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1
Piotrowski, Jacek. "Szablą, piórem i... stetoskopem! Gen. Stefan Hubicki w walce o granice Odrodzonej Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1918–1920". Annales Collegii Nobilium Opolienses 1, nr 10 (31.12.2021): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/acno2021107.
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The results of historical research sometimes need updating – especially if some valuable new historical resources turn up. This is often the case of 20th century history, where iconographic materials are important, which are being gradually submitted for publication by families. This way valuable information can be revealed about, for example, the hero of this article. Stefan Hubicki is an extremely interesting person – a soldier by choice, a publicist by temper, a doctor by profession. He was a versatilely gifted, openminded man, descended from a family of strong independence traditions. It was at the beginning of 20th century when he was imprisoned by tsarism for subversive activity. During the Great War in the Russian army and later in Polish military formations, he employed all his talents to the effort of rebuilding the independent Polish Republic. He was fighting as a soldier, then as a French intelligence agent in Bolshevik Russia, then working as a publicist and politician in Polish National Committee in Paris. Since spring 1919, back in Poland, in frontlines of border wars he helped soldiers as the chief of sanitary service. For his service he received the highest military medal of honour Virtuti Militari. In meantime his personal life rolled on in the background – highly complicated, because he was in danger of being convicted for bigamy. He was a colourful person, rising above the limitations of his era. Despite of his inconspicuous looks and average height he possessed a leadership charisma.
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Shelukhin, Volodymyr. "Ukrainian Sociological Institute: Factional Politics, Research, and Intelligence Services in the Development of Ukrainian Sociology". Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, nr 1 (marzec 2024): 110–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2024.01.110.
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In the history of Ukrainian sociology, it is considered that there were two organizations with the name "Ukrainian Sociological Institute". This article argues that they should be seen as two stages of one process — the academic and disciplinary institutionalization of Ukrainian sociology, which took place amid an (un)favorable and contradictory political struggle among Ukrainian revolutionary socialists (“esers”). This study attempts to characterize the context of this struggle and its significance for the institutional development of Ukrainian sociology in the first third of the 20th century. Ukrainian “esers” played a key role in endorsing the idea of establishing a professional sociological institution. The notion that the history of the two institutes should be considered separately emerged due to the competition between two opposing “eser” factions, one rallying around Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the other around Mykyta Shapoval. The article also provides an analysis-based overview of the institute's activities, considering the international context of contemporary sociology's development, using archival documents and sources of that time. Despite not always favorable conditions, the Ukrainian Sociological Institute (USI) spurred the emergence of new research directions and established a meaningful dialogue with the global sociological community. While much of the work of the USI has become part of the history of social and behavioral sciences, the author formulates three theses that, in his opinion, attest to the potential value of studying the USI's activities for modern Ukrainian sociology: rediscovering potential classics and seeking theoretical insights, decolonization/decommunization of Ukrainian sociology, and the first example in the history of Ukrainian sociology of a "strong program" through dialogue with civil society. It is argued that the USI was able to work quite effectively, primarily by skillfully integrating its activities into the network of civic initiatives and communities of Ukrainians on several continents, thereby testing sustainable practices that remain relevant today.
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Budanov, Vladimir G., i Albert R. Efimov. "Science and Art in the Digital Age: A Synergy Problem". Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 64, nr 1 (2.06.2021): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2021-64-1-116-133.
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Today artistic perception of the world and scientific and technical understanding of reality remain the main forms of creative self-realization. For many centuries, starting in Antiquity, art and science went hand in hand in cultural history. However, during the heyday of technogenic civilization, there occurred a split, and since the second half of the 20th century these two parts of a previously common culture became poorly compatible. According to the authors, the era of digitalization is going to completely replace the algorithmic and instructive professions in technology and service personnel with robots and artificial intelligence, and a person will have to develop the spheres of right-brain practices, which undoubtedly include scientific and technical creativity and art. Like all previous information revolutions, the modern digital revolution is creating new network structures of fast communication and ultra-long-distance, global order. Distance does not matter any more. In this situation, the cognitive maps of a person change radically, new types of self-organization and socialization appear, and there occurs a deformation of value spaces and worldview guidelines. Life in the uncertainty of this new world can only become effective in interaction of man and artificial intelligence, and the only aspect of activity that cannot be replaced by artificial intelligence is creativity and aesthetic experiences as well as culture. Thus, the authors conclude that a new synthesis in culture is needed, the ways of which are discussed in detail in the article. Among them are promotion of new concepts of Science-Art, application of post-Turing methodology, and use of quantum-synergetic anthropology, which develops new ideas about theatrical and engineering creativity, – and these will remain unattainable to artificial intelligence in foreseeable future.
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Ivanov, A. A. "British Special Services in Interdepartmental Contradictions in the Beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century". Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 22, nr 1 (14.01.2023): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-1-20-32.
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In modern conditions, the problem of the objectivity of decisions taken by politicians is acute, due to the fact that responsible persons often lack reliable information. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the receipt and interpretation of this information has been within the competence of intelligence agencies, therefore, the success of military-political operations often depends on the effectiveness of their work and the quality of their interaction with other departments. The hypothesis of the study is that, under certain conditions, the ability of special services to influence the politicaldecision-making process is often associated not only with the effectiveness of analytical work, but more with the ability to overcome the resistance of other government agencies seeking to monopolize information channels in the government. The example of the secret services of the British Empire in this respect is valuable as far as the victory in the Great War made the apparatus of this state an object of interest of some other countries, which wanted to bring the level of efficiency and working principles of their security structures in line with the British. Accordingly, not only the advantages of the British secret services, but also their shortcomings, manifested, among other things, in the bias of assessments and distortion of the content of intelligence reports, became widespread in the world.
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Gatin, Mikhail Igorevich. "The history of anti-Castro terrorist organizations and their ties to the U.S. government". Исторический журнал: научные исследования, nr 3 (marzec 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2024.3.70351.
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The article is devoted to the history of terrorist organizations that arose as a response to the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the rise to power of Fidel Castro and the policies of his government over the following decades. An important role in the creation, financing and support of these organizations was played by people directly or indirectly connected with the American special services and the political leadership of the United States. The activities of Cuban counter-revolutionary terrorists have led to tragic consequences, including the deaths of innocent people, not only Cubans, but also representatives of other Latin American countries. The use of terrorist methods for political purposes is an extremely urgent problem in the 21st century, and therefore an appeal to the history of this phenomenon is objectively necessary to effectively combat this evil. The history of terrorist activity by opponents of the Castro regime is of interest both to historians and political scientists, whose interests include the study of the Caribbean region, the history of foreign policy and the activities of US intelligence agencies, and to specialists in international relations in general. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. This allows us to consider the problem under study as an integrated system, where the facts are analyzed in their entirety and interrelationships. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive) and general historical (historical-comparative, historical-systemic) research methods are necessary for conducting research. The present study has a scientific novelty, since it is based on sources not previously used in the Russian scientific literature. A significant part of the corpus of sources used by the author of the article are classified CIA documents until recently. To a certain extent, working with such arrays of information is not only a historical, but also a political science study that allows us to better understand the realities of modern geopolitics. As for the conclusions of this study, they may be summarised respectively: 1) the United States, at least in the recent past, was a direct sponsor of international terrorism; 2) the activities of anti-Castro terrorist groups in the 20th century still hinder the process of restoring diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba; 3) a violent change of power in the state inevitably generates a cycle of violence that evades the risk of interference in the internal affairs of the country from the outside.
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ZAYTSEV, Yurii. "MYKHAILO SOROKA IS A MORAL SYMBOL OF FIGHTERS FOR FREEDOM OF UKRAINE 1940–1980S". Contemporary era 7 (2019): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2019-7-234-243.
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A study of the history of the Ukrainian national liberation movement of the 20th century involves explaining not only global processes and milestones, but, crucially, the role of specific figures in this movement in the context of real-time political circumstances and social changes. The proposed article is based on a sufficiently wide source base, first of all, on documents of the Soviet special services, mostly unpublished. The author considers his task to show the spiritual and ideological integrity of the character of Mykhailo Soroka, his high intelligence, thorough education, European thinking, his leadership qualities, firmness in defending his views and ignoring the insidious KGB temptations, a talent of the organizer, tolerance in comradely relations, self-initiation to the majestic prospect of creating an independent democratic Ukrainian state. An important component of M. Soroka's personal life was his marriage to a well-known member and regional leader of OUN Kateryna Zarytska. A brief account of her unique biography fails to outline the multifaceted nature and tragedy of this person's selfless. However, it clearly illustrates the anti-humanity of the Bilshovyk-communist regime. M. Soroka's speech at the trial of 1953 in Syktyvkar deserves special attention. It was an indictment of the Soviet regime. He stressed that every nation has the right to a dignified life with "full freedom of conscience, thought, speech and assembly." Moreover, he can get it only in an independent state. Soroka considered the ancestry of disobedience and a sense of justice as an instrument of achieving this aim. He stated that "if we are not attacked, we certainly do not need to defend ourselves." Keywords: Soroka, Zarytska, arrest, court, detention, OUN-North, uprising, independent Ukraine, rehabilitation.
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Haseljić, Meldijana Arnaut. "Genocid(i) u Drugom svjetskom ratu – Ka konvenciji o genocidu (ishodišta, definiranje, procesuiranja)". Historijski pogledi 5, nr 8 (15.11.2022): 239–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.239.
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The twentieth century began and ended with the execution of genocide. At the same time, it is the century in which large-scale armed conflicts were fought, including the First and Second World Wars. The Second World War was marked, among other things, by genocides committed against peoples that were planned for extermination by Nazi projects. In the first place, it is inevitable to mention the genocide (Holocaust) against the most numerous victims - the Jews. The Holocaust resulted in millions of victims. Mass murders of Jews were carried out, but in the Second World War, about a million people who were members of other nations were also killed. The Nazis carried out the systematic extermination of Jews and other target groups in concentration camps established in Germany, but also in occupied countries. Hundreds of camps were opened throughout the occupied territories of Europe. The target groups scheduled for extermination were collected and transported by trains, most often in transport and livestock wagons, and taken to camps where a certain number were immediately killed, while another number were temporarily left for forced labor. People who were used for forced labor often died of exhaustion, and those who managed to survive the torture were eventually killed. In addition to the closure and liquidation in the camps, individual and mass executions were also carried out in other places. The large number of those killed indicated the need for quick rehabilitation, which resulted in burning the bodies on pyres or burying them in mass graves. The committed genocides encouraged the formation of the United Nations, but also resulted in the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, or for short - the Genocide Convention, which was supposed to be a guarantee for „never again“. Sanctions issued in the form of death sentences to the most notorious war criminals for the terrible crimes for which they were found responsible should have been another obstacle to „never again“. However, the participants of our time testify that it was not so. Genocidal projects have revived and genocides have been realized, as is the case with the genocide committed in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 20th century. In the trial of the most notorious Nazis, known as the Nuremberg Trials, the harshest death sentences were handed down, as well as life and long-term imprisonment. The specificity of the Nuremberg process is that, in addition to proclaiming the principle of personal responsibility, it also represents a condemnation of the committed aggression, but also a political project as manifested by the condemnation of various organizations that were declared responsible for the crimes committed. At the main international military trial that began on October 18, 1945, 24 defendants were prosecuted for individual responsibility, but six criminal war organizations were also prosecuted - the leadership of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party - NSDAP (National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) headed by was Adolf Hitler - the most responsible criminal for World War II and the execution of the Holocaust), SS (Schutzstaffel - military branch of the NSDAP), SA (Sturmabteilung - Assault Squad of the NSDAP), SD (Sicherheitsdienst - Intelligence Service of the NSDAP), Gestapo (Geheime Staats Polizei - secret state police) and OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht - Supreme Command of the German Army). Certain prosecutions were also carried out in the national courts of the countries that emerged victorious in the Second World War.
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Keser, Sezer Cihaner. "20th Century quest for new art and interdisciplinary approach". Global Journal of Arts Education 7, nr 2 (12.06.2017): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjae.v7i2.1835.
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AbstractArt; when setting up the combined connection of feelings and thoughts, it is a very effective helper of learning and development. It developes one's source of explanation better, form of expression and other disciplines. That is why, in modern eductaion systems science and art should be nested together. Collaboration of different disciplines in art education started to gain importance towards the end of the 20th century. Because both fields are aimed for service development and discovery of the new, when feelings are educated, mental abilities, thoughts and intelligence have been seen to be developed. In this study, the key actions of the art education in the 20th century education has been briefly noted and towards the end of the 20th century with the importance gained from different disciplines with art the new created discipline based art education and approach to interdisciplinary art has been investigated.
Keywords: art, education, interdisciplinary art, mental abilities, learning, development.
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Lewis, James G. "The Applicant Is No Gentleman: Women in the Forest Service". Journal of Forestry 103, nr 5 (1.07.2005): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/103.5.259.
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Abstract For much of the 20th century, the esprit de corps of the Forest Service depended heavily on the notion of the agency as an elite fraternity. The job of forester itself—a combination of lumberjack, frontiersman, explorer, and Old West sheriff—provided an opportunity for men to live the “strenuous life,” that most masculine of lifestyles. The reality, however, was that this boys' club could not have functioned nearly as well without the women in its midst. It is only within the last three decades of the 20th century that women have been admitted into the fraternity, and only after they forced their way in. The article is adapted from the book, The Forest Service and the Greatest Good: A Centennial History (Forest History Society 2005, Durham, NC) the companion book to the film, “The Greatest Good: A Forest Service Centennial Film.”
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Blokhina, N. N. "HISTORY OF THE ACTIVITY OF RUSSIA’S ANTIPLAGUE SERVICE IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY". Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, nr 1 (15.02.2012): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40676.
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The paper deals with the history of controlling the outbreaks occurring in 1911-1914. It gives the chain of affairs of statesmen (including principal medical inspector L. N. Malinovsky) in controlling plague. The activities of the Tsaritsyno bacteriology station (its head was medical bacteriologist A. A. Churilina) and the Chita bacteriology station (its head was medical bacteriologist I. S. Dudchenko) are analyzed.
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Višnjakov, Jaroslav. "Alexander Srb: A Serbian officer in the Russian service". Vojno-istorijski glasnik, nr 1 (2023): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vig2301045v.
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The paper is devoted to the strokes of the biography of the Serbian Army Colonel A. Srb, which is incorporated into the key events of the political history of Serbia and Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, and he himself was not just a participant in them, but also had some influence on them. A participant in the 1903 Coup and all the vicissitudes of the Serbian politics at the beginning of the 20th century, an active member of the organization "Unification or Death", who arrived in 1916 with Fr. Corfu to Russia to recruit the Serbian Volunteer Corps, became a witness and participant in the difficult events of 1917. The study of his biography, replete with white spots, allows a deeper understanding of the context of the seething political life that took place both in Serbia and Russia.
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Morrison, Angus. "Separatist Presbyterianism in 20th Century Scotland". Religions 13, nr 7 (21.06.2022): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13070571.
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This essay aims to give an account of separatist Presbyterian denominations in the context of Christianity in Scotland in the 20th century. After a brief introduction, attention is first given to the circumstances in which the denominations concerned were birthed. A second section looks at their current place within the wider Scottish context. In the third section, further attention is paid to the two most recent, late 20th century, divisions, those of 1989 and 2000. Concluding reflections seek to view the scene, thus sketched, through a wider lens and to look to the future with a degree of hope for reconciliation and healing. This paper is indebted to the invaluable insights, particularly in regard to the content of its third section, of the Revd Archie McPhail. Sincere thanks are also due to the Revd Martin Keane, Principal Clerk of the United Free Church, and the Revd David Meredith, Mission Director of the Free Church of Scotland, for their gracious and helpful responses to specific queries about their respective denominations. Any errors of fact or judgement are of course those of the author. In writing on a subject as difficult—and painful—as this, one inevitably brings personal perspectives to bear. Those of this writer have inevitably been formed, at least in part, in the context of an unusual ecclesiastical journey within the territory of three denominations—the Free Presbyterian Church, the Associated Presbyterian Churches and the Church of Scotland. Personal involvement in the history and denominational transfers of recent decades, together with long service as a parish minister and experience as a former Moderator, lend to the paper its distinctive angle of approach.
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Marquis, Greg. "The History of Policing in the Maritime Provinces". Articles 19, nr 2 (6.08.2013): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017677ar.
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This article is an overview of the development of policing in the Maritime provinces and a commentary on the potential of such research to augment our understanding of the urban past. Police records, it is argued, are important social indicators which can reveal more than crime or fear of crime in a community. The article discusses police records and statistics; 19th century urban policing; early 20th century themes such as technology and Prohibition; the role of the Provincial police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the region; police and labour and police organizations. It concludes that researchers should be sensitive to both 'hard' and 'soft' police policies and pay special attention to the police service role.
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Lee, Mordecai. "Trying to Professionalize Expert Knowledge (Part II): A Short History of Public Administration Service, 1933-2003". Public Voices 15, nr 1 (19.07.2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.509.
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An important building block for the professionalization of public administration in the US was the establishment of a service of experts to research, advise, consult, and disseminate high quality applied knowledge. Then practitioners around the country could adopt and adapt these best practices in their localities. That was the purpose of Public Administration Service (PAS), which existed from 1933 to 2003. This article is an organizational history of the Service, how it evolved, and why it dissolved. PAS’s life-cycle serves as something of a synecdoche of 20th century American public administration as a whole: its rise, golden years, and slow demise.
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Chamarette, R. Michael. "Sir Francis Galton: A Historiographical Reassessment of British Psychology’s Eugenic Past, 1860–1940". History & Philosophy of Psychology 23, nr 1 (2022): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2022.23.1.18.
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Many people find it difficult to accept British psychology’s eugenic history. Much of the literature is unhelpful in its abstention from comprehensive and lucid accounts of the Galtonian eugenic origins of much published work on individual differences in intelligence and personality deemed as inherited, the multifaceted nature of eugenics itself, or the complexity of this legacy in the early 20th century. Despite some well researched accounts of highly specific aspects of eugenic influence, the wider picture often remains elusive. Yet as the implications of eugenics for studies of race, class, and the histories of institutions and academic disciplines are increasingly interrogated, this is ever more inappropriate. Its eugenic past forms part of the challenging history of British psychology. Though a single paper cannot address these issues in their entirety, this thematic reappraisal of Galton and his legacy in the early 20th century provides a crucial initial step.
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Cameron, R. J., i R. J. Stratford. "Educational Psychology: A Problem Centred Approach to Service Delivery". Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 4, nr 2 (listopad 1987): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200025633.
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When the history of Applied Psychology and Education Services in the 20th Century comes to be written, it is probable that the 1981 Education Act will be seen as an important milestone. The inevitable hiatus between the publishing of the regulations and the establishing of new practice provides an opportunity for reflection on the stage which Educational Psychology has reached as a branch of Applied Psychology. In particular, it would seem a good point in time to attempt some consolidation following the innovative stampede which characterised the second half of the 1970s.
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Paniga, Massimiliano. "Public Health Institutions in Italy in the 20th Century". Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 8, nr 2 (15.03.2022): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.8-2-3.
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Only recently studied by Italian historiography, public health is one of the most important sectors of a modern Welfare system. During the Twentieth century Italy faced the hygienic and sanitary problem often with different ways and tools than other European countries. The aim of this article is to understand better the attitude and the development of the main public health institutions, both at the central and peripheral level, during the three great phases that marked the history of Italy in the last century: the liberal age, fascism and the Republic, as well as to highlight the organisations, men and structures that exercised decisive functions in the bureaucratic and administrative State machine. The essay focuses on the most significative legislative measures (for example, the “Testi Unici” of 1907 and 1934) and the turning points that have changed the sector on the institutional plan, from the creation of the Directorate-General for Public Health inside the Ministry of the Interior, and destined to remain for the entire Fascist period, to the birth, in the post-war years, of the High Commission for Hygiene and Public Health, then replaced by the Ministry of Health, until the establishment of the National Health Service in 1978. Keywords: Welfare State, social policies, public health, assistance, institutions
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Brake, Mark. "On the plurality of inhabited worlds: a brief history of extraterrestrialism". International Journal of Astrobiology 5, nr 2 (kwiecień 2006): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550406002989.
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This paper delineates the cultural evolution of the ancient idea of a plurality of inhabited worlds, and traces its development through to contemporary extraterrestrialism, with its foundation in the physical determinism of cosmology, and its attendant myths of alien contact drawn from examples of British film and fiction. We shall see that, in the evolving debate of the existence of extraterrestrial life and intelligence, science and science fiction have benefited from an increasingly symbiotic relationship. Modern extraterrestrialism has influenced both the scientific searches for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), and become one of the most pervasive cultural myths of the 20th century. Not only has pluralism found a voice in fiction through the alien, but fiction has also inspired science to broach questions in the real world.
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Budiman, Hary Ganjar, Gregorius Andika Ariwibowo, Nanang Saptono, Endang Widyastuti i Indah Asikin Nurani. "From panchuran to waterleiding: clean water solutions in Colonial Bandung, West Java, Dutch East Indies (1898‒1934)". History of science and technology 13, nr 1 (30.06.2023): 174–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2023-13-1-174-200.
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This study examines clean water management in Bandung, West Java, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), from the late 19th Century to the early 20th Century. This study focuses on how the human community has modified the physical water unit, including technology, management skills, and social and environmental priorities. Historical methods were applied to investigate the topic, including heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. Most of the data in this study were collected from primary sources in the form of archives, and official documents Department of Public Works and Bandung Municipality Government published in the late 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. The results showed that indigenous people in Bandung, the Sundanese, manage springs and rivers based on local knowledge, harmonizing simple technology with nature and belief. They used panchuran, a channel made of bamboo strips, to drain water from the springs. While Europeans initially relied on dug wells for daily water needs in the late 19th Century. However, concerns over epidemics and rapid population growth in the early 20th Century led to more well-planned, professional water management supported by science and technology-based infrastructure. The Bandung municipality government mobilized engineers and scientists to research new water sources and build clean water infrastructure. By the 1930s, they could build artesian wells, waterleiding networks, reservoirs, filtration systems, and clean water public facilities. Bandung municipality government exploited clean water resources that expanded from urban to mountainous areas north of Bandung. The municipality government recognized that clean water resources needed to be explored and capitalized. Two clean water services were available in Bandung: a pipeline service that delivered water directly to households and accessible public facilities. Indigenous people in Kampongs used public facilities, while Europeans used paid pipeline services.
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Hwang, Kyung Moon. "Citizenship, Social Equality and Government Reform: Changes in the Household Registration System in Korea, 1894-1910". Modern Asian Studies 38, nr 2 (21.04.2004): 355–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x04001106.
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For over a millennium before the 20th century, the Korean state had maintained a system of household registration, or hojok. In the Choson dynasty (1392-1910), these registers, through their specification of each household head's status either as a tax-paying commoner or tax-exempt aristocrat or low-born, reinforced the hereditary status delineation of each locality and in turn determined everything from tax and service obligations to the courtesies and behaviors of social interaction. Within the span of a few years at the turn of the 20th century, however, this stalwart institution of household registration, which proved so central to both the strengths and problems of the Choson government, was thoroughly reorganized, revealing the myriad facets of the state's changing relationship with the populace.
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Kazaryan, G. S. "The institution of deaconesses in the tradition of the Armenian Apostolic Church". Russian Journal of Church History 3, nr 2 (29.07.2022): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/2686-973x-2022-101.
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The article presents the main points on the history of the institution of deaconesses in the Armenian Apostolic Church. While the testimonies to the Armenian deaconesses date back to the 10th century, the analysis of these fragmentary passages raises various problems of textual and content-related character. The institution of deaconesses reached its peak in the 19th century, being associated with monastic circles. In the 20th century, with the disappearance of a small number of Armenian women’s convents, the institution declined, although today there are some local efforts to re-establish diaconal service of women in the parish life.
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Mi, Zhou, i A. K. Mynbayeva. "Historical sketch of the development of psychometry and pedagogical measurements in China in the 20th century". BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. PEDAGOGY. PSYCHOLOGY. SOCIOLOGY Series 143, nr 2 (2023): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6895-2023-143-2-374-386.
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The article reveals the historical stages and describes a sketch of the development of psychometry, diagnostics, and pedagogical measurements in China in the 20th century. Stages are highlighted: 1910-30s - the utilization of the achievements of European psychometry and measurements in education; 1940-1978s - reduction of the use of tests due to the war and political, ideological changes and the Cultural Revolution; 1980-90s - revival and intensive flourishing of psychometry, pedagogical measurements and psychodiagnostics. Therefore, there is a undulating development of psychometry, psychodiagnostics and pedagogical measurements in China: from a powerful rise in the early twentieth century to a decline due to war and ideological grounds in the middle of the twentieth century, and then to a revival and great prosperity towards the end of the twentieth century. The intrascientific development of psychometry and psychodiagnostics in China also repeated the global trend: from intelligence tests to tests of personality characteristics, scales of personality and private interests of a person. Psychometry and pedagogical measurements are closely linked by history, theoretical development and practical application. The application of a polycentric approach in the development of psychometry and pedagogical measurements in Asia is shown on the example of China at the end of the 20th century.
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Nikishin, S. A., S. F. Dyadchenko i E. A. Sukhinina. "Evolution of transport service architecture in Russia and the Soviet Union (Saratov)". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 25, nr 6 (26.12.2023): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2023-25-6-29-43.
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The article studies in the national history of the architectural typology evolution of transport services in Russia and the Soviet Union. The progress of motor transport since the end of the 19th century and new tasks put forward by this process, require an intensive typological search for innovative architectural solutions. Since the beginning of the 20th century, motor transport services together with the developing motor transport network become significant elements of the urban development, largely determining their new image. The architecture of transport service facilities directly relates to the current development of vehicles in technological and socio-economic aspects.The purpose of the study is to analyze and generalize the architecture typology of the transport service in Russia, depending on technological and social factors.
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Maranto, Robert, i Jonathan Wai. "Why Intelligence Is Missing from American Education Policy and Practice, and What Can Be Done About It". Journal of Intelligence 8, nr 1 (3.01.2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence8010002.
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To understand why education as a field has not incorporated intelligence, we must consider the field’s history and culture. Accordingly, in this cross-disciplinary collaboration between a political scientist who studies institutions and a psychologist who studies intelligence, we outline how the roots of contemporary American Educational Leadership as a field determine its contemporary avoidance of the concept of intelligence. Rooted in early 20th century progressivism and scientific management, Educational Leadership theory envisions professionally run schools as “Taylorist” factories with teaching and leadership largely standardized, prioritizing compliance over cognitive ability among educators. Further, the roots of modern education theory do not see the intelligence of students as largely malleable. Hence, prioritizing intelligence is viewed as elitist. For more than a century, these assumptions have impacted recruitment into education as a profession. We conclude with ideas about how to bring intelligence into mainstream schooling, within the existing K-12 education institutional context. We believe that better integration of intelligence and broader individual differences research in education policy and practice would lead to more rapid advances to finding evidence based solutions to help children.
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Peno, Vesna, i Ivana Vesic. "Serbian church chant in the service of national ideology". Muzikologija, nr 20 (2016): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz1620135p.
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In this paper we investigate the process of the creation and embodiment of the concept of Serbian folk church chant throughout the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century among Serbian intellectuals and scholars. In order to indicate its main dimensions we focused on church music narratives of that time. Due to a detailed analysis of discussions and writings in periodicals as well as the published chant collections themselves, we were able to assess the dominant interpretations of the historical development of church singing in the Serbian Orthodox church. Looking closely at suppositions made about the origins and formation of church chants through the history of the Serbian church we could unveil their character e.g. whether they were the result of previously done research or were just a product of speculative thinking. In addition, we formed assumptions on the embeddedness of the concept of Serbian folk church chant in influential narratives on national identity and culture developed among the Serbian political and intellectual elite. The aim of our investigation was to show that the concept of Serbian folk church chant was not only determined by socio-political strivings in the Serbian state but that it was also a product of the wider political and cultural goals of the Serbian elite. Finally, we sought to suggest the important role played by 19th and early 20th century Serbian church music scholars in the process of imagining the Serbian nation.
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Splavski, Bruno. "A Brief Review of the History of Global and Croatian Neurosurgery". Journal of applied health sciences 9, nr 1 (22.03.2023): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24141/1/9/1/7.
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Neurosurgery is the oldest, but also the youngest medical discipline. Namely, archaeological findings confirm the existence of cranial bone trepanations in the Late Stone Age, while neurosurgery as a separate discipline was founded only at the beginning of the 20th century. Descriptions of head/spinal injuries, and trepanations, date back to ancient Egypt (Edwin Smith papyrus) and physicians like Hippocrates, the Alexandrian school, and Galen, who described his classification of cranial fractures, perfected trepanation and contributed to neuroanatomy and physiology. Unfortunately, with his disappearance, the study of the central nervous system ceased during the next millennium. Medieval contribution to neurosurgery is due to the work of Arab and Persian physicians (Albucasis, Avicenna), who collected, preserved, and improved the medical knowledge of ancient times, including neuroscience. With the arrival of the Renaissance in the early 16th century, significant advances in anatomy, medicine, surgery, and neuroscience began. Berengario da Carpi, Andreas Vesalius, and Ambroise Paré stood out as progenitors of this era. During the 19th century, at a time of progress in medicine and surgery, preconditions were created for more extensive and long-lasting neurosurgical procedures, while the era of modern neurosurgery began in the early 20th century with the pioneering activities of MacEwan, Horsley, Cushing, Elsberg, Dandy and many others. Further progress in neurosurgery was made through the use of an operating microscope, which from 1965 marked the era of modern microneurosurgery, founded by Yaşargil. The beginnings of neurosurgical activity in Croatia date back to the end of the 19th century when Theodor Wickerhauser published a record of the first craniotomy done in our country in 1886. In conclusion, modern neurosurgery as one of the most advanced medical professions is based on the achievements of its historical leaders, and on the cutting-edge diagnostic and surgical armamentaria, together with the superior neurosurgical service organization.
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Guinot, B. "History of the Bureau International de l’Heure". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 178 (2000): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100061315.
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AbstractAt the beginning of the 20th century, the development of radio time signals offered the possibility of unifying the measurements of Universal Time (UT). A new service, the Bureau International de l’Heure, hosted by the Paris Observatory, was entrusted with this task. The BIH began its operation in 1912, although its statutes were officially settled only in 1919. This paper recalls the activities of the BIH on time determination and various connected fields: Earth rotation, reference frames, atomic time. With the importance of atomic time and the emergence of new techniques for the measurement of Earth rotation, a new organization was required. It was prepared by the MERIT and COTES programs (1978) and by the bodies of the Metre Convention, with the active participation of the BIH. The BIH was dissolved at the end of 1987, its work being shared between the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures and the new International Earth Rotation Service.
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Lopez, Lourdes, i María Dolores Olvera-Lobo. "Public communication of science in Spain: a history yet to be written". Journal of Science Communication 16, nr 03 (20.07.2017): Y02. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.16030402.
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The history of public communication of science in Spain is yet to be written. Few academic studies exist that have tackled this subject. The political and economic history of the country have marked out the evolution of this discipline, which burst into the country at the end of the 20th century with the proliferation of initiatives such as the creation of science museums, the building of the Spanish Science Foundation and the development of a public Scientific Information service. Despite these efforts, the level of scientific culture for Spanish people is one of the lowest in Europe [OECD, 2016].
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ALDRICH, RICHARD J. "Britain's Secret Intelligence Service in Asia During the Second World War". Modern Asian Studies 32, nr 1 (luty 1998): 179–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x9800290x.
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The past twenty years have seen the rapid growth of a new branch of international history, the serious academic study of secret services or ‘intelligence history’ with its attendant specialist conferences and journals. Two main causes for this development can be identified. The first was conceptual, namely the increasing recognition that the study of international history was greatly impoverished by the reluctance of academic historians to address a subject which appeared capable of shedding considerable light upon the conduct of international affairs. Two leading historians underlined this during 1982 in a path-breaking collection of essays on the subject, suggesting that intelligence was the ‘missing dimension’ of most international history. The second development was a more practical one, the introduction of the Thirty Year Rule during the 1970s, bringing with it an avalanche of new documentation, which, within a few years, was recognized as containing a great deal of intelligence material. In the 1980s historians had begun to turn their attention in increasing numbers to the intelligence history of the mid-twentieth century. They were further assisted in their endeavours by the appearance of the first volumes of the official history of British Intelligence in the Second World War.
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Koskenniemi, Martti. "Diplomats, Professors, and Then Some: Notes for a History of International Law in 20th Century Finland". Nordic Journal of International Law 85, nr 4 (22.11.2016): 322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08504001.
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This is a brief overview of the history of the engagement by Finnish jurists with international law during the 20th century. The principal finding is that Finnish lawyers have often combined academic work with public service as diplomats and politicians, including government members. The ambition is modest – no more is sought than singling out relevant persons and some of their more interesting academic contributions. My wish is that the text might inspire others to enquire more in depth into the contributions of these and other jurists as well as to make such overviews of other countries or periods and in this way to contribute to an emerging “comparative international law”.
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NOVICHKOVA, N. Yu. "The contribution of prominent figures of Russia in the field of fire safety to the development of fire service of the country in the early 20th century". Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 1 (2022): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2022.1.106-110.
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Purpose. The article assesses the position of the state authorities of the Russian Empire in the field of protecting the population from fires and considers the initiatives taken by the prominent figures in firefighting of the Russian Empire to improve the activities of Fire Service, as well as develop fire legislation and training system for fire departments. The study is aimed at analyzing and evaluating the activities of prominent figures in firefighting of the Russian Empire to improve the fire safety system. The focus of the study is the state policy of the Russian Empire in the early 20th century in the field of fire provision. The subject of our study is the active civic stand taken by prominent figures in firefighting of Russia in the early 20th century in order to draw the attention of state authorities to the dramatic situation the Empire faced due to the increase in the number of devastating fires. Methods. The main study’s methods are the following: the historical method, in which the processes of the dynamics in organizing Fire Service in Russia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries are comprehended, and the historical-systemic method, which made it possible to consider Fire Service as an integral system, in the unity of all its connections and relations, and also as a subsystem of the institutional organization to ensure life protection in the Russian Empire. The study also used an institutional approach. It allows determining, from the standpoint of the concept of institutionalism, how the basic framework of the fire safety system was formed, as well as analyzing the role of the state in the development of fire safety provision, the degree of interest and participation of society representatives in strengthening Fire Service. Findings. Our research is the first to study the problem of ensuring fire safety in Russia in the early 20th century through the prism of the problem “state authorities and society in Russia”. Also for the first time, materials of some specialized periodicals of the early 20th century are introduced into academic circulation. Research application field. The research materials can be applied in scientific papers devoted to the study of Fire Service history, as well as in educational process. Conclusions. The author comes to the conclusion that thanks to the initiative and efforts of many prominent figures of Russia in the field of fire safety, their high citizenship, professionalism, energy, love for people and devotion to the honorary profession of a firefighter, the main shortcomings in the organization of Fire Safety in the Russian Empire were identified and recommendations for their elimination were given, the main directions for improving the fire safety system were determined and the foundation for development of fire-engineering training in Russia was created.
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Vorobyova, Irina. "Dubrovnik Republic in Russian Historiography in the 19th — the Beginning of the 20th Century". ISTORIYA 12, nr 9 (107) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017096-4.
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This article concerns the initial period of the phenomena of Dubrovnik Republic, who kept its independence during centuries in the alien ethnic and confessional surroundings. This item seldom appeared in the sphere of attention of the specialists upon the European urban studies. The historian V. V. Makushev (1837—1883), being at the diplomatic service in Dubrovnik, studied the resources and published the scientific results in his articles and monographs. He created his author classification of the sources of the urban problems, evaluated their informational capability, proved the historical value of the imaginative literature. This approach is actual for the analysis of the medieval history of the Mediterranean and other European cities.
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Falko, Serhii A. "History of Present-Day Bulgarian Military Intelligence in the Study of Dr. Yordan Baev (Second Half of 20th Century – Early 21st Century)". Istoriya-History 30, nr 2 (10.03.2022): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2022-2-5-baev.
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Bello, Adekunbi H. ""Eventful": Revolutionizing Event Management through Technology Integration and User-Centered Design". Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology 9, nr 03 (27.03.2024): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjet.2024.v09i03.008.
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The paper presents the development and analysis of "Eventful," an innovative event management system designed to streamline the planning process and enhance the connection between event organizers (customers) and service providers (vendors). By integrating technology advancements from the late 20th century to the present, including the internet, social media, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence, "Eventful" offers a comprehensive solution to the challenges of event management. The platform allows for direct communication, efficient vendor selection, and centralized planning, aiming to improve the overall efficiency and experience of organizing events. The research methodology includes qualitative interviews and surveys to identify user requirements and inform system design, ensuring that "Eventful" addresses the specific needs of its users effectively.
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Sipos, Regina, i Kerstin Franzl. "Tracing the History of DIY and Maker Culture in Germany’s Open Workshops". Digital Culture & Society 6, nr 1 (1.12.2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2020-0106.
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Abstract This article presents preliminary research findings on the history of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) and maker culture in Germany. It aims to identify historical, political, economic and societal shifts that have led to the existence of approximately 1000 makerspaces of various kinds in Germany today. The article summarises the beginnings of DIY in the 20th century in West Germany and East Germany. It focuses on how infrastructures supporting DIY were created out of necessity and economic considerations, how tools and spaces were offered as public service, the influence of counterculture movements and expression of political views through DIY and finally the use of DIY as a meaningful way to spend newfound leisure time and the phenomenon of state-funded vocational educational spaces. It aims to inspire further research elucidating the connections between broader societal contexts and DIY throughout the past century and its effects on maker culture today.
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Milošević-Kazić, Tanja. "Perspectives of implementation of artificial intelligence tools in researching coups d'état". Politika nacionalne bezbednosti 25, nr 2 (2023): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pnb25-47012.
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The study of coups d'état emerged and reached its peak during the second half of the 20th century, coinciding with the global Cold War and centring around examination of coup activities occurring predominantly in African, Asian, Middle Eastern and Latin American countries. This interest was predominantly focused of description of the phenomenon, as well as on the search for its root causes and results. As the Cold War ended, so did the interest for coups started to diminish, and some researchers even dared to pronounce this phenomenon a thing of the past, due to global promotion of respect of national sovereignty and integrity and implementation of democratic practices. However, this phenomenon persisted and re-emerged in the beginning 21st century, especially on the African continent, only to escalate with the time passing by, and reach its Cold War tempo by the beginning of the second decade of the century. Having the renewed interest for coup study in mind, the author will present the current practices in the study of coups d'état, as well as examine the possibilities of using artificial intelligence-assisted tools in the service of operationalization and perfecting the study of political violence, with the goal of introducing new methods of research into the field. With the use of content analysis, as well as theoretical examination of benefits offered by the omnipresent artificial intelligence-assisted tools, the author will provide an answer to the following research question: Which artificial intelligence-assisted tools can improve the study of coups, and in what way?
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Karydaki, Danae. "Freud under the Acropolis: The challenging journey of psychoanalysis in 20th-century Greece (1915–1995)". History of the Human Sciences 31, nr 4 (październik 2018): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118791719.
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Psychoanalysis was introduced to Greece in 1915 by the progressive educator Manolis Triantafyllidis and was further elaborated by Marie Bonaparte, Freud’s friend and member of the Greek royal family, and her psychoanalytic group in the aftermath of the Second World War. However, the accumulated traumas of the Nazi occupation (1941–1944), the Greek Civil War (1946–1949), the post-Civil-War tension between the Left and the Right, the military junta (1967–1974) and the social and political conditions of post-war Greece led this project and all attempts to establish psychoanalysis in Greece, to failure and dissolution. The restoration of democracy in 1974 and the rapid social changes it brought was a turning point in the history of Greek psychoanalysis: numerous psychoanalysts, who had trained abroad and returned after the fall of the dictatorship, were hired in the newly established Greek National Health Service (NHS), and contributed to the reform of Greek psychiatry by offering the option of psychoanalytic psychotherapy to the non-privileged. This article draws on a range of unexplored primary sources and oral history interview material, in order to provide the first systematic historical account in the English language of the complex relationship between psychoanalysis and Greek society, and the contribution of psychoanalytic psychotherapy to the creation of the Greek welfare state. In so doing, it not only attempts to fill a lacuna in the history of contemporary Greece, but also contributes to the broader historiography of psychotherapy and of Europe.
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Khristoforov, Vasily. "The centenary of the Cryptographic service of the Russian Federation: creation and development during the 20th century". Rossiiskaia istoriia, nr 2 (2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956870014467-4.
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Matthews, Michael S., i Jennifer L. Jolly. "Why Hasn’t the Gifted Label Caught up with Science?" Journal of Intelligence 10, nr 4 (12.10.2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10040084.
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The development of both special education and gifted education as fields of study were closely tied to the origins of intelligence testing in the early 20th century. While special education’s terminology has become more nuanced and circumspect over the ensuing century, the term gifted has remained unchanged despite coming under substantial criticism in recent decades for its lack of specificity and for the innateness that the term implies as the primary cause of individual differences in ability. We examine this history and the seminal nationally disseminated reports related to gifted education, from the Marland report to the present, to consider why the gifted label has persisted. We conclude with some suggestions for how these issues might be remedied.
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Rekabtalaei, Golbarg. "CINEMATIC GOVERNMENTALITY: CINEMA AND EDUCATION IN MODERN IRAN, 1900S–1930S". International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, nr 2 (maj 2018): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000053.
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AbstractMuch of the scholarship on the history of Iranian cinema considers film spectatorship in the first three decades of the 20th century as a leisure practice with origins in royalist and elitist entertainment forms. However, a close reading of archival material from this era reveals that cinema's significance extended well beyond its role as a pastime, as it became engaged in the governance of the self and disciplinary strategies of the state in Iran's experience of modernity in the early 20th century. In this article, I reperiodize the history of cinema in Iran by demonstrating the entanglement of cinema in popular nationalist discourses on education prior to cinema's institutionalization in the 1930s. Drawing on newspaper articles, film announcements, official documents, and poems, I show how, despite the absence of a centralized cinema institution in the 1910s and early 1920s, cosmopolitan citizens in dialogue with global trends promoted cinema as a means for the governance of selfhood and moral edification in the service of national progress. With the appropriation of cinema by the Pahlavi state in the 1930s, cinema was used as a technique of governmentality that aimed to conduct the conduct of individuals and shape an Iranian civic society.
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Bahri, Saeful. "SHEIKH DJAMIL DJAHO AND SOCIO-RELIGIOUS CRITICISM OF MINANGKABAU MUSLIM: A Study on Tazkirat al-Qulub Fi Mu‘amalat ‘Allam al-Guyub". Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 3, nr 02 (28.12.2018): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v3i02.651.
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This article discusses the socio-religious critique of Sheikh Djamil Djaho on the religious and socio-society conditions in Minangkabau. Analysis of the content and approach of social history-intellectuals was used to dissect the contents of the book Tazkirat al-Qulub associated with social-religious context in the policy at the beginning of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of texts it is known that Sheikh Djaho expressed his criticism towards several groups. Among the groups are (1) scholars, (2) worshippers, (3) Sufism experts, and (4) experts of the world. According to Sheikh Djaho, the four groups might include gurur (faction), when they use intelligence in their respective fields as masks, not in honesty. This study shows three points. First, the presence of Sheikh Djaho's criticism departs from the reality of the life of the clergy and layman at that time. Second, the reality of social life keeps a text alive in society. Third, the solution to social-religious reality in the early 20th century was the practice of tasawwuf.
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Dvorkin, Ihor. "JEWISH POGROMS OF THE LATE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURY IN CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY". Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, nr 29 (2021): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2021.29.9.
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The article analyzes modern tendencies in Ukrainian historiography of XIX – and early XX century Jewish pogroms. General works on the history of Ukraine, special works devoted to anti-Jewish violence, and the study of the similar problems, that has been published in the last two decades, are considered. The general context of works, their sources, previous researches influence, conclusions of which the authors came, etc. are analyzed. Reading the intelligence on the pogroms, we can see, that the pogroms were largely the result of modernization, internal migration, the relocation to Ukraine of workers from the Russian provinces of the Romanov Empire and so on. Pogroms are also viewed in the context of social and revolutionary movements. That is, the violence, according to researchers, led to the emergence of Zionism. Also, Jews were actively involved to the left movement, while falling victim to extreme Russian nationalists and chauvinists - the Black Hundreds. We have special works dedicated to the pogroms of the first and second waves, which, however, are not so many. Their authors find out the causes and consequences of the pogroms, the significance of violence for the Jewish community and Ukrainian-Jewish relations, the attitude of the authorities and society to these acts of violence, and so on. Some Ukrainian historians research the problem of pogroms on various issues. Among them are works on the history of Jews from different regions of Ukraine, communities of individual cities, Ukraine as a whole; the history of the Ukrainian peasantry, the monarchical and Black Hundred movement in Ukraine, the revolutionary events of 1905-1907, migration processes in Ukrainian lands, the formation of modern nations, the life and work of prominent figures and more. The authors conduct full-fledged research using a wide source base, including archival materials, which, however, are often factual in nature. This is a disadvantage, because historians are "captured" by the sources on which they rely. We also have conceptual research that refers to a broad historiography of the problem, including foreign. These works often draw the reader's attention to a broader - the imperial, modernization or migration context. It is important, that researchers see actors of Ukrainian history in the Jewish population. Because of this, they are much less interested in the future of the Jews who left the Ukrainian lands than in the researchers of Jewish history.
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Chen, Ziqiu. "Studying the History of the State Control in the Russian Empire During the Period of the Duma Monarchy". Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, nr 6 (15.12.2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v060.
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After the establishment of constitutional monarchy in Russia as a result of the 1905–1906 reforms, the position of the Russian State Control (imperial audit service) changed. Formerly relatively independent, the State Control, whose head was directly accountable to the Emperor, now found itself in the united government, i.e. the Council of Ministers. The undermined independence of the State Control provoked a wide public discussion, which involved Duma deputies, employees of the State Control as well as competent Russian economists and financial experts, who made relevant recommendations calling for reducing the number of state institutions that were unaccountable to the audit service and giving the latter more independence. This paper analyses the key works of pre-revolutionary authors published in the early 20th century and devoted to the history of the State Control of the Russian Empire. Both in the imperial period and today, the Russian audit institution, in contrast with political, historical and military topics, has been of primary interest not to historians, but to economists, financiers and lawyers, since it requires special knowledge of the State Control’s technical mechanisms. Based on this, the author selected the following works that require thorough examination: How People’s Money Is Spent in Russia by I.Kh. Ozerov, On the Transformation of the State Control by Yu.V. Tansky, an official anniversary edition State Control. 1811–1911, and Essays on the Russian Budget Law. Part 1 by L.N. Yasnopolsky. The author of this article considers these works to be the highest quality studies on the Russian State Control at the beginning of the 20th century and their analysis to be of unquestionable importance for contemporary research into the history of the Russian audit institution.
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Krzysztofiński, Mariusz. "Tadeusz Żenczykowski-Zawadzki — biografia polityka, publicysty i żołnierza Recenzja publikacji: Karolina Trzeskowska, Tadeusz Żenczykowski-Zawadzki (1907–1997). W kraju i na emigracji". Przegląd Sejmowy 5(160) (2020): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/ps.2020.74.
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The life of Tadeusz Żenczykowski-Zawadzki was sofull that it could be lived by more than one person. Karolina Trzeskowska’s book presents this outstanding politician, conspirator and publicist against the background of the 20th-century history of Poland, marked by the aggression and occupation of Polish lands by Germany and the USSR. Żenczykowski-Zawadzki, subordinating his life to the service to the country, wrote the honorable page in the history as a soldier, a politician, and finally a journalist and an activist in exile. In the latter role, he defended the good name of the Polish Underground State and the Home Army discredited by the communists.
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Bremer, Józef, i Jacek Poznański. "Philosophy and Psychology in the Service of the Catholic Faith: Paweł Siwek, SJ and His Legacy". Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 76, nr 4 (31.01.2021): 1297–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rpf/2020_76_4_1297.
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Fr. Paweł Siwek, SJ may be considered the only Polish Jesuit philosopher of the 20th century to have achieved worldwide recognition. This article surveys his work from a broad perspective reflecting philosophy, psychology and theology as pursued in Catholic circles in the 19th and 20th centuries. We review his achievements, while also offering an interpretation. We put forward the thesis that he found his own way of practising neo-Thomism in the spirit of Pope Leo XIII’s Aeterni Patris. To substantiate our claims, we first briefly sketch his biography, providing a synthetic overview of the relevant contexts for his philosophical oeuvre. We then identify his four main areas of interest: namely, the history of philosophy (combined with his translation activities), systematic philosophy (especially his work on the soul-body problem and Baruch Spinoza), the scientific psychology of religion and spirituality, and Christian apologetics in the face of world religions and spiritual movements. In our conclusion, we discuss the main traits of his intellectual work, along with its impact.
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Ensmenger, Nathan. "Is chess the drosophila of artificial intelligence? A social history of an algorithm". Social Studies of Science 42, nr 1 (14.10.2011): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312711424596.
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Since the mid 1960s, researchers in computer science have famously referred to chess as the ‘drosophila’ of artificial intelligence (AI). What they seem to mean by this is that chess, like the common fruit fly, is an accessible, familiar, and relatively simple experimental technology that nonetheless can be used productively to produce valid knowledge about other, more complex systems. But for historians of science and technology, the analogy between chess and drosophila assumes a larger significance. As Robert Kohler has ably described, the decision to adopt drosophila as the organism of choice for genetics research had far-reaching implications for the development of 20th century biology. In a similar manner, the decision to focus on chess as the measure of both human and computer intelligence had important and unintended consequences for AI research. This paper explores the emergence of chess as an experimental technology, its significance in the developing research practices of the AI community, and the unique ways in which the decision to focus on chess shaped the program of AI research in the decade of the 1970s. More broadly, it attempts to open up the virtual black box of computer software – and of computer games in particular – to the scrutiny of historical and sociological analysis.
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Ravandi-Fadai, Lana M. "Shadows in the Garden: Women Agents Underground and Communist Activism in Mid-20th Century Iran Part II". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, nr 3 (2023): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025674-8.
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The second part of this article on the clandestine activities of Iranian female communists explores the case of Zuleykha Asadi, a young woman who earned a medical degree in Moscow just before the start of the Second World War. Her story can be told with unusual immediacy thanks to the preservation of her correspondence in the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History, published here for the first time. Zuleykha’s father’s letters to her in Moscow chart the difficulties and decisions his daughter faced and are suffused with a parent’s anxious concern for his daughter and a deep belief in the Soviet Union and its mission. Upon returning to Iran, ostensibly to practice medicine, Zuleykha also acted as a Soviet operative, keeping her handlers in Moscow apprised of her activities in letters that are a striking mix of ciphered intelligence reporting and emotional frankness about her personal life and experiences, such as her feelings for her newborn daughter and absent husband. She gathered intelligence about the wartime mood, conditions and activity of Nazi agents in the country, liaised with Iranian communists, and planned to set up a safe house. Within two years, for reasons unstated, Moscow decided to cut her loose. The case file of this idealistic young woman is emblematic of the magnetic pull of Communist ideals for many in the working class of Iran in the first half of the 20th Century.
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Супрун, Сергей Валентинович. "The History of the Divine Service to All Russian Saints". Праксис, nr 2(2) (15.09.2019): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2658-6517-2020-2-2-190-209.
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В данной статье автор рассматривает историю службы Всем русским святым с момента её возникновения до настоящего времени. Созданная в середине XVI века насельником Суздальского Спасо-Евфимиева монастыря иноком Григорием, служба пережила долгие годы забвения, которые пришлись на Синодальный период истории Русской Церкви. Она возродилась на Поместном Соборе 1917-1918 годов благодаря стараниям профессора Петроградского университета Бориса Александровича Тураева. На протяжении многих лет служба совершенствовалась и дополнялась святителем Афанасием (Сахаровым) и другими русскими гимнографами. Впервые возрождённая служба Всем русским святым была опубликована к моменту закрытия Поместного Собора в 1918 году. Следующее её издание с «политическими» правками вышло в 1946 году после окончания Великой Отечественной войны. В 1987 году, к 1000-летию Крещения Руси, в майской Минее был напечатан текст данной службы, который использовался за богослужением до 2015 года, после чего постановлением Священного Синода был в очередной раз отредактирован. Служба Всем святым, в земле Русской просиявшим, несомненно является самым замечательным произведением русской гимнографии XX века, и ознакомление с её историей позволит читателю лучше понять смысл не только данного последования, но и самого праздника Всех Русских святых. In this article the author considers the history of the divine service to All Russian Saints since its beginning until present time. The divine service, created in the middle of the 16 century by Grigoriy, a monk of Suzdal the Saviour Monastery of Saint Euthymius, had been in oblivion for many years, during the Synodal period of the Russian Church history and was reborn at the 1917-1918 Church Council due to efforts of Boris Aleksandrovich Turaev. Since the Council it has been improved and complemented by St Afanasiy (Sakharov) and other hymnographers for many years. In 1918 the close of the Church Council saw the first publication of the text of the divine service to All Russian Saints. Its next «politically» edited option was published in 1946 after the Great Patriotic war. In 1987, in commemoration of the 1000th anniversary of Russian Baptism, the text was published in May Mineya. The text had been used for worship until 2015. Later it was once again edited by the decision of the Holy Synod.The divine service to All the Saints, whose light shone forth in Russian land, is undoubtedly the most remarkable work of Russian hymnography of the 20th century. The acquaintance with its history allows the reader to understand the sense of not only this service order, but also the Feast itself.
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Groshevaya, Victoria. "From the History of the Formation of Criminal Investigation in Donbass (1900–1917)". Legal Concept, nr 2 (lipiec 2021): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2021.2.16.
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Introduction: at all stages of national history, the criminal police units occupied and still occupy a dominant place in the system of internal affairs bodies. The appeal to the historical experience of the formation and activities of the detective police as a specialized body of criminal investigation of the police service on the territory of the Donetsk coal basin acquires special scientific and practical relevance, allowing to reveal the prerequisites for the creation of units of this service in the region, analyze their financial and staffing, features of combating crime in the local measurement. The purpose of the article is to study the aspects and patterns of the formation and development of criminal investigation in the early twentieth century. on the territory of Donbass, analysis of the organizational and legal framework for the activities of these units. Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, including the method of historicism, the method of consistency, the method of analysis and the comparative legal method. Results: the article examines the most important normative legal acts of that time, the provisions of which affect the issues of improving the legal regulation of combating crime, as well as the organization of the work of detective (operational) departments of the internal affairs bodies. The main aspects and patterns of the formation and development of criminal investigation in the territory of Donbass at the beginning of the 20th century are revealed. Conclusions: formation of the criminal investigation service at the beginning of the twentieth century. in the pre-revolutionary Donbass took place in the conditions of a more complicated operational situation, taking into account the specifics of the ongoing socio-economic processes, the features of the industrial development of a large industrial region. On the example of Donbass, the article shows the dependence of the growth of the effectiveness of the fight against crime on the level of legal regulation of these social relations, the successful organization of the work of criminal investigation.
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Dick, Steven J. "Cultural evolution, the postbiological universe and SETI". International Journal of Astrobiology 2, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147355040300137x.
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The Biological Universe (Dick 1996) analysed the history of the extraterrestrial life debate, documenting how scientists have assessed the chances of life beyond Earth during the 20th century. Here I propose another option – that we may in fact live in a postbiological universe, one that has evolved beyond flesh and blood intelligence to artificial intelligence that is a product of cultural rather than biological evolution. MacGowan & Ordway (1966), Davies (1995) and Shostak (1998), among others, have broached the subject, but the argument has not been given the attention it is due, nor has it been carried to its logical conclusion. This paper argues for the necessity of long-term thinking when contemplating the problem of intelligence in the universe. It provides arguments for a postbiological universe, based on the likely age and lifetimes of technological civilizations and the overriding importance of cultural evolution as an element of cosmic evolution. And it describes the general nature of a postbiological universe and its implications for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.