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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Internal intercostal"
1
De Troyer, A., and V. Ninane. "Respiratory function of intercostal muscles in supine dog: an electromyographic study." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.5.1692.
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It is traditionally considered that the difference in orientation of the muscle fibers makes the external intercostals elevate the ribs and the internal interosseous intercostals lower the ribs during breathing. This traditional view, however, has recently been challenged by the observation that the external and internal interosseous intercostals, when contracting alone in a single interspace, have a similar effect on the ribs into which they insert. This view has also been challenged by the observation that the external and internal intercostals in a given interspace often change their length in the same direction during breathing. In an attempt to clarify the respiratory function of these muscles, we studied eight supine lightly anesthetized dogs during quiet breathing and during static inspiratory efforts. In each animal electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the external and internal interosseous intercostals were obtained in all interspaces from the second to the eighth, and selective denervations were systematically performed to ensure with complete certainty the origin of the recorded EMG activities. The external intercostals were only activated in phase with inspiration, whereas the internal interosseous intercostals were only activated in phase with expiration. These phasic EMG activities, however, were generally small in magnitude, and the muscles were often silent. Indeed, activation of the externals was always confined to the upper portion of the rib cage, whereas activation of the internals was limited to the lower portion of the rib cage. Internal intercostal activation always occurred sequentially along a caudocephalic gradient. These observations are thus compatible with the traditional view of intercostal muscle action.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
2
Iscoe, Steve, and Laurent Grélot. "Regional intercostal activity during coughing and vomiting in decerebrate cats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-166.
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Regional variations in the discharge patterns of the internal and external intercostal muscles of the middle and caudad thorax were studied in decerebrate, spontaneously breathing cats during coughing and vomiting. Coughing, induced by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves, consisted of increased and prolonged diaphragmatic activity followed by a burst of abdominal activity. Mid-thoracic external and internal intercostal muscles discharged synchronously with the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, respectively. Caudal external and internal intercostal muscles, however, discharged synchronously with the abdominal muscles. Vomiting, induced by stimulation of the lower thoracic vagi, consisted of a series of synchronous bursts of diaphragmatic and abdominal activity (retching) followed by a prolonged abdominal discharge after the cessation of diaphragmatic activity (expulsion). Caudal external and internal intercostals discharged in phase with diaphragmatic and abdominal activity but both mid-thoracic intercostal muscles discharged out of phase with these muscles. These results indicate major differences in the control and functional roles of intercostal muscles at different thoracic levels during these behaviours.Key words: diaphragm, abdominal muscles, intercostal muscles.
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Greer, J. J., and T. P. Martin. "Distribution of muscle fiber types and EMG activity in cat intercostal muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.4.1208.
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The electromyogram (EMG) activity and histochemical properties of intercostal muscles in the anesthetized cat were studied. The parasternal muscles were consistently active during inspiration. The external intercostals in the rostral spaces and the ventral portions of the midthoracic spaces were also recruited during inspiration. The remaining external intercostals were typically silent, regardless of the level of respiratory drive. The internal intercostal muscles located in the caudal spaces were occasionally recruited during expiration. There was a clear correlation between recruitment patterns of the intercostals and the histochemically defined fiber type properties of the muscles. Intercostal muscles that were routinely recruited during inspiration had a significantly higher proportion of slow-oxidative muscle fibers.
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Oliven, A., E. C. Deal, S. G. Kelsen, and N. S. Cherniack. "Effects of bronchoconstriction on respiratory muscle activity during expiration." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.1.308.
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The effect of methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction on the electrical activity of respiratory muscles during expiration was studied in 12 anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. Before and after aerosols of methacholine, diaphragm, parasternal intercostal, internal intercostal, and external oblique electromyograms were recorded during 100% O2 breathing and CO2 rebreathing. While breathing 100% O2, five dogs showed prolonged electrical activity of the diaphragm and parasternal intercostals in early expiration, postinspiratory inspiratory activity (PIIA). Aerosols of methacholine increased pulmonary resistance, decreased tidal volume, and elevated arterial PCO2. During bronchoconstriction, when PCO2 was varied by CO2 rebreathing, PIIA was shorter at low levels of PCO2, and external oblique and internal intercostal were higher at all levels of PCO2. Vagotomy shortened PIIA in dogs with prolonged PIIA. After vagotomy, methacholine had no effects on PIIA but continued to increase external oblique and internal intercostal activity at all levels of PCO2. These findings indicate that bronchoconstriction influences PIIA through a vagal reflex but augments expiratory activity, at least in part, by extravagal mechanisms.
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Ninane, V., M. Gorini, and M. Estenne. "Action of intercostal muscles on the lung in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 2388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.6.2388.
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The action on the lung of interosseous intercostal muscles located in the third and the seventh interspaces was studied in 15 anesthetized-curarized supine dogs. Changes in pleural pressure, airflow rate, and lung volume produced by maximal stimulation of both intercostal muscle layers were measured at and above functional residual capacity (FRC). In five animals measurements were also obtained during isolated stimulation of the internal layer. At FRC, intercostal stimulation in the upper interspaces had invariably an inspiratory effect on the lung but no effect was detectable in the lower interspaces. Qualitatively similar results were obtained during isolated stimulation of the internal layer. Increasing lung volume reduced the inspiratory action of the upper intercostals and conferred an expiratory action to the lower intercostals. These results indicate the following: 1) when contracting in a single interspace, the external and internal intercostals have a qualitatively similar action on the lung; and 2) this action, however, depends critically on their location along the cephalocaudal axis of the rib cage: in the upper portion of the rib cage, both muscle layers have an inspiratory effect at and above FRC; in the lower portion of the rib cage, they have no respiratory action at FRC and act in the expiratory direction at higher lung volumes.
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Wilson, T. A., and A. De Troyer. "Respiratory effect of the intercostal muscles in the dog." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 2636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2636.
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In a previous paper (J. Appl. Physiol. 73: 2283–2288, 1992), respiratory effect was defined as the change in airway pressure produced by active tension in a muscle with the airway closed, mechanical advantage was defined as the respiratory effect per unit mass per unit active stress, and it was shown that mechanical advantage is proportional to muscle shortening during the relaxation maneuver. Here, we report values of mechanical advantage and maximum respiratory effect of the intercostal muscles of the dog. Orientations of the intercostal muscles in the third and sixth interspaces were measured. Mechanical advantages of the muscles in these interspaces were computed by computing their shortening from these data and data in the literature on rib displacement. We found that parasternal internal intercostals and dorsal external intercostals of the upper interspace have large inspiratory mechanical advantages and that dorsal internal intercostals of the lower interspace and triangularis sterni have large expiratory mechanical advantages. Mass distributions in the two interspaces were also measured, and maximum respiratory effects of the muscles were calculated from their mass, mechanical advantage, and the value for maximum stress in skeletal muscle. Estimated maximum respiratory effects of the inspiratory and expiratory muscle groups of the entire rib cage were tested by measuring the maximum inspiratory pressures that were generated by the parasternal and external intercostals acting alone. Measured pressures, -13 cmH2O for the parasternals and -11 cmH2O for the external intercostals, agreed well with the computed values.
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Bolser, D. C., B. G. Lindsey, and R. Shannon. "Medullary inspiratory activity: influence of intercostal tendon organs and muscle spindle endings." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 1046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.3.1046.
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Studies were conducted to determine the effects of intercostal muscle spindle endings (MSEs) and tendon organs (TOs) on medullary inspiratory activity in decerebrate and allobarbital-anesthetized cats. Impeded muscle contractions, elicited by electrical stimulation of the peripheral cut end of the T6 ventral root, were used to stimulate external and internal intercostal TOs without MSEs. Impeded contractions of either the external or internal intercostal muscles reduced phrenic and medullary inspiratory neuronal activities. Vibration was used to selectively stimulate external or internal intercostal MSEs (90 and 40 micron amplitude, respectively). Selective stimulation of either external or internal intercostal MSEs did not change phrenic or medullary inspiratory neuronal activities. It is concluded that both external and internal intercostal TOs have a generalized inhibitory effect on medullary inspiratory activity and intercostal MSEs have no effect on medullary inspiratory activity.
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Reid, M. B., G. C. Ericson, H. A. Feldman, and R. L. Johnson. "Fiber types and fiber diameters in canine respiratory muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 1705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.4.1705.
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In the present study, we measured fiber types and fiber diameters in canine respiratory muscles and examined regional variation within the diaphragm. Samples of eight diaphragm regions, internal intercostals, external intercostals, transversus abdominis, and triceps brachii were removed from eight adult mongrel dogs, frozen, and histochemically processed for standard fiber type and fiber diameter determinations. The respiratory muscles were composed of types I and IIa fibers; no IIb fibers were identified. Fiber composition differed between muscles (P less than 0.0001). Normal type I percent (+/- SE) were: diaphragm 46 +/- 2, external intercostal 85 +/- 6, internal intercostals 48 +/- 3, transversus abdominis 53 +/- 1, and triceps 33 +/- 7. The diaphragm also contained a type I subtype [6 +/- 1% (SE)] previously thought only to occur in developing muscle. Fiber composition varied between diaphragm regions (P less than 0.01). Most notably, left medial crus contained 64% type I fibers. Fiber size also varied systematically among muscles (P less than 0.025) and diaphragm regions (P less than 0.0005). External intercostal fiber diameter was largest (47–50 microns) and diaphragm was smallest (34 microns). Within diaphragm, crural fibers were larger than costal (P less than 0.05). We conclude that there are systematic differences in fiber composition and fiber diameter of the canine respiratory muscles.
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De Troyer, A., S. Kelly, P. T. Macklem, and W. A. Zin. "Mechanics of intercostal space and actions of external and internal intercostal muscles." Journal of Clinical Investigation 75, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci111782.
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Carrier, D. R. "Ventilatory action of the hypaxial muscles of the lizard Iguana iguana: a function of slow muscle." Journal of Experimental Biology 143, no. 1 (May 1, 1989): 435–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.143.1.435.
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Patterns of muscle activity during lung ventilation, patterns of innervation and some contractile properties were measured in the hypaxial muscles of green iguanas. Electromyography shows that only four hypaxial muscles are involved in breathing. Expiration is produced by two deep hypaxial muscles, the transversalis and the retrahentes costarum. Inspiration is produced by the external and internal intercostal muscles. Although the two intercostal muscles are the main agonists of inspiration, neither is involved in expiration. This conflicts with the widely held notion that the different fibre orientations of the two intercostal muscles determine their ventilatory action. Several observations indicate that ventilation is produced by slow (i.e. nontwitch) fibres of these four muscles. First, electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded from these muscles during ventilation has an unusually low range of frequencies (less than 100 Hz). Such low-frequency signals have been suggested to be characteristic of muscle fibres that do not propagate action potentials (i.e. slow fibres). Second, during inspiration, EMG activity is restricted to he medical sides of the two intercostal muscles. Muscle fibres from this region have multiple motor endplates and exhibit tonic contraction when immersed in saline solutions of high potassium content. Like the intercostals, the transversalis and retrahentes costarum muscles also contain fibres with multiple motor endplates. Thus, although breathing is a phasic activity, it is produced by tonic (i.e. slow) muscle fibres. The intercostal muscles are also involved in postural and locomotor movements of the trunk. However, such movements employ twitch as well as slow fibres of the intercostal muscles.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Internal intercostal"
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Saboisky, Julian Peter Clinical School Prince of Wales Hospital Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Neural drive to human respiratory muscles." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Clinical School - Prince of Wales Hospital, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42792.
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This thesis addresses the organisation of drive to human upper airway and inspiratory pump muscles. The characterisation of single motor unit activity is important as the discharge frequency or timing of discharge of each motor unit directly reflects the output of single motoneurones. Thus, the firing properties of a population of motor units is indicative of the neural drive to the motoneurone pool. The experiments presented in Chapter 2 measured the recruitment time of five inspiratory pump muscles (diaphragm, scalene, second parasternal intercostal, and third and fifth dorsal external intercostal muscles) during normal quiet breathing and quantified the timing and magnitude of drive reaching each muscle. Chapter 3 examined the EMG activity of a major upper airway muscle (the genioglossus). The single motor units of the genioglossus display activity that can be grouped into six types based on its association or lack of association with respiration. The types of activity are termed: Inspiratory Phasic, Inspiratory Tonic, Expiratory Phasic, Expiratory Tonic, Tonic, and Tonic Other. A new method is presented in Chapter 4 to illustrate large amounts of data from single motor units recorded from respiratory muscles in a concise manner. This single figure displays for each motor unit, the recruitment time and firing frequency, the peak discharge frequency and its time, and the derecruitment time and its frequency. This method, termed the time-and-frequency plot, is used to demonstrate differences in behaviour between populations of diaphragm (Chapter 2) and genioglossus (Chapter 3) motoneurones. In Chapter 5, genioglossus activity during quiet breathing is compared between a group of patients with severe OSA and healthy control subjects. The distribution of central drive is identical between the OSA and control subjects with the same proportion of the six types of motor unit activity in both groups. However, there are alterations in the onset time of Inspiratory Phasic and Inspiratory Tonic motor units in OSA subjects and their peak discharge rates are also altered. Single motor unit action potentials in OSA subjects showed an increased area. This suggests the presence of neurogenic changes and may provide a pathophysiological explanation for the increased multiunit electromyographic activity reported in OSA subjects during wakefulness.
Książki na temat "Internal intercostal"
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Vassilakopoulos, Theodoros, and Charis Roussos. Respiratory muscle function in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0077.
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The inspiratory muscles are the diaphragm, external intercostals and parasternal internal intercostal muscles. The internal intercostals and abdominal muscles are expiratory. The ability of a subject to take one breath depends on the balance between the load faced by the inspiratory muscles and their neuromuscular competence. The ability of a subject to sustain the respiratory load over time (endurance) depends on the balance between energy supplied to the inspiratory muscles and their energy demands. Hyperinflation puts the diaphragm at a great mechanical disadvantage, decreasing its force-generating capacity. In response to acute increases in load the inspiratory muscles become fatigued and inflammed. In response to reduction in load by the use of mechanical ventilation they develop atrophy and dysfunction. Global respiratory muscle function can be tested using maximum static inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures, and sniff pressure. Diaphragm function can be tested by measuring the transdiaphragmatic and twitch pressures developed upon electrical or magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve.
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Chiumello, Davide, and Silvia Coppola. Management of pleural effusion and haemothorax. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0125.
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The main goal of management of pleural effusion is to provide symptomatic relief removing fluid from the pleural space. The options depend on type, stage, and underlying disease. The first diagnostic instrument is the chest radiography, while ultrasound can be very useful to guide thoracentesis. Pleural effusion can be a transudate or an exudate. Generally, a transudate is uncomplicated effusion treated by medical therapy, while an exudative effusion is considered complicated effusion and should be managed by drainage. Refractory non-malignant effusions can be transudative (congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrosis) or exudative (pancreatitis, connective tissue disease, endocrine dysfunction), and the management options include repeated therapeutic thoracentesis, in-dwelling pleural catheter for intermittent external drainage, pleuroperitoneal shunts for internal drainage, or surgical pleurectomy. Parapneumonic pleural effusions can be classified as complicated when there is persistent bacterial invasion of the pleural space, uncomplicated and empyema with specific indications for pleural fluid drainage. Malignancy is the most common cause of exudative pleural effusions in patients aged >60 years and the decision to treat depends upon the presence of symptoms and the underlying tumour type. Options include in-dwelling pleural catheter drainage, pleurodesis, pleurectomy, and pleuroperitoneal shunt. Haemothorax needs to be differentiated from a haemorrhagic pleural effusion and, when suspected, the essential management is intercostal drainage. It achieves two objectives to drain the pleural space allowing expansion of the lung and to allow assessment of rates of blood loss to evaluate the need for emergency or urgent thoracotomy.
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Blasi, Francesco, and Paolo Tarsia. Pathophysiology and causes of haemoptysis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0126.
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The main goal of management of pleural effusion is to provide symptomatic relief removing fluid from pleural space and the options depend on type, stage and underlying disease. The first diagnostic instrument is the chest radiography while ultrasound can be very useful to guide thoracentesis. Pleural effusion can be a transudate or an exudate. Generally a transudate is uncomplicated effusion treated by medical therapy, while an exudative effusion is considered complicated effusion and should be managed by drainage. Refractory non-malignant effusions can be transudative (congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrosis) or exudative (pancreatitis, connective tissue disease, endocrine dysfunction), and the management options include repeated therapeutic thoracentesis, indwelling pleural catheter for intermittent external drainage, pleuroperitoneal shunts for internal drainage, or surgical pleurectomy. Parapneumonic pleural effusions can be divided in complicated when there is persistent bacterial invasion of the pleural space, uncomplicated and empyema with specific indications for pleural fluid drainage. Malignancy is the most common cause of exudative pleural effusions in patients aged >60 years and the decision to treat depends upon the presence of symptoms and the underlying tumour type. Options include indwelling pleural catheter drainage, pleurodesis, pleurectomy and pleuroperitoneal shunt. Hemothorax needs to be differentiated from a haemorrhagic pleural effusion and when is suspected the essential management is the intercostal drainage. It achieves two objectives to drain the pleural space allowing expansion of the lung and to allow assessment of rates of blood loss to evaluate the need for emergency or urgent thoracotomy.
Części książek na temat "Internal intercostal"
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Sibuya, Masato, Arata Kanamaru, and Ikuo Homma. "Expiratory Activity Recorded During Exercise from Human M. Biceps Brachii Reinnervated by Internal Intercostal Nerves." In Respiratory Control, 431–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0529-3_47.
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Lee, Christine U., and James F. Glockner. "Case 16.12." In Mayo Clinic Body MRI Case Review, edited by Christine U. Lee and James F. Glockner, 781–82. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199915705.003.0411.
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31-year-old man with a history of hypertension that was diagnosed at age 10 Sagittal oblique VR images (Figure 16.12.1) and a partial volume MIP image (Figure 16.12.2) from 3D CE MRA reveal severe focal narrowing of the proximal descending thoracic aorta just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. Note also enlarged internal mammary and intercostal arteries representing sources of collateral blood flow to the descending aorta....
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Abdelsattar, Jad M., Moustafa M. El Khatib, T. K. Pandian, Samuel J. Allen, and David R. Farley. "Breast." In Mayo Clinic General Surgery, 43–60. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190650506.003.0004.
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Breast tissue develops from ectoderm, the primary mammary buds being noted during the fifth week of gestation. Glandular epithelium, stroma, and fat receive blood from the internal mammary and posterior intercostal arteries. In females, estrogen mediates ductal development. In males, androgen leads to destruction of the epithelial component of the breast bud. Most breast complaints are due to a mass, nipple discharge, or pain. Ultrasonography is useful in young women and as an adjunct to mammography. Wide local excision, mastectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy, and axillary dissection can be useful in men and women undergoing breast surgery. Lymphedema may occur after axillary lymph node dissection or radiation therapy.
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Atkinson, Martin E. "The surface anatomy of the thorax." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0016.
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The thorax is the region of the body commonly known as the chest between the neck and the abdomen. The thoracic cavity is the hollow in the thorax that is occupied by the thoracic viscera, the heart and its associated vessels in the midline, and the lungs laterally. The thoracic viscera are enclosed by the bony and muscular thoracic cage. The bony components of the cage are the 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, the 12 pairs of ribs and their anterior cartilaginous extensions, the costal cartilages that meet the sternum anteriorly. The intercostal muscles fill the intercostal spaces between the ribs and are involved in ventilation. Another muscle involved in ventilation is the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. If you are not familiar with the basic outline and arrangements of the circulatory and respiratory systems, refer back to Chapters 4 and 5 before reading this section. A good way to appreciate where these structures lie in relation to each other is to examine their surface anatomy, the position of internal organs related to features that can be observed or palpated (felt) on the surface of the body. Relating surface anatomy to deeper structures is a clinical skill essential not only to the study of the thorax, but also of structures in the head and neck important in dental practice. In the clinical examination of the living subject, the position of the internal thoracic organs is defined with reference to a set of vertical and horizontal lines running through the surface of bony landmarks. The significant vertical lines are shown in Figure 9 .1 as the: 1. Mid-sternal line—in the median plane anteriorly; 2. Mid-clavicular line—through the midpoint of the clavicle; 3. Mid-axillary line—midway between the anterior and posterior axillary folds, formed from skin overlying muscles. If you raise your arm while looking into a mirror, the two folds are obvious; they can also be palpated very easily even with clothes on. 4. Median posterior line—in the median plane anteriorly. The horizontal position can be defined with reference to the ribs or, less easily, the vertebrae.