Artykuły w czasopismach: „Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC)”

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Baharuddin, Nurul Akidah, Andanastuti Muchtar i Dedikarni Panuh. "Bilayered Electrolyte for Intermediate-Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Review". Jurnal Kejuruteraan si1, nr 2 (30.11.2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2018-si1(2)-01.

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Fuel cell is an energy converter device that generates electricity through electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. An example of fuel cell is the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) which uses a ceramics based solid electrolyte. Due to the use of ceramics, SOFC normally operates at high temperatures up to 1000 °C. This high operating temperature makes SOFC known for its efficient energy conversion capability and excellent fuel flexibility. However, despite the advantages, the extreme temperatures limit the uses of SOFC. High operation temperature leads to long term operational issues in durability and cell degradation. Yttria stabilized zirconia, YSZ is a commonly used material for electrolyte in high temperature SOFCs. However, YSZ electrolyte is unable to perform well when the operating temperature is reduced to intermediate-low zones below 800 °C. Thus, development of new materials for SOFC components is needed whereby the production of electrolyte materials becomes one of the main scopes for research in intermediate-low temperature SOFCs. Apart from the synthesis of new materials, another approach in increasing the ionic conductivity of intermediate-low temperature SOFC is through the fabrication of a bilayered electrolyte. As such, this review article focuses on the potential of bilayered electrolyte for intermediate-low temperature SOFCs

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Srisiriwat, Nawadee, i Chananchai Wutthithanyawat. "Heat Integration of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (marzec 2014): 922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.922.

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As solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has operating temperatures ranging between 973 K for intermediate temperature operation and 1273 K for high temperature operation, an advantage of the hot exhaust gas from SOFC can be used to drive a fuel processor for hydrogen production. In this study, the heat integration of a SOFC integrated with ethanol steam reformer, which is very highly endothermic reaction needed the large amount of energy supply, has been performed to improve the efficiency of SOFC system. In the conceptual design for heat integration, the pinch analysis is used. Under 1200 K of SOFC operating temperature and 973 K of reformer temperature, the hot exhaust gas leaving the SOFC is sufficient for heating requirements for the heat exchanger network and for the additional electricity generation from gas turbine. An energy integrated SOFC system presents a total electricity generation from SOFC and GT of 818 kW of which 386 kW is required for air compressor so an overall electricity production and efficiency are 432 kW and 35.0%, respectively.

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Rękas, M. "Electrolytes For Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, nr 2 (1.06.2015): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0225.

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Abstract Solid electrolytes for construction of the intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, IT-SOFC, have been reviewed. Yttrium stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals, YTZP, as a potential electrolyte of IT-SOFC have been highlighted. The experimental results involving structural, microstructural, electrical properties based on our own studies were presented. In order to study aluminum diffusion in YTZP, aluminum oxide was deposited on the surface of 3 mol.% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP). The samples were annealed at temperatures from 1523 to 1773 K. Diffusion profiles of Al in the form of mean concentration vs. depth in B-type kinetic region were investigated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Both the lattice (DB) and grain boundary (DGB) diffusion were determined.

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Kumaran, Shri, Zuraida Awang Mat, Zulfirdaus Zakaria, Saiful Hasmady Abu Hassan i Yap Boon Kar. "A Review on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Designs for Intermediate Temperatures". Jurnal Kejuruteraan 32, nr 1 (28.02.2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2020-32(1)-18.

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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has significant advantages of clean and quiet operation while providing a relatively high efficiency owing to enhanced reaction kinetics at high operating temperature. The high operating temperature of SOFC, typically around 800 – 1000°C helps to enable internal reforming of hydrocarbons and negate effects of impurities in small quantities in the fuel. However, this limits the application of SOFC only to stationary applications due to the long period needed to reach this temperature range. A high temperature operation is also not ideal in terms of cost reduction and long-term stability of the cell components. Hence, lowering the operating temperature of SOFC is crucial for reduction of cost production and commercialization, which enables SOFC to have a wider range of application areas inclusive of portable and mobile ones. Building a high-performance SOFC with small volume is essential as the underlying criteria for these small-scale portable applications. Therefore, careful design and fabrication methods of SOFC operating on intermediate temperatures with high power outputs need to be considered. The intermediate temperature operation of the fuel cell not only increases the overall lifespan of cell but also allows for longer operation with a lower degradation rate compared to high temperature operation. Furthermore, a modified intermediate temperature stack design can accommodate a wider range of applications compared to the tubular and planar stack designs. This paper reviews the development of SOFC stack designs aimed at intermediate temperature operation towards achieving high performance and the benefits of each design.

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Wang, Yongqing, Bo An, Ke Wang, Yan Cao i Fan Gao. "Identification of Restricting Parameters on Steps toward the Intermediate-Temperature Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell". Energies 13, nr 23 (4.12.2020): 6404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236404.

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To identify critical parameters upon variable operational temperatures in a planar SOFC, an experimentally agreeable model was established. The significance of temperature effect on the performance of SOFC components was investigated, and the effect of activation energy during the development of intermediate electrode materials was evaluated. It is found the ionic conductivity of electrolytes is identified to be unavoidably concerned in the development of the intermediate-temperature SOFC. The drop of the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte decreases the overall current density 63% and 80% at temperatures reducing to 700 °C and 650 °C from 800 °C. However, there exists a critical value on the defined ratio between the electric resistance of the electrolyte in the overall internal resistance of SOFC, above which the further increase in the ionic conductivity would not significantly improve the performance. The lower the operational temperature, the higher critical ratio of the electrical resistance in the overall internal resistance of the cell. The minimal decrease in the activation energy during the development of intermediate electrode materials can significantly enhance the overall performance. Considering the development trend toward the intermediate temperature SOFC, advanced electrode material with the decreased activation energy should be primarily focused. The result provides a guidance reference for developing SOFC with the operational temperature toward the intermediate temperature.

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Brett, D. J. L., P. Aguiar, N. P. Brandon, R. N. Bull, R. C. Galloway, G. W. Hayes, K. Lillie i in. "Project ABSOLUTE: A ZEBRA Battery/Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid for Automotive Applications". Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, nr 3 (6.02.2006): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2205348.

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Project ABSOLUTE (advanced battery solid oxide fuel cell linked unit to maximize efficiency), aims to combine a sodium-nickel chloride battery and an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) to form an all-electric hybrid package that surpasses the efficiency and performance of a purely fuel cell driven vehicle, as well as extending the range of a purely battery driven electric vehicle. This paper discusses the project background, the ABSOLUTE hybrid concept, the methodology adopted, the vehicle types and drive cycles that best suit the hybrid and system control considerations. Results from a battery and IT-SOFC system model are presented.

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Shao, Lin, Qi Wang, Lishuang Fan, Pengxiang Wang, Naiqing Zhang i Kening Sun. "Copper cobalt spinel as a high performance cathode for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells". Chemical Communications 52, nr 55 (2016): 8615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc03447k.

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Subardi, Adi, Iwan Susanto, Ratna Kartikasari, Tugino Tugino, Hasta Kuntara, Andy Erwin Wijaya, Muhamad Jalu Purnomo, Ade Indra, Hendriwan Fahmi i Yen-Pei Fu. "An analysis of SmBa0.5Sr0.5Co2O5+δ double perovskite oxide for intermediate–temperature solid oxide fuel cells". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, nr 12 (110) (30.04.2021): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.226342.

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The main obstacle to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) implementation is the high operating temperature in the range of 800–1,000 °C so that it has an impact on high costs. SOFCs work at high temperatures causing rapid breakdown between layers (anode, electrolyte, and cathode) because they have different thermal expansion. The study focused on reducing the operating temperature in the medium temperature range. SmBa0.5Sr0.5Co2O5+δ (SBSC) oxide was studied as a cathode material for IT-SOFCs based on Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC) electrolyte. The SBSC powder was prepared using the solid-state reaction method with repeated ball-milling and calcining. Alumina grinding balls are used because they have a high hardness to crush and smooth the powder of SOFC material. The specimens were then tested as cathode material for SOFC at intermediate temperature (600–800 °C) using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), electrochemical, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern of SBSC powder can be indexed to a tetragonal space group (P4/mmm). The overall change in mass of the SBSC powder is 8 % at a temperature range of 125–800 °C. A sample of SBSC powder showed a high oxygen content (5+δ) that reached 5.92 and 5.41 at temperatures of 200 °C and 800 °C, respectively. High diffusion levels and increased surface activity of oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) can be affected by high oxygen content (5+δ). The polarization resistance (Rp) of samples sintered at 1000 °C is 4.02 Ωcm2 at 600 °C, 1.04 Ωcm2 at 700 °C, and 0.42 Ωcm2 at 800 °C. The power density of the SBSC cathode is 336.1, 387.3, and 357.4 mW/cm2 at temperatures of 625 °C, 650 °C, and 675 °C, respectively. The SBSC demonstrates as a prospective cathode material for IT-SOFC

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Rostika Noviyanti, Atiek, Iwan Hastiawan, Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy, Muhammad Berlian Adham, Arie Hardian i Dani Gustaman Syarif. "Preparation and Conductivity Studies of La9.33Si6O26 (LSO) -Ce0.85Gd0.15O1.925 (CGO15) Composite Based Electrolyte for IT-SOFC". Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, nr 4 (27.08.2018): 2125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/3404053.

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Reducing a high-operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) to intermediate temperature SOFC (IT-SOFC, 500-750ºC) poses a great challenge in the sense of developing solid electrolyte at intermediate temperature range. In response to this, we report a novel composite La9.33Si6O26 (LSO) - Ce0.85Gd0.15O1.925 (CGO) in this study. The synthesis of LSO-CGO composite was carried out by combining LSO with CGO (9:1, 8:2, and 7:3 in weight ratio) using solid state reaction method. In order to get a dense pellet, all of the products were sintered at 1500°C for 3 h. The X-ray diffraction pattern of sintered pellets show typical patterns for both of LSO and CGO which indicate that the composite was successfully formed. The highest conductivity was detected in 7LSO-3CGO, i.e. 2.10×10-3 S cm-1 at 700 ○C and also has low activation energy (0.60 eV). This result suggests that the LSO-YSZ composites are good oxide ion conductors and may potentially be used as an alternative solid electrolyte in IT-SOFC technology.

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Yuan, Jinliang, i Bengt Sundén. "Analysis of Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Transport Processes and Performance". Journal of Heat Transfer 127, nr 12 (2.03.2005): 1380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2098847.

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A new trend in recent years is to reduce the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operating temperature to an intermediate range by employing either a thin electrolyte, or new materials for the electrolyte and electrodes. In this paper, a numerical investigation is presented with focus on modeling and analysis of transport processes in planar intermediate temperature (IT, between 600 and 800°C) SOFCs. Various transport phenomena occurring in an anode duct of an ITSOFC have been analyzed by a fully three-dimensional calculation method. In addition, a general model to evaluate the stack performance has been developed for the purpose of optimal design and/or configuration based on specified electrical power or fuel supply rate.

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Rahman, I. Z., M. A. Raza i M. A. Rahman. "Perovskite Based Anode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application: A Review". Advanced Materials Research 445 (styczeń 2012): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.497.

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Perovskites have gained attraction as electrode and interconnect materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) due to their catalytic, ionic and electrical conductivities, chemical and thermal stabilities at higher temperatures. The operation and efficiency of SOFC depends mainly on the electrodes. Each electrode, anode and cathode, has demanding materials selection criteria. State of the art nickel-yittria stabilized zirconia cermet anodes are unable to work efficiently with hydrocarbon fuels and at intermediate operating temperature range (600-800°C). Hence, there is an increasing demand for the development of alternate anode materials to improve the fuel flexibility and efficiency of SOFCs. Perovskite based materials have oxygen ion vacancies depending on composition, temperature, and surrounding crystalline environment that impart mixed ionic and electronic conductivities to them. Since perovskite can accommodate all the elements in the periodic table they can offer excellent catalytic properties. The report is about the present status of perovskites based anode materials for SOFC application.

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Mohd Abdul Fatah, Ahmad Fuzamy, Muhamad Nazri Murat i NoorAshrina A. Hamid. "Physiochemical and Electrochemical Properties of Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferum–Copper (II) Oxide Prepared via Solid State Reaction". Journal of Physical Science 33, nr 3 (30.11.2022): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2022.33.3.7.

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Lanthanum strontium cobalt ferum (LSCF) with addition of copper oxide (CuO) can serve as an alternate cathode material in Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC) due to its strong catalytic activity for oxygen reduction process at intermediate temperatures and great chemical compatibility. This study was done to determine the viability of LSCF–CuO composite as a material for the IT-SOFC cathode. The cathode powder was synthesised using the conventional solid-state process at intermediate temperatures range (600ºC–900ºC). The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that when LSCF was calcined at temperatures over 600ºC, the weight loss curve flattened. In the meantime, x-ray diffraction revealed that the perovskite structure of LSCF-CuO was completely formed after calcined at 800ºC. Moreover, the Brunauer– Emmett–Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscope investigations demonstrated that as the calcination temperature rose, the LSCF–CuO particles tended to grow. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigation revealed polarisation resistance of samples calcined at 800ºC (0.41 Ωcm2) was significantly lower than that of samples calcined at 600ºC (29.57 Ωcm2). Judging from chemical, physical and electrochemical properties, it is evidence that LSCF-CuO prepared via simple solid-state reaction has a potential to be used as cathode material for IT-SOFC.

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Mat, Zuraida Awang, Yap Boon Kar, Tan Chou Yong i Saiful Hasmady Abu Hassan. "A Short Review of Material Combination in Bilayer Electrolyte of IT-SOFC." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 4.35 (30.11.2018): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22901.

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The technology of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is attractive as it is considered as one of promising clean energy due to its efficiency and clean production of electricity. However, high operating temperature of SOFC are main issue in range of applications such as in transportation and portable equipment. One of many goals of SOFC is to lower the operating temperature. Bi-layer electrolyte has become one of the solution in order to reduce the high operating temperature. This review article provides the preliminary information of bi-layer electrolyte in order to achieve high performance at intermediate temperature.

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Sadykov, Vladislav A., Vitaliy S. Muzykantov, Nikita F. Yeremeev, Vladimir V. Pelipenko, Ekaterina M. Sadovskaya, Alexey S. Bobin, Yulia E. Fedorova, Daiana G. Amanbaeva i Alevtina L. Smirnova. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes: Importance of Chemical Composition and Morphology". Catalysis for Sustainable Energy 2, nr 1 (31.12.2015): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cse-2015-0004.

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AbstractThe main aspects of the cathode materials morphology for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT SOFC) are considered in this paper. The approaches for estimation of their basic properties, e.g. oxygen mobility and surface reactivity, are described and the results of different techniques (e.g. weight and conductivity relaxation, oxygen isotope exchange) application for studies of powders and dense ceramic materials are compared. The Ruddlesden-Popper type phases (e.g. Pr2NiO4) provide enhanced oxygen mobility due to cooperative mechanism of oxygen interstitial migration. For perovskites, the oxygen mobility is increased by doping, which generates oxygen vacancies or decreases metal-oxygen bond strength. Nonadditive increasing of the oxygen diffusion coefficients found that for perovskite-fluorite nanocomposites, it can be explained by the fast oxygen migration along perovskitefluorite interfaces. Functionally graded nanocomposite cathodes provide the highest power density, the lowest area specific polarization resistance, and the best stability to degradation caused by the surface layer carbonization/ hydroxylation, thus being the most promising for thin film IT SOFC design.

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Thaheem, Imdadullah, Kyeong Joon Kim, Jong Jun Lee, Dong Woo Joh, Incheol Jeong i Kang Taek Lee. "High performance Mn1.3Co1.3Cu0.4O4 spinel based composite cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, nr 34 (2019): 19696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07069a.

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Herein, we developed a Mn_1.3Co_1.3Cu_0.4O₄ (MCCO) spinel for use as a new ORR catalyst for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications.

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Park, Kwang-Jin, i Joong-Myeon Bae. "Performance Behavior by H2and CO as a Fuel in Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC)". Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 32, nr 12 (1.12.2008): 963–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2008.32.12.963.

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Ávila, A., J. Poveda, D. Gómez, D. Hotza i J. Escobar. "Characterization of SOFCS: A Crystallographic Analysis and First Steps towards an Impedance Spectroscopy Approach". Materials Science Forum 727-728 (sierpień 2012): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.769.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as an efficient way to transform chemical energy into electrical energy. However, a major disadvantage of this technology is related to the high temperatures required for SOFC operation. In this way, new materials are necessary to maintain the electrical properties of the cell at intermediate temperatures. Based on these ideas, it is necessary to study both the structural variation of the cells components at different temperatures and their electrochemical behavior. In this work, a crystallographic characterization is presented, which was performed in a commercial SOFC cell using X-ray diffraction (XRD). An equivalent linear electrical model to predict SOFC losses is developed as well. Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs); AC impedance; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS); Equivalent circuit models.

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Yusupandi, Fauzi, Hary Devianto, Pramujo Widiatmoko, Isdiriayani Nurdin, Sung Pil Yoon, Tae-Hoon Lim i Aditya Farhan Arif. "Performance Evaluation of An Electrolyte-Supported Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC) with Low-Cost Materials". International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11, nr 4 (15.07.2022): 1037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.46735.

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Intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) provides economic and technical advantages over the conventional SOFC because of the wider material use, lower fabrication cost and longer lifetime of the cell components. In this work, we fabricated electrolyte-supported IT-SOFC using low-cost materials such as calcia-stabilized zirconia (CSZ) electrolyte fabricated by dry-pressing, NiO-CSZ anode and Ca3Co1.9Zn0.1O6 (CCZO) cathode produced through brush coating technique. According to the XRD result, the monoclinic phase dominated over the cubic phase, and the relative density of the electrolyte was low but the hardness of the CSZ electrolyte was close to the hardness of commercial 8YSZ electrolyte. The performance of the single cell was performed with hydrogen ambient air. An open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.43, 0.46, and 0.45 V and a maximum power density of 0.14, 0.50, and 1.00 mW/cm2 were achieved at the operating temperature of 600, 700, and 800 °C, respectively. The ohmic resistance of the cell at 700 and 800 °C achieved 81.5 and 33.00 Ω, respectively due to the contribution of thick electrolyte and Cr poisoning in electrodes and electrolyte

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Olszewska, Anna, i Konrad Świerczek. "ReBaCo2-xMnxO5+δ (Re: rare earth element) layered perovskites for application as cathodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". E3S Web of Conferences 108 (2019): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910801020.

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Decrease of the operation temperature is considered as one of the most important targets in development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), as it leads to considerable extension of their long-term operation and makes construction and utilization of the SOFC generators cost-effective. Relatively high value of the activation energy of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurring at the cathode, and consequently, large cathodic polarization resistance at lower temperatures is a major obstacle hindering usage of SOFCs at decreased temperatures. In this work possibility of application of manganese-doped cobalt-based cation-ordered perovskites as candidate cathode materials in the intermediate temperature (IT, ca. 600-800 °C) range is discussed. The considered oxide materials, depending on chemical composition, i.e. choice of Re element and Mn-doping level exhibit high values of mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, as well as good catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction and moderate thermal expansion. Cathode layers manufactured on a basis of selected ReBaCo2-xMnxO5+δ oxides show low polarisation resistance.

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Solovyev, Andrey, Anna Shipilova, Egor Smolyanskiy, Sergey Rabotkin i Vyacheslav Semenov. "The Properties of Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Thin Film Gadolinium-Doped Ceria Electrolyte". Membranes 12, nr 9 (17.09.2022): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090896.

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Mixed ionic-electronic conducting materials are not used as a single-layer electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) at relatively high operating temperatures of ~800 °C. This is because of a significant decrease in the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and, consequently, the SOFC power density. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the anode-supported SOFC properties obtained within the temperature range of 600 to 800 °C with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte and gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) electrolyte thin films. Electrolyte layers that are 3 µm thick are obtained by magnetron sputtering. It is shown that at 800 °C, the SOFC with the GDC electrolyte thin film provides an OCV over 0.9 V and power density of 2 W/cm2. The latter is comparable to the power density of SOFCs with the YSZ electrolyte, which is a purely ionic conductor. The GDC electrolyte manifests the high performance, despite the SOFC power density loss induced by electronic conductivity of the former, which, in turn, is compensated by its other positive properties.

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Widiatmoko, P., H. Devianto, I. Nurdin, F. Yusupandi, Kevino i E. N. Ovani. "Fabrication and characterization of Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC) single cell using Indonesia’s resources". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 550 (23.08.2019): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/550/1/012001.

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Bae, J., H. Jee, J. Kim i Yung Sung Yoo. "Short Stack Performance of Intermediate Temperature - Operating Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Hydrocarbon Fuel Processor". Materials Science Forum 539-543 (marzec 2007): 1338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1338.

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For intermediate temperature operation, we chose an anode-supported, planar type SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) design considering mass production with use ferritic stainless steels as cost-effective interconnects. Anode-supported single cells with thin electrolyte layer of YSZ(Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia) were fabricated and short stacks were built and evaluated. We also developed diesel and methane autothermal reforming(ATR) reactors in order to provide fuels to SOFC stacks. Influences of the H2O/C(steam to carbon ratio), O2/C(oxygen to carbon ratio) and GHSV(Gas Hourly Space Velocity) on performances of stacks have been investigated. Performance of the stack operated with a diesel reformer was lower than with using hydrogen as a fuel due to lower Nernst voltage and carbon formation at anode side. The stack operated with a natural gas reformer showed similar performances as with using hydrogen. Effects of various reformer parameters such as H2O/C and O2/C were carefully investigated. We found O2/C is a sensitive parameter to control stack performance.

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Martínez-Coronado, R., J. A. Alonso i M. T. Fernández-Díaz. "SrMo0.9Co0.1O3−δ: A potential anode for intermediate-temperature solid-oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC)". Journal of Power Sources 258 (lipiec 2014): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.031.

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KULKA, ANDRZEJ, YANG HU, GUILHEM DEZANNEAU i JANINA MOLENDA. "INVESTIGATION OF GdBaCo2-xFexO5.5-δ AS A CATHODE MATERIAL FOR INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS". Functional Materials Letters 04, nr 02 (czerwiec 2011): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604711001737.

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In this work, we present an evaluation of the layered perovskite materials with chemical composition GdBaCo 2-x Fe x O 5.5-δ (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.6) as a cathode materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC). We first present results concerning their crystal structure and oxygen nonstoichiometry, and then give results concerning their electrical conductivity and performance in button-type SOFCs.

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Momin, Naeemakhtar, i J. Manjanna. "Ionic Conductivity of Ce0.91Ca0.09O2 as an Electrolyte for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, nr 12 (25.11.2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2512rjce001009.

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The search for new cost-effective electrolyte materials for IT-SOFC towards its mass scale commercialization has gained momentum in recent years. The Ca- doped ceria having composition Ce0.91Ca0.09O2 was prepared using the facile conventional solid-state method. The structural and electrical properties of low sintered ceramic samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and A.C. impedance technique respectively. The oxide ion conductivity was measured between the temperatures 573 K−973 K in air. The obtained results showed that total conductivity is mainly dependent on the grain boundary effect. The nanocrystalline Ce0.91Ca0.09O2 exhibited the high total ionic conductivity of 7.36  103 S cm1 at 973 K with a lower activation energy of 0.96 eV. The obtained results highlight the use of cost-effective dopant in ceria lattice to develop commercially viable electrolyte materials for IT-SOFC.

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Serra, José M., i Hans-Peter Buchkremer. "On the nanostructuring and catalytic promotion of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) cathodes". Journal of Power Sources 172, nr 2 (październik 2007): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.05.018.

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Solovyev, Andrey A., Anastasya N. Kovalchuk, Igor V. Ionov, S. V. Rabotkin, Anna V. Shipilova i Dmitry N. Terentev. "Deposition of a Thin-Film CGO Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". Key Engineering Materials 685 (luty 2016): 776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.776.

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Reducing the operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) from 800-1000°C is one of the main SOFC research goals. It can be achieved by lowering the thickness of an electrolyte (ZrO2:Y2O3 (YSZ) is widely used as electrolyte material). On the other hand the problem can be solved by using of another electrolyte material with high ionic conductivity at intermediate temperatures. Therefore the present study deals with magnetron sputtering of ceria gadolinium oxide (CGO), which has a higher conductivity compared to YSZ. The microstructure of CGO layers deposited on porous NiO/YSZ substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering of Ce:Gd cathode is investigated. Current voltage characteristics (CVC) of a fuel cell with NiO/YSZ anode, CGO electrolyte and LSCF/CGO cathode were obtained. It was shown that the power density of a fuel cell with CGO electrolyte weakly depends on the operating temperature in the range of 650-750°C in contradistinction to YSZ electrolyte, and is about 600-650 mW/cm2.

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Honegger, K. "Thin Film Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) for Intermediate Temperature Operation (700°C)". ECS Proceedings Volumes 1997-40, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/199740.0321pv.

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Murizam, Darus, N. M. N. Azira, Muhammad Asri Idris i Nur Farhana Mohd Yunos. "Near Surface Studies on the Role of Graphene Oxide in the Carbon Species Activities in IT-SOFC Cathode Materials". Materials Science Forum 1010 (wrzesień 2020): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1010.321.

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Active roles of carbon species in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode was simulated by adding graphene oxide (GO) into Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.2Fe0.8 (BSCF) materials prepared by sol-gel method. The mixture was heated up to intermediate temperature SOFC range (650 - 850°C) for a period of 5 hours. A depth-profiling measurement by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique was carried out to analyse the carbon species activities at near surface of BSCF cathode. A depth-profiling analysis indicated that the graphene oxide bond components are retained under the cathode surface and does not affected the formation of carbonate phases in BSCF cathode.

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Agun, Linda, Hamimah Abd Rahman, Sufizar Ahmad i Andanastuti Muchtar. "Durability and Stability of LSCF Composite Cathode for Intermediate-Low Temperature of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-LT SOFC): Short Review". Advanced Materials Research 893 (luty 2014): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.732.

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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is well known as power and heat generation device which converts chemical energy directly from fuel into electricity. SOFC operate at high temperature becomes obstacle for SOFC which reducing ionic conductivity material of current electrolyte, reduce lifetime of cell components, high fabrication cost, limited durability and performance issues. This introduce to environment pollution and decrease the SOFC lifetime. The fabrication of durability and stability composite cathode are comprised from mixing of perovskite La0.6Sr0.4CO0.2Fe0.8(LSCF) powders with nanoscale ionically conducting ceramic electrolyte materials, SDC-carbonate (SDCc) was overcome this problems. Powder preparation and composite cathode fabrication must consider which as main factors in the development of durability and stability of LSCF-SDCc composite cathode. Powders must in nanoscale to enhance the conductivity and decrease the interfacial polarization resistance and the composite cathode should in nanoporous morphology for achieve high power density over than 500 h and remarkable durability. Calcination also plays in important role and its operations will effects to the SOFC durability and performance. The necessary to prolong the lifetime and increase the SOFC performance has lead to development of durability and stability of SOFC. This paper reviews the durability and stability of the composite cathode and focus on the challenges in material technology.

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Chen, Yunru, Tao Yu, Jiang Jin i Hua Zhang. "Triple Perovskite Nd1.5Ba1.5CoFeMnO9−δ-Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 Composite as Cathodes for the Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". Materials 15, nr 10 (20.05.2022): 3663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103663.

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Triple perovskite has been recently developed for the intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC). The performance of Nd1.5Ba1.5CoFeMnO9−δ (NBCFM) cathodes for IT-SOFC is investigated in this work. The interfacial polarization resistance (RP) of NBCFM is 1.1273 Ω cm2~0.1587 Ω cm2 in the range of 700–800 °C, showing good electrochemical performance. The linear thermal expansion coefficient of NBCFM is 17.40 × 10−6 K−1 at 40–800 °C, which is significantly higher than that of the electrolyte. In order to further improve the electrochemical performance and reduce the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of NBCFM, Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ (SDC) is mixed with NBCFM to prepare an NBCFM-xSDC composite cathode (x = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 wt.%). The thermal expansion coefficient decreases monotonically from 17.40 × 10−6 K−1 to 15.25 × 10−6 K−1. The surface oxygen exchange coefficient of NBCFM-xSDC at a given temperature increases from 10−4 to 10−3 cm s−1 over the po2 range from 0.01 to 0.09 atm, exhibiting fast surface exchange kinetics. The area specific resistance (ASR) of NBCFM-30%SDC is 0.06575 Ω cm2 at 800 °C, which is only 41% of the ASR value of NBCFM (0.15872 Ω cm2). The outstanding performance indicates the feasibility of NBCFM-30% SDC as an IT-SOFC cathode material. This study provides a promising strategy for designing high-performance composite cathodes for SOFCs based on triple perovskite structures.

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Musa, Abdullatif, Ramadan Arfa i Adel Agina. "Optimal Operating Point of a Hydrogen Fueled SOFC Models Using Al-Nour Softare". Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Journal 5, nr 2 (31.12.2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v5i2.59.

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The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is considered extremely suitable for electrical power plant application. Both high temperature (HT) and intermediate temperature (IT) SOFC performances are investigated using models which are built-in Aspen customer modellers. Moreover, this paper introduces a new simulation software, called Al-Nour V.1.0-2012 software application. The interface of Al-Nour V.1.0-2012 software was mainly implemented based on the educational theory of User’s Split Attention, that is; the entire software works with only one screen for all operations without any scrolling (user-friendly interface). This application reflects the fact that Al-Nour software does not require the user to have any previous training. The performance of HT-SOFC and IT-SOFC models is evaluated and compared using both software applications.The simulation results show that the cell voltage value increases by raising the operating pressure, operating temperature, and hydrogen partial pressure. The electrical power output value from the SOFC is increased simultaneously by increasing the current density. Furthermore, the IT-SOFC has a higher cell voltage than the HT-SOFC.

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Malik, Yoga Trianzar, Atiek Rostika Noviyanti i Dani Gustaman Syarif. "Lowered Sintering Temperature on Synthesis of La9.33Si6O26 (LSO) – La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.55 (LSGM) Electrolyte Composite and the Electrical Performance on La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 (LCM) Cathode". Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 21, nr 4 (1.10.2018): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.21.4.205-210.

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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is the device that can convert chemical energy into electricity with highest efficiency among other fuel cell. La9.33Si6O26 (LSO) is the potential electrolyte at intermediate operation temperature SOFC. Low ionic conductivity of lanthanum silicate-based electrolyte will lead into bad electrical performance on lanthanum manganite-based anode. In this study, LSO was combine with La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.55 (LSGM) electrolyte by using conventional solid state reaction to enhance the electrical performance of LSO on LCM cathode. However, pre-requisite high sintering temperature on preparation of LSO-LSGM composite will lead into phase transition phase of LSGM that may affect in decreasing the electrical performance. This study resulted that lowered sintering temperature from its ideal temperature still give an improved electrical performance of LCM/LSO-LSGM/LCM symmetrical cell. The ASR value is 0.14 Ω.cm2 which much lower than its analogous symmetrical cell, LSM/LSO/LSM that was reported before.

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Yugami, Hiroo, Hisashi Kato i Fumitada Iguchi. "Protonic SOFCs Using Perovskite-Type Conductors". Advances in Science and Technology 95 (październik 2014): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.95.66.

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High temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have high efficiency and low emissions and contribute to the saving of the fossil fuel and the decreasing of the CO2 emission bringing about the global warning. As concerned about the development of electrolytes, oxide-ion conductors alternative to yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) such as doped CeO2, Sc-SZ and perovskite-type oxides (LaGaO3) etc. have been reported to apply to the intermediate temperature SOFCs (IT-SOFCs).Some of perovskite-type oxides shows high proton conductivity at high temperature and are expected to the electrolyte materials for IT-SOFCs. In this paper we have investigated review the mixed electrical conductivity and the optical absorption spectrum of OH(D)-vibration of LaScO3.We also evaluated its applicability to the electrolyte material for IT-SOFCs by testing the SOFC performance of Pt/LaScO3/Pt single cell configuration.

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Burnwal, Suman Kumar, S. Bharadwaj i P. Kistaiah. "Review on MIEC Cathode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". Journal of Molecular and Engineering Materials 04, nr 02 (czerwiec 2016): 1630001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251237316300011.

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The cathode is one of the most important components of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The reduction of oxygen at the cathode (traditional cathodes like LSM, LSGM, etc.) is the slow step in the cell reaction at intermediate temperature (600–800[Formula: see text]C) which is one of the key obstacles to the development of SOFCs. The mixed ionic and electronic conducting cathode (MIEC) like LSCF, BSCF, etc., has recently been proposed as a promising cathode material for SOFC due to the improvement of the kinetic of the cathode reaction. The MIEC materials provide not only the electrons for the reduction of oxygen, but also the ionic conduction required to ensure the transport of the formed oxygen ions and thereby improves the overall electrochemical performance of SOFC system. The characteristics of MIEC cathode materials and its comparison with other traditional cathode materials is studied and presented in the paper.

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Gumeci, Cenk, Javier Parrondo, A. Mohammed Hussain, Dave Thompson i Nilesh Dale. "Praseodymium based double-perovskite cathode nanofibers for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC)". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46, nr 62 (wrzesień 2021): 31798–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.070.

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Rifau, A., Z. Zainal, D. Mutharasu, A. Fauzi, Y. Kiros, B. Zhu i R. Zanzi. "Performance Study on an Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC) Fabricated By Dry Pressing Method". American Journal of Applied Sciences 3, nr 9 (1.09.2006): 2020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2006.2020.2024.

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Yu, Xiu Ling, i Ming Fei Shi. "SFA-SDC Composite Cathodes Fabricated with Glycine-Nitrate Process for Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (grudzień 2014): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.488.

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SrFe0.9Al0.1O3-δ(SFA) powder was mixed with a different mass content of SDC 10, 20 and 30 wt.% to form SFA-SDC composite cathodes subsequently investigated as potential IT-SOFC cathodes on LSGM electrolytes. No obvious reaction products between SDC (or LSGM) and SFA occur under test for the cathode of SOFCs. As SOFC cathodes, the area-specific resistances of the SFA-SDC cathodes on the LSGM electrolyte with SDC 10, 20 and 30 wt.% at 800 oC are 0.089, 0.068 and 0.087 Ω cm2, respectively. The peak power density of the SFA-SDC20 on a 300 μm-thick LSGM electrolyte reach 512 mW cm−2 at 800 °C.

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Lai, Hsin-Yi, Yi-Ting Li i Yen-Hsin Chan. "Efficiency Enhancement on Hybrid Power System Composed of Irreversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Stirling Engine by Finite Time Thermodynamics". Energies 14, nr 4 (16.02.2021): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041037.

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This paper presents the work for efficiency enhancement on a hybrid power system with an irreversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and Stirling Engine (SE) for various system design using the approach of finite-time thermodynamics. The SOFC-based cogeneration system was integrated with an SE and several heat components. The effects of design configurations using various interface components on system performance were investigated. By analyzing the SE with finite-time thermodynamics and considering multiple irreversible factors of output power given by the SOFC, the efficiency of the calculation can be more practical and accurate. In this study, the working efficiency of the proposed hybrid system was enhanced by 16.37% compared to that of the conventional system at an intermediate temperature of 873 K. The design approach proposed herein is considered an essential package for building highly efficient power systems working in the intermediate temperature range.

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Grassi, Joaquín, Mario A. Macías, Juan F. Basbus, Jorge Castiglioni, Gilles H. Gauthier, Adriana C. Serquis i Leopoldo Suescun. "Synthesis and Characterization of High Temperature Properties of YBa2Cu3O6+δ Superconductor as Potential Cathode for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". Journal of Material Science and Technology Research 8 (30.11.2021): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31875/2410-4701.2021.08.10.

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YBa2Cu3O6+δ (YBC) oxygen deficient perovskite was synthesized by an auto-combustion method and was studied as potential cathode for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC). Synchrotron X-ray thermodiffraction in air shows a phase transition from orthorhombic Pmmm to tetragonal P4/mmm space groups at ~ 425 °C. The chemical compatibility with Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC) electrolyte was investigated in air where certain reactivity was observed above 800 °C. However, the main phase is Ba(Ce1-xYx)O3, a good ionic conductor. The catalytic performance in air was obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements on YBC/GDC/YBC symmetrical cells. The area specific resistance (ASR) values change from 13.66 to 0.14 Ω cm2 between 500 and 800 °C, with activation energy (Ea) of 0.41 eV. The results suggest potential applications of YBC as IT-SOFC cathode.

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Mohd Abd Fatah, Ahmad Fuzamy, i Noorashrina A. Hamid. "Physical and chemical properties of LSCF-CuO as potential cathode for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC)". Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 14, nr 3 (3.09.2018): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n3.1220.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are efficient yet environmentally benign devices that can convert chemical energy into electrical energy and heat for large scale of applications. However, higher operating temperature of this device limits the selection of proper materials to be used as electrode and electrolyte as well as sacrifices the durability. Thus, it is desirable to develop materials with superior electrochemical performance at intermediate temperature (600-900 oC) for SOFC. LaSrCoFeO3 (LSCF) doped with CuO is an attracting yet promising cathode material for IT-SOFC owing to the distinguish properties including high electrical conductivity and high catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. This work investigates the influence of the synthesis route which are sloid state route and sol-gel route towards chemical and physical properties of composite LSCF-CuO. The samples were synthesized at different temperature ranging from 600 oC to 900 oC for each route respectively. XRD results showed high purity of as-synthesized samples while in the meantime increased in crystallinity has been observed as increased in calcining temperature indicating bigger crystal size after calcined at 900 oC. SEM images showed LSCF-CuO particles tends to expand as the calcining temperature increased. Meanwhile, from TGA results it is clear to conclude that LSCF-CuO loss its weight significantly after calcined at designed temperature.

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An, Chung Min, Yong Wook Sin, Jiun Yoon i Nigel Sammes. "Fabrication of an Intermediate-Temperature Anode-Supported Planar SOFC Via Tape Casting and Lamination". Advances in Science and Technology 72 (październik 2010): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.72.237.

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Many physical and chemical problems in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are induced by the operating temperature of approximately 800 ~ 1000°C. The focus of the research in SOFC’s is, thus, on running the systems at the intermediate operating temperature range below 800 °C. A way to achieve this includes changing the electrolyte material in order to get a good ionic conductivity in the intermediate temperature range below 800 °C. In this work, gadolinium doped ceria is selected as the electrolyte, which was mixed with NiO for the anode material, and tape cast and laminated to produce a novel graded IT-SOFC . The cross-section of the SOFC cell was observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showing a dense electrolyte layer. The operating temperature to test the cell was 500 and 550 °C. The electrochemical properties of the cell were measured using impedance spectroscopy. The ASR of unit cells was found to be between 2.67 and 4.62 Ω∙cm2. The electrochemical performance is discussed under the effect of porosity gradients at 500 and 550 °C.

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Fallah Vostakola, Mohsen, i Bahman Amini Horri. "Progress in Material Development for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Review". Energies 14, nr 5 (26.02.2021): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051280.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been considered as promising candidates to tackle the need for sustainable and efficient energy conversion devices. However, the current operating temperature of SOFCs poses critical challenges relating to the costs of fabrication and materials selection. To overcome these issues, many attempts have been made by the SOFC research and manufacturing communities for lowering the operating temperature to intermediate ranges (600–800 °C) and even lower temperatures (below 600 °C). Despite the interesting success and technical advantages obtained with the low-temperature SOFC, on the other hand, the cell operation at low temperature could noticeably increase the electrolyte ohmic loss and the polarization losses of the electrode that cause a decrease in the overall cell performance and energy conversion efficiency. In addition, the electrolyte ionic conductivity exponentially decreases with a decrease in operating temperature based on the Arrhenius conduction equation for semiconductors. To address these challenges, a variety of materials and fabrication methods have been developed in the past few years which are the subject of this critical review. Therefore, this paper focuses on the recent advances in the development of new low-temperature SOFCs materials, especially low-temperature electrolytes and electrodes with improved electrochemical properties, as well as summarizing the matching current collectors and sealants for the low-temperature region. Different strategies for improving the cell efficiency, the impact of operating variables on the performance of SOFCs, and the available choice of stack designs, as well as the costing factors, operational limits, and performance prospects, have been briefly summarized in this work.

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Ma, Xinqing, Jinxiang Dai, Heng Zhang, Jeff Roth, T. Danny Xiao i David E. Reisner. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development by Using Novel Plasma Spray Techniques". Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2, nr 3 (25.02.2005): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1928928.

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Two plasma spray techniques have been developed to produce membrane-type solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) units with the advantages of consecutive integrated cell fabrication, high efficiency, good cost effectiveness and microstructure tailoring capability. The atmospheric plasma spray (APS) and solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) processes have demonstrated their capabilities to produce dense electrolyte layers as well as porous electrode layers that are designed particularly for intermediate temperature SOFCs. With a universal plasma spray system, the integrated fabrication of a dense La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 electrolyte, a porous La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 cathode and a porous Ni+yttrium stabilized zirconia anode was produced using an optimal APS route. SPPS process has demonstrated more flexibility in materials, microstructures, porosities and overall thickness, and has been used successfully to produce a thin 40mol%La2O3-doped CeO2 (LDC40) interlayer (∼5μm) and a high-porosity Ni+LDC40 anode layer, respectively. In this work we will present the deposition of a variety of electrolyte and electrode layers applied by air plasma spraying or solution precursor plasma spraying. The merits of the two techniques, microstructures of the electrolyte and electrode layers, and performances of the single SOFC units have been evaluated and summarized.

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Ninwijit, Thitirat, Arkom Palamnit, Montri Luengchavanon, Sutida Marthosa, Nafisah Osman, Md Shahariar Chowdhury i Sutham Niyomwas. "Analysis of electric signals from micro-solid oxide fuel cell sensors detecting methane biogas". BioResources 17, nr 1 (17.11.2021): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.281-298.

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Micro-solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) sensors prepared via depositing a thin film BYCF (10 wt% [Ba0.95FeY0.05O2.8] + 90 wt% [Co2O3]) – GDC20 (Gd0.20Ce0.80O1.95) cathode and NiO-GDC20 (Gd0.20Ce0.80O1.95) anode on a GDC20 electrolyte layer were operated at 800 °C. The structure, which receives only biogas, was formed into 15-mm pellets with only one side for detecting methane (CH4). The detection of 40% to 99.99% CH4 provided a high level of accuracy compared with 10% to 30% CH4. The biogas (60% CH4) from the Oil Palm Industry and Rubber Cooperative Fund, Thailand, increased remarkably at voltage levels of 20 to 21 mV. The electrical signal from the micro-SOFC sensor corresponded to the quantity of CH4, with the chemical reaction of the dry reforming activities (NiO and Co3O4) highly catalyzed and transformed from CH4 to H2, thus generating electrons. It was concluded that the micro-SOFC sensor is suitable for detecting methane measurements at intermediate temperatures, with the ceramic structure offering low degradation compared with metal sensors.

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de Sousa, Cláwsio Rogério Cruz, Wilson Acchar, Herval Ramos Paes i José Flávio Timoteo. "Evaluation of the Thermomechanical Behavior of Metallic Interconnectors Coated with a Film of La_0,8Ca_0,2CrO₃ of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)". Materials Science Forum 820 (czerwiec 2015): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.820.244.

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Doped lanthanum chromite has been the most common material used as interconnectors in solid oxide (SOFC) fuel cell, allowing for the stacking of the SOFC. Reducing the operating temperature, to around 800°C, the cells of solid oxide fuel have made the use of metal interconnectors possible as an alternative to ceramic LaCrO3. From the practical point of view for the material to be a strong candidate as an interconnector, it must have good physical and mechanical properties, such as resistance to oxidizing environments and reducers, facility to manufacture, and adequate thermomechanical properties. In this work, a study was conducted on the thermomechanical properties of metallic interconnectors (AISI 444) covered with La0,8Ca0,2CrO3 by way of deposition technique for pyrolysis spray for the intermediate temperature (IT-SOFC) fuel cell. The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), oxidative test, flexural strength at room temperature and at 900°C, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The evaluation of the phases formed on metallic interconnectors coated with La0,8Ca0,2CrO3 on both the deposition and after oxidative assay was performed by XRD. The oxidative behavior showed increased resistance to oxidation of the metal substrate covered by La0,8Ca0,2CrO3. In the flexural strength of the coated metal substrate, it was noted only in the increasing temperature. With the aid of SEM, the formation of layers of Cr2O3 and (Cr, Mn)3O4 on the metallic substrate was seen, and confirmed stability of La0,8Ca0,2CrO3 ceramic film after oxidative test.

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Klein, J. M., Y. Bultel, M. Pons i P. Ozil. "Modeling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fueled by Methane: Analysis of Carbon Deposition". Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, nr 4 (30.05.2006): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2759504.

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Natural gas appears to be a fuel of great interest for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems. It mainly consists of methane, which can be converted into hydrogen by direct internal reforming (DIR) within the SOFC anode. However, a major limitation to DIR is carbon formation within the ceramic layers at intermediate temperatures. This paper proposes a model solution using the CFD-ACE software package to simulate the behavior of a tubular SOFC. A detailed thermodynamic analysis is carried out to predict the boundary of carbon formation for SOFCs fueled by methane. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations that take into account Boudouard and methane cracking reactions allow us to investigate the occurrence of carbon formation. This possibility is discussed from the values of driving forces for carbon deposition defined as α=PCO2∕(KBPCO2) and β=PH22∕(KCPCH4), from the equilibrium constants KB and KC of the Boudouard and cracking reactions, and from the partial pressure Pi of species i. Simulations allow the calculation of the distributions of partial pressures for all the gas species (CH4, H2, CO, CO2, and H2O), current densities, and potentials of both electronic and ionic phases within the anode part (i.e., gas channel and Cermet anode). Finally, a mapping of α and β values enables us to predict the predominant zones where carbon formation is favorable (α or β<1) or unfavorable (α or β>1) according to the calculation based on thermodynamic equilibrium. With regard to the values of these different coefficients, we can say that a carbon formation can be supposed for temperature less than 800°C and for ratios xH2O∕xCH4 smaller than 1.

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Babu, A. S., i R. Bauri. "Rare Earth Co-Doped Nanocrystalline Ceria Electrolytes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFC)". ECS Transactions 57, nr 1 (6.10.2013): 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05701.1115ecst.

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Bailly, N., S. Georges i E. Djurado. "Electrical Properties of Electrosprayed YSZ Thin Films for Intermediate Temperature - Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFC)". ECS Transactions 45, nr 1 (27.04.2012): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3701332.

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Samson Nesaraj, A., I. Arul Raj i R. Pattabiraman. "Preparation and characterization of ceria-Based electrolytes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC)". Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 7, nr 3 (wrzesień 2010): 564–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03246044.

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