes comme un outil clé pour leur développement local, une perspective partagée par leurs homologues françaises.Cependant, les changements dans le cadre juridique, les priorités locales françaises ainsi que les politiques de coopération impulsées par les différents gouvernements français ont progressivement redéfini ces partenariats. Initialement axés sur la solidarité, ils se sont recentrés, dès les années 2010, sur la quête de bénéfices locaux pour les collectivités françaises. Le développement local est ainsi devenu un enjeu central pour les élus locaux français, soulevant des questions sur la pertinence de certains partenariats, désormais évalués à l’aune de l'attractivité territoriale et des intérêts locaux propre. Dans ce contexte, le développement local partagé (DLP) émerge comme un nouveau modèle de coopération. Issu de partenariats avec des États développés et émergents, il vise à répondre aux défis actuels tout en intégrant une réciprocité des bénéfices dans les partenariats Nord-Sud. L'adoption de ce modèle par les collectivités ivoiriennes, ainsi que celles des pays du Sud, implique des politiques de coopération décentralisée ambitieuses de la part de leurs États
Decentralized cooperation between France and Côte d'Ivoire, which began in the late 1950s, stems from a logic of international solidarity, inherited from Franco-German partnerships formed after World War II. Extended to former French colonies, this cooperation evolved under the influence of economic and humanitarian crises, redirecting partnerships towards development aid. Franco-Ivorian decentralized cooperation fits into this dynamic and is seen by Ivorian local authorities as a key tool for their local development, a perspective shared by their French counterparts.However, changes in the legal framework, local priorities in France, and cooperation policies driven by various French governments have gradually redefined these partnerships. Initially focused on solidarity, they shifted in the 2010s towards a pursuit of local benefits for French communities. Local development thus became a central issue for French local officials, raising questions about the relevance of certain partnerships, now evaluated based on territorial attractiveness and local interests.In this context, Shared Local Development (SLD) is emerging as a new cooperation model. Stemming from partnerships with developed and emerging countries, it aims to address current challenges while incorporating reciprocity of benefits in North-South partnerships. The adoption of this model by Ivorian local authorities, as well as by those in other Southern countries, requires ambitious decentralized cooperation policies from their respective states

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5

Citores, Antidia. "La contribution des parties prenantes à l'intégration de normes environnementales en droit maritime". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1105/document.

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Le transport maritime a connu, ces trente dernières années, une forte croissance qui a des conséquences sur le milieu marin sensible aux pollutions. Le droit maritime s'inscrit généralement dans une démarche attentiste construite en réaction aux catastrophes écologiques successives, et liée à la nécessaire conciliation des intérêts économiques des armateurs et de l'urgence des enjeux environnementaux. Le poids économique du transport maritime influe fortement sur les schémas décisionnels des Etats qui, dans leur triple fonction d'Etat côtier, Etat du port et/ou Etat du pavillon, sont souvent amenés à construire des régimes de complaisance en matières fiscale, économique, sociale et environnementale. Des mesures pourraient être proposées pour établir un équilibre au sein de l'OMI, et restaurer un lien substantiel et transparent entre les Etats, les flottes et les armateurs. De fait, le droit maritime moderne laisse place à d'autres acteurs qui interviennent dans les modes de gouvernance présidant à l'édiction et l'application du droit, notamment à travers les outils du lobbying. L'ouverture plus large du processus normatif et des voies de sanction/réparation à l'ensemble des parties prenantes pourrait garantir une meilleure intégration de la norme environnementale dans le droit du transport maritime. Si le dialogue avec les collectivités locales est rendu complexe par leur statut, à la fois victimes, acteurs et entraves au droit, la place accrue des ONG, aujourd'hui limitée dans le cadre juridictionnel international, serait le gage de la réalisation de ces objectifs, et notamment d'une meilleure effectivité du droit
Sea transport has seen strong growth over the past 30 years, which impacts on the marine environment, an environment sensitive to pollution. Maritime law generally adheres to a wait-and-see approach, developed as a reaction to successive environmental disasters, and arising from a much-needed reconciliation of shipowners' economic interests and the pressing nature of environmental issues. The States' decision making process is strongly influenced by the economic importance of sea transport who, in their triple function of coastal State, port State and/or flag State are often driven to make legislations of convenience in tax, economic, social and environmental matters. Measures could be proposed to develop laws in order to establish a balance within the IMO, and restore a transparent and genuine link between States, fleets and shipowners. In fact, modern maritime law allows room, in particular through lobbying tools, for other parties who intervene on the enactment and implementation of the law ruled by governance procedures. This widening of the normative process and avenues for sanction/redress to all stakeholders could ensure a better integration of environmental standards in maritime law. If the dialogue with local authorities is complicated by their status, at the same time victims, actors and obstruction of rights, the development of NGOs, currently limited in the international jurisdictional framework, would guarantee these objectives are achieved, including a better effectiveness of the law. The experience gained in the field of a CIFRE thesis, within the legal department of Surfrider Foundation Europe illustrates and establishes these avenues of improvement

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6

Huggins, Christopher. "Local government transnational networking in Europe : a study of 14 local authorities in England and France". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/local-government-transnational-networking-in-europe(e90b229f-9a21-4dbb-986b-8240f8ffbcaa).html.

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Local authorities play a key role in European Union (EU) governance. They are no longer simply ‘passive receivers’ of EU policy, but proactively engage at the European level. This active engagement includes participation in local government transnational networking (LGTN), an activity which sees local authorities form links with their counterparts in other countries. The contemporary prevalence of LGTN presents an interesting empirical puzzle. Local authorities lack the formal competence to engage beyond their territories. Furthermore, since the financial crisis councils’ budgets have been restricted. Why, then, are local authorities participating in LGTN when they lack both the formal competence and the financial resources? This thesis tackles this puzzle. In particular it explores three broad questions relating to LGTN: - What is the extent of LGTN? - Why do local authorities participate? - What determines effective participation? By focusing on the local authorities within transnational networks, this thesis makes an empirical contribution to knowledge and informs a body of literature which has until now overlooked the perceptions of local actors in EU governance. It further informs conceptual debates surrounding multi-level governance and local level Europeanization. This focus is achieved through a cross-national analysis of 14 local authorities in south-east England and northern France, and adopting a qualitative empirical approach which draws data from semi-structured interviews, document analysis and participant observation. The findings show that LGTN continues to be a prevalent phenomenon and is therefore an important feature of the EU’s multi-level system of governance. However, engagement is not uniform. While all local authorities are involved, variation is present in the number of links councils engage in, the type of networks they target and their motivations for participation. In all cases, however, engagement in LGTN is driven by a rationalist logic, as councils seek to achieve individual pre-determined strategic aims and improve their relative positions. A number of local and external factors are shown to impact how effectively councils engage in LGTN and, ultimately, explains why the process of local level Europeanization is marked by differentiation rather than convergence.

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Mulinda, Charles Kabwete. "A space for genocide: local authorities, local population and local histories in Gishamvu and Kibayi (Rwanda)". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3491_1363784144.

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SALGADO, TAMARA JURBERG. "INTERNATIONAL ACTION IN SLUMS: DEVELOPMENT AND LOCAL PARTICIPATION". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27829@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
A dissertação parte do desejo de investigar a ação de organizações internacionais e de organizações não governamentais em favelas, principalmente no Rio de Janeiro. Iniciar essa discussão demanda uma especulação se os modelos de projetos sociais utilizados por essas instituições em algumas comunidades são uma boa forma de criar a legitimidade necessária para trazer soluções que respeitem as visões de mundo e os anseios dos locais. A partir desta análise, a pesquisa pretende reconhecer a importância do local como sujeito de elaboração e execução dos seus próprios projetos através da construção compartilhada entre o local e o internacional. Há uma busca pela compreensão da lógica utilizada nesta forma de ação tanto pela via teórica quanto prática. Após a revisão bibliográfica, o trabalho analisa três projetos como forma de estudos de caso: i) Plataforma dos Centros Urbanos, do Unicef; ii) Jovens Construtores, do YouthBuild International em parceria com o Cedaps iii) Índice de Segurança da Criança, do Instituto Igarapé. Com isso, a pesquisa pretende repensar a lógica top-down da aplicação de projetos sociais.
The dissertation departs from the desire to investigate the action of international organizations and non-governmental organizations in slums (favelas), mainly in Rio de Janeiro. The discussion begins with the inquiry whether the kind of project used by these institutions in some communities is a good way to create the legitimacy necessary to bring solutions that respect the interests and point of view of locals. Based on this analysis, the research aims to establish the importance of the local as a subject responsible both for drafting and implementing their own projects through the shared construction between the local and the international. The study aims to understand the logic used in this type of action through both the theoretical and the practical way. After a literature review, the dissertation analyses three case studies: i) Platform for Urban Centers, from UNICEF ii) YouthBuild, from YouthBuild International in partnership with CEDAPS iii) Child Security Index, from the Igarapé Institute. Concluding, this research seeks to question the current top-down logic used in social projects.

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9

Vasilevskaya, Marina. "The phenomenon of federalism division of authorities, intrastate stability, and international behavior /". Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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10

Westcott, G. M. "The role of subjective factors in local authorities' action on climate change in South West England". Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2016. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/28966/.

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This study examines the question of whether subjective attitudes to climate change play a significant part in the determination of local authorities’ policy and actions on climate change mitigation; whether the personal views of council members and officers about climate change, their beliefs, fears and attitudes affect the outcomes in terms of policy and action, or whether organizational culture, norms and collectively policed limits to discourse have this effect; or whether, on the contrary, the influence of central government policy is so overwhelming that action and policy is determined almost wholly by external and objective influences. The research fills a gap in the literature in studying both subjective attitudes and socio-cultural factors together with external and material factors in order to assess the importance of the former. Interviews with officers and members of local authorities in the South West of England and other data identify that considerable reductions in councils’ own greenhouse emissions have been achieved, not wholly due to cutbacks and other contextual factors, but policy for more widespread carbon reduction in their geographical areas was more limited. Central government finance and policy were key determinants of action in all the local authorities studied, but significant differences between authorities are linked to differences in the prevalence of climate change dismissal. Psycho-social methods are used to achieve a more subtle and coherent view of individual attitudes to climate change, to identify relevant aspects of corporate culture, and to tease out how objective influences such as financial incentives and political pressures interact with these attitudes. The study finds that climate dismissal and denial present obstacles to carbon reduction initiatives and reduce the number which emerge; it also identifies the way organizational culture, including the growing dominance of financial and economic discourse, can constrain possibilities and proposals. Based on the interview data, I argue that financial incentives not only encourage but enable discussion of carbon reduction measures, and that severe budgetary constraints undermine a sense of agency as well as curtailing long term ambition in carbon reduction. Perceived lack of agency, at times deployed as a ‘tool of innocence’, also emerges as a key contributor to climate change dismissal, as well as more specific political and personal attitudes. Implications for policy at local and national level are derived from the research findings.

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11

Smart, Peter John. "The role of the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities as an employers' organisation with an international comparison". Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/604.

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The thesis examines the development and present role of the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities as an employers' organisation and contrasts this role with the manner in which the corresponding function is discharged by the local authority associations in the four Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The role embraces three main activities: joint collective bargaining, training and development and other support activities. The history of the joint collective bargaining activity now undertaken by the Convention on behalf of constituent local authorities spans almost half a century. The conclusion is drawn that it has developed on a somewhat piecemeal basis and that despite attempts, most recently in 1986, to introduce a greater element of co-ordination, the present arrangements are unnecessarily complex. Some of the negotiating arrangements are UK-wide, others have a link in to UK arrangements with subordinate Scottish machinery and yet others are unique to Scottish local government. The various negotiating bodies have different dates throughout the year for the settlement of pay claims and there is scope for the creation of anomalies between negotiating groups, since each negotiates and settles independently of the others. The training and development activities of the convention have a much shorter history. The minimal allocation of resources to these activities is criticised. The conclusion is drawn that without a greater allocation, local authorities in Scotland will continue to receive an impoverished service. The range of other support activities is also quite limited, although there has been a discernable development in these over the past four or five years. comparison is made between the present levels of provision and the recommendations of official reports on the provision of central personnel support in local government, spanning some 60 years, which endorses the conclusions drawn, that Scottish local government is not well served by the provision currently made by its central organisation. In relation to the collective bargaining activity, the international element of the research concludes by reference to all four comparator countries that it is possible to develop and work within a less complex model. On the other hand none of the comparators endures the complications of a relationship with negotiating arrangements covering a wider geographical area. The international comparison also highlights the extensive nature of the training and development activities of the local authority associations in three out of the four countries, and concludes that there is generally a greater availability of other support services. Finally, the thesis refers to the government's proposals for the reorganisation of local government in Scotland in the mid-1990s and suggests that the Convention should plan now for an appropriate enhancement of its role as an employers' organisation in support of the local government structure that will be in place following the reorganisation.

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Eyiomen, Raymond Yosimbom. "Breaking to build: decentralization as an efficient mechanism for achieving national unity in Cameroon". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8857_1360931437.

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Governing an ethnically diverse country constitutes a major challenge for state power and government in Cameroon. The call for national unity, championed by the regime in power has had to survive strong demands for greater autonomy and threats of secession by groups from within an English-speaking minority. In response to these demands and threats, and in conjunction with reforms to improve democratic governance and service delivery, Cameroon&rsquo
s state administration has in the last decade resorted to decentralization as a technique for promoting national unity. The question this paper seeks to answer is whether decentralization is helpful or harmful to Cameroon&rsquo
s national unity. This study traces the historical, constitutional and political development of the concepts of national unity and decentralization and critically examines their application in the Cameroonian context. It further tests the consolidation of national unity in Cameroon against a theoretical and empirical framework of decentralization. A one-dimensional view of the findings of this study is not very encouraging to regimes seeking to enhance national unity through the implementation of decentralization. However, the major conclusion of this study holds the position that the political outcome of decentralization on Cameroon&rsquo
s national unity is largely a product of the constitutional regulation of both concepts and the manner in which the theoretical dimensions of decentralization are transplanted onto Cameroon&rsquo
s political landscape. The paper recommends certain reforms to assist and guide Cameroon as it
simultaneously implements decentralization and consolidates national unity.

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Gaillard, Brice. "La performance de l'action publique territoriale : étude sur l'appropriation des démarches de performance au niveau local". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0288/document.

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La performance de l’action publique territoriale émerge comme un objectif intrinsèque àsa conduite même, en ce qu’elle cristallise des attentes en termes d’efficacité,d’efficience et de transparence qu’il n’est plus possible aujourd’hui d’occulter. Depuis ladécentralisation, l’action publique territoriale connaît une évolution parallèle etdifférenciée par rapport à l’action publique étatique en France. Alors que cette dernièreest entrée dans une phase d’appropriation nette de démarches de performance,notamment avec la LOLF, les collectivités territoriales, qui conduisent l’action publiqueterritoriale, ont connu une évolution à la fois similaire et distincte.En effet, l’action publique territoriale apparaît elle aussi marquée par une évolution assezprononcée vers une plus grande intégration des démarches de performance.Néanmoins, cette appropriation est spécifique, dans la mesure où elle ne repose pas surla même logique systémique. Une étude des différents facteurs de performance, qu’ils’agisse des acteurs, des cadres budgétaires et légaux en vigueur, ou del’environnement des collectivités territoriales, démontre une prise en compte largementincomplète, quoiqu’en net progrès, des logiques de performance.Cette étude factorielle explique les différences d’appropriation majeures constatablesentre différentes collectivités. De l’ensemble de ces analyses découlent finalement desleviers à actionner qui permettraient indubitablement une meilleure appropriation desdémarches de performance par les collectivités territoriales et ainsi la mise en oeuvred’une action publique territoriale plus pertinente, répondant mieux aux attentesassignées
Growing expectations about effectivness, efficiency and transparency of territorial publicaction cannot be undermined any more. Performance of territorial public authorities hasmerged into an intrinsic and decisive goal.Since the beginning of the decentralization process in France, national public action andterritorial public action have been through simultaneous but different evolutions. At statelevel, the 2001’s « LOLF » bill step was a landmark, and authorities have definitely copewith performance approach. Meanwhile, local authorities went to such a process,following their own ways.Territorial public authorities clearly evolved and made performance approaches theirown. However, without needs for a global systemic logic, their ownership processpatterns are different.A study of different performance criteria (such as actors, legal and budgetaryframeworks, and local authorities’ environnements) brings evidence that, despiteundeniable progress, use of performance approaches is quite uncomplete at local level.This factorial study explains noticeable differences between local authorities. Some ofthem are using performance standards in a more global way than others. Accordingly,this study helps to determine levers to encourage a better and quicker emergence of amore relevant territorial public action, therefore meeting assigned expectations

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Dieng, Youma. "Le rôle des collectivités territoriales et leurs groupements dans le sauvetage des entreprises en difficulté". Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMD002/document.

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La réglementation européenne a un réel impact sur l’octroi des aides publiques aux entreprises en difficulté. Elle encadre principalement celui-ci dans le but de garantir le respect de la concurrence sur le marché intérieur. Ces aides sont, ensuite, mises en œuvre par les règles d’origine interne qui précisent les modalités d’intervention des autorités publiques locales. Mais d'importants écarts peuvent être observés entre les textes et la pratique.Depuis la légalisation, en 1982, de l'intervention économique de ces collectivités en faveur des entreprises, leur rôle s'est transformé et renforcé. Cette évolution a été facilitée par différentes réformes de la décentralisation ayant affecté leurs interventions. La plus récente date de 2015 (loi NOTRe). Également, en raison des différentes crises économiques successives que connaît la France, l'État a progressivement délégué à ces collectivités un nombre croissant de compétences. Ceci a, sans doute, justifié le nombre d'acteurs qui pouvaient intervenir. Aujourd'hui, la loi NOTRe est venue " verrouiller " la situation en accordant à la région la compétence de plein droit pour accorder des aides aux entreprises en difficulté. Néanmoins, certaines collectivités infrarégionales sont autorisées à participer au financement de l’intervention régionale
European regulation has a real impact on the granting of public aid to companies in difficulty. It mainly frames this one in the maize but to guarantee the respect of the competition on the internal market. This aid is then implemented by the rules of internal origin, which specify the methods of intervention of the local public authorities. Discrepancies can be observed between texts and practice.Since the legalization, in 1982, of the economic intervention of these communities in favor of the companies, their role has been transformed and strengthened. This evolution has been facilitated by decentralization reforms having their interventions. The most recent date of 2015 (NOTRe law). Also, because of the different successive economic crises that France is experiencing. This, without doubt, justifies the number of actors who question themselves. Today, the law OUR place is "lock" the situation in agreement with the region the right jurisdiction to help companies in difficulties. However, some subregional communities are allowed to participate in the regional intervention

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15

Lyshall, Linda. "Collaboration and Climate Action at the Local Scale". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1303754240.

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Eyiomen, Yosimbom Raymond. "Breaking to Build: Decentralization as an efficient mechanism for achieving national unity in Cameroon". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6194_1310971514.

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The question this paper seeks to answer is whether decentralization is helpful or harmful to Cameroon&rsquo
s national unity. This study traces the historical, constitutional and political development of the concepts of national unity and decentralization and critically examines their application in the Cameroonian context. It further tests the consolidation of national unity in Cameroon against a theoretical and empirical framework of decentralization. A one-dimensional view of the findings of this study is not very encouraging to regimes seeking to enhance national unity through the implementation of decentralization. However, the major conclusion of this study holds the position that the political outcome of decentralization on Cameroon&rsquo
s national unity is largely a product of the constitutional regulation of both concepts and the manner in which the theoretical dimensions of decentralization are transplanted onto Cameroon&rsquo
s political landscape. The paper recommends certain reforms to assist and guide Cameroon as it simultaneously implements decentralization and consolidates national unity.

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17

Bouquet, Laurent. "« La collectivité locale, sujet de droit international et européen ? » : étude sur l’évolution statutaire des entités infra-étatiques dans le cadre d'une nouvelle gouvernance". Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMD010.

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Les relations internationales attestent d’un nombre sans cesse croissant d’entités les animant. Cette situation conduit à favoriser le chevauchement entre sphère publique et privée, et dès lors, la confusion observée quant aux différents protagonistes pouvant intervenir dans celles-ci. Ce faisant, il devient de plus en plus difficile de différencier un simple acteur du droit, d’un authentique sujet de droit, au sein de bien des domaines d’activité et ce, même dans les matières traditionnellement régaliennes. Dans cette perspective, on l’aura compris, les critères de distinction classiquement entendus jusqu’alors semblent se révéler de moins en moins pertinents, si ce n’est parfois en contradiction avec l’évolution de la société contemporaine. Dans cette optique, il semble résulter de la « logique uniformisante » induite par le « cadre mondial globalisé », que certaines différences de nature ne constituent plus que de simples altérités de degré. En ce sens, les catégories que l’on imaginait les plus stables, comme par exemple la classification des États selon leur nature supposée, peuvent subitement se retrouver soumises à discussion. A ce titre, le cas singulier d’un État français présenté théoriquement comme « unitaire décentralisé » - alors qu’il se révèle pourtant « autonomique », si ce n’est même « quasi-fédéral », lorsqu’il est appréhendé à l’aune de ses rapports avec ses entités infra-étatiques ultra-marines - constituera un formidable support d’analyse de l’évolution statutaire des échelons locaux, dans un monde dont l’ordonnancement est lui-même en pleine métamorphose.Cette observation s’inscrit dans un cheminement plus vaste, celui de la remise en cause de la prééminence de la logique « stato-centrée ». L’échelon local nous renseigne sur ce bouleversement, notamment au regard des actions qu’il mène en dehors de la figure étatique, et des enseignements qu’il convient d’en tirer. La présente étude se conçoit dès lors comme une invitation visant à dépasser bien des ambivalences à l’endroit de la « puissance territoriale ». Notamment cette considération théorique selon laquelle les collectivités infra-étatiques ne constitueraient que de simples prolongements organiques des États, dès lors qu’elles sont appréhendées en dehors du cadre normatif national pour mener l’analyse. La pratique observée dans bien des espaces du monde tend en effet à déboucher sur une toute autre conclusion: sous un angle fonctionnel, les entités infra-étatiques apparaissent davantage comme des sujets de droit - ce qu’elles constituent d’ailleurs déjà pleinement au sein de leur ordre juridique interne - plutôt que des objets de celui-ci
This research is part of a broad process of questioning the pre-eminence of "stato-centered" logic. The local level informs us about this upheaval, in particular with regard to the actions it carries out outside the state figure, and the lessons to be drawn from it. The present study is therefore seen as an invitation to overcome many ambivalences towards "territorial power". In particular, this theoretical consideration that sub-state communities are merely organic extensions of states, when they are apprehended outside the national normative framework to carry out the analysis. The practice observed in many parts of the world is gradually turning into a different conclusion. From a functional point of view, sub-state entities appear more like subjects of law - which they already constitute fully within their internal legal order - rather than the objects of law

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El, Harchaoui Abdelouafi. "Les politiques publiques locales de développement par l’attractivité des territoires". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1004.

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Les lois de la décentralisation ont métamorphosé l'interventionnisme public en termes d'acteurs, de contenus et de méthodes. Les collectivités territoriales ont, ainsi, pu mettre en oeuvre, pour développer leur territoire, des politiques d'attractivité dans le cadre de la libre administration. Les principes de libre administration et d'autonomie, fondements, même relatifs, des pouvoirs locaux, ont entrainé à la fois un changement dans les rapports collectivités territoriales - pouvoir central et collectivités entre elles-mêmes ; et un foisonnement des projets et des instruments de mise en oeuvre des politiques publiques. Bien que les politiques locales de développement soient réalisées dans un cadre juridique constitutionnel, légal et règlementaire, leur complexité interroge l'imbrication des responsabilités, et la cohérence et la cohésion des mécanismes de leur élaboration et de leur mise en oeuvre. La dimension juridique recoupe ainsi d'autres considérations politiques et économiques qui interviennent dans la construction d'une politique territoriale
The laws of decentralization have transformed public interventionism in terms of actors,content and methods. Local authorities have thus implemented attractiveness policies in thecontext of self-government to develop their territory. The principles of self-government and autonomy, foundations of local government, have led to both a change in their relationship with the central government and the proliferation of projects and instruments of implementation of public policies. Although local development policies are carried out in a constitutional, legal and regulatory legal framework, their complexity calls into question thelinks between responsibilities, and the coherence and cohesion of the mechanisms of their development and implementation. This legal dimension intersects with other political and economic considerations in the construction of a territorial policy

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19

Garcia, Elise. "L'action internationale des collectivités territoriales : un outil de développement des territoires français?" Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00951551.

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Le mouvement accru de rationalisation des dépenses publiques conduit les acteurs publics français et notamment les collectivités territoriales à faire de nombreux choix et arbitrages parmi les initiatives menées en-dehors du champ traditionnel de leurs compétences obligatoires. " Que faire de l'Action Internationale ? " est au centre des débats, alors que la demande sociale est toujours plus conséquente sur les territoires français. Comment comprendre qu'en parallèle des efforts de plus en plus importants demandés aux citoyens, on dépense de l'argent public ailleurs? En période de crise, certaines politiques publiques sont remises en question et peuvent paraître superflues. Au premier regard, l'action internationale est de celles-ci. Ce travail vise à répondre à la question suivante : pourquoi les collectivités territoriales coopèrent-elles à l'échelle internationale ?Les actions internationales des collectivités territoriales relèvent historiquement d'une démarche de solidarité internationale. La perception de la coopération décentralisée comme outil d'aide au développement dans les pays partenaires est, encore aujourd'hui, une réalité constamment rappelée dans les discours des élus locaux, des associations partenaires, et de l'Etat. Aussi, la coopération décentralisée ne révolutionne-t-elle pas les objectifs généraux de l'Aide Publique au Développement, dans la mesure où elle constitue davantage un changement d'échelle qu'un changement de modèle. Pourtant, ces dernières années, apparaissent des visions plus " stratégiques " de l'AICT, qui a connu des évolutions en termes notamment de diversification géographiques et thématiques. On voit ainsi se développer de plus en plus d'actions internationales à caractère économique ou visant le rayonnement des territoires et leurs positionnement sur la scène internationale.En 2013, l'Action Internationale des Collectivités Territoriales se situe donc, selon les contextes, quelque part entre l'aide et une véritable co-opération. La nécessaire synthèse entre les attentes émises par les collectivités territoriales étrangères et l'intérêt local pour les territoires français oblige alors à questionner les aspects fondamentaux que sont le partenariat et la marge de négociation des deux parties. La réciprocité peut-elle exister ? Est-il possible de penser l'Action internationale comme un outil de résolution des problématiques locales ? De quelle(s) manière les expériences des collectivités territoriales partenaires peuvent elles représenter des sources d'inspiration et d'innovation utiles au développement des territoires français ? Ces différentes questions nous amèneront à interroger la place de l'Action internationale au sein des politiques publiques locales : une compétence à part entière ou un mode d'exercice et d'amélioration des compétences " traditionnelles " ?

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Norderhaug, Arne. "Fully rational morality and evaluation of public decisions : with action research case study : a local planning controversy and residents' appeal to a public inquiry and to national and international courts". Thesis, University of Hull, 1999. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16128.

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The impetus for my deliberations arises from the need to establish which proposals and decisions by social institutions to approve. This seems to come down to much the same as considering which alternatives are the better in a moral sense, but, unfortunately, there is no general agreement as to which of numerous proposed moral systems is apt, and the long and tortuous history of ethics indicates very poor prospects for such agreement. If at the outset I had been more conversant with that and the argument that the notion of a 'right' or 'objective' morality is tautological, nonsensical and/or incoherent, I would probably have thought it ridiculously ambitious to seek the basis of morality and would probably not have embarked upon the theoretical parts of this thesis. However, occasionally something is gained by attempting the impossible, and, while I certainly do not claim to have found the (morally) right morality, I suggest that I come at least very near to establishing how to ascertain what rules for behaviour are fully rational. Whether fully rational rules (FRM) are the same as 'moral' ones is arguably essentially a semantic question. However, I suggest that our definition of 'moral' is doomed to be a minority quest of marginal significance in reasonably rational societies if it entails rules which are notably at variance with those which are the most likely to be adopted by reasonably rational people as the general expectation and/or requirement in a maximally rationally structured society (arguably a 'true' democracy). Evaluation is hardly fUlly rational unless it is practicable. I have therefore included an attempt to apply FRM to the complex real situation which my Walton Street 'action research' examines and which comprises a number of decisions of a type crucial to the working of modem societies (e.g. those of pressure groups, local authorities, the press, public inquiries and national and international Courts). My 'action research' concerns the insistence by the authorities that the poor housing in the Walton Street area in Hull must be dealt with by total clearance under the Housing Act 1957 rather than by the partial clearance and Housing Action Area treatment which was facilitated by the Housing Act 1974 and was overwhelmingly preferred by the residents. In their bid to change the authorities' plan the residents exhausted all means of appeal, and in view of the evidence regarding the quality of the houses and cost calculations submitted on behalf of the residents, it was accepted (e.g. by the Court of Appeal) that the residents' alternative was both feasible and cheaper in the short term (and there were no long term assessments). Nevertheless, neither local, nor central, government would accept that the residents' proposal constituted the most satisfactory method of dealing with the conditions - seemingly for rather dubious reasons.

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Cordier, Mathilde. "De la politique du logement aux politiques locales de l'habitat : l'apprentissage de l'action collective négociée". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1136/document.

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Depuis l'Acte I de la décentralisation, au début des années 1980, l'Etat a progressivement territorialisé les politiques du logement. Ce lent processus de territorialisation a abouti à un système d'action publique complexe dans le champ de l'habitat, où s'enchevêtrent les compétences de chacun des échelons publics. Au sein de cet éclatement de la responsabilité publique dans le domaine du logement, l'échelon intercommunal (soit les Etablissements de coopération intercommunale-EPCI) s'est vu confier par le législateur le rôle de "chef de file" des politiques de l'habitat sur les scènes locales du logement. La thèse se propose d'analyser le processus d'apprentissage à l'oeuvre dans l'élaboration et la mise en oeuvre de ces politiques locales de l'habitat, au sein d'un contexte d'incertitude généralisée qui caractérise aujourd'hui l'action publique en général, et l'action urbaine en particulier. Elle s'appuie sur un travail empirique mené au sein de deux configurations locales bénéficiant d'une ancienneté dans leur pratique de la coopération intercommunale, et d'une certaine maturité dans la prise en charge des questions d'habitat par l'action locale : les agglomérations de Lyon et de Dunkerque. La thèse interroge d'abord le rôle de l'Etat dans son apprentissage des nouvelles responsabilités des EPCI. Elle montre notamment que cet apprentissage est source d'incertitudes pour les acteurs intercommunaux, l'Etat étant plus souvent perçu comme un perturbateur qu'un facilitateur. Elle décrit également la fragilisation des services déconcentrés de l'Etat qui semble s'opérer dans le champ de l'habitat. La thèse s'intéresse ensuite à l'apprentissage des EPCI et notamment aux ressources dont les intercommunalités disposent pour élaborer et mettre en oeuvre leurs politiques locales de l'habitat, ainsi qu'aux moyens qu'elles mobilisent pour contourner le déficit coercitif de ces ressources (pédagogie, technicisation, contractualisation). Enfin, elle revient sur les avancées et les limites de ce double processus d'apprentissage. Elle montre que les notions de temps et de confiance sont au coeur des processus observés et propose des pistes de réflexions
In France, since Act 1 of the transfer of power from the government to local authorities ("Décentralization") in the early 1980s, the State has gradually territorialized its housing policies. This slow process ultimately resulted in a complex network of public actions within the housing field, where the competencies of the different ruling bodies often overlap. Within this patchwork of responsabilities, metropolitan authorities ("Etablissement de coopération intercommunale- EPCI") have been appointed by lawmakers as the leading entity to implement the housing policy on a local scale. This research attempts to analyze the learning mechanisms at work in the design and the implementation oh housing policies on a local basis, in the context of uncertainty that characterizes public action in general, especially in the urban field. It draws on an empirical study of two local areas, accustomed to metropolitan cooperation, and experienced in dealing with housing issues on a local basis : greater Lyon and greater Dunkerque. This study first takles the role of the State in its understanding of the new responsabilities granted to the EPCI. It especially shows that this process can be a source of confusion for the local authorities, as the State can often be more destabilizing than hepful. It also shows the on-going weakening state of local government services. Then, the study deals with the learning mechanism of the EPCI, and notably the ressources available to design and implement their local housing policies, as well as their capabilities to by-pass the lack of coercition of these resources (education, technicization, contractualization). Lastly, it deals with the advantages and the limits of this dual learning process. Is shows that the issues of time and trust are essential, and makes suggestions for future research

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Self, Jonathan. "Impacts of COVID-19 on the Relationships Between Local and International Humanitarian Actors: The Case of Lebanon and the 4 August 2020 Beirut Port Explosions". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445120.

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This thesis analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on relationships between international and local humanitarian actors responding to the 4 August 2020 Beirut Port Explosion. The concepts of “the local”, localization, inequality, and remote management provide a theoretical framework for this analysis. Data collection for this case study research includes a review of published and grey literature, and five video interviews with staff of local and international humanitarian organizations in Beirut. Empirical findings show that local-international inequalities—in the forms of limited access, recognition,and control—have been observed in Beirut and Lebanon for decades, and persisted during the port explosion response. This research further suggests that COVID-19 has contributed to an increase in inequality, most notably by reducing the participation of local actors in humanitarian coordination meetings, and disproportionately transferring risk from international to local actors due to a reliance on remote management. Findings also show that the port explosion caused an influx of funding that was disproportionately directed to international actors, and the economic crisis created a currency devaluation that has exacerbated local-international wage disparities and threatened to limit the reach of local NGO activities. Despite the strength of the civil society—shaped by a strong education system, decades of working through crisis, and government inaction—local actors have often been excluded from humanitarian practice in Beirut and Lebanon. At the same time, findings highlight increases in equality: some local actors adapted more quickly than international actors to COVID-19 and were able to leverage their strengths to receive more funding and greater leadership in the port explosion response. These movements demonstrate adaptability in humanitarian practice that would be critically required in any future reform. This thesis concludes with two recommendations: (1) the use of remote management due to COVID-19 is likely problematic and requires further research to identify best practices; and (2) critical localization provides a useful framework to analyze and mitigate the persistence of local-international inequalities infuture humanitarian responses, and helps to find a meaningful way forward.

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Pinto, Fabiana Rita Dessotti. "Rede Mercocidades na cooperação descentralizada: limites e potencialidades". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2256.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Rita Dessotti Pinto.pdf: 1709401 bytes, checksum: 7329d61f1806abb025aa0cdf8913f6f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30
The thesis develops a case study of Mercocities Network, an association of cities and associated member countries of MERCOSUL, and has aimed to analyze the decentralized international cooperation developed in this network as an initiative to promote local economic development. To this end, the thesis presents at first the motivations for the international actions of cities. It discusses the globalization in its economics aspects, the process of regionalization in Latin America and the impacts of globalization on cities, emphasizing essential the local economic development initiatives. Next, exhibits the characteristics of network relationships, presenting the central themes of the thesis: international networks of cities and decentralized cooperation. It analyzes the case of Mercocities network, through the description of its goals, its profile and its key initiatives. It identifies the relevant points for discussion of participation in international networks of cities. The survey results show that, despite having limitations, the cooperative participation in international networks of cities can maximize the capacity of cities in terms of public policy and impact on national and international policies of interest of the cities. Noteworthy among the limitations: the difficulty of exchanging experiences develop into effective public policies; the discontinuity of the initiatives in the network as a function of political discontinuity; the incipient participation of other civil society actors; the difficulty of evaluating results of the initiatives; and the lack of publicity in the media of the actions developed by the network
A tese desenvolve um estudo de caso da Rede Mercocidades, uma associação de cidades dos países membros e associados do MERCOSUL, e tem como objetivo central analisar a cooperação internacional descentralizada desenvolvida nesta rede como iniciativa para o desenvolvimento econômico local. Para tanto, a tese apresenta de início as motivações para as ações internacionais das cidades. Discutem-se a globalização nos seus aspectos econômicos, o processo de regionalização latino-americano e os impactos da globalização nas cidades, destacando-se as iniciativas de desenvolvimento econômico local. Em seguida, expõe as características do relacionamento em rede, apresentando os temas centrais da tese: redes internacionais de cidades e cooperação descentralizada. Analisa o caso da Rede Mercocidades, por meio da descrição dos seus objetivos, do seu perfil e das suas principais iniciativas. Identifica os pontos relevantes para discussão da participação em redes internacionais de cidades. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que, apesar de apresentar limitações, a participação cooperativa em redes internacionais de cidades pode maximizar as capacidades das cidades em termos de políticas públicas e de incidência nas políticas nacionais e internacionais de interesse das cidades. Destacam-se entre as limitações: a dificuldade das trocas de experiências evoluírem para políticas públicas efetivas; a descontinuidade das iniciativas na rede em função da descontinuidade política; a incipiente participação de outros atores da sociedade civil; a dificuldade de avaliação de resultados das iniciativas; e a pouca divulgação nos meios de comunicação das ações desenvolvidas pela rede

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De, Andrade Noémie. "Projections de besoins sociaux à l’échelle locale : apports des projections démographiques et des microsimulations à un questionnement de politiques publiques". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAG024.

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En matière de réduction et de lutte contre les inégalités sociales et économiques, l’État est un acteur incontournable, jouant notamment un rôle de « chef d’orchestre ». Face au constat de déséquilibres territoriaux, l’action des collectivités est majeure en matière sociale et polyforme en fonction des spécificités territoriales et compétences allouées. Afin d’adapter leurs politiques publiques et répondre aux besoins sociaux des populations, les collectivités territoriales peuvent adopter une approche prospective. Dans cette optique, les modèles de projections démographiques localisées apportent des réponses mais celles-ci ne sont que partielles et montrent leur limites pour prévenir l’évolution d’autres phénomènes (isolement, compositions familiales, absence d’activité professionnelle, etc.). Si les microsimulations imposent un certain nombre de limites, elles satisfont cependant à deux aspects primordiaux de notre problématique. D’une part, en prenant en compte un plus large champ de variables et d’hypothèses, elles apportent une réponse plus précise sur les besoins futurs des populations. D’autre part, d’un point de vue méthodologique, les microsimulations sont adaptées à la dimension locale de la problématique et au maintien des liens entre les ménages et leur logement tout au long de la projection
When it comes to fighting against and reducing social and economic inequalities, the state is a key actor since it plays a “bandmaster” role. The action of local authorities towards territorial imbalances is crucial in social matters and is also multiform depending on territorial specificities and allocated competencies. In order to adapt their public policies and to answer populations’ social needs, local authorities may choose to adopt a forward-looking approach. In this context, local demographic projection methods might give some answers but those remain partial and show their limits when it comes to preventing the evolution of other phenomena such as seclusion, family setup, lack of professional activity, etc. While microsimulations show certain limits, they answer two primordial aspects of our problematic. On the one hand, by embracing a larger set of variables and hypotheses they offer a more precise answer to future populations’ needs. On the other hand, microsimulations are more adapted to the local aspect of the problematic from a methodological angle and they can preserve the link between households and their housing throughout the projection exercise

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Djindjere, Pegdwendé Marie Julie. "Les accords transnationaux entre les collectivités publiques françaises et africaines : le cas du Burkina Faso". Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMD003/document.

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La coopération décentralisée entre collectivités publiques françaises et africaines revêt divers intérêts qui sont d'ordre historique, économique, politique et socio-éducatif. Cependant, les problèmes posés par cette coopération sont multiples. En effet, la détermination du régime juridique applicable à ces accords reste complexe car peu de textes leur sont consacrés. On est passé de simples accords d'échanges, d'amitiés c'est-à-dire du jumelage, à de parfaits accords de partenariats. Cette évolution entraine inéluctablement des questionnements juridiques de fond. De ce fait, ces accords relèvent-ils du droit international public, ou du droit international privé, ou plutôt du droit administratif ? Donnent-ils naissance à des conflits de lois ? En cas de litiges, quelles sont les juridictions compétentes, et la loi applicable ? Est-ce possible de recourir à l'arbitrage ? Si tel est le cas, quelles en sont les modalités ? D'où la nécessité de déterminer la nature juridique de ces accords.L'assimilation de ces accords au droit international public est tentante. Toutefois, le droit international public régit uniquement les relations entre Etats souverains. D'où la possibilité de soumettre ces accords au droit interne, puisque certaines conventions entre Etats peuvent elles-mêmes être soumises au droit interne
The decentralized cooperation between French and African public authorities has various interests of a historical, economic, political and socio-educative nature. However, the issues raised by such types of cooperation are multiple. Indeed, the legal regime of these agreements is fairly complex. Few texts have been devoted to them. Thereby, those agreements do they reveal an internal public law or a private law? Do they give rise to laws conflicts? Which courts are competent and which law is applicable? May arbitration be used? And if so, what particularities that it's regime presents? Hence, the importance to determine the nature of transnational agreements.The fact that those agreements are concluded between public entities of different national origin, namely French and Burkina Faso, they could be connected to a public international law. However, people's right governs only the relations between sovereign states. If we admit the existence of these "contracts between sovereign states”, the submission to an internal law of agreements between mere public persons of a national distinct origin seems to be conceivable

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Minteu, Kadje Danielle. "L’action publique internationale du codéveloppement : trajectoires franco-malienne et franco-sénégalaise". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40017/document.

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Partant des interrogations légitimes soulevées par l'émergence d'un concept novateur, ce travail de recherche entend analyser plusieurs variables révélatrices d'un Etat en action. Ainsi, penser l'action publique internationale du co-développement sous le prisme des trajectoires franco-malienne et franco-sénégalaise, implique de relever ce qui en constitue son essence (mise en sens) et ses conditions d'existence (mise en action). Il en résulte que cette Policy comme processus a des conséquences intellectuelles et pratiques majeures qui induisent un autre modèle d'action publique. Cet objet de recherche, se pose en s'opposant aux trajectoires habituelles du développement et de la migration et permet de saisir le codéveloppement, non comme une vue de l'esprit réductible à une rhétorique instrumentale qui émerge lors des échéances électorales, mais comme le produit d'acteurs et d'institutions spécifiques sur le double espace France-Afrique (sahélienne). Cette analyse interroge l'imbrication d'acteurs multiples aux registres différents (local, régional, national, transnational, supranational, international, décentralisé, public et privé) qui participent au processus décisionnel et à la mise en œuvre du codéveloppement. Il nous reviendra ainsi d'analyser tour à tour la construction du codéveloppement comme action publique impliquant les questions migratoires et la gouvernementalité dynamique de cette nouvelle rationalité politique constituée d'acteurs multi-niveaux et asymétriques
On the basis of the legitimate interrogations raised by the emergence of an innovative concept, this research intends to analyze several revealing variables of a State in action. In this study, we aim at re-thinking international policy-making, with references to "co-development" under the prism of the French-Malian and French Senegalese trajectories. The study seeks to explore "co-development" by looking into its essence (meaning setting) and its conditions of existence (action setting). The findings of this study show that this policy as a process has major intellectuel and practical challenges; therby displaying "co-development", not as an instrumental rhetoric, but as a product of specific institutions on the France-Africa (Sahel) "double space". This analysis examines the interaction of several actors at different levels (local, regional, national, transnational, supranational, international) and public and private sectors which jointly participate in the decision-making process and in the implementation of co-development policy. Specifically, we analyze the construction process of the concept of "co-development" as an international public policy, and the dynamic governmentality of this new political rationality made up of multilevel factors

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Lee, Young-Lieh, i 李永烈. "A Research on Roles and Action Strategies of Curriculum Leadership for Local Education Authorities in Taiwan". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49319664600940685125.

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博士
國立臺北教育大學
教育政策與管理研究所
96
Curriculum leadership is essential to curriculum development in schools, and then become critical factor of school improvement. However, studies of curriculum leadership has been focused on school administration in stead of the upper level of educational administration. The purpose of this research was to explore roles and action strategies of curriculum leadership for local education authorities – the County Bureau of Education in Taiwan. Through intensive literature review, four roles of curriculum leadership was categorized as the frame for this research, including “role of transmission and empowerment”, “role of interpretation and transformation”, “role of initiation and innovation” and “role of counseling and evaluation”. For data-collection, this research interviewed ten staffs of County Bureau of Education. Then a questionnaire survey was conducted by using a questionnaire constructed by the researcher. Subjects of the survey were 221 administrators of the County Bureau of Education, and 300 principals of the elementary and junior high school. In total, there were 356 respondents for the questionnaire survey. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and correlation analysis. Findings of this research were as follows: 1. Staffs of the County Bureau of Education didn’t take curriculum leadership as the first priority of their duties. 2. “Interpretation and transformation” was the most important role and “transmission and empowerment” was the least important role of curriculum leadership for administrators of the County Bureau of Education. 3. The supervisor who worked in the County Bureau of Education had higher expectation for the County Bureau of Education to take roles of curriculum leadership. 4. The female, aged and senior principals in elementary schools and junior high schools had higher expectation for the County Bureau of Education to take roles of curriculum leadership. 5. The most enacted role of curriculum leadership by the County Bureau of Education was “transmission and empowerment”, and “initiation and innovation”as well as “counseling and evaluation” were the least enacted roles. 6. School teachers who temporarily worked in the County Bureau of Education at present gave the highest positive evaluation on the practice of curriculum leadership for County Bureau of Education. 7. Principals of elementary schools and junior high schools located in remote rural places and urban areas gave higher positive evaluation on the practice of curriculum leadership for the County Bureau of Education. 8. There was a significant gap between the expectation and the practice of roles of curriculum leadership for the County Bureau of Education. 9. The difficulties of curriculum leadership for the County Bureau of Education came mainly from contextual factors rather than factors derived directly from the leader. 10. There were some differences in the perceived contextual factors for curriculum leadership among staffs of the County Bureau of Education and principals of elementary schools and junior high schools. 11. The effective strategies acknowledged by staffs of the County Bureau of Education and principals of elementary schools and junior high schools for curriculum leadership were “to cultivate curriculum leaders and improve the system of school curriculum leadership”, and “to provide schools sufficient financial budget and resources for curriculum development”. Based on findings mentioned above, some suggestions and recommendations were provided for the Local Education Authorities and further research.

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Singh, Anirood. "Municipal representation as a mechanism to enhance local government efficiency: the role of associations for local authorities". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22990.

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Conceptually, South Africa is “one sovereign democratic state”, with a three-sphere governmental system operating co-operatively. Each sphere of government has “original” or constitutionally-allocated powers and functions, as well as legislative and executive powers. Thus, the governmental system is a hybrid or one sui generis, not benefiting from appropriate precedents. The status and autonomy given local government makes it somewhat unique in the world. Application of the principle of subsidiarity, and the mandate for local government to be developmental has resulted in the roles and responsibilities of municipalities being substantially increased, notwithstanding that most suffer from a lack of resources and capacity. Local authorities moved from the establishment of the first one in 1682 as providers of basic municipal services on the basis of race and affordability to democratically-elected ‘wall-to-wall’ municipalities in 2000. With 257 municipalities serving a population of 55.6 million, South African local authorities are comparatively large, spatially and demographically. Given the constitutional-statutory framework and the resultant complex operating environment, it is imperative that all municipalities are able to represent their interests in an intelligent, forceful, and unified manner on decision-making institutions to ensure a close fit between policies/programmes and peoples’ needs. Hence, effective municipal representation by knowledgeable, ethical and committed persons is imperative. The study provides a history of representation and local authority ‘development’ and underdevelopment in South Africa; a theoretical basis for representation; a review of formalism and government’s approach to development; co-operative governance and intergovernmental relations as a mechanism to facilitate municipal representation; an analysis local government powers, functions, status, autonomy, objects, rights and duties of municipalities; local participatory and representative democracy; and the establishment of municipalities. The constitutional and statutory provisions provide the foundation and framework to facilitate municipal representation. The study continues by analysing other mechanisms that enable municipal representation; a comparative review of local government and co-operative governance in certain select countries. It goes on to review the formal framework for organised local government in South Africa, including an overview of the South African Local Government Association (SALGA). Finally, findings and recommendations are made toward a model for municipal representation in South Africa.
Public, Constitutional and International Law
LL. D.

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Mavruk, Mine Ezgi. "Urban-local refugee management in Turkey: assessing the responses of local authorities and NGOs in Adana to the Syrian human flow". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/59407.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Relações Internacionais
Refugees are amongst the most vulnerable groups in existence, often resulting in large flows originated from warfare or serious human rights violations, with millions being forcibly displaced while seeking survival and human dignity elsewhere. The ongoing Syrian mass refugee flow is a phenomenon affecting millions of Syrians, and by extent the whole world, notably the countries nearby, and a quite revealing one of many shortcomings in the international refugee regime and in the international cooperation between actors regarding the safety and human rights of the Syrian refugees, leaving often the countries in the region to fend for themselves in managing these complex and numerous flows. Being a bordering country with Syria, Turkey is currently host to the largest number of refugees in the world, in a somewhat unhealthy political climate concerning Western cooperation. The present dissertation aims at understanding how local actors in Turkey have adapted and are continuously providing support to hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees, in a challenging multileveled (international, European, national, regional) political and institutional scenario, by focusing on the city of Adana and its various urban management responses. The ultimate utility of such case study is to expose the difficult relationship between the current body of refugee law emanated from the European Union and its operationalization in the field (outputs efficiency) resulting in a weak ensuring of the human rights of Syrian refugees.
Os refugiados encontram-se entre os grupos mais vulneráveis existentes, resultando frequentemente em grandes fluxos provenientes de guerras ou de graves violações dos direitos humanos, com milhões sendo forçosamente deslocados enquanto procuram a sua sobrevivência e a dignidade humana noutro local. O fluxo em massa de refugiados sírios em curso é um fenómeno afetando milhões de sírios, e por consequência o mundo inteiro, particularmente os países adjacentes, muito revelador das várias falhas no regime internacional dos refugiados e na cooperação internacional entre atores para garantir a segurança e os direitos humanos dos refugiados sírios, deixando os países da região por conta própria na gestão destes fluxos complexos e numerosos. Sendo um país fronteiriço com a Síria, a Turquia alberga presentemente o maior número de refugiados do mundo, num clima algo insalubre no que respeita à cooperação ocidental. Esta dissertação visa entender a forma como os atores locais na Turquia se adaptaram e prestam apoio contínuo a centenas de milhares de refugiados sírios, num cenário multinível (internacional, Europeu, nacional, regional) desafiador a nível político e institucional, focando na cidade de Adana e nas suas várias respostas de gestão urbana. A derradeira utilidade de um estudo de caso como este é de expor a relação complicada entre o atual corpo legal para os refugiados emanado da União Europeia e a sua operacionalização no campo (eficiência de saída) resultando numa fraca grantia dos direitos humanos dos refugiados sírios.

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Chang, Hung-Wei, i 常宏維. "The Relationship between International Multimarket Contact and Competitor''s Action— The Moderating Role of Local Competitive Density, Local Regulatory Restriction, and International Market Importance". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00825648747577640320.

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碩士
國立中興大學
企業管理學系所
98
Multipoint competition and “mutual forbearance hypothesis” are always an important issue in researches of industrial organization economic school and strategic management domain. However, so far most empirical studies only investigate the relationship between multipoint competition and mutual forbearance of domestic enterprises, therefore, this research aims to take multinational enterprises (MNEs) as sample, examining multipoint competition in international context, further delineates whether it will incur mutual forbearance between MNEs and decrease inter-firm rivalry. On the other hand, the empirical studies of multipoint competition and mutual forbearance hypothesis in the past had reached different results, therefore, by applying two conditions of mutual forbearance, market importance and internal associatibility, and extending them into international context, this research investigates the contingency perspectives of mutual forbearance. Furthermore, this is the first research that uses competitor’s actions as multipoint competition’s dependent variable, and further delineates its effect on MNEs’ performance. By doing this, we not only amplify multipoint competition research, also compensate researches of MNEs that rarely investigate the effect of MNEs’ rivalry on their performance. The data of this research are surveyed from top 20 firms of global container shipping industry by collecting data of these firms from 2007 to 2009 in quarterly timeframe. Data are reached from shipping firm’s website and Asx-Alphaliner which discloses data of shipping firms each year. Moreover, for shipping firm’s competitive action, this research firstly retrieves relative news from Cyber Shipping Guide (CSG), and then employs “structured content analysis” method to construct competitive action database of top 20 shipping firms. After careful process of news identification and further discussion, 23 types of competitive action are identified, and the total actions taken by top 20 shipping firms during 2007 to 2009 are 2,984. Finally, hierarchical regression analysis is applied to carry on statistical analysis. For the sake of making hypothesis development more consistent, this research introduces awareness, motivation and capability (AMC) perspective to reason how international multimarket contact (IMMC) affects competitor’s action, also how local competitive density, local regulatory restriction and international market importance moderate the relationship between IMMC and competitor’s action. We also delineate the linkage between competitor’s action and firm performance in this research. The empirical finding shows: (1) focal firm has higher IMMC with competitors will incur lesser competitor’s action; (2) when focal firm faces higher local competitive density, it will weaken the negative relationship between IMMC and number of competitor’s actions; (3) if a international market has much importance for a MNE, it will strengthen the negative relationship between IMMC and number of competitor’s actions. Above all, by examining MNEs’ multipoint competition and investigating the contingency factors that can moderate the relationship between multipoint competition and mutual forbearance, this research fulfils the gap of past studies of multipoint competition. Moreover, this research also enriches multipoint competition research by introducing competitor’s action and AMC perspective of competitive dynamics research. In practice, this research also provides the way firms adjust their strategies.

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Lubaale, Grace Nyonyintono Kawomera. "The challenges of planning for poverty reduction in urban Kenya: the case of Nairobi's local authorities service delivery action plans (LASDAP) (2005-2007) planning approach in the Viwandani ward". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17574.

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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
This study explores the challenges of urban planning for poverty reduction that are faced by public institutions in urban Kenya. The existing studies in urban planning show that very little is known about these challenges. However, it is well acknowledged that globally urban poverty has increased at rates much higher than rural poverty. Indeed, poverty presents a dilemma for policy makers and citizens in Sub-Saharan African cities such as Nairobi and raises questions as to why poverty continues to grow despite the implementation of urban plans, policies and poverty reduction programmes. As a largely uncharted research area, it was necessary to explore the problem in significant depth; thus a qualitative research methodology was adopted to explore the case study of the Local Authorities Service Delivery Action Plans (LASDAP) in Nairobi’s Viwandani ward. Data were gathered and triangulated by means of focus groups and in-depth and semi-structured interviews. These were supplemented by key informant data, document reviews and an extensive review of urban planning and political science literature. A total of ninety-nine people including sixty-six men and thirty-three women participated in this study. The respondents were drawn from communities in Viwandani, city planners and other staff from the City of Nairobi, central government, and politicians. To analyse these data, a range of analytical techniques, namely a hybrid of categorisations, data displays, pattern matching and in some cases theoretical propositions were applied. These generated a set of themes for discussing the challenges of urban planning from the case study. The results were cross-checked with interview respondents and key informants and then validated in key feedback consultations in the study communities. This study shows that a long tradition of “power over the constitution”, embodied by the notion of an imperial presidency not only imposes one’s will over the people, but also can virtually destroy institutions. This study also finds that the legal framework for urban planning in Kenya is anchored in stakeholders’ involvement that only pays lip service to citizen’s participation and to accountability. Since the old Constitution was not supportive of participation and accountability, the planning predictably restricted space for citizen participation and did not provide for significant accountability by public officers. Therefore, the participation in the LASDAP in Viwandani was simply a sophisticated form of manipulation of citizens that is conceptualised as facipulation in the study. Facipulation here refers to the facilitation of a project to give the impression that citizens have the power to influence decisions of the state while at the same time being manipulated to ensure that the covert interests of powerful actors in the state are not undermined. The study reveals that challenges which public institutions face in urban planning for poverty reduction are both multi-layered and complex. The results show that the institutional framework for implementing the LASDAP in Kenya was by design defective in planning for poverty reduction. The study further reflects that the processes of constitutional development affect the form and types of political institutions established for urban planning. To achieve an urban planning framework for poverty reduction, therefore, institutional reform processes should be cognisant of and address the insidious power represented by the reluctance to shift the current institutional framework away from the status quo. The framework should also be aligned to the aspirations as expressed in the recently promulgated Constitution. In this Constitution citizens of Kenya are vested with all sovereign power and power is to be exercised only in accordance with the Constitution.

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Mahé, Anne-Laure. "Négocier la domination autoritaire au Soudan : développement participatif et dynamiques de pouvoir dans la province du Nord Kordofan". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20596.

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