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Language contact, inherited similarity and social difference: The story of linguistic interaction in the Maya Lowlands. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014.
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Bahrami, Bahador. Making the most of individual differences in joint decisions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0004.
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Evidence for and against the idea that “two heads are better than one” is abundant. This chapter considers the contextual conditions and social norms that predict madness or wisdom of crowds to identify the adaptive value of collective decision-making beyond increased accuracy. Similarity of competence among members of a collective impacts collective accuracy, but interacting individuals often seem to operate under the assumption that they are equally competent even when direct evidence suggest the opposite and dyadic performance suffers. Cross-cultural data from Iran, China, and Denmark support this assumption of similarity (i.e., equality bias) as a sensible heuristic that works most of the time and simplifies social interaction. Crowds often trade off accuracy for other collective benefits such as diffusion of responsibility and reduction of regret. Consequently, two heads are sometimes better than one, but no-one holds the collective accountable, not even for the most disastrous of outcomes.
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Folkers, Gerd, Yvonne C. Martin i Hugo Kubinyi. 3D QSAR in Drug Design: Ligand-Protein Interactions and Molecular Similarity. Springer London, Limited, 2006.
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Kubinyi, Hugo. 3D QSAR in Drug Design: Ligand-Protein Interactions and Molecular Similarity. Springer, 2010.
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Guadagno, Rosanna E. Compliance. Redaktorzy Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams i Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.4.
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This chapter reviews the literature on compliance, a type of social influence that occurs when a person changes their behavior in response to a direct request. Specifically, I review research on compliance organized by the six classic principles of social influence (Cialdini, 2009)—reciprocity, commitment and consistency, authority, social validation or social proof, and liking and similarity, and examine how they are used to change peoples’ behaviors. Furthermore, this chapter reviews the mechanisms that underlie these principles, particularly mindlessness. Finally, this chapter concludes by examining whether this framework for understanding compliance applies to the new realm of social influence—social media—and calls for more research on the effectiveness of the principles of influence when the mode of interpersonal interaction is software based rather than in person.
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Cochrane, Ethan E. Ancient Fiji. Redaktorzy Ethan E. Cochrane i Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.016.
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Like the other archipelagos of Remote Oceania, Fiji was colonized by Lapita voyagers approximately 1000 b.c. Over the subsequent three millennia, Fijian populations underwent considerable change, resulting in the unique cultural, biological, and linguistic characteristics that differentiate Fiji from populations in both Polynesia to the east and Melanesia to the west. This essay summarizes the Lapita archaeology of the archipelago and later culture history including change in ceramic horizons, the spatial scale of interaction within the archipelago, and potential migrations into Fiji from other island groups. The rise of Fijian chiefdoms is also examined with these polities closely linked to increasing competition, fortifications, and defendable agricultural resources. Finally, artifactual, linguistic, and biological data characterizing Fijian populations are examined, and it is concluded that the generalization of Fiji as “not quite Melanesian, not quite Polynesian” can best be explained within a cultural transmission framework that separates analogous and homologous similarity.
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Norman, Alex. Tourism. Redaktorzy Michael Stausberg i Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.34.
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Tourism is a characteristic component of modern global life, and is thus intertwined with religion, a similarly central component. Scholars of religion seeking to understand phenomena in which acts of travel and religions are combined need ways to think about the interactions of these two major social and historical forces. While historically the study of acts of travel and the practice of religions tended to focus on dichotomies of pilgrim/tourist and sacred/profane, contemporary scholars recognize the problematic nature of such concepts in analysis. With the rise of secularization, tourists interact with religions for their own purposes, rather than solely institutional ones. This chapter sets out the theoretical and methodological problems of the study of religions and tourism, and discusses how the prominence of leisure in Western societies drives interactions between tourists and religions, giving scholars important access points for the study of religions and cross-cultural interaction.
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Silliman, Brian R., Brent B. Hughes, Y. Stacy Zhang i Qiang He. Business as usual leads to underperformance in coastal restoration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0027.
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This chapter shows that coastal wetland projects are underperforming because of confirmation bias. Despite two decades of work showing that top-down control can be essential to marsh restoration, the potential role of top predators is typically ignored by those responsible for restoring or maintaining marshes. Similarly ignored are experiments that indicate positive interaction between marsh plants and can enhance the pace and success of restoration. By planting marsh plants at higher densities, marsh restoration success can double, and seagrass restoration can succeed in the face of increasing drought and eutrophication effects. Continued failure to integrate top-down control and facilitative species interactions into coastal restoration designs will result in widespread underperformance of wetland conservation projects and unrealized generation of important ecosystem services.
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Bindemann, Markus, red. Forensic Face Matching. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837749.001.0001.
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Person identification at passport control, at borders, in police investigations, and in criminal trials relies critically on the identity verification of people via image-to-image or person-to-image comparison. While this task is known as ‘facial image comparison’ in forensic settings, it has been studied as ‘unfamiliar face matching’ in cognitive science. This book brings together expertise from practitioners, and academics in psychology and law, to draw together what is currently known about these tasks. It explains the problem of identity impostors and how within-person variability and between-person similarity, due to factors such as image quality, lighting direction, and view, affect identification. A framework to develop a cognitive theory of face matching is offered. The face-matching abilities of untrained lay observers, facial reviewers, facial examiners, and super-recognizers are analysed and contrasted. Individual differences between observers, learning and training for face recognition and face matching, and personnel selection are reviewed. The admissibility criteria of evidence from face matching in legal settings are considered, focusing on aspects such as the requirement of relevance, the prohibition on evidence of opinion, and reliability. Key concepts relevant to automatic face recognition algorithms at airports and in police investigations are explained, such as deep convolutional neural networks, biometrics, and human–computer interaction. Finally, new security threats in the form of hyper-realistic mask disguises are considered, including the impact these have on person identification in applied and laboratory settings.
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Jacobsen, Dean, i Olivier Dangles. Energy flow and species interactions at the edge. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 elucidates the relationships between the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems at high altitude through the description of material cycles and food webs. Following the landscape continuum model, material cycling is profoundly influenced by the physical structure of the waterscape (e.g. vegetation cover); as a result a great diversity of energetic pathways characterize high altitude waterscapes, along an autotrophy–heterotrophy gradient. Similarly, high altitude aquatic food webs embrace a great diversity of trophic compartments, feeding strategies, and processes (trophic cascades and terrestrial subsidiarity) that are profoundly shaped by environmental harshness. Harsh conditions also generate stress gradients along which the strength and direction of species interactions (from competition to facilitation) and their functional role (e.g. as ecosystem engineers) are modified. The resulting structural and functional changes affect in turn species coexistence and trigger potential ecosystem shifts.
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Myers, Lorna, i John J. Barry. Diagnostic Challenges for the Mental Health Team and Psychiatrist. Redaktorzy Barbara A. Dworetzky i Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0008.
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Establishing a positive therapeutic alliance during the initial psychiatric interview allows the clinician to collect the necessary diagnostic information and can have a significant impact on a patient’s decision to follow up with treatment recommendations once the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is determined. When evaluating a patient with suspected PNES in an out- or inpatient setting, there are a variety of clinician behaviors that can support or obstruct the establishment of a positive therapeutic alliance. Similarly, a number of typical patient characteristics in PNES can affect the psychiatric assessment. In this chapter, these characteristics and behaviors are discussed, a clinician checklist is provided, and dialogue boxes illustrate a few common patient–clinician interactions, hypothetical challenges, and clinician responses. Distinctive challenges, including interaction with specific PNES subtypes (i.e., developmentally delayed, malingering, or hostile patients) and patients who are effectively incapacitated by high event frequency and systemic barriers, are presented.
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Fuchs, Thomas. Ecology of the Brain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199646883.001.0001.
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Overcoming the brain centrism of current neuroscience, Ecology of the Brain develops an ecological and embodied concept of the brain as a mediating or resonance organ. Accordingly, the mind is not a product of the brain: it is an activity of the living being as a whole, which integrates the brain in its superordinate life functions. Similarly, consciousness is not an inner domain located somewhere within the organism, but a continuous process of engaging with the world, which extends to all objects that we are in contact with. The traditional mind–brain problem is thus reformulated as a dual aspect of the living being, conceived both as a lived or subjective body and as a living or objective body. Processes of life and of experiencing life are inseparably linked. Hence, it is not the brain, but the living human person as a whole who feels, thinks, and acts. This concept is elaborated on a broad philosophical, neurobiological, and developmental basis. Based on a phenomenology of the lived body and an enactive concept of the living organism as an autopoietic system, the brain is conceived in this book as a resonance organ, mediating the circular interactions within the body as well as the interactions between the body and the environment. Above all, a person’s relations to others continuously restructure the human brain which thus becomes an organ shaped by social interaction, biography, and culture. This concept is also crucial for a non-reductionist theory of mental disorders, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, which is developed in a special chapter.
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Meacham, Darian, i Matthew Studley. Could a Robot Care? It’s All in the Movement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0007.
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In this chapter, we ask if care robots can care. The standard and indeed intuitive response to such a question is no. This response is premised on the argument that care requires internal cognitive and emotional states that robots lack. We explore arguments that belie this conclusion. We argue that care robots may participate in the creation of caring environments through certain types of expressive movement, irrespective of the existence of internal emotional states or intentions. We address three possible objections to this argument and argue that none of them is lethal to our hypothesis. Finally, we examine evidence that despite phenomenological similarity, such human–robot interactions are not neurologically equivalent to human–human interactions and seem to show a difference in intensity. We note that this may change as robots become more widespread and we evolve social and cognitive structures to accept them in our daily lives.
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Holland, John H. 2. Complex physical systems (CPS). Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199662548.003.0002.
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‘Complex physical systems’ considers the characteristics of complex physical systems (CPS), which are often geometric (specifically, lattice-like) arrays of elements, in which interactions typically depend only on effects propagated from nearest neighbors. The elements of a CPS follow fixed physical laws, usually expressed by differential equations—Newton’s laws of gravity and Maxwell’s laws of electromagnetism are cases in point. Neither the laws nor the elements change over time; only the positions of the elements change. CPS show several properties: self-organized criticality, self-similarity, scaling, and power laws. Examples of these properties—such as, snowflake curves, fractals, networks, dynamics, and symmetry-breaking—are discussed.
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Beaman, Lori G. Practices from Everyday Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803485.003.0004.
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This chapter assesses specific values and strategies key to the production of deep equality. Within a broad framework in which cooperation, similarity, and contaminated diversity define the interactions that typify deep equality, individuals and groups deploy a number of values or beliefs. These values include respect, generosity, neighbourliness, forgiveness, caring and protectiveness, compassion and even love, and they are worked out and manifested through language, gesture, navigation and negotiation, and through the use of humour and acts of humility, and forgiveness. The chapter also considers the circulation of practices of deep equality. Three examples of group-initiated action that exemplify deep equality are discussed: the ‘Cook and Share a Pot of Curry Day’, a grassroots led initiative in Singapore; the protest actions of a Quebec boys’ soccer team in reaction to an attempt to ban turban-wearing Sikhs from the soccer field in 2013; and the global Human Library Project.
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Ramey, Jessie B. Contesting Orphans. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036903.003.0008.
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This concluding chapter demonstrates how James Caldwell's experience highlights the way in which orphanages served as “community institutions,” serving the needs of the local people who used them. But institutional child care was contested terrain. Both the United Presbyterian Orphan's Home (UPOH) and the HCC illustrate how many different stakeholders negotiated the development of child care institutions, each with sometimes competing agendas and expectations. Similarly, the managers displayed motives of social control, wishing to not only assist poor children, but to reform poor families themselves. These managing women were the most powerful stakeholders in the orphanages, but they were never alone; their control of the institutions was mediated by constant interaction with working-class families, reformers, staff, and the broader community.
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Money, Nicholas P. 6. Microbial ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681686.003.0006.
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Many ecosystems are wholly microbial and the activities of microorganisms provide the biochemical foundation for plant and animal life. ‘Microbial ecology and evolution’ describes how plants depend upon the complex redox reactions of microbes that fertilize the soil by fixing nitrogen, converting nitrites to nitrates, enhancing the availability of phosphorus and trace elements, and recycling organic matter. Eukaryotic microorganisms are similarly plentiful and essential for the sustenance of plants and animals. Bacteria, archaea, and single-celled eukaryotes are the masters of the marine environment, harnessing the energy that supports complex ecological interactions between aquatic animals. Bacteria and archaea form 90% of the ocean biomass and surface waters are filled with eukaryotic algae.
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Ziegler, Penelope P. Pain and Addiction in Patients with Co-Occurring Psychiatric Disorders (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0024.
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Addressed equally to psychiatrists and to primary care providers, this chapter is intended to explore non–substance use disorder psychiatric diagnoses as they impact the perception of pain and the treatment of substance use disorders. A screening checklist emphasizing basic principles of psychiatric history-taking is provided to help identify the patient’s requirements. The author reviews the classes of psychiatric diagnoses most likely to be present in the pain/addiction and other comorbidly-ill patients, and reviews suicide risks. Similarly, the classes of medications employed in psychiatry and their capacity for alleviation or aggravation of substance use disorders are reviewed, with notations of drug–drug interactions. A final section addresses the role of emotions and psychiatric symptoms in the perception and management of pain.
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Eraker, Steven A. Pain and Addiction in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0025.
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Addressed equally to psychiatrists and to primary care providers, this chapter is intended to explore non–substance use disorder psychiatric diagnoses as they impact the perception of pain and the treatment of substance use disorders. A screening checklist emphasizing basic principles of psychiatric history-taking is provided to help identify the patient’s requirements. The author reviews the classes of psychiatric diagnoses most likely to be present in the pain/addiction and other comorbidly-ill patients, and reviews suicide risks. Similarly, the classes of medications employed in psychiatry and their capacity for alleviation or aggravation of substance use disorders are reviewed, with notations of drug–drug interactions. A final section addresses the role of emotions and psychiatric symptoms in the perception and management of pain.
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Hitlin, Steven, i Sarah K. Harkness. The Theory of Inequality and Moral Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465407.003.0006.
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This chapter brings together the strands of theory and research discussed previously to introduce our theory on inequality and morality. The general argument is that in societies with greater economic inequality, the negative sanctioning-based moral emotions of anger, contempt, disgust, shame, and the like will be more frequent and severe. Societies with lower levels of inequality will conversely normalize and exhibit the more positive moral emotions of self-transcendence (compassion, praise, and empathy). Inequality thus begets negative moral emotions. These various emotional reactions to moral events not only affect everyday interaction, but also overlap with criminal justice systems’ reactions to those who offend societies’ moral codes. The more negative the moral reaction in a society, the more likely events are to prompt feelings associated with condemning others, the more the criminal justice system will be similarly focused on sanctioning as opposed to rehabilitation.
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Williams, Gareth D. Physical Form and Textual Meaning in the Aldine Book. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190272296.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 begins with the early 1490s rise of the Aldine Press at Venice and De Aetna’s place in relation to Aldo Manuzio’s print experimentation through the 1501 introduction of his libelli portatiles (“portable little books”). The interaction between theme and typographic form in De Aetna, between Pietro’s Etna adventure and the novelty of Manuzio’s own print venture, unites author and printer in a mutually reinforcing mode of self-display and aesthetic alignment. Bernardo Bembo complicates this vision of type form as a physical picturing of Pietro in particular – unless Bernardo is seen to be similarly pictured, father like son, in a distinctive familial sharing of print script. Bernardo was demonstrably interested in the interplay between textual form and content explored earlier in Chapter 5 and demonstrated in the chapter’s end by appeal to Petrarch, and also to a portrait that Bernardo possibly commissioned: Leonardo da Vinci’s Ginevra de’ Benci.
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Henricks, Thomas S. The Social Life of Play. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039072.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the social life of play. As the patterning of human relationships, social context shapes play by offering behavioral formats or directives that both support and restrict our actions. Such directives are manifested in countless situations and at different levels of abstraction; they constitute the social reality of our lives. In that context, the chapter examines play as a “social construction of reality”—that is, a process of reality construction and maintenance. It discusses three levels of social reality: self-identity, social relationships, and social structure. It also considers George Herbert Mead's play and game stages of development, play as performance and presentation, Georg Simmel's play form of association, Erving Goffman's theory of frame utilization, social functions of play, and play's relationship to power and privilege. The chapter concludes by revisiting Pierre Bourdieu's argument that similarly situated groups of people develop their own tastes and style of life that afford them personal satisfaction and easeful interaction.
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Sawyer, Susan M., i George C. Patton. Health and Well-Being in Adolescence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847128.003.0002.
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This chapter describes how the profile of physical and mental health and well-being changes across adolescence. The biological context of healthy adolescent growth and development is reviewed, including secular patterns of puberty and brain maturation. The structural and social determinants of adolescent health are then described. Adolescent health outcomes, including patterns of risk behaviors, emerge from the interaction between biological influences and social health determinants. Estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life years are used to describe three patterns of adolescent health and well-being that vary by age, sex, and national wealth. Globally, the burden of disease increases across adolescence, varying markedly between and within countries. Comprehensive, multisectoral, evidence-informed actions are required that match these conspicuous adolescent health problems, emerging health risks, and major social determinants. Such actions, including quality education and health services, differ greatly from those that benefit younger children yet have similarly high benefit–cost ratios.
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James, Philip. Human biology and the urban environment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0011.
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Climate change and the rapid movement of people and goods over great distances are changing global disease patterns. Human health and well-being are also being adversely affected by the absence of biodiverse, vegetation-rich green spaces. The human body adapts poorly to urban life. The result is ill health. A typology of interactions (intentional, incidental, and indirect) between people and nature is set out. Similarly, benefits of contact with nature in terms of physiological, psychological, cognitive, and social factors. The emergent central mechanism linking urban environments to ill health is studied. Urban environments cause chronic, low level stress resulting in the release of cortisone (a stress hormone), decreased physical activity, and increased calorie intake, all of which lead to chronic cellular inflammation and to the life-style diseases of the twenty-first century: depression, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dementia.
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Risman, Barbara J. The True Believers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199324385.003.0005.
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This is the first data chapter. In this chapter, respondents who are described as true believers in the gender structure, and essentialist gender differences are introduced and their interviews analyzed. They are true believers because, at the macro level, they believe in a gender ideology where women and men should be different and accept rules and requirements that enforce gender differentiation and even sex segregation in social life. In addition, at the interactional level, these Millennials report having been shaped by their parent’s traditional expectations and they similarly feel justified to impose gendered expectations on those in their own social networks. At the individual level, they have internalized masculinity or femininity, and embody it in how they present themselves to the world. They try hard to “do gender” traditionally.
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Prontera, Andrea. Green Superpowers. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780191987304.001.0001.
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Abstract This book analyses, compares, and explains the emerging green foreign energy policies and green power strategies of China, the European Union, and the United States. Fossil fuels have long been key to major powers’ foreign policies and international affairs. In the context of the current global energy transition, renewables and low-carbon technologies are emerging as elements that can have a similarly important impact. By combining insights from international political economy, comparative public policy, international relations, and energy policy scholarship, this book presents an original framework for studying these dynamics. It then uses this framework to shed light on the recent green foreign energy policies and green power strategies of the three green superpowers. In doing so, it illustrates the links between the domestic green approaches that these major actors are promoting and their external actions regarding renewables and low-carbon technologies. It also draws attention to the limits and potential of Chinese, European, and US green foreign energy policy as well as to the influence of their competitive interactions on twenty-first-century world politics.
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Riggsby, Andrew. Mosaics of Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632502.001.0001.
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The book examines the invention, use, and diffusion of ancient Roman information technologies. In particular, it looks at technologies defined in conceptual terms—lists, tables, weights and measures, perspective and related artistic devices, and cartography—rather than mechanical ones (e.g., “tablet” or “scroll”). Each is viewed from both social and cognitive perspectives, as well as with attention to the interaction between the conceptual and its material instantiation. The study is particularly focused on the most powerful technologies, whose uptakes are in most cases sporadic across time, space, and use context. These systems display a tolerance for error and/or omission remarkable unless they are considered in the narrowest possible use-context. Similarly, they often presuppose shared knowledge (both of form and of content) that could only have existed in highly localized contexts. Further constraints on the use of these devices arise from preferences for facts that are constituted by the record, rather than recorded, and (at least in elite circles) for linear exposition on the model of oral discourse. As a consequence, on the one hand, Romans lived in a balkanized informational world. Persons in different “locations”—whether geographical, social, or occupational—would have had access to quite different informational resources, and the overall situation is thus not controlled by the needs of any particular class or group. On the other hand, seeming technological weakness often turn out to be illusory if we set them in their actual use-contexts.
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Schmid-Hempel, Paul. Evolutionary Parasitology. Wyd. 2. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832140.001.0001.
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Parasites are ubiquitous and shape almost every aspect of their hosts, including physiology, behaviour, life histories, the structure of the microbiota, and entire communities. Hence, parasitism is one of the most potent forces in nature and, without parasites, the world would look very different. The book gives an overview over the parasite groups and the diversity of defences that hosts have evolved, such as immune systems. Principles of evolutionary biology and ecology analyse major elements of host–parasite interactions, including virulence, infection processes, tolerance, resistance, specificity, memory, polymorphisms, within-host dynamics, diseases spaces, and many other aspects. Genetics is always one of the key elements in these topics. Modelling, furthermore, can predict best strategies for host and parasites. Similarly, the spread of an infectious disease in epidemiology combines with molecular data and genomics. Furthermore, parasites have evolved ways to overcome defences and to manipulate their hosts. Hosts and parasites, therefore, continuously co-evolve, with changes sometimes occurring very rapidly, and sometimes requiring geological times. Many infectious diseases of humans have emerged from a zoonotic origin, in processes governed by the basic principles discussed in the different sections. Hence, this book integrates different fields to study the diversity of host–parasite processes and phenomena. It summarizes the essential topics for the study of evolutionary parasitology and will be useful for a broad audience.
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Kirchman, David L. Introduction to geomicrobiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0013.
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Geomicrobiology, the marriage of geology and microbiology, is about the impact of microbes on Earth materials in terrestrial systems and sediments. Many geomicrobiological processes occur over long timescales. Even the slow growth and low activity of microbes, however, have big effects when added up over millennia. After reviewing the basics of bacteria–surface interactions, the chapter moves on to discussing biomineralization, which is the microbially mediated formation of solid minerals from soluble ions. The role of microbes can vary from merely providing passive surfaces for mineral formation, to active control of the entire precipitation process. The formation of carbonate-containing minerals by coccolithophorids and other marine organisms is especially important because of the role of these minerals in the carbon cycle. Iron minerals can be formed by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, which gain a small amount of energy from iron oxidation. Similarly, manganese-rich minerals are formed during manganese oxidation, although how this reaction benefits microbes is unclear. These minerals and others give geologists and geomicrobiologists clues about early life on Earth. In addition to forming minerals, microbes help to dissolve them, a process called weathering. Microbes contribute to weathering and mineral dissolution through several mechanisms: production of protons (acidity) or hydroxides that dissolve minerals; production of ligands that chelate metals in minerals thereby breaking up the solid phase; and direct reduction of mineral-bound metals to more soluble forms. The chapter ends with some comments about the role of microbes in degrading oil and other fossil fuels.
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Thompson, William R. American Global Pre-Eminence. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534663.001.0001.
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Most discussions of US decline in global politics couch their arguments and evidence in the most contemporary context. But US systemic leadership is not entirely novel. The United States follows a global lineage that has been emerging and evolving for centuries. From this perspective, systemic leadership is based not so much on executive personality, clever diplomacy, or randomness as it is on a pecking order established by leads in technological innovation, energy, and global reach. When these leads falter, the ability to engage in systemic leadership becomes more difficult, regardless of whoever occupies the American presidency. The context that facilitates systemic leadership does not determine what chief executives will attempt to do, but it does play an important facilitative or non-facilitative role. Similarly, the people who compete for and win the presidency reflect that systemic and sub-systemic (domestic politics) context. Thus, the interactions among global and domestic contexts and politicians are more complex and yet more shaped by long-term history than is commonly accepted. The ultimate irony is that as it becomes clearer how these variables interact, the possibility that the processes are undergoing fundamental transformation cannot be ruled out. The real policy question is not whether the United States is ahead or behind China but, rather, will it be possible for a single state to lead the global system as in the past? As technological innovation, energy consumption, and global reach capability become less concentrated, the prospects for systemic leadership shrink—even as global problems become more complex and acute.
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Hinton, Alexander Laban. Performance (Reach Sambath, Public Affairs, and “Justice Trouble”). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820949.003.0008.
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Chapter 5 shifts from aesthetics to performativity, even as the two are intertwined. Just as the parties came together at Tuol Sleng in a performance of transitional justice and law, one that seemed to realize the transitional justice imaginary’s aspiration for transformation, so too did the civil parties enter into legal proceedings that had clear performative dimensions, including an ethnodramatic structure that led some to refer to it as “the show.” Indeed, justice itself is a momentary enactment of law, structured by power including legal codes and the force of law, which is plagued by the impossibility of realizing the universal in the particular, a dilemma Derrida has discussed in terms of justice always being something that is “to come.” Other scholarship, ranging from Butler’s ideas about the performativity of gender to Lacan’s theorization of the self, similarly discusses how idealizations break down even as they are performatively asserted with the momentary manifestation of the particular never able to fully accord with idealized aspirations—including those of the transitional justice imaginary and its facadist externalizations. The chapter begins with a discussion of the ways in which Vann Nath’s testimony illustrates the ways the court seeks to performatively assert justice through courtroom rituals, roles, and discourses. The chapter then turns to examine the related work of the court’s “public face,” the Public Affairs Section (PAS), which promoted its success in busing in tens of thousands of Cambodians as evidence of public engagement with the court. The chapter discusses some of the ways in which the head of the PAS, Reach Sambath, who was sometimes referred to as “Spokesperson for the Ghosts,” translated justice when interacting with such Cambodians with many of whom he shared a deep Buddhist belief. I then explore the issues of “Justice Trouble,” or some of the ways in which the instability of the juridical performance at the ECCC broke down, including Theary Seng’s later condemnation of the court.