Artykuły w czasopismach: „INTER-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEM”

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Inyanda, A. K., G. A. Bakare i M. Kunduli. "Differential Evolution Based Optimal Tuning of Load Frequency Controller". Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (luty 2009): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.82.

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Load Frequency Controllers (LFC) are required to maintain constant power and frequency in inter-connected power generating systems. Differential Evolution (DE) based optimal tuning of load frequency controller of two area inter-connected power system is presented in this paper. The proposed method optimizes the parameter of Integral controller by selecting the optimal gain which drives the change in frequency in the two areas and change in tie-line power flow to zero within the shortest time span. Simulation results on two networks revealed that the proposed controller dampened the frequency oscillations and restores the system frequency and tie-line power to set value after a step load disturbance.

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Srinivas, R. S., i P. V. Ramana Rao. "Enhancement of Power System Transient Stability By Fractional Order Controlled STATCOM Tuned By PSO". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 4.24 (27.11.2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.24.21879.

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This paper discusses the application of Fractional order PI controlled Static synchronous compensator for improvement rotor angle stability of inter connected power system. FACTS Controllers plays important role in enhancing the power system stability.Besides improving the stability margin of the power system it also aids the damping of inter area power oscillations. In the present work STATCOM is connected in multimachine power system .The dynamic response of the STATCOM is controlled by using fractional order controllers.The controller gains of the fractional controller are tuned by using PSO algorithm.It gives acceptable solutions to continuous non-linear systems with less computational effort. The performance of the proposed controller has been compared with integer order PI controllers at different locations of fault. In this paper a 3 machine 9 bus WSSC test power system is considered and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

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S, Rout, i Panda K. "AGC Tuning of an Inter-Connected Power System after Deregulation Using PSO". IJIREEICE 3, nr 8 (15.08.2015): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/ijireeice.2015.3810.

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Tsebia, M., i H. Bentarzi. "Reduce Frequency Oscillation Using Energy Storage System and Phasor Measurement Units Technology". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 17 (18.07.2022): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232016.2022.17.22.

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Inter-Area oscillations result from system events coupled with a poorly damped electric power system. The oscillations are observed in the large system with groups of generators, or generating plants connected by relatively weak tie lines. The frequency oscillation is the major problem for interconnected power systems; hence, the stability of these oscillations is an important condition. The inter-area oscillation, equipment such as Static Var Compensator and various Flexible AC Transmission System devices, are being increasingly used. Although Power System Stabilizers exist on many generators, there effect is only on the local area and do not effectively damp out inter-area oscillations. The injection of a stable electrical energy into disturbed power system decreases the oscillations; in our research we proposed the use of an electric energy storage system to reduce the frequency oscillations by using phasor measurement unit. This technique is applied in the Algerian interconnection power.

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Dash, Pabitra Mohan, Asini Baliarsingh i Sangram Keshori Mohaptra. "Application hybrid GSAPSO Technique for AGC in Inter Connected Power System with Generation Rate Constant". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 20 (3.01.2022): 271–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23201.2021.20.31.

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An attempt has been taken in this work to effectively implement the combination of GSA and PSO (hGSA-PSO) technique towards AGC in two-area inter-connected power systems with generation rate constraint (GRC) is considered. For the design and analysis, a initial attempt has been taken to optimize parameters of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller in two area non-reheat thermal power system employing GSA and hGSA-PSO algorithm with ITAE objective function. A sensitivity studies carried out for the robustness of the system by changing the operating condition and variation of the parameter and generation rate constant (GRC= ±0.05 and ±0.025) is considered. The performances of the proposed controller has been evaluated with those of some previously published optimization techniques such as GA and BOFA based optimized controller parameters for the same power system. This study of the present work is extended to two area multi sources power system to test the robustness analysis of the system by comparing the hGSA-PSO optimized to PI controller with same structure of system by selecting with and without GRC for showing the dynamic performance analysis of the system in term of settling time and overshoot.

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K, Nagendra, Karthik J, Keerthi Rao i Kumar Raja Pemmadi. "MODELING SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE STUDY OF GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY SYSTEM". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, nr 4RACEEE (30.04.2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i4raceee.2017.3320.

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This paper presents Modeling Simulation of grid connected Photovoltaic Energy System and performance study using MATLAB/Simulink. The Photovoltaic energy system is considered in three main parts PV Model, Power conditioning System and Grid interface. The Photovoltaic Model is inter-connected with grid through full scale power electronic devices. The simulation is conducted on the PV energy system at normal temperature and at constant load by using MATLAB.

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Kamel, Omar Makram, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz i Ahmed A. Zaki Diab. "Damping Oscillation Techniques for Wind Farm DFIG Integrated into Inter-Connected Power System". Electric Power Components and Systems 48, nr 14-15 (13.09.2020): 1551–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2020.1854375.

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Kuchibhatla, Samanthaka Mani, D. Padmavathi i R. Srinivasa Rao. "Effect of Carrier Frequency in Grid Inter Connected Wind System With SSFC Controller". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, nr 3 (1.09.2018): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i3.pp1349-1355.

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In this paper a grid interconnected system with wind energy source linked with a FACTs based SSFC device ( Static switched filter compensator ) at load for enhancing power quality is considered .Analysis is done for the proposed system by varying Carrier frequency over a wide range and observed system performance at all 3 busses wise Grid bus, Generator Bus and Load Bus. Two regulators are used to organize the FACTS SSFC-device, these are based on a tri-loop dynamic error obsessed inter-coupled input to VSC controller. Investigation is made in MATLAB/SIMULINK Environment for the proposed system ,it is observed that system performance in terms of percentage Total harmonic Distortion is satisfactory along with the Enhanced Power Quality.

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Kamis, Zalina, Mohd Ruddin Ab. Ghani, Muhammad Nizam Kamaruddin i Hairol Nizam Mohd Shah. "Fuzzy controlled SVC for power system damping". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, nr 3 (1.06.2020): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1673-1678.

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This paper presents the ability of the fuzzy logic-based stabilizer used to generate the supplementary voltage control signal of the SVC to improve the damping of the inter-area mode oscillation in the power system. The base system is symmetrical, consisting of two identical areas connected by a relatively weak tie line. The SVC is chosen to be installed at the tie line midpoint. The active power of the local line will be used as an input signal for the stabilizer. The additional signal is calculated using fuzzy membership function to determine the quantity of reactive power supplied absorbed by SVC. The system oscillation is indicated by a 3-phase-to-ground short circuit occurring at 0.2s of the simulation and subsequently clearing after 100ms. Simulation with the sample power system shows that when subjected to a disturbance, fuzzy logic-based SVC stabilizer provides good damping in inter-area mode oscillation for the system. The effectiveness of the stabilizer applied with and without PSS will also be investigated.

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Razzaq, Syed Abdul, i Vairavasamy Jayasankar. "Inter-connected AC/DC HMGS power management with 3-phase and 1-phase ILC". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i1.pp311-319.

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In AC/DC hybrid micro grid system (HMGS) power converters are always tested for is performance in distribution, its ability to provide accurate power sharing, transient stability and load dynamics. The existing control methods either complex or limited to achieve optimal power flow. This paper proposes a modified decentralized droop control scheme for interlinking converter (ILC) connected to interconnected AC and DC grids. A three coordinated model is proposed where AC frequency, ILC power and DC voltage are corresponding axis. The power sharing through the ILC is dependent on the AC frequency droop and DC voltage droop which occurs due to overloading. The control scheme is designed for single and three phases ILC. The obtained results are compared with double loop control method which shows less frequency deviations, accurate power sharing. The ILC performs autonomously and transfer power bidirectional under islanded mode. The simulation is carried in MATLAB/Simulink.

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Liu, Qi, Jiahui Wu, Haiyun Wang, Hua Zhang i Jian Yang. "Analysis of DFIG Interval Oscillation Based on Second-Order Sliding Film Damping Control". Energies 16, nr 7 (28.03.2023): 3091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16073091.

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This paper takes advantage of the high control flexibility and fast response time of the interfacing power electronic converter for doubly fed wind turbine grid-connected systems to address inter-area oscillations caused by inadequate system damping in power systems. A reactive-power-coordinated damping controller for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is proposed, and it makes use of second-order sliding-mode technology. The suggested controller improves damping performance by controlling the reactive power. It provides benefits such as a quicker damping rate and resilience to modeling errors and parameter changes. The simulation results indicate the system’s improved performance in inter-area oscillation damping and the robustness of the suggested control technique over a broad range of functional areas.

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G, Anand, Vjaya Santhi R i Rama Sudha K. "Design Of Observer Based Quasi Decentralized Fuzzy Load Frequency Controller for Inter Connected Power System". International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems 5, nr 4 (31.10.2015): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijfls.2015.5404.

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Mushtaq, Basit, i Mairaj-Ud-Din Mufti. "Stability Enhancement of Electric Power Systems by Employing Variable Frequency Transformer". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1228, nr 1 (1.03.2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1228/1/012013.

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Abstract Economical and technical advantages inherent in the coordinated operation of power systems resulted in large-scale grid interconnection. The major concern regarding the interconnection of the neighbouring power systems with relatively weak tie-lines is the appearance of poorly damped electromechanical oscillations. Inter-area (IA) oscillations reduce system stability and transmission capacity, and without an efficient damping mechanism, these oscillations can cause system failure and even lead to large-scale blackouts. In this work, the impact of variable frequency transformer (VFT) on the IA oscillations of a two-area power system connected in series with the tie-line is investigated. The VFT is a recent power transmission technology that offers continuous control over bi-directional power flow with no harmonic injection. The VFT is made up of a rotary transformer for continuously regulated phase shift, as well as a drive system and control that regulates the power flow through the VFT by adjusting the angle and speed of the rotary transformer. The VFT is controlled to increase system damping, and consequently suppress inter-area oscillations. A comprehensive model of the interconnected power system including VFT is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to study the efficacy of the proposed scheme.

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Gopi, Pasala, i P. Reddy. "Tuning of Load Frequency PID Controller of Electric Power System using Metaheuristic Algorithms". Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 12, nr 1 (1.06.2016): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.12.1.4.

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This paper investigates Load Frequency Control of multi area inter connected power system having different turbines with PID controller. The gain values of controller are optimized using different Metaheuristic Algorithms. The performance and validity of designed controllers were checked on multi area interconnected power system with various Step Load Perturbations. Finally, the performance of proposed controllers was compared with conventional controller and from the result it was proved that the proposed controller exhibits superior performance than conventional controller for various Step Load Perturbations.

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Eappen, Geoffrey, i AlokSahu AlokSahu. "Automatic Generation Control Scheme In an Inter Connected Power System Using PSO Optimized Smes and Tcps". IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9, nr 1 (2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1676-09122834.

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Hussain, Mirza Shehbaz, Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi, Zafar A. Khan, Mohammed Alghassab i Abdullah Altamimi. "Hierarchical Energy Management System With a Local Competitive Power Market for Inter-Connected Multi-Smart Buildings". IEEE Access 10 (2022): 19493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3150327.

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Prasad, Ch Durga. "Load Frequency Control of Multi Area Inter Connected Power System by Conventional and AI Based Controllers". i-manager's Journal on Power Systems Engineering 2, nr 2 (15.07.2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jps.2.2.2931.

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Nayak, Niranjan, Tanmoy Parida, Pravat Kumar Rout, Irani Majumder i Sangram K. Routray. "Dynamic stability improvement for VSC-HVDC-based inter connected power system using modified sliding mode controller". International Journal of Automation and Control 11, nr 2 (2017): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaac.2017.083303.

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Routray, Sangram K., Irani Majumder, Pravat Kumar Rout, Tanmoy Parida i Niranjan Nayak. "Dynamic stability improvement for VSC-HVDC-based inter connected power system using modified sliding mode controller". International Journal of Automation and Control 11, nr 2 (2017): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaac.2017.10002744.

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Zadehbbagheri, Mahmoud, Rahim Ildarabadi i Tole Sutikno. "A unified power flow controller-based robust damping controller considering time delay in electrical power systems". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 31, nr 3 (1.09.2023): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v31.i3.pp1295-1310.

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Nowadays, different power systems are connected to each other due to technical and economic reasons and form a complex developed network. Such networks measure and send system data to decision-making centers for control and protection. This information transmission is accompanied by a delay and causes the performance of the system’s damping controllers to be affected. To improve power system dynamic stability, the supplementary controller in flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices is designed to account for information transmission delays. In these methods, to increase the controllability and observability of the inter-area mode, the remote signals extracted from the wide area measurement system (WAMS) are used as the input of the modulator. WAMS systems’ time delay reduces power system stability and even causes instability, so it’s crucial to find the maximum delay margin that ensures stability. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the role of FACTS tools in stabilizing the power system and damping interregional fluctuations, considering the delay. This research shows that supplementary controller design can dampen frequency and load angle fluctuations in multi-zone power systems despite information transmission delays. The method works in power system analysis toolbox (PSAT) simulation and MATLAB programming.

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Nezevak, V. L. "Comparison of energy parameters of electric storage systems for DC and AC traction power supply systems". Russian Railway Science 81, nr 1 (29.03.2022): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2022-81-1-38-52.

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Introduction. The article discusses the energy parameters of electric power storage systems for DC and AC traction power supply systems. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the energy parameters of electric power storage systems located within the inter-substation zone boundaries of the AC traction power supply system at the 25 kV voltage.Materials and methods. The author used the methods of modeling, statistics and the experimental results processing. Moreover, the paper presented the parameter estimation of the energy accumulation system on the basis of the traction calculations for the AC rolling stock. In addition, the author made two variants of calculations — in the presence and the absence of the electric storage system. The researcher also made the simulation of the electric storage system for the voltage source connected to the sectioning post busbars.Results. Using the simulation modeling, the author presents active and reactive power graphs of the inter-substation zone boundaries in the active sectioning post operation conditions. Therefore, the article demonstrates the graph of the expected charge, the discharge depth calculations for the nominal energy capacity and the required charging features, which guarantee the charge restoration of the accumulation system to the initial level.Discussion and conclusion. The author offers the comparative assessment of the electric storage systems for the traction power supply with the DС voltage of 3 kV and the AC voltage of 25 kV. The research demonstrates the reducing potential of the nominal accumulation parameters.

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Raza, W., X. Ma, A. Ali, A. Ali, A. Raza i S. Shaikh. "Performance Analysis of Selective Mapping in Underwater Acoustic Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Communication System". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, nr 1 (6.02.2021): 6696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3941.

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Under-Water Acoustic (UWA) communication networks are commonly formed by associating various independent UWA vehicles and transceivers connected to the bottom of the sea with battery-operated power modems. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the most vital innovations for UWA communications, having improved data rates and the ability to transform fading channels into flat fading. Moreover, OFDM is more robust on Inter-Symbol and Inter-Carrier Interferences (ISI and ICI respectively). However, OFDM technology suffers from a high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), resulting in nonlinear distortions and higher Bit Error Rates (BERs). Saving power of battery deployed modems is an important necessity for sustainable underwater communications. This paper studies PAPR in UWA OFDM communications, employing Selective Mapping (SLM) as a tool to mitigate PAPR. The proposed SLM with the oversampling factor method proves to be less complex and more efficient. Simulation results indicate that SLM is a promising PAPR reduction method for UWA OFDM communications reducing BER.

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Pavan Kumar Reddy, Kunduru Laxmi, i Dola Gobinda Padhan. "Relay Feedback Identification based Load Frequency Control and Controller Design". E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401043.

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The main objective of power system operation and control is to maintain the continuity of supply with required quality and reliability. In power system operation one of the issue is Load frequency control. Generally, the dynamics of the system ( i.e the over all dynamics of governor ,turbine, load and machine) for isolated or inter-connected power system is of higher order. The controller design for a higher order system is a tedious process. In order to over come this difficultly relay feedback identification approach has been adopted. In this approach the higher order system has been reduced to lower order system by the method of IMC-PID tuning control. Robust controller has been design for identified model for single area power system in order to achieve satisfactory closed loop performance. The same concepts have been readily extended to multi area power system.

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Uddin, Mahtab, M. Monir Uddin i Md Abdul Hakim Khan. "Computationally Efficient Optimal Control for Unstable Power System Models". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (19.10.2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8071869.

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In this article, the focus is mainly on gaining the optimal control for the unstable power system models and stabilizing them through the Riccati-based feedback stabilization process with sparsity-preserving techniques. We are to find the solution of the Continuous-time Algebraic Riccati Equations (CAREs) governed from the unstable power system models derived from the Brazilian Inter-Connected Power System (BIPS) models, which are large-scale sparse index-1 descriptor systems. We propose the projection-based Rational Krylov Subspace Method (RKSM) for the iterative computation of the solution of the CAREs. The novelties of RKSM are sparsity-preserving computations and the implementation of time-convenient adaptive shift parameters. We modify the Low-Rank Cholesky-Factor integrated Alternating Direction Implicit (LRCF-ADI) technique-based nested iterative Kleinman–Newton (KN) method to a sparse form and adjust this to solve the desired CAREs. We compare the results achieved by the Kleinman–Newton method with that of using the RKSM. The applicability and adaptability of the proposed techniques are justified numerically with MATLAB simulations. Transient behaviors of the target models are investigated for comparative analysis through the tabular and graphical approaches.

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Gurijala, Sridhar Babu, K. S. Srikanth, Ramchandra Nittala i G. Rohit Reddy. "Transmission system regularization with 5-level cascaded IPFC". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, nr 3 (1.09.2019): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i3.pp1437-1445.

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In recent years, there is an immensely huge demand to power due to industrialization and modernization, butcorrespondingly the amplification of generation and transmission has not been done due to constrained resources and environmental limitations. The huge growth in demand leads to various problems in power systems. Heavy growth in semiconductor technology made power electronics plays a key role in solving these problems. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices are used for fixing various problems in power system. They are used for enhancing the existing transmission capabilities and improving the system dynamic performance so that to make transmission system flexible and efficient in operation. Inter line power flow controller (IPFC) is a latest generation series connected FACTS device, having capability of controlling power flow among multi line in a transmission network. In this paper cascaded 5 level inverter is used as the inverter module for IPFC. Control techniques play a vital role in power flow control in the system, with the main objective of minimization of harmonics and obtaining a variable output with maximum fundamental component. This paper discusses various comparative case studies on IPFC with cascaded 5 level inverter using SPWM and SVM control techniques.

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Wen, Yi Yu, Miao Huang, Guo Ping Liu, Yu Ming Liu i Ke Zhao. "Study on the Feasibility of Widely Usage of PSS in Multi-Machine Power System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (październik 2014): 394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.394.

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WSCC and IEEE have suggested that PSS should be widely used. In China, many PSS have already been used as the inter-connected grid is getting larger. However, the feasibility of Widely Usage of PSS hasn’t been proved, as PSS may introduce some negative damping. This paper indicates that PSS mainly transfers the damping from non-electromechanical mode to the electromechanical mode. And one generator’s PSS mainly enhances the electromechanical mode’s damping associated tightly with the generator, while introducing very little positive or negative damping to the electromechanical mode associated weakly with the generator. Widely Usage PSS’s positive effect is much more than the negative effect. As a result, Widely Usage of PSS is feasible.

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Bhende, C. N., A. Kalam i S. G. Malla. "Mitigation of Power Quality Problems in Grid-Interactive Distributed Generation System". International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 17, nr 2 (1.04.2016): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2015-0163.

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Abstract Having an inter-tie between low/medium voltage grid and distributed generation (DG), both exposes to power quality (PQ) problems created by each other. This paper addresses various PQ problems arise due to integration of DG with grid. The major PQ problems are due to unbalanced and non-linear load connected at DG, unbalanced voltage variations on transmission line and unbalanced grid voltages which severely affect the performance of the system. To mitigate the above mentioned PQ problems, a novel integrated control of distribution static shunt compensator (DSTATCOM) is presented in this paper. DSTATCOM control helps in reducing the unbalance factor of PCC voltage. It also eliminates harmonics from line currents and makes them balanced. Moreover, DSTATCOM supplies the reactive power required by the load locally and hence, grid need not to supply the reactive power. To show the efficacy of the proposed controller, several operating conditions are considered and verified through simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

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C.SrinivasaRao, T., Ravi Ponnala, T. C. Subramanyam i N. Srinivas. "Frequency Error and Voltage Control by using PI and Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Multi Area Inter Connected Power System". International Journal of Computer Applications 77, nr 2 (18.09.2013): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/13365-0962.

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Sellami, T., H. Berriri, S. Jelassi, A. M. Darcherif i M. F. Mimouni. "Sliding Mode Observers-based Fault Detection and Isolation for Wind Turbine-driven Induction Generator". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 8, nr 3 (1.09.2017): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i3.pp1345-1358.

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Inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC) faults on the induction machine has received much attention in the recent years. Early detection of such faults in wind turbine systems would allow to avoid fluctuation on wind power output and maintain the reliability level. In this paper, Sliding Mode Observers (SMO)-based fault detection and isolation method is developed for induction generator (IG)-based variable-speed grid-connected wind turbines. Firstly, the dynamic model of the wind turbine and IG was given and then, the control was made based on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method. The IG closed-loop via Indirect Rotor Flux Oriented Control (IRFOC) scheme was also described. Hence, the performance of the wind turbine system and the stability of injected power to the grid were analyzed under the ITSC fault conditions. The control schemes were proved to be inherently unstable under the faulty conditions. Then, robust SMO were investigated to design an ITSC fault detection and isolation scheme. Finally, simulation results of ITSC detection and isolation in the variable-speed grid-connected wind turbine with affected IG confirm the theoretical development.

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Kostin, Mykola, Anatolii Nikitenko, Tetiana Mishchenko i Lyudmila Shumikhina. "Electrodynamics of Reactive Power in the Space of Inter-Substation Zones of AC Electrified Railway Line". Energies 14, nr 12 (13.06.2021): 3510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123510.

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In railway traction, the definition of “electromagnetic field” is functionally connected to the concept of the reactive power consumed by the electric rolling stock, and characterized by the running and standing electromagnetic waves in the space of the inter-substation zones from the site of the AC traction system. Such a definition is established and theoretically justified by the theory of electromagnetic fields. This article uses the methodology of this theory, in particular, a method for power balance estimation in electromagnetic fields based on Maxwell’s equations, as well as methods for the analysis of running and standing electromagnetic waves based on the theory of reflection, propagation and transmission of plane harmonic waves. The research considers the regularities of standing electromagnetic waves in the space of inter-substation zones of electric traction systems, which occur due to the incomplete reflection of incident waves from the contact wire and metal parts of the roof surface and the frontal part of the body of the electric rolling stock. The flow of electricity to the roof surface and the frontal part of the body of an electric locomotive is considered. The possibility of using existing methods to reduce wave reflections and thereby to effectively compensate for reactive power in the space of inter-substation zones is discussed.

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Pan, Sisi, Wei Jiang, Ming Li, Hua Geng i Jieyun Wang. "Evaluation of the Communication Delay in a Hybrid Real-Time Simulator for Weak Grids". Energies 15, nr 6 (19.03.2022): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062255.

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Real-time Simulation (RTS) is one of the effective means via which to study device level or system level dynamics, such as power converter online testing, evaluation, and control, and power system stability analysis. The RTS -enabled design-chain offers a time -effective, low-cost, and fail-safe development process. As the penetration of renewable energy is becoming higher, the demand in hybrid system real-time simulation becomes imperative, where fast-dynamic device level power converters and slow -dynamic large -scale power systems are simulated at the same time. This paper introduces a novel hybrid real-time simulation architecture based on the central processing unit (CPU) and the field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Compared with the off-the-shelf power system real-time simulation system, it offers both wide time scale simulation and high accuracy. The multi-time scale model can perform electromechanical electromagnetic transient hybrid simulation, which can be applied to the research of power systems penetrated with power converters. In the proposed simulation platform, the communication delay is introduced when different RTS platforms exchange real-time data. The communication delay should be considered in the stability analysis of the grid-connected inverters in a weak grid environment. Based on the virtual impedance characteristic formed by the control loop with and without communication delay, the impedance characteristics are analyzed and inter-simulator delay impacts are revealed in this paper. Theoretical analysis indicates that the communication delay, contrary to expectation, can improve the virtual impedance characteristics of the system. With the same hardware simulation parameters, the grid-converter system is verified on both the Typhoon system alone and the Typhoon-dSPACE-SpaceR hybrid simulation platform. The THD value of grid current in a weak grid environment that works in the Typhoon system is 4.98%, and 2.38% in the Typhoon-dSPACE-SpaceR hybrid simulation platform. This study eventually reveals the fact that the inter-simulation delay creates the illusion that the control system built in the novel hybrid real-time simulation is more stable under weak grid conditions.

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Yang, Chen-Wei, Min-Ze Lu, Wei-Ming Ma i Chang-Ming Liaw. "A Switched-Reluctance Motor Drive Powered by Switch-Mode Rectifier with Battery Energy Storage Buffer". Journal of Energy and Power Technology 03, nr 02 (23.12.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2102016.

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This paper presents a three-phase full-bridge boost switch-mode rectifier (SMR) powered switched-reluctance motor (SRM) drive with battery energy storage buffer. It covers the designing of the power circuits and control schemes for the two power stages. Except for having a superior line-drawn power quality, the boost-able DC-link voltage of the SRM drive can enhance the SRM driving performance in a wide speed range and sent back the recovered regenerative braking energy to the grid successfully. The next is establishing a battery energy storage system (BESS) with a bidirectional interface DC-DC converter connected to the motor drive DC-link for providing an energy buffer. The proposed parallel operation strategy has three possible inter-connected operations. (i) Grid-to-battery (G2B) charging: The battery charged by the grid with a good line drawn power quality. (ii) B2G discharging operation: The battery sending power back to the grid by the interface converter and the SMR. (iii) Battery buffer operation: Powering of the SRM drive simultaneously by the utility grid and the battery with the proposed parallel operation strategy.

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Li, Wei, Hui Ren, Ping Chen, Yanyang Wang i Hailong Qi. "Key Operational Issues on the Integration of Large-Scale Solar Power Generation—A Literature Review". Energies 13, nr 22 (14.11.2020): 5951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225951.

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Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation has strong intermittency and volatility due to its high dependence on solar radiation and other meteorological factors. Therefore, the negative impact of grid-connected PV on power systems has become one of the constraints in the development of large scale PV systems. Accurate forecasting of solar power generation and flexible planning and operational measures are of great significance to ensure safe, stable, and economical operation of a system with high penetration of solar generation at transmission and distribution levels. In this paper, studies on the following aspects are reviewed: (1) this paper comprehensively expounds the research on forecasting techniques of PV power generation output. (2) In view of the new challenge brought by the integration of high proportion solar generation to the frequency stability of power grid, this paper analyzes the mechanisms of influence between them and introduces the current technical route of PV power generation participating in system frequency regulation. (3) This section reviews the feasible measures that facilitate the inter-regional and wide-area consumption of intermittent solar power generation. At the end of this paper, combined with the actual demand of the development of power grid and PV power generation, the problems that need further attention in the future are prospected.

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Hussein, Husham I., Ali Najim Abdullah i Assama Sahib Jafar Jafar. "A novel online monitoring system of frequency oscillations based intelligence phasor measurement units". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, nr 3 (1.09.2023): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i3.pp1589-1596.

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In this paper, frequency oscillation has been present as it is an important issue in power systems, especially when it is joined to the new trend to use alternative energies as an energy source, as well as to be a big risk for the inter-connection of the modern electric power networks. Wind farm acts as alternative energy and connected to two buses on the Iraqi power system. Because the low-frequency oscillation monitoring needs be accurate and fast, the main objective is to propose a novel online monitoring system consisting of phasor measurement unit's (PMU) with artificial intelligence neural network (PMU-NN). The location of the phasor measurement units has been optimized using (graph-theoretic procedure algorithm) and the function for the artificial intelligence (NN) is radial basis function (RBFNN). The data information from phasor measurement units is the inputs to the artificial intelligence system then predictions are made Information on low-frequency oscillation (target). The MATLAB toolboxes (PSAT & NN) used to obtain results. Finally, from the results, the validity of the proposed (PMU-NN) system has been proven and tested on the Iraqi power grid (24 bus) in several cases and several places on the network and the comparison was made with the analysis model.

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Trairat, Panupon, Sakda Somkun, Tanakorn Kaewchum, Tawat Suriwong, Pisit Maneechot, Teerapon Panpho, Wikarn Wansungnern, Sathit Banthuek, Bongkot Prasit i Tanongkiat Kiatsiriroat. "Grid Integration of Livestock Biogas Using Self-Excited Induction Generator and Spark-Ignition Engine". Energies 16, nr 13 (26.06.2023): 4963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134963.

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This study developed a grid-connected biogas power generation system for a rural community using a 3-phase 2.2 kW squirrel-cage induction machine as the self-excited induction generator. The generator was driven by a 196 cc single-cylinder spark-ignition engine fueled by biogas. We developed a back-to-back converter that consists of a 3-phase PWM rectifier as the generator-side converter and a single-phase LCL-filtered grid-connected inverter. The generator-side converter transferred the active power to the grid-side converter and supplied the reactive power control back to the generator. The notch filter-based bus voltage control on the generator side mitigated the inter-harmonics in the generator current. The injected grid current complied with the IEEE 1547 standard because of the multi-frequency unbalanced synchronous reference frame control. The proposed system was validated with biogas produced from pig manure at a pig farm in central Thailand, which found a maximum output of 1.2 kW with a thermal system efficiency of 10.7%. The proposed system was scheduled to operate at 1.2 kW for 8 h per day with a levelized cost of 0.07 US$/kWh, 42% cheaper than the retail electricity price, and a payback period of 2.76 years. The proposed system is suitable for a farm with a minimum of 34 pigs.

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Zhu, Yun, Jie Gao, Lin Zhang i Shao Lan Sun. "System Modeling for Opportunistic Network-Coded Cooperative Multicast Transmission in Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks". Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (wrzesień 2013): 1413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.1413.

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Wireless sensor networks are formed by connected sensors that each have the ability to collect, process, and store environmental information as well as communicate with others via inter-sensor wireless communication. The many-to-one communication pattern used by sensor nodes in most of the data gathering applications leads to such unbalanced energy consumption. Cluster-based protocols attempt to solve this problem by load balancing within the cluster and rotating the job of cluster head every few rounds. In this paper, in order to achieve efficient utilization of wireless resources, we propose an opportunistic network-coded cooperative multicast scheme, which can select appropriate relays by synthetically considering location and instantaneous channel state information to improve the network performance than direct multicast with non additional power consumption.

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Chen, Yiyuan, Yufeng Wang, Jianhua Ma i Qun Jin. "BRIM: An Accurate Electricity Spot Price Prediction Scheme-Based Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network and Integrated Market". Energies 12, nr 12 (12.06.2019): 2241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122241.

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For the benefit from accurate electricity price forecasting, not only can various electricity market stakeholders make proper decisions to gain profit in a competitive environment, but also power system stability can be improved. Nevertheless, because of the high volatility and uncertainty, it is an essential challenge to accurately forecast the electricity price. Considering that recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are suitable for processing time series data, in this paper, we propose a bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM)-based forecasting model, BRIM, which splits the state neurons of a regular RNN into two parts: the forward states (using the historical electricity price information) are designed for processing the data in positive time direction and backward states (using the future price information available at inter-connected markets) for the data in negative time direction. Moreover, due to the fact that inter-connected power exchange markets show a common trend for other neighboring markets and can provide signaling information for each other, it is sensible to incorporate and exploit the impact of the neighboring markets on forecasting accuracy of electricity price. Specifically, future electricity prices of the interconnected market are utilized both as input features for forward LSTM and backward LSTM. By testing on day-ahead electricity prices in the European Power Exchange (EPEX), the experimental results show the superiority of the proposed method BRIM in enhancing predictive accuracy in comparison with the various benchmarks, and moreover Diebold-Mariano (DM) shows that the forecast accuracy of BRIM is not equal to other forecasting models, and thus indirectly demonstrates that BRIM statistically significantly outperforms other schemes.

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Sun, Danfeng, Yanlong Xi, Abdullah Yaqot, Horst Hellbrück i Huifeng Wu. "Throughput Maximization Using Deep Complex Networks for Industrial Internet of Things". Sensors 23, nr 2 (13.01.2023): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020951.

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The high-density Industrial Internet of Things needs to meet the requirements of high-density device access and massive data transmission, which requires the support of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna cognitive systems to keep high throughput. In such a system, spectral efficiency (SE) optimization based on dynamic power allocation is an effective way to enhance the network throughput as the channel quality variations significantly affect the spectral efficiency performance. Deep learning methods have illustrated the ability to efficiently solve the non-convexity of resource allocation problems induced by the channel multi-path and inter-user interference effects. However, current real-valued deep-learning-based power allocation methods have failed to utilize the representational capacity of complex-valued data as they regard the complex-valued channel data as two parts: real and imaginary data. In this paper, we propose a complex-valued power allocation network (AttCVNN) with cross-channel and in-channel attention mechanisms to improve the model performance where the former considers the relationship between cognitive users and the primary user, i.e., inter-network users, while the latter focuses on the relationship among cognitive users, i.e., intra-network users. Comparison experiments indicate that the proposed AttCVNN notably outperforms both the equal power allocation method (EPM) and the real-valued and the complex-valued fully connected network (FNN, CVFNN) and shows a better convergence rate in the training phase than the real-valued convolutional neural network (AttCNN).

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Petukhov, Nikolai, Ekaterina Ryabtseva, Yuri Tuganov i Vladimir Aulov. "Preventing Corruption in the Judicial System of the Russian Federation: Opportunities for Corruption Connected with the Discretionary Powers of the Court Chairperson". Russian Journal of Criminology 14, nr 6 (30.12.2020): 823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(6).823-833.

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At the present moment, corruption crimes committed by civil service employees not only interfere with the work of public officials endowed with authority, but they also undermine the credibility of state power, the trust and respect of people for state institutions and, primarily, for equitable justice. The article describes the experience of counteracting corruption in the practice of courts and judicial bodies, including the High Qualification Board of Judges, the Councils of Judges of the Russian Federation and of its regions. Adhering to the requirements of international law and taking into consideration the national law systems, the authors based their research on the inter-disciplinary systemic approach, which is necessary for the effective prevention of corruption in the court system. The theoretical results of the research were reflected in determining both the general regularities of combating corruption in the court system and the specific characteristics that take into consideration the structural and functional features of court power and the legal status of public officials. The practical results include suggestions on optimizing the organization of corruption prevention in the court system, the cooperation of courts and judicial bodies with other state bodies and public institutions on counteracting corruption while preserving the independence of the judicial power. The practical conclusions could be used for optimizing the work of courts and judicial bodies connected with the organization and implementation of anti-corruption measures.

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Devarapalli, Ramesh, i Biplab Bhattacharyya. "A novel hybrid AGWO-PSO algorithm in mitigation of power network oscillations with STATCOM". Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization 11, nr 4 (2021): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/naco.2020057.

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The assimilation of flexible AC transmission (FACTS) controllers to the existing power network outweigh the numerous alternatives in enhancing the damping behavior for the inter-area /intra-area system oscillations of a power network. This paper provides a rigorous analysis in damping of oscillations in a power network. It utilizes a shunt connected voltage source converter (VSC) based FACTS device to enhance the system operating characteristics. A comprehensive system mathematical modelling has been developed for demonstrating the system behavior under different loading conditions. A novel hybrid augmented grey wolf optimization-particle swarm optimization (AGWO-PSO) is proposed for the coordinated design of controllers static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and power system stabilizers (PSSs). A multi-objective function, comprising damping ratio improvement and drifting the real part to the left-hand side of S-plane of the system poles, has been developed to achieve the objective and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms have been analyzed by monitoring the system performance under different loading conditions. Eigenvalue analysis and damping nature of the system states under perturbation have been presented for the proposed algorithms under different loading conditions, and the performance evaluation of the proposed algorithms have been done by means of time of execution and the convergence characteristics.

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Saied, Osama, Omprakash Kaiwartya, Mohammad Aljaidi, Sushil Kumar, Mufti Mahmud, Rupak Kharel, Farah Al-Sallami i Charalampos C. Tsimenidis. "LiNEV: Visible Light Networking for Connected Vehicles". Photonics 10, nr 8 (11.08.2023): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080925.

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DC-biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) has been introduced to visible light networking framework for connected vehicles (LiNEV) systems as a modulation and multiplexing scheme. This is to overcome the light-emitting diode (LED) bandwidth limitation, as well as to reduce the inter-symbol interference caused by the multipath road fading. Due to the implementation of the inverse fast Fourier transform, DC-OFDM suffers from its large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which degrades the performance in LiNEV systems, as the LEDs used in the vehicles’ headlights have a limited optical power-current linear range. To tackle this issue, discrete Fourier transform spread-optical pulse amplitude modulation (DFTS-OPAM) has been proposed as an alternative modulation scheme for LiNEV systems instead of DCO-OFDM. In this paper, we investigate the system performance of both schemes considering the light-emitting diode linear dynamic range and LED 3 dB modulation bandwidth limitations. The simulation results indicate that DCO-OFDM has a 9 dB higher PAPR value compared with DFTS-OPAM. Additionally, it is demonstrated that DCO-OFDM requires an LED with a linear range that is twice the one required by DFTS-OPAM for the same high quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) order. Furthermore, the findings illustrate that when the signal bandwidth of both schemes significantly exceeds the LED modulation bandwidth, DCO-OFDM outperforms DFTS-OPAM, as it requires a lower signal-to-noise ratio at a high QAM order.

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Bumblauskas, Daniel. "A Markov decision process model case for optimal maintenance of serially dependent power system components". Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 21, nr 3 (10.08.2015): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-09-2014-0050.

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Purpose – Using a case study for electrical power equipment, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of dependence between series-connected system components in maintenance decisions. Design/methodology/approach – A continuous-time Markov decision model is formulated to find a minimum cost maintenance policy for a circuit breaker as an independent component while considering a downstream transformer as a dependent component. Maintenance of the dependent component is included implicitly in terms of the costs associated with certain state-action pairs. For policy and cost comparisons, a separate model is also formulated that considers only the circuit breaker as the independent component. After uniformizing the continuous-time models to discrete time, standard methods are used to solve for the average-cost-optimal policies of each model. Findings – The optimal maintenance policy and its cost differ significantly depending on whether or not the dependent component is considered. Research limitations/implications – Data used are from manufacturer databases; additional model validation could be conducted if applied to an electric utility asset fleet within their generation, transmission, and/or distribution system. This model and methodology are already being applied in other contexts such as industrial machinery and equipment, jet engines, amusement park rides, etc. Practical implications – The outcome of this model can be utilized by asset and operations managers to make maintenance decisions based on prediction rather than more traditional time- or condition-based maintenance methodologies. This model is being developed for use as a module in a larger maintenance information system, specifically linking condition monitor data from the field to a predictive maintenance model. Similar methods are being applied to other applications outside the electrical equipment case detailed herein. Originality/value – This model provides a structured approach for managers to decide how to best allocate their resources across a network of inter-connected equipment. Work in this area has not fully considered the importance of dependency on systems maintenance, particularly in applications with highly variable repair and replacement costs.

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Butt, Rohan Zafar, Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi, Mohammed Alghassab, Zafar A. Khan, Abdullah Altamimi, Muhammad Imran i Fahad F. Alruwaili. "Techno-Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis of Large-Scale Wind Farms Integration in Weak Transmission Grid from Mid-Career Repowering Perspective". Sustainability 14, nr 5 (22.02.2022): 2507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052507.

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Repowering a wind farm enhances its ability to generate electricity, allowing it to better utilize areas with high mean wind speeds. Pakistan’s present energy dilemma is a serious impediment to its economic development. The usage of a diesel generator as a dependable backup power source raises the cost of energy per kWh and increases environmental emissions. To minimize environmental emissions, grid-connected wind farms enhance the percentage of wind energy in the electricity system. These wind generators’ effects, on the other hand, are augmented by the absorption of greater quantities of reactive electricity from the grid. According to respective grid codes, integration of commercial onshore Large-Scale Wind Farms (LSWF) into a national grid is fraught with technical problems and inter-farm wake effects, which primarily ensure power quality while degrading overall system operation and limiting the optimal use of attainable wind resources. The goal of this study is to examine and estimate the techno-economic influence of large-scale wind farms linked to poor transmission systems in Pakistan, contemplating the inter-farm wake effect and reactive power diminution and compensating using a range of voltage-ampere reactive (VAR) devices. This study presents a partial repowering technique to address active power deficits produced by the wake effect by raising hub height by 20 m, which contributed to recovering the active power deficit to 48% and so reduced the effects of upstream wind farms. Simulations were conducted for several scenarios on an actual test system modeled in MATLAB for comparative study using capacitor banks and different flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices. Using the SAM (System Advisor Model) and RETscreen, a complete technical, economic, and environmental study was done based on energy fed into the grid, payback time, net present value (NPV), and greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction. The studies suggest that the unified power flow controller (UPFC) is the optimum compensating device via comparison analysis as it improved the power handling capabilities of the power system. Our best-case scenario includes UPFC with hub height augmentation, demonstrating that it is technically, fiscally, and environmentally viable. Over the course of its lifespan, the planned system has the potential to save 1,011,957 tCO2, resulting in a greener environment. When the energy generated annually by a current wake-affected system is compared to our best-recommended scenario, a recovered shortfall of 4.851% is seen, with improved system stability. This modest investment in repowering boosts energy production due to wake effects, resulting in increased NPV, revenue, and fewer CO2 footprints.

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Majumder, Shibarchi, Jens Frederik Dalsgaard Nielsen, Thomas Bak i Anders la Cour-Harbo. "Reliable flight control system architecture for agile airborne platforms: an asymmetric multiprocessing approach". Aeronautical Journal 123, nr 1264 (czerwiec 2019): 840–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2019.30.

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AbstractSystem software subsystems in an unmanned aircraft system share hardware resources due to space, weight, and power constraints. Such subsystems have different criticality, requirements, and failure rates, and can cause undesired interference when sharing the same hardware. A component with high failure rate can reduce the reliability of the system unless a fault containment mechanism is adopted.This work proposes an asymmetric multiprocessor architecture to establish isolation at the hardware level for distributed implementation of safety-critical subsystems along with user defined payload subsystems on the same hardware with minimally reduced reliability of the system. To achieve that, subsystems are strategically segregated in separate processors, connected to an on-chip protective interconnect for inter-processor communications. A custom watchdog and reset mechanism are implemented to reset a specific processor without affecting the entire system if required. The architecture is demonstrated on a FPGA chip. In addition, an example of an optimised distribution is provided for a specific flight control system with five subsystems.

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Ma, Jing, Jiaming Zhang, Hongfei Shao i Peng Cheng. "Calculation of the transient stability boundary of AC/DC inter‐connected system based on the stability margin of dynamic energy". IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 16, nr 3 (28.09.2021): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.12304.

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Yahya, Mawadah Glaa, i Massara Glaa Yahya. "Modified PDPWM control with MPPT algorithm for equal power sharing in cascaded multilevel inverter for standalone PV system under partial shading". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i1.pp533-545.

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In this paper, a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is used to track the maximum power of a PV system using DC-DC boost converter technology. To raise the PV module's input DC voltage, a DC-DC boost converter was employed. The boost converter powered the DC-AC multilevel PWM inverter, which then delivered the output AC voltage to a solitary inductive load. Cascaded multilevel inverters are often used to condition power in renewable energy applications because they are easy to use and have few parts. Ripples in the voltage of DC link capacitors cause low order harmonics and inter harmonics in the multilevel inverter's output voltage. Phase disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM) has the fewest harmonics. The inverter cells' power delivery is not equal in this manner. In the present paper, a strategy for improving sharing of power PDPWM for photovoltaic applications is proposed. The modified PDPWM is used on a 9-level inverter where each cell is connected to a PV array running at maximum power point tracking MPPT and under partial shadowing for single phase multilevel inverters. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software was used to do simulations, and the findings demonstrate that the method presented is effective at balancing the way power is shared between different inverter cells and reducing the voltage ripple of the DC link capacitor.

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Alghamdi, Yusif A., Zhengbiao Peng, Caimao Luo, Zeyad Almutairi, Behdad Moghtaderi i Elham Doroodchi. "Systematic Study of Pressure Fluctuation in the Riser of a Dual Inter-Connected Circulating Fluidized Bed: Using Single and Binary Particle Species". Processes 7, nr 12 (1.12.2019): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7120890.

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This study systematically investigates the pressure fluctuation in the riser of a dual interconnected circulating fluidized bed (CFB) representing a 10 kWth cold-flow model (CFM) of a chemical-looping combustion (CLC) system. Specifically, a single-species system (SSS) and a binary-mixtures system (BMS) of particles with different sizes and densities were utilized. The pressure fluctuation was analyzed using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method. The effect of introducing a second particle, changing the inventory, composition (i.e., 5, 10 to 20 wt.%), particle size ratio, and fluidization velocity were investigated. For typical SSS experiments, the results were similar to those scarcely reported in the literature, where the pressure fluctuation intensity was influenced by varying the initial operating conditions. The pressure fluctuations of BMS were investigated in detail and compared with those obtained from SSS experiments. BMS exhibited different behaviour; it had intense pressure fluctuation in the air reactor and in the riser when compared to SSS experiments. The standard deviation (SD) of the pressure fluctuation was found to be influenced by the fluidization regime and initial operating conditions, while the power spectrum density (PSD) values were more sensitive to the presence of the particles with the higher terminal velocity in the binary mixture.

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Guo, Yufu, Hang Xu i Aobing Chi. "Broadband Dynamic Phasor Measurement Method for Harmonic Detection". Electronics 11, nr 11 (24.05.2022): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111667.

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A large number of nonlinear loads and distributed energy sources are connected to the power system, leading to the generation of broadband dynamic signals including inter-harmonics and decaying DC (DDC) components. This causes deterioration of power quality and errors during power measurement. Therefore, effective phasor estimation methods are needed for accurate monitoring and effective analysis of harmonics and interharmonic phasors. For this purpose, an algorithm is proposed in this paper that is implemented in two parts. The first part is based on the least square method in order to obtain accurate DDC component. In the second part, a Taylor–Fourier model of broadband dynamic harmonic phasor is established. The regularization optimization problem of the sparse acquisition model is solved by harmonic vector estimation method. Finally, the piecewise Split-Bregman Iterative (SBI) framework is used to obtain the estimated value of the harmonic phasor measurement and to realize the reconstruction of the original signal. Through simulation and performance test, the proposed algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of the phasor measurement and estimation, and can provide a reliable theoretical basis for the PMU measurement.

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Danilov, M. I., i I. G. Romanenko. "Operational Identification of Resistances of Wires of 380 V Distribution Networks by Automated Accounting Systems". ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 66, nr 2 (4.04.2023): 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2023-66-2-124-140.

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Four-wire distribution electrical networks of 0.4 kV equipped with automated systems of electrical energy accounting are considered. The problem of identifying the resistances of the wires of the distribution network is solved on the basis of the effective values of voltages and currents, as well as of their phase shift angles obtained by the accounting system in the power supply node of the network and from its subscribers for the selected observation intervals. A brief analysis of the known methods and technologies used in this area of research is carried out. The importance of the formulated problem for applied problems, such as control and diagnostics of electrical energy losses, as well as the technical condition of the network, is noted. A method (algorithm) is proposed that allows determining unknown, unequal complex resistances of inter-subscriber sections of the distribution network. In these resistances, the reactive components are considered equal within the inter-subscriber section; the active components differ due to the influence of unequal flowing currents and/or weather factors. At the same time, data from two different network operating modes are required, which are selected based on the analysis of the dynamics of changes of supply currents and/or voltages by the accounting system device connected to the power supply node. Considering that the active resistances of the wires must remain unchanged, the mode that is used for calculations is the one that is before the change in power consumption in the network and the next one immediately (about 0.1 s) after it. An example of a calculation that demonstrates the reliability of the proposed equations of the method that has been developed on a simulated distribution network is given. The research results are focused on the improvement of automated accounting systems and the implementation of their new functions that elevate the reliability of distribution networks, as well as allowing for the rapid identification of non-technical losses of electrical energy.

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DANILOV, Maksim I. "On Identifying and Calculating Electricity Losses with Automated Metering Systems in Distribution Networks in Case of Unauthorized Consumption". Elektrichestvo 6, nr 6 (2021): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2021-6-51-61.

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A 0.4 kV distribution network equipped with an automated information and measurement electricity metering system is considered. It is assumed that the metering system receives data on active and reactive power, and on the effective voltage values that correspond to the same time interval and are received at the distribution network beginning and from all subscribers. It is also assumed that the impedances of the phase wires are the same for each inter-subscriber section of the network, but differ from the impedance of the neutral one and are considered to be unknown during the initial calculation. The problem is formulated as follows: arrange, by means of the metering system, online calculation and monitoring of non-technical losses of electric energy in the network that contains several simultaneously operating subscribers connected to the network phases, from which incorrect energy consumption data are received. It is also necessary to identify such subscribers and evaluate the amounts of their unauthorized taps of electricity. The known approach to solving the formulated problem is analyzed, and its shortcomings are revealed. A new method is proposed, which is based on taking into account the phasor relationships for the operating parameters that determine the three-phase network electrical state and calculating the impedances of the distribution network inter-subscriber sections when there are no unauthorized taps of electricity and the currents through these sections when there are unauthorized taps of electricity. By using the proposed method, it becomes possible to determine non-technical losses of electricity in the distribution network for the reporting period and to identify subscribers with incorrect electricity consumption data. It is shown that the unaccounted consumption of electricity in each individual subscriber can be calculated if there are several subscribers with unauthorized taps of electricity connected to one phase of the network, whereas there are no more than one of such taps in the other phases. The obtained results can find application both in existing automated electricity metering systems and in the development of new ones.

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