Artykuły w czasopismach: „Interface potential”

1

De Keyser, J., i M. Echim. "Electric potential differences across auroral generator interfaces". Annales Geophysicae 31, nr 2 (19.02.2013): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-251-2013.

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Abstract. Strong localized high-altitude auroral electric fields, such as those observed by Cluster, are often associated with magnetospheric interfaces. The type of high-altitude electric field profile (monopolar, bipolar, or more complicated) depends on the properties of the plasmas on either side of the interface, as well as on the total electric potential difference across the structure. The present paper explores the role of this cross-field electric potential difference in the situation where the interface is a tangential discontinuity. A self-consistent Vlasov description is used to determine the equilibrium configuration for different values of the transverse potential difference. A major observation is that there exist limits to the potential difference, beyond which no equilibrium configuration of the interface can be sustained. It is further demonstrated how the plasma densities and temperatures affect the type of electric field profile in the transition, with monopolar electric fields appearing primarily when the temperature contrast is large. These findings strongly support the observed association of monopolar fields with the plasma sheet boundary. The role of shear flow tangent to the interface is also examined.

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Tonegawa, Yoshihiro. "Phase field model with a variable chemical potential". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 132, nr 4 (sierpień 2002): 993–1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500001980.

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We study some asymptotic behaviour of phase interfaces with variable chemical potential under the uniform energy bound. The problem is motivated by the Cahn-Hilliard equation, where one has a control of the total energy and chemical potential. We show that the limit interface is an integral varifold with generalized Lp mean curvature. The convergence of interfaces as 0 is in the Hausdorff distance sense.

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Korociński, A., i M. Napiórkowski. "Capillary interface potential and interfacial fluctuations". Molecular Physics 84, nr 1 (styczeń 1995): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268979500100131.

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Nag, B. R., i Madhumita Das. "Scattering potential for interface roughness scattering". Applied Surface Science 182, nr 3-4 (październik 2001): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(01)00448-2.

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Zhang, S. B., Marvin L. Cohen i Steven G. Louie. "Interface potential changes and Schottky barriers". Physical Review B 32, nr 6 (15.09.1985): 3955–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.32.3955.

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Wolf, Catherine G., i James R. Rhyne. "A Taxonomic Approach to Understanding Direct Manipulation". Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, nr 5 (wrzesień 1987): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703100522.

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This paper presents a taxonomy for user interface techniques which is useful in understanding direct manipulation interfaces. The taxonomy is based on the way actions and objects are specified in the interface. We suggest that direct manipulation is a characteristic shared by a number of different interface techniques, rather than a single interface style. A relatively new interface method, gesture, is also described in terms of the taxonomy and some observations are made on its potential.

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Fodor, Milán András, Hannah Herschel, Atilla Cantürk, Gernot Heisenberg i Ivan Volosyak. "Evaluation of Different Visual Feedback Methods for Brain—Computer Interfaces (BCI) Based on Code-Modulated Visual Evoked Potentials (cVEP)". Brain Sciences 14, nr 8 (22.08.2024): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080846.

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Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) enable direct communication between the brain and external devices using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. BCIs based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials (cVEPs) are based on visual stimuli, thus appropriate visual feedback on the interface is crucial for an effective BCI system. Many previous studies have demonstrated that implementing visual feedback can improve information transfer rate (ITR) and reduce fatigue. This research compares a dynamic interface, where target boxes change their sizes based on detection certainty, with a threshold bar interface in a three-step cVEP speller. In this study, we found that both interfaces perform well, with slight variations in accuracy, ITR, and output characters per minute (OCM). Notably, some participants showed significant performance improvements with the dynamic interface and found it less distracting compared to the threshold bars. These results suggest that while average performance metrics are similar, the dynamic interface can provide significant benefits for certain users. This study underscores the potential for personalized interface choices to enhance BCI user experience and performance. By improving user friendliness, performance, and reducing distraction, dynamic visual feedback could optimize BCI technology for a broader range of users.

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Sun, Qiang, Yan-Nan Chen i Yu-Zhen Liu. "The Effects of External Interfaces on Hydrophobic Interactions I: Smooth Surface". Molecules 29, nr 13 (1.07.2024): 3128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133128.

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External interfaces, such as the air–water and solid–liquid interfaces, are ubiquitous in nature. Hydrophobic interactions are considered the fundamental driving force in many physical and chemical processes occurring in aqueous solutions. It is important to understand the effects of external interfaces on hydrophobic interactions. According to the structural studies on liquid water and the air–water interface, the external interface primarily affects the structure of the topmost water layer (interfacial water). Therefore, an external interface may affect hydrophobic interactions. The effects of interfaces on hydrophobicity are related not only to surface molecular polarity but also to the geometric characteristics of the external interface, such as shape and surface roughness. This study is devoted to understanding the effects of a smooth interface on hydrophobicity. Due to hydrophobic interactions, the solutes tend to accumulate at external interfaces to maximize the hydrogen bonding of water. Additionally, these can be demonstrated by the calculated potential mean forces (PMFs) using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations.

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Héja, László, Ágnes Simon, Zsolt Szabó i Julianna Kardos. "Connexons Coupling to Gap Junction Channel: Potential Role for Extracellular Protein Stabilization Centers". Biomolecules 12, nr 1 (30.12.2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12010049.

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Connexin (Cx) proteins establish intercellular gap junction channels (Cx GJCs) through coupling of two apposed hexameric Cx hemichannels (Cx HCs, connexons). Pre- and post-GJ interfaces consist of extracellular EL1 and EL2 loops, each with three conserved cysteines. Previously, we reported that known peptide inhibitors, mimicking a variety of Cx43 sequences, appear non-selective when binding to homomeric Cx43 vs. Cx36 GJC homology model subtypes. In pursuit of finding potentially Cx subtype-specific inhibitors of connexon-connexon coupling, we aimed at to understand better how the GJ interface is formed. Here we report on the discovery of Cx GJC subtype-specific protein stabilization centers (SCs) featuring GJ interface architecture. First, the Cx43 GJC homology model, embedded in two opposed membrane bilayers, has been devised. Next, we endorsed the fluctuation dynamics of SCs of the interface domain of Cx43 GJC by applying standard molecular dynamics under open and closed cystine disulfide bond (CS-SC) preconditions. The simulations confirmed the major role of the unique trans-GJ SC pattern comprising conserved (55N, 56T) and non-conserved (57Q) residues of the apposed EL1 loops in the stabilization of the GJC complex. Importantly, clusters of SC patterns residing close to the GJ interface domain appear to orient the interface formation via the numerous SCs between EL1 and EL2. These include central 54CS-S198C or 61CS-S192C contacts with residues 53R, 54C, 55N, 197D, 199F or 64V, 191P, respectively. In addition, we revealed that GJC interface formation is favoured when the psi dihedral angle of the nearby 193P residue is stable around 180° and the interface SCs disappear when this angle moves to the 0° to −45° range. The potential of the association of non-conserved residues with SC motifs in connexon-connexon coupling makes the development of Cx subtype-specific inhibitors viable.

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Yamasue, Kohei, i Yasuo Cho. "Surface Potential Fluctuations of SiO<sub>2</sub>/SiC Interfaces Investigated by Local Capacitance-Voltage Profiling Based on Time-Resolved Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscopy". Materials Science Forum 1062 (31.05.2022): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2t7zak.

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We investigate surface potential fluctuations on SiO2/SiC interfaces by local capacitance-voltage profiling based on time-resolved scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy. As experimental indicators of surface potential fluctuations, we measured the spatial fluctuations of local capacitance-voltage and its first derivative profiles through the detection of the voltages at the infection points of the profiles. We show that, even for a sample with a nitrided interface with low interface defect density, the fluctuations of the measured voltages are much higher than the thermal energy at room temperature. This indicates the existence of high potential fluctuations, which can give the significant impacts on the carrier transport at the SiO2/SiC interface of SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors.

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Christina Nilofer i Arumugam Mohanapriya. "Insights from the interfaces of HIV-1 envelope (ENV) trimer viral protein GP160 (GP120-GP41)". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, nr 1 (6.01.2021): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4111.

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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) type 1 viral protein is a life threatening virus causing HIV/AIDS in infected humans. The HIV-1 envelope (ENV) trimer glycoprotein GP160 (GP120-GP41) is gaining attention in recent years as a potential vaccine candidate for HIV-1/AIDS. However, the sequence variation and charge polarity at the interacting sites across clades is a shortcoming faced in the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. We analyzed the interfaces in terms of its interface area, interface size, and interface energies (van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatics). The interfaces were divided as dominant (≥60%) and subdominant (<60%) based on van der Waals contribution to total energies. 88% of GP120 and 74% of GP41 interfaces are highly pronounced with van der Waals energy having large interfaces with interface size (98±65 (GP120) and 73±65 (GP41)) and interface area (882±1166Å2 (GP120) and 921±1288Å2 (GP41)). Nevertheless, 12% of GP120 and 26% of GP41 interfaces have subdominant van der Waals energies having small interfaces with interface size (58±20 (GP120) and 27±9 (GP41)) and interface area (581±1605Å2 (GP120) and 483±896Å2 (GP41)). It was interesting to observe GP41 small interfaces with subdominant van der Waals are stabilized by electrostatics (r2=0.63) without hydrogen bonds (r2=0). However, GP120 small interfaces were found to have two fold more hydrogen bonds (r2=0.59) than electrostatics (r2=0.20). Therefore, our previous finding stating that small protein-protein interfaces rich in electrostatics holds true in case of GP41 whereas not with GP120 protein interfaces.

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Gajdardziska-Josifovska, M., i J. M. Cowley. "A novel technique for studying interface abruptness in a STEM". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (6.08.1989): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100154597.

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The distribution of the electric charges in a solid is such that the volume average of the electrostatic potential, known as the mean inner potential, is positive of the order of a few volts. Incident electrons are accelerated at the surface of the material and noticeable refraction occurs at glancing angles of incidence. At an interface between two materials, a refraction effect may also occur because of the difference in their mean inner potentials. This effect has recently been observed and gives rise to a faint streaking in the spots of a selected area diffraction pattern. Low-angle dark-field images formed with the streak on the undiffracted beam show the interface region as a bright line. We have observed the same effect in a field emission STEM on the interface of polycrystalline Mo and amorphous Si. A preliminary study suggests that this technique can give information on the abruptness of interfaces.

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Ramesh, B., Anandhi R J, Vanya Arun, Atul Singla, Pradeep Kumar Chandra, Vandana Arora Sethi i Ahmed Salam Abood. "A Review on Biomaterials for Neural Interfaces: Enhancing Brain-Machine Interfaces". E3S Web of Conferences 505 (2024): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450501005.

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Biomaterials are essential to the development of neural interfaces, including brainmachine interfaces. Biomaterial methods improve neural interface functionality, compatibility, and longevity, enabling brain-device communication. An extensive investigation of biomaterials utilized in brain electrode arrays, neural probes, & implantable devices rely on how materials affect neural signals recording, stimulation, & tissue contact. It also investigates how biomaterials, bioelectronics and 3D printing could improve neural interfaces. Biomaterials modulate neuroinflammatory responses, enhance brain tissue regeneration, and promote neural interface longevity. This study shows the potential for change of biomaterial-based neural interfaces in neuroprosthetics, neurological rehabilitation, and fundamental neuroscience research, addressing the need for brain-machine relationship and neurotechnology innovation. These findings suggest expanding biomaterials research and development to advance and sustain neural interface technologies for future use.

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14

Hong, Jung Hwa, Young Hwan Park, Sang Ok Ko, Soon Hyuck Lee i Gon Khang. "Measurment of Strain Generated Potential Near Bone and Implant Interface for Assessment of Osseointegration". Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (październik 2006): 1082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1082.

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In this study, a minimally invasive assessment using bone strain generated potential (SGP) was developed to examine the amount of osseointegration (OI) at bone-implant interface. SGP is generated by interstitial fluid flow in porous bone structure. Four experimental white New Zealand rabbits underwent pure titanium implant insertion surgery to tibia after amputation. After surgery, two animals were kept in small cages with minimal movement (Group 1). In contrast, the other rabbits were kept in a large cage that was large enough for jumping and walking (Group 2). At the end of the 5 weeks, all experimental animals were euthanized and the amputated tibia-implants were harvested. Then, a quasi-static force was applied to a bone site near the bone-implant interface for each tibia-implant specimen. Also, SGPs were measured near the interface using needle or probe electrodes. After the measurements, digital radiographs were taken to check the amount of OI for the interfaces. Full OI was observed for animals in Group 1. However, incomplete OI was found for animals in Group 2. Also, significant difference was found for mean SGP values between Group 1 and 2. The results could imply that SGP could be used as a minimally invasive assessment method to check the OI at the bone-implant interface.

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15

Li, Jin Chun, Hong Quan Song, Jian Wei Wang i Jiang Shen. "Atomic Study of Semi-Coherent Interfacial Structure at Fe[110]/TMC[001] (TM=V, Nb and Ta) Interfaces". Advanced Materials Research 1081 (grudzień 2014): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1081.232.

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Interfacial potential of Fe [110]/TMC[001] (TM=V, Nb and Ta) are obtained with adhesive energy and the inversion method. The interfacial stability and tensile fracture properties of the semi-coherent interfaces of the Fe [110]/TMC[001] (TM=V, Nb and Ta) are studied based on the interfacial potentials. Results indicated that Fe/VC interface is more stable than the Fe/TMC (TM=Nb and Ta) interfaces.

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Weiss, J. K., M. Gajdardziska-Josifovska, M. R. McCartney i David J. Smith. "Off-axis electron holography applied to the study of interfaces". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, nr 1 (sierpień 1992): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100121624.

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Interfacial structure is a controlling parameter in the behavior of many materials. Electron microscopy methods are widely used for characterizing such features as interface abruptness and chemical segregation at interfaces. The problem for high resolution microscopy is to establish optimum imaging conditions for extracting this information. We have found that off-axis electron holography can provide useful information for the study of interfaces that is not easily obtained by other techniques.Electron holography permits the recovery of both the amplitude and the phase of the image wave. Recent studies have applied the information obtained from electron holograms to characterizing magnetic and electric fields in materials and also to atomic-scale resolution enhancement. The phase of an electron wave passing through a specimen is shifted by an amount which is proportional to the product of the specimen thickness and the projected electrostatic potential (ignoring magnetic fields and diffraction effects). If atomic-scale variations are ignored, the potential in the specimen is described by the mean inner potential, a bulk property sensitive to both composition and structure. For the study of interfaces, the specimen thickness is assumed to be approximately constant across the interface, so that the phase of the image wave will give a picture of mean inner potential across the interface.

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Evans, P. T., J. M. Vance i V. J. Dark. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Traditional and Virtual Reality Interfaces in Spherical Mechanism Design". Journal of Mechanical Design 121, nr 4 (1.12.1999): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829490.

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Virtual reality (VR) interfaces have the potential to enhance the engineering design process, but before industry embraces them, the benefits must be understood and documented. The current research compared two software applications, one which uses a traditional human-computer interface (HCI) and one which uses a virtual reality HCI, that were developed to aid engineers in designing complex three-dimensional spherical mechanisms. Participants used each system to design a spherical mechanism and then evaluated the different interfaces. Participants rated their ability to interact with the computer images, their feelings about each interface, and their preferences for which interface device to use for certain tasks. The results indicated that participants preferred a traditional interface for interaction tasks and a VR interface for visual tasks. These results provide information about how to improve implementation of VR technology, specifically for complex three-dimensional design applications.

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Ravikumar, V., R. P. Rodrigues i V. P. Dravid. "Direct imaging of spatially varying potential and charge across internal interfaces in solids". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (13.08.1995): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100137951.

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The importance of spatially varying potential (and thus charge) across lattice discontinuities in solids has been recognized in many technologically important systems, especially those containing electrically active interfaces, e.g. electroceramics. The presence of spatially varying potential across electroceramic interfaces has been indirectly deduced and analyzed using predominantly bulk measurement techniques like I-V, C-V curves and impedance spectroscopy. Direct imaging of spatially varying electrostatic potential profile and determination of the sign, magnitude and spatial distribution of the associated interface- and space- charge (and therefore defect density) in electroceramics have remained elusive.We have utilized the technique of transmission high energy electron holography to directly image and quantify the electrostatic potential across grain boundaries (GBs) in SrTiO3, a functional electroceramic. The phase of the exit wave function at the GB region can be altered by : (i) variation in local mean inner potential (related to the change in density of atoms at the GB), (ii) differential diffraction conditions across the interface, (iii) change in the local specimen thickness and, (iv) presence of local electrostatic (electrical charge) and magnetic potential.

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Broggini, N., L. M. McManus, J. S. Hermann, R. Medina, R. K. Schenk, D. Buser i D. L. Cochran. "Peri-implant Inflammation Defined by the Implant-Abutment Interface". Journal of Dental Research 85, nr 5 (maj 2006): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608500515.

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An implant-abutment interface at the alveolar bone crest is associated with sustained peri-implant inflammation; however, whether magnitude of inflammation is proportionally dependent upon interface position remains unknown. This study compared the distribution and density of inflammatory cells surrounding implants with a supracrestal, crestal, or subcrestal implant-abutment interface. All implants developed a similar pattern of peri-implant inflammation: neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) maximally accumulated at or immediately coronal to the interface. However, peri-implant neutrophil accrual increased progressively as the implant-abutment interface depth increased, i.e., subcrestal interfaces promoted a significantly greater maximum density of neutrophils than did supracrestal interfaces (10,512 ± 691 vs. 2398 ± 1077 neutrophils/mm2). Moreover, inflammatory cell accumulation below the original bone crest was significantly correlated with bone loss. Thus, the implant-abutment interface dictates the intensity and location of peri-implant inflammatory cell accumulation, a potential contributing component in the extent of implant-associated alveolar bone loss.

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Nguyen, Cuong V., Hiromichi Nakahara i Chi M. Phan. "Surface Potential of the Air/Water Interface". Journal of Oleo Science 69, nr 6 (2020): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess20024.

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Kalinin, Sergei V., i Dawn A. Bonnell. "Surface potential at surface-interface junctions inSrTiO3bicrystals". Physical Review B 62, nr 15 (15.10.2000): 10419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.62.10419.

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Mazur, P. "Potential barrier at the CaF2-BaF2 interface". Surface Science 231, nr 1-2 (maj 1990): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(90)90696-6.

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Kallay, N., Z. Dojnović i A. Čop. "Surface potential at the hematite–water interface". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 286, nr 2 (czerwiec 2005): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.01.032.

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Cortés, Ernesto E., i Fernando M. Torres. "Interface Potential Modeling in a Finite Crystal". Advanced Materials Research 107 (kwiecień 2010): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.107.55.

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In this paper a model was proposed to calculate the interface potential of a non ideal finite crystal. Most of the research in this issue usually assume ideal conditions to work with infinite perfect crystals. The model includes a perturbative potential to consider an effect associated to finite size crystal and superficial atomic rearrangement. This effect is considered to be in a first order. The model was applied to graphite , as an example, mainly because of its theoretical interest for wastewater electrochemical treatment.

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Ban, S. L., i J. E. Hasbun. "Interface polarons in a realistic heterojunction potential". European Physical Journal B 8, nr 3 (kwiecień 1999): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100510050712.

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Zhang, Jiahui, Xujun Su, Yutao Cai, Didi Li, Luhua Wang, Jingjing Chen, Xionghui Zeng, Jianfeng Wang i Ke Xu. "Atomic-resolved structural and electric field analysis of the passivation interface of MIS-HEMTs". AIP Advances 12, nr 4 (1.04.2022): 045111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087659.

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The passivation interfaces of GaN-based MIS-HEMTs with Si3N4 and ZrO2/Si3N4 bilayers were investigated through atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscope–energy dispersive spectroscopy–differential phase contrast microscopy methods. It is found that the Si3N4/GaN interface exhibits atomic disorder fluctuation, and the GaN surface is discontinuous at the depth of 1–2 atomic layers. An oxide layer of ∼2 nm is formed at the ZrO2/GaN interface, and the GaN surface is atomically flat. Furthermore, the local minimum of the potential is located at the Si3N4/GaN interface, while it is distributed in the GaN side at the ZrO2/GaN interface. The electric field or potential distribution is affected by the crystal orientation of the polycrystalline ZrO2 layer. Finally, the difference in passivation mechanism is discussed.

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ALY, ARAFA H., i SANG-WAN RYU. "THE PHOTON-ASSISTED TRANSPORT AND MAXWELL POTENTIAL". International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, nr 20 (10.08.2008): 3405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208039885.

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The quantum transport in the Superconductor–Semiconductor (S–Sm) mesoscopic interface is investigated in the presence of an external electromagnetic field by suggesting a Maxwell potential at the interface. We analyze the current spectrum as a function of the frequency and the distance between the superconductor electrodes. The current displays oscillations with an amplitude that shows a strong dependence on the photon frequency, the field intensity dependence of the current can give direct information of the lead–semiconductor interface energy spectra.

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Pang, Xingzhi, Loujiang Yang, Hang Nong, Mingjun Pang, Gaobao Wang, Jian Li, Zhenchao Chen i in. "Understanding the Interface Characteristics Between TiB2(0001) and L12-Al3Zr(001): A First-Principles Investigation". Crystals 14, nr 11 (14.11.2024): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110979.

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This study employs first-principles calculation methods to explore the characteristics of the TiB2(0001)/L12-Al3Zr(001) interface, including the atomic structure, adhesion work, interfacial energy, and electronic structure of various interface models. Considering four different terminations and three different stacking positions, twelve potential interface models were investigated. Surface tests revealed that a stable interface could be formed when a 9-layer TiB2(0001) surface is combined with a 7-layer ZrAl-terminated and a 9-layer Al-terminated Al3Zr(001) surface. Among these interfaces, the bridge-site stacking at the T/Al termination (TAB), hollow-site stacking at the Ti/ZrAl termination (TZH), top-site stacking at the B/Al termination (BAT), and hollow-site stacking at the B/ZrAl termination (BZH) were identified as the optimal structures. Particularly, the TAB interface exhibits the strongest adhesion strength and the lowest surface energy, indicating the highest stability. A Detailed analysis of the electronic structure further reveals that most interfaces predominantly exhibit covalent bonding, with the TAB, TZH, and BZH interfaces primarily featuring covalent bonds, while the BAT interface displays a combination of ionic and covalent bonds. The study ultimately ranks the stability of the interfaces from highest to lowest as TAB, BZH, TZH, and BAT.

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Anderson, Alfred B. "Theory at the electrochemical interface: reversible potentials and potential-dependent activation energies". Electrochimica Acta 48, nr 25-26 (listopad 2003): 3743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00539-5.

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Saleman, Abdul Rafeq, Mohamad Shukri Zakaria, Ridhwan Jumaidin, Nur Hazwani Mokhtar i Nor Aslily Sarkam. "Molecular Dynamics Study: Correlation of Heat Conduction Across S-L Interfaces Between Constant Heat Flux and Shear Applied to Liquid Systems". Journal of Mechanical Engineering 19, nr 3 (15.09.2022): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v19i3.19795.

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Heat conduction (HC) at solid-liquid (S-L) interfaces play a significant role in the performance of engineering systems. Thus, this study investigates HC at S-L interfaces and its correlation between constant heat flux (CHF) and shear applied to liquid (SAL) systems using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. The S-L interface consists of solids with the face-centred cubic (FCC) lattice of (110), (111) and (100) planes facing the liquid. The solid is modelled by Morse potential whereas the liquid is modelled by Lennard Jones potential. The interaction between solid-liquid was modelled by Lorentz-Bertholet combining rules. The temperature and heat flux of the system is evaluated to correlate the HC at the S-L interface which reflect by the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR). The results suggest that the surfaces of FCC influence ITR at the S-L interface. The (110) surface for both cases of CHF and SAL has the lowest ITR as compared to other surfaces. In general, ITR for the case of SAL is higher than the CHF. SAL disturbs the adsorption behaviour of liquid at the S-L interfaces, thus reducing the HC. In conclusion, the surface of FCC and liquid experiencing shear do influence the characteristics of HC at the S-L interface.

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Crumlin, Ethan J. "(Invited) Using Ambient Pressure XPS to Probe the Solid/Gas and Solid/Liquid Interface Under in Situ and Operando Conditions". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, nr 46 (9.10.2022): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461715mtgabs.

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Interfaces play an essential role in nearly all aspects of life and are critical for electrochemistry. Prof. Robert Savinell has played a pivotal interface to me in the role of mentorship in both life and electrochemistry, and I look to honor his contributions to both through this talk. Electrochemical systems ranging from high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) to batteries to capacitors have a wide range of important interfaces between solids, liquids, and gases, which play a pivotal role in how energy is stored, transferred, and converted. I will share the use of ambient pressure XPS (APXPS) to directly probe the solid/gas and solid/liquid electrochemical interface. APXPS is a photon-in/electron-out process that can provide both atomic concentration and chemical-specific information at pressures greater than 20 Torr. Using synchrotron X-rays at Lawrence Berkeley Nation Laboratory, the Advanced Light Source has several beamlines dedicated to APXPS endstations that are outfitted with various in situ/operando features such as heating to temperatures > 500 °C, pressures greater than 20 Torr to support solid/liquid experiments and electrical leads to support applying electrical potentials support the ability to collect XPS data of actual electrochemical devices while it's operating in near ambient pressures. This talk will introduce APXPS and provide several interface electrochemistry examples using in situ and operando APXPS, including the probing of Sr segregation on a SOFC electrode to a Pt metal electrode undergoing a water-splitting reaction to generate oxygen, the ability to measure the electrochemical double layer (EDL) to our most recent efforts to directly probe an ion exchange membranes Donnan potential. Gaining new insight to guide the design and control of future electrochemical interfaces and how Bob, electrochemistry, and I have interfaced over the years.

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Twaróg, Dariusz, Piotr Zieliński, Ryszard Stagraczyński, Zbigniew Łodziana i Miroslaw Gałązka. "Phonon Mode Conversion at Planar Interfaces in Crystalline Solids. Harmonic and Anharmonic Interface Potentials". Solid State Phenomena 112 (maj 2006): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.112.109.

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A generalized model of a solid-solid interface is built. The model takes into account additional surface mass densities on both sides of the interface and an anisotropic and/or anharmonic coupling potential. The resonances due to the potential (up to three) manifest themselves by minima (zeros) of transmition and/or extrema in reflected and transmitted waves of different polarization depending on physical properties of the media and of the geometry.

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Adams, Amanda, Lauren Miller-Lewis i Jennifer Tieman. "Learning Designers as Expert Evaluators of Usability: Understanding Their Potential Contribution to Improving the Universality of Interface Design for Health Resources". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 5 (5.03.2023): 4608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054608.

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User-based evaluation by end users is an essential step in designing useful interfaces. Inspection methods can offer an alternate approach when end-user recruitment is problematic. A Learning Designers’ usability scholarship could offer usability evaluation expertise adjunct to multidisciplinary teams in academic settings. The feasibility of Learning Designers as ‘expert evaluators’ is assessed within this study. Two groups, healthcare professionals and Learning Designers, applied a hybrid evaluation method to generate usability feedback from a palliative care toolkit prototype. Expert data were compared to end-user errors detected from usability testing. Interface errors were categorised, meta-aggregated and severity calculated. The analysis found that reviewers detected N = 333 errors, with N = 167 uniquely occurring within the interface. Learning Designers identified errors at greater frequencies (60.66% total interface errors, mean (M) = 28.86 per expert) than other evaluator groups (healthcare professionals 23.12%, M = 19.25 and end users 16.22%, M = 9.0). Patterns in severity and error types were also observed between reviewer groups. The findings suggest that Learning Designers are skilled in detecting interface errors, which benefits developers assessing usability when access to end users is limited. Whilst not offering rich narrative feedback generated by user-based evaluations, Learning Designers complement healthcare professionals’ content-specific knowledge as a ‘composite expert reviewer’ with the ability to generate meaningful feedback to shape digital health interfaces.

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Романюк, Олександр. "ФУНКЦІЇ ІНТЕРФЕЙСІВ КОРИСТУВАЧА СТРИМІНГОВИХ СЕРВІСІВ ВІДЕО ЯК ПОТЕНЦІЙНІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ДЛЯ АУДІОВІЗУАЛЬНОГО ПЕРЕКЛАДУ". Inozenma Philologia, nr 137 (22.11.2024): 192–203. https://doi.org/10.30970/fpl.2024.137.4501.

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The article explores the multimodal potential of paratexts in the evolving media landscape with the focus on their use and adaptation in multilingual user interfaces of streaming video services. The functions of paratexts in conventional books are highlighted, parallels with paratextual elements in audiovisual media are drawn, and their specifi c features within the multilingual interface of a video streaming service Amazon Prime Video are analysed. The conclusions elucidate the signifi cant potential of expanding translators’ roles into interface design and software development within streaming services, fostering interdisciplinary collaborations between Audiovisual Translation Studies, IT, and marketing to advance translation quality and user experiences with localized audiovisual products. Key words: audiovisual translation, user interface, streaming services, paratextuality, epitext, peritext.

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Taucher, Thomas C., i Egbert Zojer. "The Potential of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Determining Interface Dipoles of Self-Assembled Monolayers". Applied Sciences 10, nr 17 (19.08.2020): 5735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175735.

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In the current manuscript we assess to what extent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a suitable tool for probing the dipoles formed at interfaces between self-assembled monolayers and metal substrates. To that aim, we perform dispersion-corrected, slab-type band-structure calculations on a number of biphenyl-based systems bonded to an Au(111) surface via different docking groups. In addition to changing the docking chemistry (and the associated interface dipoles), the impacts of polar tail group substituents and varying dipole densities are also investigated. We find that for densely packed monolayers the shifts of the peak positions of the simulated XP spectra are a direct measure for the interface dipoles. In the absence of polar tail group substituents they also directly correlate with adsorption-induced work function changes. At reduced dipole densities this correlation deteriorates, as work function measurements probe the difference between the Fermi level of the substrate and the electrostatic energy far above the interface, while core level shifts are determined by the local electrostatic energy in the region of the atom from which the photoelectron is excited.

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Kim, Hyungil, Jessica D. Isleib i Joseph L. Gabbard. "Virtual Shadow". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, nr 1 (wrzesień 2016): 2093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601474.

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Most obvious benefit of augmented reality (AR) displays is direct perception of information atop physical reality. In driving context, however, AR interfaces should be designed carefully to guide drivers’ attention while minimizing attentional narrowing. This work aims to design an interface for cross traffic alert using an AR head up display (HUD) that is compatible with both the driver’s cognitive process and physical reality of driving environment. Ecological interface design (EID) allowed us to complement current user centered design (UCD) approaches by considering human-environment interaction and leveraging the inherent benefit of AR interfaces: conformal graphics. We designed a novel interface that casts virtual shadows of approaching obstacles through an AR HUD and prototyped this idea for a specific use-case of pedestrian collision warning. Our initial usability evaluation demonstrated potential benefits of incorporating EID into AR interface design. The approaches and design idea from this study can be leveraged by future researchers and designers to create more reliable and safer AR interfaces for vehicle drivers.

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Sharan, Abhishek, Marco Nardone, Dmitry Krasikov, Nirpendra Singh i Stephan Lany. "Atomically thin interlayer phase from first principles enables defect-free incommensurate SnO₂/CdTe interface". Applied Physics Reviews 9, nr 4 (grudzień 2022): 041411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0104008.

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Advancing optoelectronic and emerging technologies increasingly requires control and design of interfaces between dissimilar materials. However, incommensurate interfaces are notoriously defective and rarely benefit from first-principles predictions, because no explicit atomic-structure models exist. Here, we adopt a bulk crystal structure prediction method to the interface geometry and apply it to SnO2/CdTe heterojunctions without and with the addition of CdCl2, a ubiquitous and beneficial, but abstruse processing step in CdTe photovoltaics. Whereas the direct SnO2/CdTe interface is highly defective, we discover a unique two-dimensional CdCl2 interphase, unrelated to the respective bulk structure. It facilitates a seamless transition from the rutile to zincblende lattices and removes defect-states from the interface bandgap. Implementing the predicted interface electronic structure in device simulations, we demonstrate the theoretical feasibility of bufferless oxide-CdTe heterojunction solar cells approaching the Shockley–Queisser limit. Our results highlight the broader potential of designing atomically thin interlayers to enable defect-free incommensurate interfaces.

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Das, Umesh C., i Adrianus T. de Hoop. "Efficient computation of apparent resistivity curves for depth profiling of a layered earth". GEOPHYSICS 60, nr 6 (listopad 1995): 1691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443901.

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The problem of computing the electrical potential as a result of a direct current electric source in a layered earth is reformulated to avoid instability in the numerical computation that may occur with the standard propagator matrix formalism described in a number of textbooks. The present spectral formalism involves constituents that contain only exponential functions with nonpositive arguments. The vertical spectral input admittances at the interface levels up to the source level are calculated recursively, starting at the uppermost and lowermost interfaces of the layered earth. These admittances at the source level are then used to compute the electrical voltage at the source level. With the known voltage and the admittances at the source level, the spectral amplitudes at the source level are known. Computation of the amplitudes at the other interfaces is, progressively, carried out by expressing the amplitudes at any interface above the source level in terms of the amplitude on the interface just below it and expressing the amplitudes at any interface below the source level in terms of the amplitude on the interface just above it. This results in an efficient scheme for computing electrical potential in any arbitrary depth levels (required for imaging subsurface conductivity). We simulate single‐borehole and hole‐to‐hole experiments. Neglecting the influence of the boreholes, we consider a plane layered earth model in which point electrodes along a vertical line (source line) inject and extract a stationary electric current, and point electrodes either along the source line or along another vertical line (receiver line) measure a potential difference. From the potential measurements, apparent resistivities are computed along the vertical lines.

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Bennett, Kevin B., i John Flach. "Ecological Interface Design: Thirty-Plus Years of Refinement, Progress, and Potential". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, nr 4 (15.03.2019): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819835990.

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Objective: The objective is to provide a review of ecological interface design (EID), to illustrate its value to human factors/ergonomics, and to identify areas for future research and development. Background: EID uses mature interface technologies to provide decision making and problem solving support. A variety of theoretical concepts and analytical tools have been developed to meet the associated challenges. EID provides support that is simultaneously grounded in the practical realities of a work domain and tailored to human capabilities and limitations. Method: EID’s theoretical foundation is discussed briefly. Concrete examples of ecological and traditional interfaces are provided. Different categories of work domains are described, as well as the associated implications for interface design. A targeted literature review is conducted and the experimental outcomes are summarized. A representative evaluation is discussed, and interpretations of performance are provided. Results: The evidence reveals that EID has been remarkably successful in significantly improving performance for work domains with constraints that are law driven (e.g., process control). In contrast, work domains that are intent-driven (e.g., information retrieval) have, by and large, been ignored. Also, few studies have addressed nonvisual displays. Conclusion: EID has not yet realized its potential to improve safety and efficiency across the entire continuum of work domains. Application: EID provides a single integrated framework that is (a) sufficiently comprehensive to deal with complicated work domains and (b) capable of producing innovative support that will generalize to actual work settings.

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Yeo, H. C., N. Guo, W. M. Huang, H. Du i X. M. Jian. "Characterization Methodology of the Interface in Multilayer Composites". Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (marzec 2007): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.1041.

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The quality of the interfaces in multilayer composites is a critical issue in the reliability testing of the composite product during the manufacturing process and in-service. Weak interfaces have often gone undetected and may become potentially defective at a later stage. One example is the interface between mold compound and silicon (MC/Si) in IC packaging. There is a desire to study the interface quality quantitatively, so the potential defective area can be evaluated and identified early. In this paper, a nondestructive evaluation methodology is proposed to measure the available strength of the interface by using ultrasonic reflection coefficients. It is known that interface degradation can be either due to poor manufacturing process and stress loading. Characterization of the interface quality of the MC/Si interface is first conducted by measuring longitudinal ultrasonic wave reflections from the interface samples fabricated under varying conditioning processes that simulate the degradation. A combined test that measures the reflection coefficient of the interface under stress load has also been conducted to quantify the effect of the load. Finally, it is shown that the overall effect on the reflection coefficient and available strength of the interface is derived and can be used as a quantitative indicator.

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Pu, Yu, Haijun Su, Congcong Liu, Min Guo, Lin Liu i Hengzhi Fu. "A Review on Buried Interface of Perovskite Solar Cells". Energies 16, nr 13 (28.06.2023): 5015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16135015.

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been developed rapidly in recent years because of their excellent photoelectric performance. However, interfacial non-radiative recombination hinders the improvement of device performance. The buried interface modification strategy can minimize the non-radiation recombination in the interface and can obtain the high efficiency and stability of PSCs. In this review, we introduce the device structure and the charge carrier dynamics (charge transfer, extraction, and collection) at the interface. We further summarize the main sources of non-radiative recombination at the interface, such as energy alignment mismatch and interface defects, and methods to characterize them. In contrast to the previous review of perovskite solar cells, the important roles of buried interfaces in regulating energy level alignment, passivating surface defects, modulating morphology, and so on are reviewed in detail based on the latest research, and strategies for reducing interfacial nonradiative recombination are provided. In the end, the potential development and challenges of buried interfaces for high-performance and stable PSCs are presented.

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Meyer, Luke, Laura Rachman, Gloria Araiza-Illan, Etienne Gaudrain i Deniz Başkent. "Use of a humanoid robot for auditory psychophysical testing". PLOS ONE 18, nr 12 (13.12.2023): e0294328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294328.

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Tasks in psychophysical tests can at times be repetitive and cause individuals to lose engagement during the test. To facilitate engagement, we propose the use of a humanoid NAO robot, named Sam, as an alternative interface for conducting psychophysical tests. Specifically, we aim to evaluate the performance of Sam as an auditory testing interface, given its potential limitations and technical differences, in comparison to the current laptop interface. We examine the results and durations of two voice perception tests, voice cue sensitivity and voice gender categorisation, obtained from both the conventionally used laptop interface and Sam. Both tests investigate the perception and use of two speaker-specific voice cues, fundamental frequency (F0) and vocal tract length (VTL), important for characterising voice gender. Responses are logged on the laptop using a connected mouse, and on Sam using the tactile sensors. Comparison of test results from both interfaces shows functional similarity between the interfaces and replicates findings from previous studies with similar tests. Comparison of test durations shows longer testing times with Sam, primarily due to longer processing times in comparison to the laptop, as well as other design limitations due to the implementation of the test on the robot. Despite the inherent constraints of the NAO robot, such as in sound quality, relatively long processing and testing times, and different methods of response logging, the NAO interface appears to facilitate collecting similar data to the current laptop interface, confirming its potential as an alternative psychophysical test interface for auditory perception tests.

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Pollard, Kimberly A., Stephanie M. Lukin, Matthew Marge, Ashley Foots i Susan G. Hill. "How We Talk with Robots: Eliciting Minimally-Constrained Speech to Build Natural Language Interfaces and Capabilities". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, nr 1 (wrzesień 2018): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621037.

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Industry, military, and academia are showing increasing interest in collaborative human-robot teaming in a variety of task contexts. Designing effective user interfaces for human-robot interaction is an ongoing challenge, and a variety of single and multiple-modality interfaces have been explored. Our work is to develop a bi-directional natural language interface for remote human-robot collaboration in physically situated tasks. When combined with a visual interface and audio cueing, we intend for the natural language interface to provide a naturalistic user experience that requires little training. Building the language portion of this interface requires first understanding how potential users would speak to the robot. In this paper, we describe our elicitation of minimally-constrained robot-directed language, observations about the users’ language behavior, and future directions for constructing an automated robotic system that can accommodate these language needs.

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JIANG, LIYING, HONGLAI TAN, JIAN WU, YONGGANG HUANG i KEH-CHIH HWANG. "CONTINUUM MODELING OF INTERFACES IN POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES REINFORCED BY CARBON NANOTUBES". Nano 02, nr 03 (czerwiec 2007): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292007000519.

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The interface behavior may significantly influence the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced composites due to the large interface area per unit volume at the composite. The modeling of CNT/polymer interfaces has been a challenge in the continuum modeling of CNT-reinforced composites. This paper presents a review of recent progress to model the CNT/matrix interfaces via a cohesive law established from the van der Waals force. A simple, analytical cohesive law is obtained from the inter-atomic potential, and is used to study the effect of CNT/matrix interfaces on the macroscopic properties of CNT-reinforced composites.

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Booth, Adam D., Ezgi Emir i Anja Diez. "Approximations to seismic AVA responses: Validity and potential in glaciological applications". GEOPHYSICS 81, nr 1 (1.01.2016): WA1—WA11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0187.1.

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Amplitude-variation-with-angle (AVA) methods establish the seismic properties of material either side of a reflective interface, and their use is growing in glaciology. The AVA response of an interface is defined by the complex Knott-Zoeppritz (K-Z) equations, numerous approximations to which we typically assume weak interface contrasts and isotropic propagation, inconsistent with the strong contrasts at glacier beds and the vertically transverse isotropic (VTI) fabrics were associated with englacial reflectivity. We considered the validity of a suite of approximate K-Z equations for the exact P-wave reflectivity [Formula: see text] of ice overlying bedrock, sediment and water, and englacial interfaces between isotropic and VTI ice. We found that the approximations of Aki-Richards, Shuey, and Fatti match exact glacier bed reflectivity to within [Formula: see text], smaller than the uncertainty in typical glaciological AVA analyses, but only for maximum incident angle [Formula: see text] limited to 30°. A stricter limit of [Formula: see text] offered comparable accuracy to a hydrocarbon benchmark case of shale overlying gas-charged sand. The VTI-compliant Rüger approximation accurately described englacial reflectivity, to within [Formula: see text], and it can be modified to give a quadratic expression in [Formula: see text] suitable for curve-matching operations. Having shown the circumstances under which AVA approximations were valid for glaciological applications, we have suggested that their interpretative advantages can be exploited in the future AVA interpretations.

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Marcus, Philip S., i Sushil Shetty. "Jupiter's zonal winds: are they bands of homogenized potential vorticity organized as a monotonic staircase?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, nr 1937 (28.02.2011): 771–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0299.

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The east–west striped pattern of clouds in Jupiter’s weather layer is accompanied by a zonal flow containing 12 eastward-going jet streams alternating in latitude with westward-going jet streams. Based on theory, simulation and observations of the Earth’s oceans and atmosphere, it is conjectured that Jupiter’s weather layer is made of bands of constant potential vorticity (PV), where the interfaces between bands are at the latitudes of the maxima of the eastward-going jet streams. It is speculated that the mixing of PV on Jupiter is analogous to the mixing of salt in the ocean by the Phillips effect, which causes the salt density to form a monotonic ‘staircase’. It is hypothesized that the PV in Jupiter’s weather layer is also a staircase, decreasing from north to south. PV is a function of vorticity, as well as parameters with unknown values, e.g. the vertical stratification and the zonal flow beneath the observable weather layer. Therefore, these hypotheses cannot be tested directly. Using an atmospheric model that contains these unknown parameters, we solved the inverse problem and found values of the unknown parameters (and their uncertainties) that best fit Jovian observations. The unknown parameters influence how the zonal flow interacts with large vortices, e.g. the Great Red Spot (GRS; the largest and longest-lived Jovian vortex, centred at 23°S) and the Oval BA (the second largest vortex, centred at 33°S). Although we found that the PV distribution is approximately piecewise-constant and that the peaks of the eastward-going jet streams are at the latitudes of PV interfaces, there is also a PV interface at 20°S, where there is a westward-going jet stream. We find that the zonal PV is not a monotonic staircase due to the ‘backwards’ interface at 20°S. We show that this backwards interface is necessary to make the GRS nearly round, and that without that interface, the Red Spot would be highly elongated in the east–west direction and probably unstable.

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Backx, G., i J. O. Indekeu. "Depinning transition of the superconducting/normal interface in low-κ twinning-plane superconductors: interface potential and interface displacement". Physica C: Superconductivity 274, nr 1-2 (styczeń 1997): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(96)00661-2.

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Menshchikova, Tatiana V., Sergey V. Eremeev, Vladimir M. Kuznetsov i Evgueni V. Chulkov. "Interplay of Topological States on TI/TCI Interfaces". Materials 13, nr 20 (10.10.2020): 4481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204481.

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Based on first-principles calculations, we study electronic structure of interfaces between a Z2 topological insulator (TI) SnBi2Te4 and a topological crystalline insulator (TCI) SnTe. We consider two interface models characterized by the different atomic structure on the contact of the SnTe(111) and SnBi2Te4(0001) slabs: the model when two materials are connected without intermixing (abrupt type of interface) and the interface model predicted to be realized at epitaxial immersion growth on topological insulator substrates (smooth interface). We find that a strong potential gradient at the abrupt interface leads to the redistribution of the topological states deeper from the interface plane which prevents the annihilation of the Γ¯ Dirac states, predicted earlier. In contrast, a smooth interface is characterized by minor charge transfer, which promotes the strong interplay between TI and TCI Γ¯ Dirac cones leading to their complete annihilation.The M¯ topologically protected Dirac state of SnTe(111) survives irrespective of the interface structure.

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Xenos, Michalis, Andreas Mallas i Dimosthenis Minas. "Using Eye-Tracking for Adaptive Human-Machine Interfaces for Pilots: A Literature Review and Sample Cases". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2716, nr 1 (1.03.2024): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2716/1/012072.

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Abstract This paper explores the potential of eye-tracking technology in adaptive human-machine interfaces for pilots in aviation. We argue that an interface able to adjust its layout and elements based on pilots’ real-time eye-tracking data can prevent errors and enhance their performance. The study presents a literature review on the use of eye-tracking for various pilot cases, including flight simulator games, drone pilots, and cockpit pilots. Results in most cases showed that eye-tracking has been employed to improve interactions, enhance spatial awareness, guide pilots’ gaze to relevant areas, and provide insights into pilots’ information processing and task load. The paper discusses two sample cases demonstrating the potential of eye-tracking in adaptive human-machine interfaces. In the first case, during challenging drone simulations, eye-tracking identified areas where an adaptive human-machine interface could aid navigation and reduce cognitive load. In the second one, based on real drone flights, when signal loss incidents occurred, eye-tracking data showed that the interface should adapt to pilots’ needs by providing critical information to help them to improve situational awareness. The paper concludes that eye-tracking technology has significant potential in adaptive human-machine interfaces for aviation, emphasising the importance of refining these technologies to meet pilots’ specific needs and enhance flight safety.

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Nurse, David R., i Timothy J. James. "An Adaptable Computer Interface for Radioimmunoassay". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 30, nr 3 (maj 1993): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329303000312.

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To assist data handling of results derived from radioimmunoassay the RIACalc Multigamma counter package was interfaced to a laboratory information system. The interface was bidirectional and allowed transfer of worklists and results. A suite of programs was written for the laboratory information system that enabled flexible data processing to meet a range of laboratory requirements. One utility within the suite contained a simple user definable rule based routine for automatically requesting additional tests. Use of the interface and new software improved laboratory efficiency and illustrated the potential benefits of decision making systems.

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