Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „INTBAU India”

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jan. 6, 2009). Advisor: David H. Kaplan. Keywords: High technology; Urban change; Bengaluru. Includes bibliographical references (p. 237-253).

Mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks from the Early Proterozoic intra-cratonic Cuddapah Basin of southern India have been studied for their petrological and geochemical characteristics. A field reconnaissance survey was accompanied by sample collection from several stratigraphic horizons in the sedimentary basin. ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar laser fusion age determinations on phlogopite mica in the Tadpatri mafic-ultramafic sills have provided firm constraints on the age of the earliest phase of the mafic magmatism in the basin at 1.9 Ga. Petrographical and mineralogical studies of the Vempalle have Tadpatri sills from the Cuddapah Basin have provided some insight into the complex magma chamber processes that may have modified their parental melt compositions. This has been further investigated by studying variations in the major, trace and rare-earth element concentrations of the lavas and sills. Geochemical modelling using the major and trace element concentrations of mafic rocks from the Cuddapah Basin has provided firm constraints for the melt generation processes during the Early Proterozoic. Both forward and inverse geochemical modelling of the lavas and sills suggest that the former were generated by ~ 8-12% partial melting of a lherzolite mantle source whereas the sills were generated by larger degrees (~ 12-18%) of partial melting at a mantle potential temperature (T_p) of ~ 1500^oC. The thickness of the mechanical boundary layer predicted by the geochemical modelling, after lithospheric stretching, is 70 km with a minimum initial lithospheric thickness of 120 km. This corresponds to a lithospheric stretching factor (β) of 1.6-1.8.

This thesis investigates the factors that affect women's bargaining power within the household, in India. The first chapter introduces the literature on household bargaining mostly by describing how household outcomes like children's health indicators and expenditure pattern change with increase in resources under women's control. The second chapter describes the conceptual framework for intra-household bargaining. It discusses the two broad topics – household bargaining models and gendered institutions, that can be used to identify avenues for increasing women's bargaining power within the household. In chapters three and four, I analyze the factors that determine women's power position, using data on women's involvement in household decision making from a nationally representative longitudinal household survey (India Human Development Survey). The survey was conducted in over 40,000 Indian households, which covers over 200,000 individuals. In the third chapter, I investigate the effect of women's labor force participation on her involvement in household decision making. After addressing the issues of endogeneity using a fixed effects model, I find that her labor market participation significantly increases her involvement in decision making process, which can be seen as a direct outcome of her increased bargaining power. In my fourth chapter I analyze whether the women's bargaining power within the household increases with the presence of female politicians at both state and local level. Studying the causal impact of a variable like female political representation is generally riddled with concerns of endogeneity for existence of voter preference. Using share of seats won by women in man-woman close elections as an instrument for overall female representation in in a fixed effect model, I show that an increase in number of female state legislators can actually lead to an increase in the bargaining power of women. This chapter further shows that increase in women's involvement in decision making process in the household is also associated with the female political representation at local level. The fifth chapter concludes the dissertation by making policy recommendation for strengthening women's bargaining position within the household.
Ph. D.

This dissertation studies gender, intra-household allocation and development. Industrialization and globalization has expanded opportunities for women in developing countries to work in manufacturing and service sector jobs often located outside their villages. The first chapter of this dissertation studies whether such job opportunities can lead to socio-economic changes for women, particularly with regard to marriage, fertility and empowerment. The second chapter examines the impact of a large public workfare program targeting rural households in India on children. In particular, we study the impact of time use by the youngest and oldest children in a household as adult time use changes in response to new work opportunities. The final chapter of this dissertation studies the impact of age of marriage on female mobility and autonomy in rural India.
Economics

Weather – cold, wet, hot and windy – pervades life, material and social. So present and obvious as to provide a challenge for research, material though ephemeral too, weather breaks boundaries and refuses categorisation. While night becomes day, the cold season warms up over weeks and annual patterns are changing on a scale of years, practices in the face of weather transitions are themselves shifting. Based on ten months of fieldwork in the small village of Gau in the Pahari Indian Himalayas this thesis interrogates the saliencies and permeations of weather in people’s lives. It investigates how people intra-act (Barad 2007) with the weather, though practices, infrastructures and relationships with others. My approach argues for the validity of weather as a means by which to learn about socio-material lives. Pahari villagers live and act within the weather that moves around them. They are subject to, but also modify, their thermal environment. Through housing, clothing and tools such as the fire and the fan they affect the impact of the weather as it meets their bodies, but also daily patterns of movement are coloured by weather considerations. This work views weather in relation to health practices (such as refraining from working during the rain so as not to fall ill), for care of others (such as domestic bovines), for house-building and hospitable relationship-building among neighbours, for negotiation of landslide-fraught access roads to elsewhere and for understandings of pollution in the air. This focus on weather is intended to connect dots for people working on climate change, both within and beyond anthropology, and to contribute to discussions in areas including human-animal relations, health and illness and housing.

This dissertation addresses specific issues on domestic and foreign trade in India. The three chapters of the dissertation are summarized as follows. In the first chapter, we analyze the existence of regional wage differences across Indian states, and how domestic trade affects those premiums. We follow a two-step estimation process used in the literature on Labor Economics. Our empirical results show that higher level of domestic imports tends to reduce the state premiums, and higher domestic exports increase those premiums, which is consistent with a specific factor Ricardo-Viner model. Thus, promoting domestic trade by with states specializing in certain industries may lead to higher welfare within the country. In addition, we find, state premiums depend negatively on state-level amenities measured by per-capita power availability, and does not depend on the richness of the State measured by per-capita Net State Domestic Product. In the second chapter, we look at the pattern and determinants of inter-state manufacturing trade in India. In the paper, we use information on 12 manufacturing industries categorized under 5 sectors from 2005 to 2013 with two-year intervals in between. We find that a 1\% decrease in income ratio between importing state net state domestic product and exporting state net domestic product has significantly varying effects on trade flows across the different sectors. For coal and minerals, the effect is 36.8%, for chemical it is 105%, for metals it is 31.5% and for cement, it is 36.8%. In all these case a decrease in income ratio increases exports. For machinery, a 1% decrease in income ratio lead to approximately 9.3% reduction in trade. This suggests that machineries which are capital goods are more imported by richer states, whereas the other goods which can be classified as intermediate inputs are more imported by poorer states. We also find that infrastructure promotes trade and on average infrastructure reduces the effect of contiguity by around 28.6% and promotes trade even between non-contiguous states. Therefore, infrastructure in the form of roadways, highways, and railways must be built and maintained to promote facilitate trade in India. In chapter three, we compare the effects of tariffs and non-tariff barriers on Indian exports. We use Indian HS-96 four-digit industry level export data from COMTRADE and tariff data from TRAINS database for the study. The overall result suggests that input tariffs have the largest effect on exports, followed by final tariff and foreign tariffs. A 1% reduction in input tariff leads to around 8.6% increase in exports. A similar reduction in final tariffs and foreign tariffs lead to 3.6% and 2.8% increase, respectively in exports. Thus, we conclude that the supply side effect of exports dominates the demand side effects. From a policy perspective, if countries try to improve trade balance by imposing high tariffs, it may lead to a negative effect on exports through the input tariff effects.

This paper investigates factors that affect gender-based differences in intra-household bargaining power that are reflected in consumption decisions regarding the adoption of green technology. Using data from the Indian Human Development Survey-II and a probit regression analysis, I find that increasing the level of a woman’s education (a proxy for increasing bargaining power) increases the likelihood of her household adopting LPG, the cleanest fuel option available. I also create an experimental design to serve as a next step for future research and target data collection on individual-level factors and environmental outcomes. The setup is for a potential intervention that assesses whether there are gender-based differences in the propensity for men and women to purchase improved cookstoves, given increased access to credit as a means to increase bargaining power in the household.

The present study examined the nature of test anxiety from a cross-cultural perspective, with a specific reference to children in the Indian culture. In particular, the present study investigated the role of intra-individual variables (fear, anxiety, depression, and somatization) and extra-individual variables (activities schedule, consequences of failure, perceived parental expectations and involvement and parental expectations and involvement) in predicting test anxiety. A culturally sensitive methodology consistent with Berryâ s imposed etic-emic-derived etic approach was adopted wherein a combination of qualitative and quantitative data was examined. A sample of 231 children from government, government-aided, and private schools participated in the study. Qualitative data was collected using focus groups and open-ended questions and provided an enriched understanding of the manifestation of test anxiety and its correlates in a sample of school going children in India. Quantitative data was collected from translated and adapted western questionnaires and surveys that tapped intra-individual and extra-individual variables examined in the current investigation. Overall, the qualitative data indicated that social derogation and somatization were salient aspects of the phenomenological experience; while high stakes exams, authoritarian parenting styles, and poverty, were significant contextual factors related to test anxiety in Indian children. Quantitative data suggested that somatization was correlated to test anxiety and predicted test anxiety above and beyond other intra-individual variables. However, among the extra-individual variables, only consequences of exam failure and perceived parental expectations were correlated with test anxiety and these did not predict test anxiety above and beyond the intra-individual variables. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Ph. D.

Abstract This thesis investigated the national culture of the construction labourers in a migrant country and empirically found the impact of cultural behavior on the performance of construction projects and labourers while practicing the decent work indicators. The study culminates by helping to form a migration policy by both the sending and the receiving countries of migrants that would economically and socially benefit both the migrant labourer and his family at the individual level. This thesis therefore helps by adding to the theoretical knowledge and also in the successful completion of projects and successful temporary migration. The research involved multi-research methods, starting with the narratives of the construction labourers. The research methodology was further augmented through a case study approach with the participant observation method. The data were coded according to grounded theory into national cultural dimensions. Re-confirmation and cross-checking interviews were also conducted to confirm the correctness of the coding. The qualitative data collected were quantified to give meaning to the data collection through triangulation in data analysis. After introducing national cultures in the construction projects of the UAE, the national culture of the construction labourers within Geert Hofstede’s framework was identified, while observing the decent work practices indicators. This was achieved through narratives, observations and semi-structured interviews. The thesis investigates decent work practices indicators specific to the culture of migrant construction labourers from Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Chinese labourers in the UAE. The thesis reveals that the national culture of the migrant construction labourers in the UAE is not the same as that identified by Hofstede some four decades ago. Indian construction labourers revealed high Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), Pakistani labourers showed high Masculinity (MAS), Bangladeshi labourers revealed low Long Term Orientation (LTO) and Individualism (IND) and Chinese construction labourers showed high IND and LTO. The study suggests that the management of cultural differences could help the successful completion of projects, which could be beneficial for both the migrant sending country and the host country and also for the individual migrant and his family. The study further investigated the difference in decent work practices in the UAE and the national culture (as seen in cultural behavior) of the migrant construction labourers in the UAE. Studying this difference in practice and learning about the cultural behavior of the construction labourers has economic and social implications for construction labourers, migrant receiving and sending countries
Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin toiseen maahan muuttaneiden rakennustyöntekijöiden kansallista kulttuuria ja todettiin empiirisiä tutkimusmenetelmiä käyttäen, kuinka kulttuurinen käyttäytyminen vaikuttaa rakennushankkeiden toteuttamiseen ja työntekijöiden työsuoritukseen, kun sovelletaan ihmisarvoisen työn indikaattoreita. Maahanmuuttajien lähtö- ja tulomaa voivat käyttää tämän tutkimuksen tuloksia apuna laatiessaan maahanmuuttopolitiikkaa, joka hyödyttäisi taloudellisesti ja yhteiskunnallisesti siirtotyöläistä ja tämän perhettä. Tämä väitöskirja auttaa toisin sanoen lisäämään teoreettista tietämystä ja sujuvaa tilapäistä maahanmuuttoa sekä saattamaan hankkeet onnistuneesti päätökseen. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin useita eri tutkimusmenetelmiä, ja lähtökohtana olivat rakennustyöntekijöiden omat kertomukset. Tutkimusmetodologiaa täydennettiin lisäksi tapaustutkimuksella käyttäen osallistuvan havainnoinnin menetelmää. Tutkimustiedot koodattiin käyttäen grounded theory -lähestymistavan mukaisia kansallisten kulttuurien ulottuvuuksia. Haastatteluille tehtiin lisäksi ristiintarkistus ja ne vahvistettiin uudelleen, jotta voitiin varmistua koodauksen paikkansapitävyydestä. Kerätty kvalitatiivinen aineisto ilmaistiin määrällisenä, jotta kerättyjä tietoja voitiin analysoida triangulaation avulla. Tutkimuksessa esiteltiin aluksi, miten kansalliset kulttuurit liittyvät Yhdistyneiden arabiemiirikuntien rakennushankkeisiin, minkä jälkeen määritettiin rakennustyöntekijöiden kansallinen kulttuuri käyttäen Geert Hofsteden teoriaa ja noudattaen ihmisarvoisen työn käytäntöjä koskevia indikaattoreita. Apuna käytettiin kertomuksia, havaintoja ja puolistrukturoituja haastatteluja. Väitöskirjassa tutkittiin rakennustyöntekijöitä, jotka olivat muuttaneet Yhdistyneisiin arabiemiirikuntiin Intiasta, Pakistanista, Bangladeshista ja Kiinasta. Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että ihmisarvoisen työn käytäntöjä koskevat indikaattorit ovat kytköksissä työntekijöiden omaan kulttuuriin. Väitöskirja paljastaa lisäksi, että Yhdistyneisiin arabiemiirikuntiin muuttaneiden rakennustyöntekijöiden kansallinen kulttuuri ei vastaa Hofsteden neljä vuosikymmentä sitten määrittämää kansallista kulttuuria. Intialaisilla rakennustyöntekijöillä havaittiin voimakasta epävarmuuden välttämistä, pakistanilaisilla työntekijöillä voimakasta maskuliinisuutta, bangladeshilaisilla työntekijöillä vähäistä pitkän tähtäimen orientaatiota ja individualismia ja kiinalaisilla rakennustyöntekijöillä puolestaan havaittiin voimakasta individualismia ja pitkän tähtäimen orientaatiota. Tutkimus osoittaa, että kulttuurieroja hallitsemalla voitaisiin edesauttaa hankkeiden viemistä onnistuneesti päätökseen, mikä puolestaan hyödyttäisi maahanmuuttajien lähtömaata ja isäntämaata sekä itse maahanmuuttajia ja heidän perheitään. Tutkimuksessa tutkittiin lisäksi, miten ihmisarvoisen työn käytännöt eroavat Yhdistyneissä arabiemiirikunnissa ja maahan muuttaneiden rakennustyöntekijöiden kansallisessa kulttuurissa (mikä puolestaan ilmenee kulttuurisessa käyttäytymisessä). Tämän eroavaisuuden ja rakennustyöntekijöiden kulttuurisen käyttäytymisen tutkimisella on taloudellisia ja yhteiskunnallisia vaikutuksia rakennustyöntekijöihin sekä maahanmuuttajien lähtö- ja tulomaihin

Cette thèse en linguistique théorique s'inscrit dans un cadre comparatiste. La première partie de notre thèse est un essai de théorisation de la mesure de la complexité linguistique. Nous y proposons une redéfinition de la théorie de la marque, socle de notre recherche transversale, qui prend en compte (1) les différentes définitions qu'elle a reçues au cours de son développement, (2) les apports que peuvent représenter d'autres modèles théoriques et (3) les critiques qui lui ont été faites jusqu'à notre présente étude. La seconde partie de notre thèse est un essai d'application de la théorie de la marque qui a pour objectif de tester son degré de validité dans plusieurs composantes du langage et dans des analyses intra- et intersystémiques de quelques langues indo-européennes et de l'océan Indien. Il s'agit aussi de cerner ses limites et de présenter les principes fonctionnels avec lesquels elle est en concurrence.

The spatial extent of extreme rainfall events directly affects the damages caused and impacts of such events. However, it has been less explored in the literature. This thesis examines extreme rainfall events of different sizes over central India during the Indian summer monsoon for the period 1951-2015. It utilizes a 2D connected component labelling algorithm to identify the sizes of events in the daily 1 1 gridded rainfall dataset provided by the India Meteorological Department. In the first part, this work revisits the observed trends in extreme rainfall events with the improved definition of events that accounts for their sizes. It shows that while 60% of the fractional increase in the area covered by daily extreme rainfall during the study period is due to a rise in the number of events, the rest is contributed by their increasing size. The increase after 1990 is, however, mainly due to the increase in the average size and not the frequency of their occurrences. This reveals the changing spatial characteristics of rainfall extremes over the study region that was not noted before. To get a mechanistic view of extremes of different sizes, we classify them as small (area . 104 km2 ), medium (104 > area . 7 104 km2) and large events (area > 7 104 km2 ). A majority of these events (>80%) are associated with synoptic-scale monsoon low-pressure systems (LPSs) but are accompanied by different background conditions. In the second part, I propose a physical mechanism for large-sized extreme rainfall events. All of the largesized events are produced by LPSs within 400 km of their center, with a clear preference to the south-western sector. Another consistent synoptic feature for large-sized events are the presence of secondary cyclonic vortices (SCVs) to the west of LPSs and the extratropical forcing. The interaction of two cyclonic vortices forms conditions favourable for long-lived, organized, and slow-moving convective systems that produce large-sized extreme rainfall events in the region between them. These events are preceded by the extratropical upper-level trough intrusion a week before. This trough moves eastward and is replaced by a stationary high. This midlatitude stationary high comes in phase with the equatorial monsoon trough. It provides eddy momentum, dynamic forcing, and static instability that strengthens the equatorial monsoon trough. The SCV and LPSs embedded in the monsoon trough are strengthened subsequently. In the third part, the thesis examines the characteristics and background conditions of LPSs that produce extreme rainfall events of different sizes and when LPSs do not produce extreme rainfall. The analysis reveals that medium and large event-producing LPSs tend to occur during the positive phase of monsoon intra-seasonal oscillations (MISO) when an active monsoon trough is present over central India. The LPSs that produce small events or no extreme rainfall event occur mainly during the neutral or negative MISO phases. The monsoon trough sets up large scale dynamic forcing and strengthens the low-level cyclonic circulation through the diabatic generation of potential vorticity. The LPSs of the positive MISO phase intensify along their track by interacting with the low-level jet. These conditions help in the organization of convection and lead to medium and large size events. The LPSs of the negative or neutral phases of MISO do not intensify much and trigger scattered convection, leading to small-size events or no extreme rainfall. The extreme-rainfall-producing LPSs are slower, moister, and stronger than the LPSs that do not produce extreme rainfall. These results connote a modulation of the precipitation response of monsoon lows by MISO. We explore the possible factors responsible for the observed changes in the final part. We find that changes in high-frequency intraseasonal oscillations and synoptic variability coincide with the changes in EREs. Over the western part of the Indo-Gangetic plains, their variance is decreasing, concurrently reducing small and medium EREs over this region. On the other hand, their increase over central India facilitates the rise in medium and large EREs. Large-scale circulation patterns are becoming more conducive for medium and large EREs. In addition, the southward shift of LPS tracks partly explains the increasing trend of medium and large events over the southern latitudes (south of 20 N) of central India and the decrease of small and medium EREs over the northern latitudes (north of 20 N). This work shows that the consideration of spatial collocation of heavy rainfall events while defining them gives an improved understanding of the underlying physical processes and observed trends than using the traditional grid-based definition

Réalisé à l'aide de données harmonisées par le Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS).
Ce mémoire de maîtrise propose une réévaluation de la question désormais centenaire de la « fission » ou « nucléarisation » du ménage joint hindou (MJH). En utilisant la perspective dite « atomiste » développée par Michel Verdon (1998), nous jetons les bases d’une nouvelle modélisation de la formation et de la composition des ménages au Maharashtra postcolonial. Le mémoire sera divisé en quatre sections. La première introduit les principaux éléments de la perspective « atomiste », qu’elle opposera, dans la seconde section, aux axiomes « collectivistes » et aux explications « culturalistes » généralement rencontrés dans l’analyse ethnographique des ménages en Inde occidentale. La troisième section fournit une application qualitative de la perspective atomiste, et ce, en dressant un bref portrait ethnographique du ménage au Maharashtra pour les trois décennies suivant l’indépendance de l’Inde. La quatrième section offre une application statistique de la perspective atomiste en utilisant des données socioéconomiques et sociodémographiques rassemblées dans cinq rondes des National Sample Surveys (NSS) indiens; combinant nos hypothèses atomistes avec les « taux d’autonomie résidentielle » développés par Ermisch et Overton (1985), nous quantifions les tendances et divers déterminants de la composition des ménages au Maharashtra durant les années 1983 à 2004. Nos résultats ne montrent aucun signe d’une nucléarisation du MJH durant les années couvertes par les NSS, et indiquent qu’il s’est même produit une intensification de la subordination résidentielle et domestique des jeunes couples basés au Maharashtra entre 1993 et 2004.
This M.Sc. thesis offers a reappraisal of the century-old issue of the ‘fission’ or ‘nuclearization’ of the hindu joint household (HJH). Using Michel Verdon’s ‘atomistic perspective’ (1998), we provide a new modelling of household formation and composition in postcolonial Maharashtra. The thesis is divided into four major sections. In the first section, we introduce the main lineaments of the ‘atomistic’ perspective and we oppose it, in the second section, to the ‘collectivistic’ set of axioms and the ‘culturalist’ explanations generally used in ethnographic analyses of household formation and composition in Western India. In the third section, we apply Verdon’s atomistic framework by presenting a brief qualitative portrait of the household in Maharashtra for the first three decades after India’s independence. The fourth section offers a statistical application of the atomistic perspective using socioeconomic and demographic data available in five separate samples of India’s National Sample Surveys; combining atomistic hypotheses with Ermisch and Overton’s (1985) ‘loneship ratios’, we quantify the effects of several determinants of residential autonomy and household composition in Maharahstra for the years 1983-2004. Our results show no sign of a nuclearization of the HJH in Maharashtra, and indicate that there was even a rise in the residential and domestic subordination of young Maharashtrian couples from 1993 to 2004.