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Newman, Nicole Rae. "Cognitively impaired elderly individuals and durable powers of attorney for healthcare". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1795.
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Van, Dreven Amber, i res cand@acu edu au. "Waiting: a critical experience". Australian Catholic University. School of Nursing, 2001. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp12.25072005.
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This study explores the experiences of relatives waiting. Often relatives wait for considerably long periods, especially in critical care areas, whilst their loved one, whose health status is unknown, receives care. To explore these experiences and to understand the symbolic meaning behind the participants stories, a grounded theory approach was utilised which is firmly rooted in the sociological theory of symbolic interactionism. A qualitative approach was employed in order to yield a rich description of the human experience often not found in quantitative studies (Jamerson, Scheibmeir, Bott, Crighton, Hinton and Kuckelman, 1996, p. 468). Similarly, the use of feminist principles to guide this study has facilitated a greater understanding of such issues as gender roles, language, power and hierarchy. Using grounded theory methodology, audio-taped interviews were conducted with six female relatives who were recruited using theoretical sampling. Simultaneous recruitment, data collection, analysis and literature review took place, as advocated and outlined by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1967). The overarching core category discovered using this approach which epitomises the waiting experience, is the balancing of both positive and negative aspects of the four codes identified. These four codes are -mothering, trust, flustered anxiety and institutional and medical power. Each code had negative aspects, such as being denied the felt need to mother the critically ill loved one, being asked to entrust the health of a loved one to people that relatives had never met, feelings of fluster and anxiety, and a perception that they would interfere with medial care if they were to be involved in their loved ones care. Conversely, each code could potentially have a positive aspect, such as being involved in the care of the loved one, feelings of relief once the care of the loved one was entrusted to professional health care providers, affiliating with other relatives who were waiting in similar circumstances, and receiving frequent information from staff. A final model was produced that illustrates the balance that many relatives aspire to when waiting in the Emergency Department waiting room. If the balance tips in favour of the negative aspects of the codes, a negative impact on the relatives feelings of well being can result.
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Erkan, Gokhan Huseyin. "Local Institutional Capacity And Decentralization Of Power". Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607961/index.pdf.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine the relationship between the success of the decentralization schemes and the local capacity by concentrating on the case of Metropolitan Municipality of Diyarbakir. The Local Government Reform in Turkey was built on the argument that local authorities, compared to the central government, are better in providing services in a more efficient and more participatory manner. This thesis argues that such an argument is valid only in an environment where there is a strong local institutional and societal capacity to carry out the given responsibilities and to provide the necessary participatory framework. These issues are investigated with reference to the case of Diyarbakir Metropolitan Municipality, which is located at one of the least developed regions in Turkey (Southern Eastern Anatolia).
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Sinclair, Simon Keith. "The institutional apprenticeship of medical students in a London medical school". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482051.
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The thesis provides an account of the basic medical training in England, largely unchanged for 150 years despite many calls for reform. The three stages (preclinical and clinical period and the pre-registration year) that students pass through are described in terms of acquired professional dispositions, with historical, cultural (including linguistic) and epistemological aspects; the dramatic aspects of dispositions give rise to a series of roles acquired through practice. Acquisition of these professional dispositions is fostered by students' aspirations and the general culture of co-operation, rather than by the simple explicit transmission of professional values, knowledge and skills, or a lowly and autonomous group "making out". The medical school and teaching hospital are therefore seen as acting in many ways like a "total institution", their segmentation being held together by students in practice, as well as cognitively and financially. Teaching and assessment of these roles leads, through their linguistic component (whose precise physical referents reflect the associated positivist epistemological base and its certainty) and dramatic features, to the stable reproduction of medical knowledge and is associated with the internal stability of the profession and of its relation to others. The resulting low status attached to academic disciplines (notably psychology and sociology) and branches of medicine (notably psychiatry) tends to limit awareness within the profession of the discordance within and between dispositions and between roles. The high rates of mental illness within the profession may be seen as related to such internal psychological conflicts; these lead, in effect, to classifying sufferers as individual psychiatric patients and so "blaming the victim". For this reason alone, it is most unlikely that students and junior doctors can effect any change in the system of training; other factors that contribute to the system's stability are discussed
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Tockman, Jason. "Instituting power : power relations, institutional hybridity, and indigenous self-governance in Bolivia". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50912.
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Scholars have long observed that institutions and power relations are cyclically constitutive, as institutions shape a given polity’s power relations, and the latter influence the design of institutions. This dissertation unveils how indigenous agents interact with each other, and with the state’s bureaucrats and consultants to create divergent institutional trajectories in a new institutional environment: the construction of 11 pilot institutions of indigenous self-governance in Bolivia, as provided by the 2009 Constitution. The combinations of institutional forms have most significantly been shaped by local relations of power among differently identifying indigenous agents, and by the state-determined socio-territorial boundaries that are the site of institutional construction. Each new “indigenous autonomy” combines liberal and indigenous norms, constituting a hybrid model of indigenous autonomy. Within that model we can discern a bifurcation in which some institutions are more liberal and others are more communitarian.
These observations contribute to our understanding of democracy and citizenship in contemporary Latin America as states respond to popular pressures for more rights and inclusion, in what many have called “left turns.” In terms of democracy, this study illustrates how electoral representation is complemented by communitarian democratic forms in ways that enhance Bolivia’s historically exclusionary democracy, yet how elaboration of communitarian democracy is also constrained by the party-based system of representation. Meanwhile, the Constitution’s expansion of rights has contributed to what some observers have called “post- liberal” citizenship. This investigation indicates that state-society relations in Bolivia are not well-characterized as populist, liberal or corporatist; rather, they are concomitantly plural, cyclical and reactive – which I conceive of as interest intermediation by “contentious bargaining.”
The contradictions in the construction of these “indigenous autonomies” are a consequence the changing character of the ruling party. As the Movement toward Socialism and its leader, Evo Morales, have shifted from an oppositional force to elected government, they have contended with a complex correlation of social forces and pursued a development program of resource nationalism that responds to widespread calls for economic growth and poverty reduction. In Bolivia’s contentious context, the state’s disposition with regard to indigenous self- governance has been contradictory, simultaneously enabling and constraining indigenous rights.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Quiñones, Alayza Maria Teresa, i Acosta Edwin Quintanilla. "Power sector: institutional framework, issues, and new trends". THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108326.
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The power sector of a country is highly relevant for its competitiveness and social development. In Peru, this sector has passed through many changes before having its current configuration, which has negative and positive aspects.In the present versus, two different perspectives come face to face as the debate about key and current topics starts. The discussion is about questions such as the “oversupply” of power generation, the creation of additional charges to the power transmission service, or the frontiers of the regulated market.El sector eléctrico de un país es de suma importancia para su competitividad y desarrollo social. En el Perú, este sector ha pasado por varios cambios hasta tener su configuración actual, que tiene aspectos tanto positivos como negativos.En el presente versus, dos diferentes perspectivas se encuentran y se abre paso al debate acerca de temas clave y de actualidad, tales como: la “sobreoferta” de generación eléctrica, la creación de cargos adicionales a la transmisión, o los límites del mercado regulado.
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Harvey, Janet. "Behind the medical mask : medical technology and medical power". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1992. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36139/.
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This thesis explores the role of technology as a resource in the structure of medical domination of birth and death, stressing technology's pivotal position at the intersection of control and uncertainty. Based in Intensive Care and Obstetrics (between which the health status of patients diverges sharply), it notes the convergence of technology used and examines the contest for control within the labour process. This includes using technology to facilitate a 'standardized' birth or death; a more retrospectively defensible event. In general, the 'burden of proof' is concluded to lie with those wishing not to intervene rather than the reverse. Given the (cognitively male) biomedical model, mind-body dualism is an assumption embedded in medical technology: this is especially significant in childbirth, where it fractures the woman's ontological experience of giving birth. Its positivistic and pathological emphasis is associated with a reification of processes and a commodification of their 'solution': which becomes located in technology. It is argued that commodification in health provision will increase with the further application of market principles to the NHS. It is concluded that 'uncertainty', endemic to medicine and a possible challenge to control, is proactively manipulated and pressed into the service of medical domination. Technology is used to mask uncertainty and aid the medical profession's control of patients/relatives, and subordinate work groups. A technological fix may be viewed as the opposite to re-discovering societal dreams and myths, however, more paradoxically, it is concluded that dreams and myths have become attached to technology. Thus, the symbolic role of technology is: to provide hope of continued survival (or cure), the veiling of existential uncertainty and the offer of 'absolution' - should all efforts fail (a freedom from guilt in the assurance that "everything possible was tried"). Its 'heroic' project is viewed as an existentially 'masculine' health provision and 'feminized' health care is posited as an alternative.
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Flint, Kevin John. "The lakeside study : empowerment and institutional systems of power". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270777.
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Cathey, Paul Eben. "Understanding propaganda: Noam Chomsky and the institutional analysis of power". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002975.
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This thesis argues that Noam Chomsky’s theory of propaganda is a useful way to understand class domination. The strengths and weaknesses of Chomsky’s theory are examined by means of a comparison with Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony. Since work that discusses and analyses Chomsky’s theory is sparse, this piece first gives a detailed explanation of his theory. This requires a short clarification of Chomsky’s terminology, focusing on his definitions of indoctrination and class. Thereafter a thorough account of Chomsky’s ideas regarding class structure, the indoctrinating functions of educational and media institutions and the difference between upper and lower class propaganda are discussed. A common criticism of Chomsky’s arguments is that they are conspiratorial. Thus, following the discussion of Chomsky’s theory I present an argument that Chomsky uses an institutional analysis as opposed to conspiracy theory to reach his conclusions. After arguing that Chomsky has a coherent, logical theory of propaganda that is not conspiratorial, this thesis shifts to a comparison of Chomsky and Gramsci’s theory. The elements of Gramsci’s theory that are relevant to Chomsky are discussed, focusing on their overall similarities, in particular, the question of consent. The final chapter consists of a comparison of the two theories, examining each theorist’s ideas on the nature of education, language, consent and the possible ways in which the lower classes can oppose their own oppression.
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Snyder, Robert Scott. "Student Body Presidents and Institutional Leaders| Navigating Power and Influence". Thesis, The George Washington University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10637926.
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The purpose of this study was to understand and perceive how student leaders, and specifically student body presidents, navigated social power and used influence with institutional leaders in the higher education decision-making environment to achieve the goals and objectives of their presidencies. The foundational texts of higher education governance and the literature on decision-making are unclear about or do not acknowledge the role of students as leaders. Meanwhile, the popular press makes it clear students are playing a role in decision-making, and there is growing student consumerism and activism within institutions. The contrast between the foundational texts and the literature on decision-making versus what is occurring with respect to student leader involvement describes the problems of practice and research this study addressed.
This study applied French and Raven's (1959) bases of social power to the experiences of student leaders, and specifically student body presidents, and situated these experiences in the higher education decision-making environment. The primary research question for this study was: How do former student body presidents at colleges and universities perceive navigating social power and using influence with institutional leaders to achieve the stated goals and objectives of their presidencies? There were two secondary research questions: 1) What do former student body presidents perceive to be the principal sources of support in achieving their stated goals and objectives? 2) What do former student body presidents perceive to be the principal sources of challenge to achieving their stated goals and objectives?
The conclusions of this study related to: (a) the utility and accessibility of, and relationship between, the various bases of power with respect to the ability of the former student body presidents to navigate power and use influence to achieve their goals and objectives; (b) the availability and impact of support on the ability of the student body presidents to achieve their goals and objectives; (c) the impact of challenges on the ability of the student body presidents to achieve their goals and objectives. Along with these conclusions, the study provided recommendations related to theory, practice for both institutional leaders and student leaders, and future research.
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Fonseca, Francisco Xavier dos Santos. "GPU power for medical imaging". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7853.
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Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e TelemáticaA aplicação CapView utiliza um algoritmo de classificação baseado em SVM (Support Vector Machines) para automatizar a segmentação topográfica de vídeos do trato intestinal obtidos por cápsula endoscópica. Este trabalho explora a aplicação de processadores gráficos (GPU) para execução paralela desse algoritmo. Após uma etapa de otimização da versão sequencial, comparou-se o desempenho obtido por duas abordagens: (1) desenvolvimento apenas do código do lado do host, com suporte em bibliotecas especializadas para a GPU, e (2) desenvolvimento de todo o código, incluindo o que é executado no GPU. Ambas permitiram ganhos (speedups) significativos, entre 1,4 e 7 em testes efetuados com GPUs individuais de vários modelos. Usando um cluster de 4 GPU do modelo de maior capacidade, conseguiu-se, em todos os casos testados, ganhos entre 26,2 e 27,2 em relação à versão sequencial otimizada. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram integrados na aplicação CapView, utilizada em rotina em ambientes hospitalares.
The CapView application uses a classification algorithm based on SVMs (Support Vector Machines) for automatic topographic segmentation of gastrointestinal tract videos obtained through capsule endoscopy. This work explores the use graphic processors (GPUs) to parallelize the segmentation algorithm. After an optimization phase of the sequential version, two new approaches were analyzed: (1) development of the host code only, with support of specialized libraries for the GPU, and (2) development of the host and the device’s code. The two approaches caused substantial gains, with speedups between 1.4 and 7 times in tests made with several different individual GPUs. In a cluster of 4 GPUs of the most capable model, speedups between 26.2 and 27.2 times were achieved, compared to the optimized sequential version. The methods developed were integrated in the CapView application, used in routine in medical environments.
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Lloyd, Rhiannon. "An institutional approach to understanding the green paradox of nuclear power". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/58700/.
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This thesis proposes that the range of institutional logics provided by both Friedland and Alford (1991) and Thornton, Ocasio and Lounsbury (2012) has overlooked the inclusion of an environmental societal logic. The concept of an environmental logic is therefore developed and applied in order to understand how a ‘green paradox’ surrounding nuclear power emerged over the past sixty years of the UK civil nuclear energy programme. The research employs a Critical Realist ontology (Bhaskar 1975) and constructs a qualitative and historical case study of the nuclear power industry via the analysis of newspaper articles and Government policy documents. The findings show that the green nuclear debate was informed by four ‘situated’ manifestations of an environmental societal logic which informed the environmental values and expectations of different actor groups engaged in the debate. In particular, the thesis shows how a situated target-based environmental logic emerged within the energy industry as a result of embedded institutional work and eventually informed the arguments promoting green nuclear. These arguments remained in contention with those of the environmental movement who maintained that nuclear power was definitively not environmentally friendly. Additionally, the Critical Realist ontology provides a framework with which to explore levels of meaning and structure and thus offers a means to explain this ‘situated’ nature of institutional logics. This thesis contributes to existing institutional theory in three key ways: Firstly it proposes and illustrates the theoretical and analytical utility of an environmental institutional logic. Secondly it develops the concept of a situated logic and, in doing so, builds an improved understanding of the ways in which agency, institutional logics and the institutional structure of industries interconnect. Thirdly it demonstrates and explains how one societal logic may become situated in multiple and possibly contradictory ways depending on the actor groups in which it manifests.
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Han, Shuangmiao. "Policy experimentation and institutional power dynamics in China's higher education reforms". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:98ec6bdc-4171-4a2f-a54f-7d1f6412f5df.
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In response to the challenges presented by unprecedented growth in higher education (HE) since 1978, China adopted policy experimentation (PE) as a means of introducing and testing HE reforms. This study involves four in-depth case studies of important reforms facilitated by policy experiments at different junctures of China's HE development: early 1980s, mid-late 1980s, late 1990s, and early 2010s. Within each reform, two elite universities as 'experiment points' (shi dian) were selected. Through cross-case analysis informed by semi-structured interviews and extensive documentary analysis, the study offers a holistic historical perspective on how PE has been used to bring about institutional changes in China's higher education. The study documents different rationales used for implementing policy experiments. State actors use PE to exert pressure on universities to introduce reforms, to lower associated risks and to strengthen the nation's overall HE policymaking capacity in a volatile and extremely heterogeneous context. For their part, university leaders have adopted PE locally to navigate China's politically charged policymaking environment and to negotiate with state actors more favourable terms for reforms. Therefore, the PE approach enables state-university interactions and power negotiations that create and maintain 'strategy space' for consensus-building and institutional changes. It is an iterative process characterised by central-local interaction and intentionally ambiguous boundaries. The state, however, retains ultimate authority for legitimatising, selecting and expanding policy experiments. It is best understood as elite-enabled experimentation within existing political hierarchies. Over time, China's PE approach has become a semi-institutionalised mechanism for HE reforms. In the various policy experiments discussed in this study, PE functions as a productive, disciplinary and symbolic force at different stages of the policy process. Sometimes it appears to offer a genuinely productive mechanism for producing, identifying and negotiating innovative policy options that may be replicated at a larger scale; sometimes its essential use lies in its generated regulative effect; and sometimes it assumes more of a symbolic role allowing the government to acquire or consolidate reform legitimacy. Policy processes are mediated by these different uses of PE towards either reform efficacy or institutional conformity. This study situates these reforms within broader political, social, economic and historical contexts, and highlights the policy implications for higher education reform internationally.
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Reisinger, Tyler Lang. "Beyond Beyle: Assessing the Measurement of Institutional and Informal Gubernatorial Powers". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34495.
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The subject of studying the institutional powers of state governors has largely been expressed on a macro level. Scholars have focused on obtaining a measurement of overall gubernatorial powers, often overlooking the quality of the individual measurements that make up their cumulative index. The most recognized method for measuring the formal and informal powers of state governors was created by Joseph A. Schlesinger in 1960, with Thad Beyle carrying on the work and providing periodical updates to the index. The scales used in these studies fall somewhat short of measuring the reality of gubernatorial powers in individual states, as existing scales of individual powers in appointment, tenure, veto, budget, branch official selection and party control fail to recognize important differences among the states.
Measuring gubernatorial powers can be important for scholars and citizens alike. Further knowledge of the governorâ s role and powers in the political process can give voters and researchers a better sense of what a governor may be able to accomplish, and serve as a possible predictor of policy success. This study reviews and reworks the Beyle scales in an effort to identify power differences between states in terms of their individual powers. A closer look at the categories used in cumulative indices reveals that many states are scored identically despite awarding significantly different powers to their state executives. By identifying constitutional and statutory differences among states, revised scales and scores are suggested to improve the validity of measuring the individual powers. A time period comparison for the years 1980-2005 shows that the revised scales find less change in certain powers than the Beyle scales. Finally, the results of the project are used to partially fulfill an existing framework for predicting and evaluating gubernatorial policy success in the states, allowing researchers a better relative context from which to predict and assess gubernatorial actions.Master of Arts
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Backhouse, Peter. "Medical knowledge, medical power : doctors and health policy in Australia /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb126.pdf.
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McCarthy, Daniel R. "Power, information technology, and international relations theory : the institutional power of the Internet and American foreign policy". Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/31d00cb8-faee-462c-bec6-394ca740d162.
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This thesis examines the place of information communications technology (ICT) as a form of power in International Relations (IR) theory. Through an examination of the dominant approaches to ICTs in IR I outline the need to introduce a concept of technological power which can account for agency and culture in the process of technological design and development. Turning towards the critical theory of technology of Andrew Feenberg, the thesis argues that conceptualizing technology as biased but ambivalent provides the space within which agency may be considered alongside the structuring characteristics of technology to provide a more theoretically balanced and analytically productive account of the politics of technology. Building upon this foundation, the thesis outlines ICTs as a form of institutional power in international politics, acting upon agents at a distance in both space and time. This form of power is enmeshed in, and supported by, structural power relations and the interrelated discursive and ideological forms of power which maintain these structures. I examine the utility of these concepts through an extending empirical illustration of the role of the Internet in American Foreign Policy. This analysis argues that the Internet, as a product of American technological development, expresses a bias towards liberal capitalist values which forces other states to either alter their social practices or enact costly filtering regimes. The open networks of the Internet thereby facilitate the pursuit of an Open Door foreign policy by the United States government. Accounting for the technologically embedded cultural norms of the Internet casts a different light upon the nature of power in international relations, and requires that we take the constitution of an global material culture into account in our theories of international relations.
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Baker, Kathryn Anne. "Organizational and institutional effects on safety and efficiency in nuclear power plants". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185405.
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This dissertation explores the extent to which organizational and institutional factors continue to influence the economic and safety performance of nuclear power plants. Although the importance of non-technological factors during the developmental period of nuclear power has been recognized after the fact, most contemporary research fails to recognize the continued importance of organizational and institutional factors for ongoing nuclear power plant operations. Moreover, a second generation of advanced nuclear reactors is now imminent but technological advances will not suffice to prevent many of the mistakes of this first era of nuclear power. The lessons learned from our experience with the current generation of nuclear power plants must include more than technological improvements. As yet a systematic investigation of the impact of organizational and institutional factors on nuclear power plant performance has not been conducted. This dissertation progresses us much further toward accomplishing this task, although much additional research is still needed.
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Söderström, Fredrik. "Introducing public sector eIDs : The power of actors’ translations and institutional barriers". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Informatik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-132737.
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The electronic identification (eID) is a digital representation of our analogue identity used for authentication in order to gain access to personalized restricted online content. Despite its limited and clearly defined scope, the eID has a unique role to play in information society as an enabler of public digital services for citizens as well as businesses and a prerequisite for the development of electronic government (eGovernment). This study shows a tendency of treating public sector eIDs like Information and Communications Technology (ICT) artefacts in general. Hence, a narrow focus on technology is often applied thus placing non-technical aspects in the background. Consequently, social and organizational implications are often unproblematized which in turn becomes problematic in the case of the public sector eID. This study puts forth a need for a broader focus in this area and contributes by focusing on the challenges related to the resistance to introductions of eIDs among affected actors in the public sector. This study assumes that affected actors’ perceptions (translations) of the eID have a potential impact on its introduction on organizational as well as operational level. Research questions focus on the influence of resistance on the introduction and the relationship between resistance and actors’ translations of the eID. The aim is to further develop existing concepts and bring new insights to research as well as practice. The analytical perspectives of sociology and institutionalism aim at developing a tentative analytical framework for investigations of this relationship. Introductions, therefore, become institutional pressures facing resistance as related to affected actors’ translations. The empirical basis consists of two interpretive case studies of eID introductions –a national eID to cover the entire public sector and a professional eID in health care. The result shows that resistance in the form of institutional barriers develops from actors’ negative translations of the eID and main coordinating actors’ tend to fail in their attempts to negotiate these barriers. This confirms a closer relationship between institutional pressures and barriers and a view of pressures, barriers and eIDs as translated institutions transferred across organizational settings is put forth. To facilitate future research and practice related to public sector eID introductions, three propositions are put forth. (1) The importance of acknowledging pressures to introduce eIDs as closely related to barriers. (2) The institutions involved in this process as all translated by the government, coordinating actors as well as affected actors. (3) The importance of a developed understanding of these institutions, translations and relationships in order to facilitate cooperative efforts shaping future public sector eIDs.Elektronisk identifiering (eID) är en digital representation av vår analoga identitet som används för autentisering i syfte att få tillgång till skyddat innehåll på nätet. Trots ett begränsat syfte, har eID en unik roll i informationssamhället som möjliggörare av offentliga digitala tjänster för medborgare och företag och en förutsättning för utveckling av elektronisk förvaltning (eförvaltning). Denna studie visar att eID i offentlig sektor ofta hanteras som informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) generellt. Därför tillämpas ofta ett tekniskt perspektiv vilket medför att icke-tekniska aspekter placeras i bakgrunden vilket blir problematiskt i fallet med eID i offentlig sektor. Sociala och organisatoriska konsekvenser förblir därmed ofta otillräckligt problematiserade vilket blir problematiskt vid introduktioner av eID i offentlig sektor. Följaktligen för denna studie fram ett behov av bredare fokus inom detta område och bidrar genom att fokusera på utmaningar som rör motståndet mot introduktioner av eID bland berörda aktörer inom offentlig sektor. Denna studie förutsätter att berörda aktörers uppfattningar (översättningar) av eID har en potentiell inverkan på dess introduktion på organisatorisk och operativ nivå. Forskningsfrågorna behandlar hur motståndet påverkar införandet och förhållandet mellan motstånd och aktörernas översättningar av eID. Målet är att vidareutveckla befintliga begrepp och att bidra med nya insikter till forskning samt praktik. De analytiska perspektiven inom sociologi och institutionalism syftar till att utveckla ett tentativt analytiskt ramverk för att undersöka denna relation och med detta se introduktioner som institutionella tryck som möter motstånd kopplat till berörda aktörers översättningar. Den empiriska grunden består av två tolkande fallstudier - ett nationellt eID införande och ett införande av eID för tjänstebruk inom vården. Resultatet visar att motståndet i form av institutionella hinder utvecklas från aktörers negativa översättningar av eID och samordnande försök att hantera dessa hinder misslyckas ofta. Detta bekräftar också en tydlig relation mellan institutionella tryck, hinder och eID som översatta institutioner vilka överförs mellan olika organisatoriska sammanhang. För att underlätta framtida eID-införanden och för nya insikter till forskning, förs följande tre påståenden fram: (1) Vikten av att erkänna institutionella tryck som närbesläktade med hinder vid införande av eID. (2) De institutioner som deltar (tryck, hinder och eID) är alla översatta av förvaltning, samordnande och berörda aktörer. (3) Vikten av en utvecklad förståelse av dessa institutioner, översättningar och relationer för att underlätta samverkan kring framtidens eID inom offentlig sektor.
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Read, Natalie. "Exploring constructs of capacity in learning disability contexts : power, protection and institutional practices". Thesis, University of East London, 2016. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5398/.
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The Mental Capacity Act (2005) is a legislative framework designed to promote autonomy and support those who may struggle to make decisions for themselves. Previous research suggests that the implementation of the Mental Capacity Act raises a number of challenges for professionals (McVey, 2013; Walji, Fletcher & Weatherhead, 2014) and that applying the Act in learning disability settings may be particularly complex (Brown & Marchant, 2013). The concepts of ‘capacity’ and ‘learning disability’ draw on knowledge across legal, philosophical and psychiatric discourses, which may imply different practices for professionals. Semi-structured interviews were completed with eight professionals working in adult community learning disability services. A Foucauldian approach to discourse analysis was used to examine how capacity was constructed in professionals’ accounts of their experiences implementing the Mental Capacity Act. The discourses and subject positions available to professionals and people with learning disabilities were considered. Analysis of professionals’ accounts suggested that ‘legal’ and ‘rights’ discourses of capacity were oriented to. Knowledge of capacity was constructed as being limited to professionals, with families and service users often in need of further information on the Mental Capacity Act. ‘Legal’ and ‘rights’ discourses enabled multiple subject positions for professionals and people with learning disabilities. These positions allowed for both restrictive and empowering practices. Promoting subject positions of ‘personhood’ appeared to allow for alternative understandings of capacity, in which decision-making is an interdependent rather than independent process. This study suggests that capacity assessments are sites of tension between multiple discourses. Co-constructing meanings of capacity within services and across disciplines may allow for the development of best practice, and facilitate supported decision-making practices with people with learning disabilities.
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Brunton, Kathryn Anne. "The Decentralization of Power and Institutional Adaptations: Decentralized Land Reform in Kayunga, Uganda". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32410.
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While many African governments have made legislative changes to the formal economic institution of land law in order to strengthen land tenure security, very few have seen these changes take hold (Bruce & Knox, 2009). This thesis demonstrates that Uganda is no exception. In exploring the interactions between the formal, informal, political, economic and social institutions which influence land tenure behaviour in Uganda, and how decentralization impacts this institutional structure, this thesis offers a first step in understanding how state-led land reforms can be undercut at the local level, causing unintended outcomes. From reinforcing the legitimacy of informal customary tenure systems to fostering inter-ethnic competition, the District of Kayunga demonstrates how Uganda’s 1998 Land Reform has created unexpected impacts that continue to impede its implementation. It also offers ideas on how failed institutional adaptations may impact local perceptions of land tenure security.
This thesis also investigates and pushes the boundaries of New Institutional Economic (NIE) theory. It explores how decentralization within a formal economic institution can influence informal social and political institutions to create complex and ever evolving incentive structures. It also examines the role of organizations and individuals in an effort to understand the intersection between these two categories of actors and the institutional structure. Fluid interactions whereby organizations and individuals are incentivized by institutions, but also resist and adapt to institutional change, demonstrate the added complexity of organization-institution interdependency within the NIE framework.
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Brito, Anna C. "Misuse of Executive Power as an Obstacle to Democratic Institutional Reform in Argentina". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1366.
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This thesis explores three different institutions that underwent proposed reforms during the President of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007-2015): the intelligence sector, the judiciary, and the media. Though the stated purpose of these reforms was to make more democratic institutions that had suffered under the military junta, in reality they were generally unsuccessful. Furthermore these institutions would be further changed under her successor, Mauricio Macri, still with little improvement to democracy. When examining these changes in the context of hyper-presidentialism, it is apparent that the misuse of executive power is a serious impediment to meaningful institutional reform.
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Carvalho, Oliveira Joao Pedro F. F. "Power and organisational change : a case study". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/ee082d56-43de-4f97-abe6-d03824405a75.
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This thesis reports the results of a case study conducted in a Portuguese manufacturing organisation, a part of a large group, which endured profound organisational changes. The initial objective of the research was to explore, in a processual way, the long-term interactions between an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, the consultants that implemented it and management accounting and control, in this organisation. However, during the fieldwork, the researcher was confronted with an apparent puzzle: in the past, formally powerful ‘central’ actors had been confronted with important limitations – including in their relations with formally less powerful actors, particularly ‘local’ actors at the plant level. At the time of the fieldwork, however, the situation had substantially changed. The researcher was therefore confronted with a puzzle, which seemed to be about the distribution of power in the organisation, about who the powerful actors were and, more fundamentally, what caused (or limited) actors’ relational power. Three innovations introduced by central actors appeared to have played an important role in this fundamental change in the organisation and in the distribution of power within it. At stake were a technological innovation – the adoption of the financial module of an ERP system (SAP FI) – and two organisational innovations: the relocation of the Corporate Centre (CC); and the creation of a Shared Services Centre (SSC), in the same location of the group headquarters and of the Chairman and majority shareholder. Clegg’s (1989) framework of ‘Circuits of Power’, based on a Foucauldian and Actor-Network Theory (ANT) approach, was drawn upon as interpretive lenses to address the empirical puzzle about power. The researcher’s mobilisation of the framework facilitated the understanding of what caused (or limited) actors’ relational power, not only in the past but, particularly, at the time of the fieldwork, when the ongoing repercussions of the three innovations were taking place. Such in-depth understanding was constructed through a qualitative, interpretive and processual research, adopting the method of an explanatory case study combining both retrospective and longitudinal components. During the three-year’ fieldwork, 54 interviews with 29 respondents, lasting more than 90 hours, were supplemented by other information generating techniques, such as documentation analysis and observation of meetings, presentations and artefacts in numerous socio-technicalinteractions. The researcher’s interpretation of the case study insights highlighted that the previous power limitations perceived by the formally powerful, ‘central’ actors could be traced to characteristics of the circuit of social integration (rules of meaning and membership across the organisation, as interpreted, accepted and enacted by actors) and of the circuit of system integration (techniques of discipline and production). The three technical and organisational innovations – SAP FI, the CC and the SSC - introduced by central actors in the circuit of system integration (conceptualised, in ANT terms, as nonhuman and collective actors, respectively) had significant repercussions across the various circuits of power. These repercussions had a structural nature, since the innovations collectively succeeded in giving rise to a network of complementary, mutually dependent and mutually reinforcing Obligatory Passage Points. The emerging network of Obligatory Passage Points was essential in promoting the introduction, interpretation, acceptance and enactment of rules across the organisation as desired by central actors. This thesis proposes several contributions concerning the repercussions of the collective of innovations across the circuits of power. Some examples are embedding rules in technology (Volkoff et al., 2007) and organisational processes, redefining the scope of agencies, creating non-zero sum outcomes, and the emergence of the perception of control inevitability and naturalness within organisational normalcy. Collectively, these innovations promoted rules enactment (by both human and nonhuman actors) in ways that benefited the interests of central actors. In addition, this thesis proposes contributions related with the two theoretical frameworks and literatures framing the research. It proposes several refinements to Clegg’s (1989) framework, comprising changes in its graphical layout, linkages and even concepts. The second contribution is an ANT-inspired, OIE model of rule-based action. This model draws on Burns and Scapens’ (2000) macro structure and concepts, but it proposes additional structures and substantially different perspectives, mechanisms and even concepts. It adopts a wide definition of rules, also viewing them as internal structures orienting actors. Thus defined, rules underlie routines and fill a gap in routines-focused frameworks – in particular, when there are no established routines as regards particular issues.The model acknowledges intra-organisational diversity and focuses on the processes of introduction, interpretation, acceptance and enactment of rules. It also relates rules with material conditions, in particular since rules may be technologically and organisationally embedded. Finally, the model highlights that rules may be enacted by both human actors (individual and collective) and nonhuman actors. The model provides a novel way to conceptualise how actors’ interests may be achieved through the various intersections between rules and material conditions, and by the ultimate enactment of rules by both human and non-human actors.
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Dale, Pamela Louise. "The Mental Deficiency Acts 1913-48 : medical care, control and eugenics". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482827.
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Fazli, Yeknami Ali. "Low-Power Delta-Sigma Modulators for Medical Applications". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniska komponenter, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-102903.
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Biomedical electronics has gained significant attention in healthcare. A general biomedical device comprises energy source, analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), digital signal processing, and communication subsystem, each of which must be designed for minimum energy consumption to adhere to the stringent energy constraint. The ADC is a key building block in the sensing stage of the implantable biomedical devices. To lower the overall power consumption and allow full integration of a complete biomedical sensor interface, it is desirable to integrate the entire analog front-end, back-end ADC and digital processor in a single chip. While digital circuits benefit substantially from the technology scaling, it is becoming more and more difficult to meet the stringent requirements on linearity, dynamic range, and power-efficiency at lower supply voltages in traditional ADC architectures. This has recently initiated extensive investigations to develop low-voltage, lowpower, high-resolution ADCs in nanometer CMOS technologies. Among different ADCs, the ΔΣ converter has shown to be most suitable for high-resolution and low-speed applications due to its high linearity feature. This thesis investigates the design of high-resolution and power-efficient ΔΣ modulators at very low frequencies. In total, eight discrete-time (DT) modulators have been designed in a 65nm CMOS technology: two active modulators, two hybrid active-passive modulators, two ultra-low-voltage modulators operated at 270mV and 0.5V supply voltages, one fully passive modulator, and a dual-mode ΔΣ modulator using variable-bandwidth amplifiers. The two active modulators utilize traditional feedback architecture. The first design presents a simple and robust low-power second-order ΔΣ modulator for accurate data conversion in implantable rhythm management devices such as cardiac pacemakers. Significant power reduction is achieved by utilizing a two-stage load-compensated OTA as well as the low-Vth devices in analog circuits and switches. An 80dB SNR (13-bit) was achieved at the cost of 2.1μW power in 0.033mm2 chip core area. The second design introduces a third-order modulator adopting the switched-opamp and partially body-driven gain-enhanced techniques in the OTAs for low-voltage and low-power consumption. The modulator achieves 87dB SNDR over 500Hz signal bandwidth, consuming 0.6μW at 0.7V supply. The two hybrid modulators were designed using combined SC active and passive integrators to partially eliminate the analog power associated with the active blocks. The first design employs an active integrator in the 1st stage and a passive integrator in the less critical 2nd stage. A 73.5dB SNR (12-bit) was achieved at the cost of 1.27μW power in a 0.059mm2 chip core area. The latter modulator utilizes a fourth-order active-passive loop filter with only one active stage. The input-feedforward architecture is used to improve the voltage swing prior to the comparator of the traditional passive modulators, which enables a simpler comparator design without requiring a preamplifier. It also allows the use of three successive passive filters to obtain a higher-order noise shaping. The modulator attains 84dB SNR while dissipating 0.4μW power at a 0.7V supply. Two ultra-low-voltage DT modulators operating at 0.5V and the state-of-the-art 270mV power supplies were proposed. The former modulator employs fully passive loop filter followed by a 0.5V preamplifier and dynamic comparator, whereas the latter one exploits the inverter-based integrators combined with clock boosting scheme for adequate switches overdrive voltage. The first design incorporates a gain-boosted scheme using charge redistribution amplification in the passive filter as well as a body-driven gain-enhanced preamplifier prior to the comparator in order to compensate for the gain shortage. It attains 75dB SNR consuming 250nW power, which is a record amongst the state-of-the-art ultra-lowpower ΔΣ modulators. The second design uses feedforward architecture that suggests low integrators swing, enabling ultra-low-voltage operation. The degraded gain, GBW and SR of the inverter amplifiers operating at such a low voltage are enhanced by a simple current-mirror output stage. The attained FOM is 0.31pJ/step. A fully passive DT modulator was presented aiming for analog power reduction, the dominant part of the power in the active modulators. A careful analysis of the non-idealities in the passive filter, including the noise, parasitic effect, and integrator’s leakage were essential to meet the performance requirement necessary for an implantable device. The chip was tested simultaneously with its active counterpart, showing significant power reduction at the cost of 4× core area and 12dB SNR loss. The designed dual-mode modulator employs variable-bandwidth amplifiers in combination with oversampling ratio to provide tunable resolution. This work presents the design, implementation, and test results of a two-stage amplifier using the second stage replica, that provides tunable GBW with consistent DC gain.
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Griffin, Barbara L. "Videotapes for health : the performance of medical power". Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425239.
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Gharama, Huda. "A Planar Lightguide Power Combiner for Medical Applications". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1508173552760426.
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Crnojacki, Zorica. "Extra high voltage transmission corridor siting : technical, public, institutional and regulatory considerations /". Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10032007-171749/.
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Smith, Lisa Wynne. "Medical knowledge and medical power, control of women's bodies in seventeenth-century England". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq22555.pdf.
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Mourato, João Morais L. "Europeanisation and territorial governance : an inquiry into power and institutional culture change in Portugal". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1334588/.
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From within the European Union integration project, a shared spatial development agenda has emerged. From the beginning of the European Spatial Development Perspective process in 1989, to the post-enlargement Territorial Agenda of 2007, in a non-binding policy context of inexistent formal competencies, member-states agreed on a shared vision, spatial development objectives and planning principles for the EU territory. This catalysed the institutionalisation of European Spatial Planning. Fuelled by processes of socialisation framed within a platform for common policy learning the latter produced an undeniable cultural footprint. Growing attention has been given to the impact that this process has had on domestic planning systems and institutions among member-states. This impact is widely referred to as the Europeanisation of planning. This thesis examines the Portuguese National Spatial Planning Policy Programme (PNPOT) under the light of the hypothetical causal relationship between the Europeanisation of planning and institutional culture change in Portugal. As evidence mounts of innovation in policy discourse, conceptual paradigms, legal framework and practices, the research focus shifts to the domestic drivers, mechanisms, key actors and their motivations, enabling factors and obstacles to culture change. The outcome is a portrait of the contemporary challenges faced by planning in Portugal. The latter highlights the fragilities of the planning-related policy learning dynamics, capacity-building processes, inter-institutional coordination deficit and structural shortcomings in terms of the communicational capacity and the adaptational ability of institutions and practitioners in an evolving public policy context. Finally, although a policysteered process, planning culture change in Portugal, if to prevail, depends on the mobilisation of the community of planners. Through a communicative power framework they must work alongside central and local government and citizens in an inclusive spirit of mutual learning and partnership. For a culture change in planning to have any effect in shaping places, it must first shape minds.
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Davis, Mark. "Electrification and institutional reform in power utilities : case studies in South Africa and Swaziland". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361297.
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Awlad-Thani, Faiza S. S. "University Knowledge Commercialisation through an Institutional Logics Perspective: The case of Oman". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17394.
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University Knowledge Commercialisation‘ (UKC) has come to be seen as a stimulant for developing economic performance. Regardless of the increasing body of literature in the UKC, it is revealed to be undertheorized, whilst existing theories are the result of inductive theorizing based on successful KC stories within the western context. Moreover, the literature provides modest practical directions and pay insufficient attention to the role of mechanisms, such as power, mimetic isomorphism, and intermediation, in bridging differences in institutional logics between actors. These gaps inspired the study aim, which is to explore the implication of such mechanisms in bridging differences in logics within UKC institutionally emerging context, Oman.
Through a qualitative, multiple case-study approach, data was collected from four contract research projects through semi-structured interviews. The first three interviews served as a pilot study, the results of which were then used to formulate the second stage which was interviews with participants from academia, industry, and government. This approach improves the internal validity of the research, and provides a rich picture of the Omani UKC emerging institutional environment.
The findings suggest that the influences of power, mimetic isomorphism, and intermediation have significantly shaped bridging, though not always positively, in logics in the Omani UKC context. The findings show that adverse influences in this process included: asymmetric power relationships, mimetic isomorphism‘s simplistic view of logics convergence and negligence of institutional fragmentation, and insufficient intermediation activities.
The novelty of introducing the concept of power adds a new theoretical dimension into the UKC and ILP theories. Additionally, the novelty of using case of Oman as an empirical study added new contribution into the field. In addition, this study contributes to a better understanding of the Omani policy actions with regard to shift to an effective UKC approach.
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Sesate, Diana Beth. "A Matthew Effect?: Undergraduate Institutional Prestige, Admission to Medical School, and Medically Underserved Communities". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556663.
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Admission to medical school is key to addressing medically underserved communities because over 90% of medical students graduate and become physicians. Yet, members of populations most likely to serve medically underserved communities as physicians remain chronically underrepresented in medical education despite initiatives aimed at increasing their representation among medical students. Meanwhile, traditional determinants of medical school admission fail to fully predict success in medical school, but have a disparate impact on applicants from underrepresented populations. Other determinants are underexplored, especially undergraduate institutional prestige. This study used a quantitative case study approach to examine the relationship between undergraduate institutional prestige, admission to medical school, and potential to serve medically underserved communities via specialty. Using a synthesis of the frameworks of symbolic capital, the iron triangle, and manifest and latent functions as a lens, this study analyzes (1) the relative impact of undergraduate institutional prestige on predicting admission to medical school holding constant the effect of traditional determinants of admission to medical school (i.e., MCAT, GPA), (2) how undergraduate institutional prestige varies by admissions stage, and (3) the relationship between undergraduate institutional prestige and specialty. Overall, findings show that undergraduate institutional prestige is important throughout the medical school admissions process; yet, undergraduate institutional prestige is not related to specialty. Nonetheless, findings imply preferences for applicants from more prestige undergraduate institutions may be contradictory to fulfilling organizational missions concerned with addressing healthcare disparities.
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Michelutti, Enrico. "An institutional approach to urban fragmentation : power and sustainability in un-recognized settlements of Mumbai". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145690.
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Urban fragmentation is a phenomenon which characterizes the so-called "global city", both in the North and in the South of the world. Since the 1990s, several disciplines have approached fragmentation dynamics from different perspectives, mainly focusing on their consequences in the urban fabric. Urban fragmentation has risen to the attention of decision-makers as a "political issue" during the 2000s, particularly after the global crisis of 2008, with the increase of socio-economic inequalities in urban areas and the emerging of the question of rights as key issues for city development. In this period some authors started a debate on the causes and the roots of the phenomenon, influenced by their different ethical-political and ideological positions on society and on the city. Thus urban fragmentation has become one of the paradigmatic phenomena to rethink what sustainability actually is in its urban connotation and to question current policies addressing sustainable development at the city scale.
The research explores urban fragmentation processes through a new institutional approach. Following the French-Syrian linguist Emil Benveniste, within a neo-institutionalist perspective, institutions are thought of here in a "radical" way, as entities structuring society (state, law, religion, technology, processes of thought and word, etc.), thus including both organizations and mental models and coming back to their etymological meaning in the Indo-European culture. This focus allows the research to go beyond the superficial facets of the phenomenon and understand the relations in place between the socio-spatial aspects, the institutional roots, the power balances and the planning solutions which involve fragmented territories.
In this work the knowledge of the phenomenon is generated through an analysis grounded in the researcher's fieldwork experience in Mumbai. In the literature, Mumbai is commonly identified as a "fragmented city", and this statement is confirmed by a wide range of narratives on the theme. The research works at the community scale, focusing on three legally un-recognized settlements and using these case study areas for their richness in evidencing fragmentation dynamics characterizing the whole urban fabric. Key findings from the analysis of the fieldwork are that the "not notified" settlements are involved in power relations without any protection by the public authorities and, due to their condition of socio-economic and legal-political vulnerability (even in relation to other recognized slums in Mumbai), develop underlying practices of negotiation with the Municipality and criminal institutions, which control the territory, bypassing conventional urban policies and developing specific planning rationalities.
At the empirical level, the research shows the importance of the recognition of "not notified" settlements, seeking basic rights to the city, promoting inclusive urban policies and mitigating fragmentation tendencies. On a methodological plane, the narrative of the research shows the key role played by institutions in shaping fragmentation processes and the relevance of the institutional dimension in understanding the complexities embedded in these urban dynamics. From a theoretical perspective, the research allows reconsidering the role of equity in planning practices: a more equal distribution of power, as emerged in some case study experiences, is a pre-condition in reducing urban fragmentation and in fostering a sustainable development of the city.
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Tahyar, Benjamin H. "Patrimonialism, power and the politics of judicial reform in post-Soeharto Indonesia : an institutional analysis". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15945/.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. "The politics of wealth distribution in post-Soeharto Indonesia : political power, corruption and institutional change". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1040/.
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This thesis examines the processes through which the redistribution of political and economic power is taking place in post-Soeharto Indonesia. In order to do this, patterns of `grand' corruption between the business community and the state are explored in three sites: the allocation of government contracts, the interaction between business associations and the state, and the negotiations over the repayment of debt. It is found that corruption has become more widely dispersed with the inclusion of new state actors and that the basis of allocation has moved away from the political influence of the Soeharto-era towards the more uncomplicated power of money. It is proposed that the conventional arguments which either invest institutions with the sole responsibility for limiting corruption or alternatively view them as completely irrelevant to the real exercise of power are both flawed. Rather, it is argued in this thesis that institutional change does indeed affect patterns of corruption, freezing out some participants, introducing others and defining new sites of corrupt exchange. The significance of such an analysis lies in the idea that corruption can never be destroyed but rather it is controlled through alterations of its character. Thus, any attempts to limit corruption must be grounded in such an analysis of its particular character. It is found that corruption has become more widely dispersed with the inclusion of new state actors and that the basis of allocation has moved away from the political influence of the Soeharto-era towards the more uncomplicated power of money. It is proposed that the conventional arguments which either invest institutions with the sole responsibility for limiting corruption or alternatively view them as completely irrelevant to the real exercise of power are both flawed. Rather, it is argued in this thesis that institutional change does indeed affect patterns of corruption, freezing out some participants, introducing others and defining new sites of corrupt exchange. The significance of such an analysis lies in the idea that corruption can never be destroyed but rather it is controlled through alterations of its character. Thus, any attempts to limit corruption must be grounded in such an analysis of its particular character. It is further hypothesised that efforts to limit corruption are badly served by an exclusive focus on the rules inherent in institutions at the expense of the inclusion of corruption's deeper structural causes. In response to this, the idea that corruption is partially driven by the need to foster the domestic capital accumulation process in a context of historic underdevelopment is explored throughout this thesis. Thus, it is proposed that corruption can be viewed as a system of wealth distribution based not just on money and connections, but also ethnicity and nationality.
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Vermeersch, Sem Andre Claudine. "The power of Buddha: the ideological and institutional role of Buddhism in the Koryo dynasty". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251749.
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Etchanchu, Helen. "The roles of discourse, legitimacy and power in enabling and hindering institutional change towards sustainability". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, Ecole supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESEC0005.
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Cette thèse est basée sur trois essais distincts mais interconnectés qui soulignent le rôle important du discours, la légitimité et le pouvoir dans le changement institutionnel vers un développement durable. Dans deux chapitres de ma thèse, j'explore les dynamiques de (de)légitimation du gaz de schiste, en France et en Allemagne. L'exploitation du gaz de schiste par la fracturation hydraulique a déclenché une forte contestation dans ces pays en raison de ses implications socio-économiques, environnementaux et politiques. Le premier essai est une étude de cas comparative des débats publiques sur le de gaz de schiste, qui démontre le rôle important des institutions pour le succès des cadrages mobilisés. Le deuxième essai est une étude de cas portant sur la (de)légitimation des acteurs impliqués dans le débat sur le gaz de schiste français qui propose qu'il y ait une différence fondamentale dans légitimant un problème et légitimant un acteur. Le troisième essai théorique introduit le concept de parentalisme afin de mettre en évidence comment les acteurs contrôlent qui peut participer aux débats. En tout, cette thèse met en lumière comment les débats sur des enjeux sociaux et environnementaux sont influencés par des stratégies discursives en résonance avec le contexte institutionnel et l’identité des acteurs ainsi que par des stratégies de contrôle discursives et non discursives sur qui participe et comment dans la délibérationThis dissertation is based on three separate but interconnected essays which underscore the important roles of discourse, legitimacy and power in fueling or hindering institutional change towards sustainability. In two chapters of my thesis I explore the discursive legitimation dynamics in the contested issue field around shale gas, in France and Germany. The exploitation of shale gas via the hydraulic fracturing (or fracking) technique triggered strong contestation in these countries due to its socio-economic, environmental, and political implications which challenge the energy sector on a global scale. The first essay is a comparative case study of the public shale gas debates which surfaces the important role of institutions in influencing the success of certain arguments over others. The second essay is a single case study focusing on the (de)legitimation of the actors involved in the French shale gas debate which proposes that there is a fundamental difference in legitimating an issue and legitimating an actor. The third theoretical essay introduces the concept of parentalism in order to highlight how actors control who may participate in discursive struggles. On a whole this thesis surfaces how ongoing struggles in contested environmental and social issue fields are shaped by the fit of discursive strategies with the institutional context and contestants’ legitimate identities as well as by actors’ discursive and non-discursive controlling strategies of who participates and how in deliberation
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Fang, Yuanyuan. "Balance of Power in Regional Institutional Framework: Reassessment of the China-U.S.-Japan Trilateral Relationship". FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3386.
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Relations among China, the United States, and Japan constitute some of the most complicated and dynamic relations in the contemporary era. Since the end of the second half of the twentieth century, all three nations, which were not in favor of regional multilateralism, have changed their strategy and have actively engaged in regional Asia-Pacific institutions. This research attempts to integrate realist discourse on the balance of power and liberal analysis of institutions to look at the China–U.S.–Japan interactions within regional institutions. This study explores why China, the United States, and Japan have increased their cooperative interaction in regional institutions in the Asia-Pacific region, despite having divergent interests and different visions of the future regional power structure.
By searching and analyzing archives documenting China–U.S.–Japan regional policies and policies directed at regional institutions and observing in detail China– U.S.–Japan interactions within Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), this dissertation argues that institutional balancing provides a framework that helps identify countries’ overlooked intention to check and balance targeted powers in regional institutions. Regional institutions not only provide an opportunity for participant countries to discover and address common interests but also provide an opportunity for participant countries to lobby for their own interests and to balance the gains and influences of the other powers. This dissertation explores conditions under which institutional balancing is an optimal choice for countries and notes key methods: controlling membership; shaping institutional norms, rules, and mechanisms; and pursuing balanced alliances that have been practiced by China, the United States, and Japan in regional institutions in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Zaman, Mahbub. "Beyond formal governance structures and processes: an institutional and power analysis of corporate audit committees". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488096.
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The aim of this thesis is to provide insights into processes associated with operation of audit committees (ACs) and their effects on aspects of corporate governance. The thesis provides a critique of extant studies of ACs, develops an alternative framework for researching ACs, analyses evidence of AC operation and their effects on internal control and risk management, financial reporting and external audit in three case companies. The thesis seeks to contribute to the literature on ACs in a number of ways. First, it provides a historical background to the development of ACs (chapter 2) and examines the available international evidence relating to corporate governance effects of ACs (chapter 3). It concludes that in many areas where ACs have been expected to bring governance benefits the findings thus far are either inconclusive or very limited. Chapter 3 of the thesis also concludes that the limited contribution of the extant literature on ACs may be attributable to (i) a narrow focus on the use of the agency theory perspective, (ii) the predominant reliance on quantitative methods and (iii) the development of research around theories of AC existence rather than theories of AC operation and effects. Second, the thesis seeks to make a contribution to the literature by developing an alternative framework for conceptualising the operation and effects of ACs. The theoretical framework developed in chapters 5 and 6 draw upon institutional and power perspectives and aims to reflect better the reality of the context in which ACs operate in practice. Considering the lack of attention given to the operational and institutional context of ACs in extant studies this framework is an important contribution. Third, the thesis provides empirical evidence on the operation and effects of ACs in three companies. The theoretical framework is used to analyse the three cases individually (chapters 7-9) and for cross-case analysis (chapter 10). The investigation into AC processes and effects concludes (chapter 11) that ACs are adopted for a variety of reasons and that AC related outcomes are determined by the nature of the AC process rather than their formal terms of reference and scheduled meetings. This process is influenced by power relationships in which alliances and networks between agencies (both individual and committees/functional units) and the utilisation of standing conditions by agencies are important factors.
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Miller, Chad Richard. "The Tholian Web: The Political/Institutional Context of Regional Cluster-Based Economic Development". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27984.
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This is an exploratory study that applies the dominant theories of the community power structure literature to the trend of regional cluster-based economic development policy in order to develop a conceptual framework of the political/institutional context of this "new" approach. In order to develop a framework that can be utilized by practitioners, field studies were conducted in Austin, Texas; Portland, Oregon; Greenville/Spartanburg, South Carolina; Lynchburg, Virginia; and Roanoke, Virginia. The findings are that the major community power structure theories (i.e., market model, economic forces, civic culture, regime theory, the growth machine, and civic entrepreneurs) all provide important insights for the adoption of cluster-based policies. Other important factors that need to be considered are the importance of public administrators, performance metrics, state context, institutional arrangements, elected officials, tax structure, and historical path dependency. The implication for public administration is that the role of public administrators is contingent on the nature of the network governance structure.Ph. D.
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Savci, Huseyin Serif. "Low-power CMOS receiver for medical implant communication services". Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Yasami, Saeid. "Ultra-Low Power RFIC for Space/Medical/Mobile Applications". Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10003754.
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State-of-the-arts design, implementation, and optimization of Ultra-Low Power Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (ULP RFIC) for medical, space, and mobile applications have been proposed. New approximated formulas in modeling of the circuits and systems for CAD development have been suggested which make the computer simulations more accurate. Algorithm optimizations for faster design time and possible automations compared to traditional and manual implementations are also offered that reduce the final release time of the products in a more systematic way. These design methodologies are based on advancements of IC fabrication in scaling to Nano-meter regimes, improvement of powerful software simulation tools especially at high frequencies, and manipulating novel ideas in development phases. Note that these design proposals are not only limited to space, biomedical, and mobile application; as a matter of fact, they can be used in any chip design and development ranging from smart watch to glasses and etc.
To have a comprehensive understanding of wireless system design and circuit implementation requires years of experiences and research on multi-disciplinary areas ranging from semiconductor at physic level, circuit analysis, software programming for simulation, test and automation purposes, architecture level, high frequency and RF behavior of components and many more. That is why it has been said the RF design is challenging and takes more years to become an expert on these areas. There are still huge shortages for RF and Analog engineers due to the challenges throughout the world both in industry and academia.
For the circuits presented in this dissertation, frequencies range from ISM band 2.4GHz for mobile application to 10GHz and 24 GHz in microwave applications. The detail analyses for implementations and simulations have been shown to verify the implementations. Optimizations are presented by extensive analysis and iterative simulations. Solutions and tips to simplify design flows are mentioned throughout the dissertation.
Chapters begin with introductions and motivations; next, detail discussion and investigation are presented in subsequent sections; finally summaries giving at the end of each chapter. At the end of dissertation, the possible future works and research orientation have been proposed.
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Balasubramanian, Sidharth. "Low-voltage and low-power libraries for Medical SoCs". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259776639.
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Callaghan, John. "Slavery and Major Power Warfare: Similar Paths to Obsolescence?" University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1291051347.
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Estrada, Antonio L. "Beyond Access to Health Care: Institutional and Cultural Barriers Experienced by Mexican Americans in a Southwestern Community". University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies and Research Center, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219192.
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Lisanti, Melissa Wall. "Interaction, Power, and The Institution: Uncovering the Negotiations that Organize the Planning Work of Social Studies Teachers". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52940.
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With the proliferation of standards and accountability systems in education, questions about how they function and intersect with broader patterns of institutional relations await investigation. The existing literature in social studies education is replete with studies that frame teachers' expertise for managing how instruction unfolds in the classroom and how sophisticated domains of knowledge contribute to the ways that teachers manage the complexities of their work. While valuable for better understanding what makes teachers effective, this dispositional and cognitive framing makes it difficult to capture the myriad negotiations at play when teachers plan instruction. Further, relations of power are often rendered invisible.
To uncover the negotiations and interactions that shape the work of teaching and learning requires research questions and method that bring the institution into view. There are two broad questions guiding this investigation. How are instructional design and planning activities coordinated, organized, regulated, and/or standardized by broader extralocal relations of power that function beyond the daily experiences of teachers? How do discourses and activities in the institution replicate, constitute, and/or challenge those institutional relations? My study drew on tools from institutional ethnography and was embedded in everyday experiences of teachers. Four teachers partnered with me, allowing me to observe their work as they planned their lessons. However, the interactional framing of the study required a shift in gaze away from teachers and to the production of instruction. Through teachers' conversations, activities, and materials, I mapped instructional units and analyzed them for predictable patterns and threads of interaction that crossed contexts and reflected institutional relations that shaped their work. Textual analyses related to curriculum documents at the state level were paired with the everyday experiences of teachers to illuminate points of intersection and how they were discursively constituted during planning. Rather than isolate these intersections as a study of the impact of standards on teaching, I positioned them in a complex landscape of negotiation that connected the work of teaching and learning beyond the classroom walls. An intriguing glimpse into the production of the institution and the relations of power that contextualized the lived experiences of teachers was revealed.Ph. D.
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Schnackenberg, Andrew K. "Symbolizing Institutional Change: Media Representations and Legality in the Payday Loan and Medical Marijuana Industries". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1405090956.
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Jefferson, Antwan D. "(Un)invited families| Locating the institutional power of school at work against the involvement of families". Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3562641.
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This qualitative study examined the interaction of families and school in a local community. Data were gathered through document analysis; semi-structured interviews with family members, community members, and school professionals; group interviews; street interviews; and observer field notes. A conceptual framework consisting of postcolonial theory, critical social theory, and thirdspace theory guided data analysis. This study documented the deep and pervasive nature of school's institutional power, and severely limited opportunities available to family members to shift the power balance in their favor. The relations of power were evident in the enactment of parent involvement policy and practices that constrained family members' school involvement, the contradiction between school's purpose as stated and enacted, families' restricted access to school information and space, and the construction of family member roles through encounters with school. This study also revealed the potential of organizing to shift the balance of power in favor of families and the local community.
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Josolyn, Simon. "Men's experiences of violence and abuse from a female intimate partner : power masculinity and institutional systems". Thesis, University of East London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542307.
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The phenomenon of intimate partner abuse has attracted considerable attention over the past 40 years. However, although the epidemiological literature has consistently reported that at least 30-40% of those experiencing intimate partner abuse are men, it has come to be constructed as a gendered social problem where heterosexual men are stereotyped as `dangerous' perpetrators and their female partners as `vulnerable' victims. Consequently, the `abused man' and the `abusing woman' have come to be marginalized, not only in statutory policy and service provision, but also in academic research and the development of psychological interventions. My thesis argues that heterosexual `abused men' are constrained from occupying the position of victim and are consequently denied the compassion and support available to `abused women'. The research sought to understand how heterosexual men constructed their experiences of abuse and to consider how these constructions impacted on the negotiation of their identity in response to abuse and also their help-seeking conduct. The research was informed by a critical realist epistemology and adopted a discourse analytic approach, drawing on the work of Michel Foucault. The men's accounts constructed their partner's behaviour as challenging but nonimpactful, and explainable by psychological problems, caused by past traumatic experiences, and precipitated by current material stressors. The warranted responses included endurance, social withdrawal and seeking psychological support for the partner. The constructions drew attention to a range of institutional and self-disciplinary practices, deployed in the context of stereotyped accounts of gender and partner abuse, which served to constrain the men's public identities and help-seeking conduct. This research echoes calls for more inclusive research into the phenomenon of partner abuse and psychological interventions for `abused men' and `abusing women'. Those who provide services, including psychological services, should also be better informed and trained to respond appropriately to `abused men' and `abusing women'.
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Cho, Ah Ra. "A Panel Analysis of Institutional Finances of Medical Residencies at Non-University-Based Independent M.D. Granting Medical Schools in the United States". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984151/.
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Traditionally, medical residency positions have been primarily funded by the federal government. However, due to declining governmental funding support over time, medical schools have resorted to fund these programs through other means such as clinical fees and payments for services. This change has affected the number and types of residencies available to medical school graduates. The purpose of this study was to measure how the availability of fiscal resources shape mission-related outputs, particularly medical residency positions at medical schools. Using academic capitalism as the theoretical framework provided a lens through which to examine how federal policies have shaped the availability and funding of medical residencies today at the institutional level. This concept has been studied in traditional colleges and universities and how they balance mission and money, but less so in the context of medical schools. This study used a fixed effect panel analysis to study the impact of selected variables over a 10-year period on financing of medical residencies. Findings included that tuition revenues, paid for by undergraduate medical students, are increasingly funding medical residency positions. There was little to no effect from hospital revenues and federal research monies on increasing the number of medical residency positions. The funding of university based medical education is particularly timely and of national importance to understand the consequences of federal policies for medical schools and how medical residency funding caps and limits have affected one of the missions of medical schools which is to train physicians.