Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Inoculum”
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Eboibi, B. E., K. O. Adiotomre, F. Onobrudu i E. Osioh. "Anaerobic Digestion of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) Waste: Effects of Inoculum on Biogas Production Rate". Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 4, nr 2 (październik 2020): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2020.02.0226.
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In this paper, cow manure fluid was used as inoculums to investigate biogas production rate from anaerobic digestion of cassava peel at mesophilic temperature (280C). The anaerobic experiment was conducted using six batch digesters (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6) each of 20L capacity for 40-day hydraulic retention. Each digester, was loaded with 5kg of cassava peel (CP) and 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of inoculum to CP. Hashimoto model was used to obtain the digestion kinetic parameters. The results of the study showed that inoculums influenced the rate of biogas production, showing variations in biogas production, correlation coefficient (R2) and in first-order decay constant (k). The average cumulative biogas production was in the range of ~2358 to 4010ml/kgVS for 10% to 50% inoculum. The R2 and k for D1 was 0.959 and 0.359 D1 (without inoculum), 0.990 and 0.371 for D2 (10% inoculum) and 0.991 and 0.371 for D3 (20% inoculum), 0.951 and 0.356 for D4 (30% inoculum), 0.992 and 0.372 for D5 (40% inoculum), and 0.990 and 0.371 was obtained for D6 loaded with 50% inoculum. Despite variation in biogas yields from different inoculums, biogas production obtained from anaerobic digesters loaded with inoculums were still lower compared with that without inoculum.
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Chiaravalli, Maria, Luca Rapetti, Andrea Rota Graziosi, Gianluca Galassi, Gianni Matteo Crovetto i Stefania Colombini. "Comparison of Faecal versus Rumen Inocula for the Estimation of NDF Digestibility". Animals 9, nr 11 (7.11.2019): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110928.
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Cow faeces have been investigated as alternative inoculum to replace rumen fluid to determine neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility (NDFD). Aims of this study were to estimate: (1) the NDFD (48 h) of feed ingredients using a rumen inoculum in comparison with faecal inocula from cows fed diets with different forage basis; (2) the undigestible NDF (uNDF) at 240 and 360 h with ruminal fluid and faecal inocula from lactating cows fed two different diets. At 48 h incubation, the NDFD was affected both by feed and type of inoculum (p < 0.01) and by their interaction (p = 0.03). Overall, the mean NDFD was higher for rumen inoculum than for faecal inocula (585 vs. 389 g/kg NDF, p < 0.05), and faecal inoculum obtained from cows fed hay-based diets gave lower NDFD than those from cows fed maize silage (367 vs. 440 g/kg, p < 0.05). At long incubation times, the average uNDF was affected by substrate, inoculum and incubation time (p < 0.01), but not by their interactions. For each inoculum, significantly lower values were obtained at 360 than at 240 h. Regressions between uNDF with rumen and with the tested faecal inocula resulted in r2 ≥ 0.98. Despite the differences at 48 h, the uNDF showed that faecal inoculum could replace rumen fluid at longer incubation times.
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Restrepo-Llano, Manuel, Nelson W. Osorio i Juan D. León. "Assessment of the Effectiveness of Ectomycorrhizal Inocula to Promote Growth and Root Ectomycorrhizal Colonization inPinus patulaSeedlings Using the Most Probable Number Technique". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/870616.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the response ofPinus patulaseedlings to two inocula types: soil from aPinusplantation (ES) and anin vitroproduced inoculum (EM). The most probable number method (MPN) was used to quantify ectomycorrhizal propagule density (EPD) in both inocula in a 7-order dilution series ranging from 100(undiluted inoculum) to 10−6(the most diluted inoculum). The MPN method allowed establishing differences in the number of infective ectomycorrhizal propagules’ density (EPD) (ES=34per g;EM=156per g). The results suggest that the EPD of an inoculum may be a key factor that influences the successfulness of the inoculation. The low EPD of the ES inoculum suggests that soil extracted from forest plantations had very low effectiveness for promoting root colonization and plant growth. In contrast, the high EPD found in the formulated inoculum (EM) reinforced the idea that it is better to use proven high quality inocula for forest nurseries than using soil from a forestry plantation.
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Malbasa, Radomir, Eva Loncar, Spasenija Milanovic i Ljiljana Kolarov. "Use of milk-based kombucha inoculum for milk fermentation". Acta Periodica Technologica, nr 40 (2009): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0940047m.
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In this investigation fermented milk beverages with 0.9% of milk fat were produced using 10 and 15% (v/v) of traditional and milk-based kombucha inoculum by application of appropriate technological process. Milk fermentation using two types and concentrations of kombucha inoculum were stopped when the pH reached 4.5. Sigmoidal fermentation profiles were noticed with traditional kombucha inoculums and linear with milk-based kombucha inoculums. Chemical content and physico-chemical characteristics of kombucha fermented milk beverages were typical and yoghurt-like for all obtained products. The best textural and sensory characteristics possesed beverage obtained in fermentation of milk using 10% (v/v) of milk-based kombucha inoculum.
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Fleming, AI, ER Williams i JW Turnbull. "Growth and Nodulation of Provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Inoculated With a Range of Frankia Sources". Australian Journal of Botany 36, nr 2 (1988): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880171.
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Seed and root nodules (for use as a Frankia inoculum) collected from 18 provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. were used in a complete cross-inoculation experiment conducted in a glasshouse. The provenances covered the geographical range of the species and represented major river systems. They were arranged a priori into five groups according to geographical location. Seventeen of the inocula were effective on seed from all provenances; one inoculum failed to nodulate seedlings from any provenance. Inoculum source, seed source and their interaction all affected plant growth. Greatest shoot weight was obtained with seed and inoculum combinations from similar geographical regions, particularly northern inocula with northern seed sources and southern inocula with southern seed sources. When averaged over all seed sources northern inocula were the most generally effective in promoting plant growth. In contrast, when averaged over all inoculum sources, southern seed sources grew best. These results demonstrate the potential for improving the effectiveness of the C. cunninghamiana-Frankia association in forestry by selection of the symbiotic partners.
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Vaganova, Anastasia N., S. V. Borisenko, E. V. Nesterova, N. N. Trofimova, I. V. Litvinenko, Y. G. Petunova, W. V. Roca i V. N. Verbov. "Cefazolin inoculum effect among methicillinsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with skin infections". Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 23, nr 2 (2021): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2021.2.205-211.
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Objective. To evaluate frequency and intensity of cefazolin inoculum effect among methicillin-susceptible staphylococci isolated from patients with skin infections. Materials and Methods. A total of 80 methicillin susceptible isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were identified by cefoxitin disk-diffusion test and negative results of real-time PCR for mecA gene. Inoculum effect was measured by broth microdilution test with two inocula with concentrations of 5 × 105 CFU/mL and 5 × 107 CFU/mL. The disk-diffusion test with cefoxitin was also performed. Penicillin susceptibility was determined by disk-diffusion method. Beta-lactamase blaZ gene was identified by real-time PCR. Results. The frequency of cefazolin inoculum effect in tested isolates was 30% which is consistent with data from different countries. The MIC values for concentrated inoculum reached CLSI breakpoint for cefazolin resistance in 2.5% of isolates. The isolates with inoculum effect and those without it had the similar MIC values for cefazolin in broth microdilution test for standard inocula and similar diameters of inhibition zone in disk-diffusion test with cefazolin. Penicillin resistance was more frequent in inoculum effect-positive isolates. Beta-lactamase activity is considered as a main cause of cefazolin inoculum effect in staphylococci. The beta-lactamase blaZ gene was identified in the majority of isolates with cefazolin inoculum effect, but it was also prevalent among inoculum effect-negative isolates. Conclusions. Up to 30% of MSSA isolates from skin lesions in dermatological patients from SaintPetersburg are positive for cefazolin inoculum effect. Those isolates are usually characterized by penicillin resistance. Most of the cefazolin inoculum effect-positive isolates also carry beta-lactamase blaZ gene.
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Indriyati, Indriyati. "VIRULENSI JAMUR ENTOMOPATOGEN BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN (DEUTEROMYCOTINA: HYPHOMYCETES) TERHADAP KUTUDAUN (APHIS SPP.) DAN KEPIK HIJAU (NEZARA VIRIDULA)". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 9, nr 2 (23.07.2009): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.2992-98.
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Virulence of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) on aphid (Aphis spp.) and green stink bug (Nezara viridula). This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. It was aimed to test the virulence of field and commercial inoculum of B. bassiana on aphid and green stink bug. The field inoculum of B. bassiana was originated from infected grasshoppers and isolated in Biocontrol Laboratory of PT Gunung Madu Plantations, Central Lampung, while the commercial inoculum (Natural BVR) was formulated by PT Natural Nusantara. A single exposure concentration assay (1 x 107 conidia/ml) for each inoculum was conducted by immersing the insects in fungal suspension for 10 second. The results indicated that the virulence of field and commercial inoculum of B. bassiana was significantly different on aphid . The field inoculum B. bassiana was highly virulent and caused 78.8% mortality, on the contrary the commercial B. bassiana showed low virulence and caused only 27.42% mortality of aphid. However, both inocula caused 76% and 70% mortality on green stink bug respectively. The lethal period of the field and commercial B. bassiana are 3.70 days and 3.72 days respectively on aphid, and 5.44 days and 4.58 days on green stink bug. The virulence value of both inocula are 0.271 and 0.268 on aphids, and 0.195 and 0.245 on green stink bug. The virulence of both inocula is not significantly different. This results suggests that the commercial inoculum B. bassiana at 1 x 107 conidia/ml of concentration is less effective than the field inoculum B. bassiana as control agent on aphid.
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Zervos, S., S. C. Johnson i J. M. Webster. "Effect of temperature and inoculum size on reproduction and development of Heterorhabditis heliothidis and Steinernema glaseri (Nematoda: Rhabditoidea) in Galleria mellonella". Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, nr 5 (1.05.1991): 1261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-177.
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Larvae of Galleria mellonella were kept at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, and exposed to six levels of inocula (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 infective juveniles/larva) of Heterorhabditis heliothidis and Steinernema glaseri. Temperature and inoculum level significantly affected time to first emergence, duration of emergence, and yield of juveniles. All parameters except emergence of H. heliothidis showed significant interactions between temperature and inoculum level. No juveniles emerged at 5 or 10 °C and development time was most rapid at 25 °C. No juvenile H. heliothidis emerged at 30 °C or with 500 infective juveniles/host, but duration of emergence was shortest at high temperatures with large inocula; yield per host and yield per inoculum were greatest at 20 °C with small inocula. Yields of S. glaseri were half those of H. heliothidis; duration of emergence was shortest at low temperatures; yield per host was greatest at 20 and 25 °C from large inocula; and yield per inoculum level was greatest when the numbers inoculated were small (5–50/host).
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Nitzan, Nadav, Tom F. Cummings i Dennis A. Johnson. "Disease Potential of Soil- and Tuberborne Inocula of Colletotrichum coccodes and Black Dot Severity on Potato". Plant Disease 92, nr 11 (listopad 2008): 1497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-11-1497.
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Inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes, the cause of potato black dot, is soil- or tuberborne. Understanding the disease potential of sources of inocula is crucial for developing disease management strategies and resistance screening techniques. Two hypotheses were tested in this study: (i) soilborne inoculum causes more disease than tuberborne inoculum and (ii) black dot severity is related to the concentration of soilborne inoculum. Trials were conducted in the greenhouse with standardized inoculum. Plants grown in infested soil had more sclerotia on roots than plants grown from infected tubers in three of four trials. In general, plants grown in infested soil produced fewer tubers and lower yields than the noninoculated plants. Plants grown from infected tubers produced similar numbers of tubers as the noninoculated plants in all trials, and had reduced yields in one of the four trials. Increasing concentrations of soilborne inoculum had a nonlinear association with disease development. Foliar symptoms, sclerotial density on roots, and sclerotial development on stems did not increase when soil inoculum exceeded 0.5 or 1.7 g/liters of soil. In this study, soilborne inoculum caused more disease than tuberborne inoculum and disease severity remained constant above a threshold of soilborne inoculum.
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Waswa, Clinton, Peter Kabok i Daudi Nyaanga. "Co-digestion of Pretreated Chicken – Goat and Untreated Cow Manure at Different Substrate to Inoculums Ratios and Total Solids for Biogas Production". Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering 3, nr 3 (31.12.2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47721/arjee202003024.
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Biogas production can be greatly affected by inoculum addition and total solids. The effect of the substrate to inoculum ratios and total solids of chicken, goat and cow manure on biogas production was studied using a 0.15m3 laboratory-scale batch digester at a constant temperature of 35°C. Feedstocks were mechanically minced to 3 mm effective particle sizes prior to co-digesting with untreated cow manure from a free-range dairy rearing system. Different amounts of cow substrate inoculum were used at ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 and 6:1, while total solid levels between (7.5% and 10.5%) at intervals of 0.5% were used to study their effects on biogas production. Increasing inoculums and total solids resulted in increased biogas production with peaks at a substrate to inoculum ratio of 4:1 (20% inoculum addition) and 9% total solids. Biogas production rates of 0.61 and 0.63m3/m3d were realized respectively. Keywords: Biogas Production, Chicken-Goat-Cow Manure, Substrate to Inoculum Ratios, Total Solids
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Waswa, Clinton, Peter Kabok i Daudi Nyaanga. "Co-digestion of Pretreated Chicken – Goat and Untreated Cow Manure at Different Substrate to Inoculums Ratios and Total Solids for Biogas Production". Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering 3, nr 3 (31.12.2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47721/arjee20200303024.
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Biogas production can be greatly affected by inoculum addition and total solids. The effect of substrate to inoculum ratios and total solids of chicken, goat and cow manure on biogas production was studied using a 0.15m3 laboratory scale batch digester at a constant temperature of 35°C. Feed stocks were mechanically minced to 3 mm effective particle sizes prior to co-digesting with untreated cow manure from a free-range dairy rearing system. Different amounts of cow substrate inoculum were used at ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 and 6:1, while total solid levels between (7.5% and 10.5%) at intervals of 0.5% were used to study their effects on biogas production. Increasing inoculums and total solids resulted in increased biogas production with peaks at a substrate to inoculum ratio of 4:1 (20% inoculum addition) and 9% total solids. Biogas production rates of 0.61 and 0.63m3/m3d were realized respectively. Keywords: Biogas Production, Chicken-Goat-Cow Manure, Substrate to Inoculum Ratios, Total Solids
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Restrepo-Llano, Manuel F., Nelson W. Osorio-Vega i Juan D. León-Peláez. "Plant Growth Response ofPinus patulaandP. maximinoiSeedlings at Nursery to Three Types of Ectomycorrhizal Inocula". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2018 (26.09.2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6027351.
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The objective of this study was to assess the response in seedling growth, root colonization, and P content of seedlings ofPinus maximinoiandP. patulato the inoculation with three types of ectomycorrhizal inocula with three doses (17.5, 35, and 70 kg·m−3) in nursery. The first inoculum was soil from aPinusplantations that contained three ectomycorrhizal fungi (Amanita muscaria, Amanitasp.,andSuillus luteus); the second was a crude inoculum composed by root fragments ofPinusseedlings colonized byS. luteussuspended in a sterile matrix soil-sand; the third inoculum was a mixture of two ectomycorrhizal fungiA. muscariaandS. luteusproduced underin vitroconditions in the potato-dextrose-agar medium. The results showed that the inoculum producedin vitrowas most effective to promote plant growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of roots in both plant species. Also, the effects on seedlings were significantly higher with the increase of the doses. InP. patulathere were not significant effects on foliar P content with type and dose of inocula, whereas inP. maximinoithere were interactive effects of both factors. In this case, better results were obtained with the inoculum produced underin vitroconditions and with the highest dose.
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Ericksen, Bryan. "Enhancement of the activity of the antimicrobial peptides HNP1 and LL-37 by bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A". F1000Research 11 (15.08.2022): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123044.1.
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Background: HNP1, LL-37, and HBD1 are antimicrobial against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 at the standard inoculum but less active at higher inocula. Methods: The virtual colony count (VCC) microbiological assay was adapted for high inocula and the addition of yeast tRNA and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase). 96-well plates were read for 12 hours in a Tecan Infinite M1000 plate reader and photographed under 10x magnification. Results: Adding tRNA 1:1 to HNP1 at the standard inoculum almost completely abrogated activity. Adding RNase 1:1 to HNP1 at the standard inoculum of 5x105 CFU/mL did not enhance activity. Increasing the inoculum to 6.25x107 CFU/mL almost abrogated HNP1 activity. However, adding RNase 25:1 to HNP1 enhanced activity. Adding both tRNA and RNase resulted in enhanced activity, indicating that the enhancement effect of RNase overwhelms the inhibiting effect of tRNA when both are present. HBD1 activity at the standard inoculum was almost completely abrogated by the addition of tRNA, but LL-37 activity was only slightly inhibited by tRNA. At the high inoculum, LL-37 activity was enhanced by RNase. HBD1 activity was not enhanced by RNase. RNase was not antimicrobial in the absence of antimicrobial peptides. Cell clumps were observed at the high inoculum in the presence of all three antimicrobial peptides and at the standard inoculum in the presence of HNP1+tRNA. Conclusions: Antimicrobial peptide-ribonuclease combinations have the potential to be active against high cell concentrations and biofilms, conditions where the antimicrobial agent alone is relatively ineffective.
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Miller, S. M., A. V. Klieve, J. J. Plumb, R. Aisthorpe i L. L. Blackall. "An in vitro cultured rumen inoculum improves nitrogen digestion in mulga-fed sheep". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, nr 4 (1997): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96100.
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Mixed cultures of anaerobic micro-organisms were derived from feral goat rumen fluid (FGRF) using a laboratory fermentor to selectively culture microbes actively degrading mulga, and were evaluated as rumen inocula in digestion and liveweight studies with mulga-fed sheep. When placed in the rumen of sheep, FGRF enhances mulga digestion; however, limited supplies of feral goats, the labour involved in locating and mustering goats, and likely variations in the microbial composition of FGRF between animals and localities make the production of an in vitro cultured inoculum a desirable alternative to enable widespread adoption. The cultured inoculum significantly (P < 0·05) improved nitrogen digestion and retention in mulga-fed sheep by 16 and 76%, respectively. Inocula consisting of simplified mixtures of bacteria isolated from sheep, feral goats, and native marsupials did not affect mulga digestion. In the first of 2 liveweight studies, sheep inoculated with the fermentor inoculum lost significantly less weight than uninoculated sheep for the first 57 days (0·3 v. 4·6 kg); however, after 83 days the difference in the rate of liveweight loss between the fermentor inoculum group and the uninoculated sheep was not significant (53 v. 95 g/day). In the second study, liveweight loss was not significantly reduced by the fermentor inoculum. An inoculum based on FGRF, and produced in vitro using a fermentor, is potentially valuable to grazing enterprises reliant on mulga-fed sheep. However, problems in generating a consistent inoculum need to be addressed before such an inoculum can be generally considered.
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Douds Jr., D. D., G. Nagahashi, P. E. Pfeffer, W. M. Kayser i C. Reider. "On-farm production and utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculum". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, nr 1 (1.01.2005): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-168.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonize the roots of the majority of crop plants, forming a symbiosis that potentially enhances nutrient uptake, pest resistance, water relations, and soil aggregation. Inoculation with effective isolates of AM fungi is one way of ensuring the potential benefits of the symbiosis for plant production. Although inocula are available commercially, on-farm production of AM fungus inoculum would save farmers the associated processing and shipping costs. In addition, farmers could produce locally adapted isolates and generate a taxonomically diverse inoculum. On-farm inoculum production methods entail increasing inoculated isolates or indigenous AM fungi in fumigated or unfumigated field soil, respectively, or transplanting pre-colonized host plants into compost-based substrates. Subsequent delivery of the inoculum with seed to the planting hole in the field presents technological barriers that make these methods more viable in labor-intensive small farms. However, a readily available method for utilization of these inocula is mixing them into potting media for growth of vegetable seedlings for transplant to the field. Direct application of these inocula to the field and transplant of seedlings precolonized by these inocula have resulted in enhanced crop growth and yield. Key words: AM fungi, sustainable agriculture, biofertilizer
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Mazlina, Mazlina, Asmarlaili S Hanafiah, A. Rauf i Edy Sigit Sutarta. "Effectiveness of Organic Materials as Media in Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Inoculum to Changes on Acid Sulfate Soils". International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology 2, nr 1 (4.11.2021): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v2i1.202.
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Acid sulphate soils (ASS) had low pH, low nutrients availability and also soluble aluminium and iron were high. Inoculum of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) which organic matter as media could increased the soil pH, nutrient content and decrease sulfur-total of acid sulfate soils. The research was conducted in a randomized block design with two replications. This study used a randomized block design with two factors and two replications. The first factor was compost inoculum (C) was taken ten treatments from without any inoculum SRB and 9 treatment with different types and dosages of organic matter as media. The second factor was the water content condition (K) namely of K1: 100% field capacity and K2: 110% field capacity. Different types and dosages of organic matter appear to influence the changes in soil properties (tends to decrease soil sulfate and increase soil pH, and nutrient content levels in soil and plant). Inoculum SRB of palm oil empty bunches and weed gave a higher sulfate reduction compared to C0 (without inoculums) or inoculums with carrier media that used rice straw in water content 100% or 110% field capacity (FC).
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Lenhard, Justin R., i Zackery P. Bulman. "Inoculum effect of β-lactam antibiotics". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, nr 10 (6.06.2019): 2825–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz226.
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AbstractThe phenomenon of attenuated antibacterial activity at inocula above those utilized for susceptibility testing is referred to as the inoculum effect. Although the inoculum effect has been reported for several decades, it is currently debatable whether the inoculum effect is clinically significant. The aim of the present review was to consolidate currently available evidence to summarize which β-lactam drug classes demonstrate an inoculum effect against specific bacterial pathogens. Review of the literature showed that the majority of studies that evaluated the inoculum effect of β-lactams were in vitro investigations of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. Across all five pathogens, cephalosporins consistently displayed observable inoculum effects in vitro, whereas carbapenems were less susceptible to an inoculum effect. A handful of animal studies were available that validated that the in vitro inoculum effect translates into attenuated pharmacodynamics of β-lactams in vivo. Only a few clinical investigations were available and suggested that an in vitro inoculum effect of cefazolin against MSSA may correspond to an increased likeliness of adverse clinical outcomes in patients receiving cefazolin for bacteraemia. The presence of β-lactamase enzymes was the primary mechanism responsible for an inoculum effect, but the observation of an inoculum effect in multiple pathogens lacking β-lactamase enzymes indicates that there are likely multiple mechanisms that may result in an inoculum effect. Further clinical studies are needed to better define whether interventions made in the clinic in response to organisms displaying an in vitro inoculum effect will optimize clinical outcomes.
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SHARMA, MANAN, LARRY R. BEUCHAT, MICHAEL P. DOYLE i JINRU CHEN. "Survival of Salmonellae in Pasteurized, Refrigerated Calcium-Fortified Orange Juice". Journal of Food Protection 64, nr 9 (1.09.2001): 1299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.9.1299.
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Studies were done to determine the survival of salmonellae in orange juice as affected by fortification with calcium. Four brands of commercially pasteurized orange juice fortified with calcium (350 mg/240-ml serving) and nonfortified juice were inoculated separately with three types of inocula: strains of Salmonella Muenchen (inoculum 1), serotypes of human and animal origin (inoculum 2), and isolates from raw produce- and juice-associated outbreaks (inoculum 3). Juice inoculated with populations of 6.6 to 7.0 log10 CFU of Salmonella per ml was held at 4°C for up to 32 days. The number of cells of inoculum 1 that survived in juice fortified with calcium lactate/tricalcium phosphate (CaL/TCP) was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) (2.80 log10 CFU/ml) than in nonfortified juice (3.50 log10 CFU/ml) after 32 days' storage. Death of salmonellae in inocula 1 and 2 was less in juice fortified with TCP (3.21 and 3.33 log10 CFU/ml, respectively) than in the nonfortified juice (3.75 and 4.15 log10 CFU/ml, respectively). During the 32-day storage period, populations in inocula 1 and 3 showed significantly less inactivation (2.62 and 3.12 log10 CFU/ml, respectively) in juice fortified with calcium citrate (CC) than in nonfortified juice (3.14 and 3.60 log10 CFU/ml, respectively).There were no significant differences in the survival of Salmonella in juice fortified with calcium citrate malate (CCM) and nonfortified juice. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) typing of randomly selected Salmonella colonies revealed that Salmonella Heidelberg in inoculum 2 and Salmonella Baildon and Salmonella Poona in inoculum 3 were the most prevalent at the end of the 32-day storage period at 4°C, suggesting that serotypes selected for use in inocula differed in tolerance to acidic environments. This study reveals that the form of calcium used to fortify orange juice may affect the survival of Salmonella.
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Ericksen, Bryan. "Enhancement of the activity of the antimicrobial peptides HNP1 and LL-37 by bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A". F1000Research 11 (30.11.2022): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123044.2.
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Background: HNP1, LL-37, and HBD1 are antimicrobial against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 at the standard inoculum but less active at higher inocula. Methods: The virtual colony count (VCC) microbiological assay was adapted for high inocula and the addition of yeast tRNA and bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase). 96-well plates were read for 12 hours in a Tecan Infinite M1000 plate reader and photographed under 10x magnification. Results: Adding tRNA 1:1 wt/wt to HNP1 at the standard inoculum almost completely abrogated activity. Adding RNase 1:1 to HNP1 at the standard inoculum of 5x105 CFU/mL did not enhance activity. Increasing the inoculum to 6.25x107 CFU/mL almost abrogated HNP1 activity. However, adding RNase 25:1 to HNP1 enhanced activity at the highest tested concentration of HNP1. Adding both tRNA and RNase resulted in enhanced activity, indicating that the enhancement effect of RNase overwhelms the inhibiting effect of tRNA when both are present. HBD1 activity at the standard inoculum was almost completely abrogated by the addition of tRNA, but LL-37 activity was only slightly inhibited by tRNA. At the high inoculum, LL-37 activity was enhanced by RNase. HBD1 activity was not enhanced by RNase. RNase was not antimicrobial in the absence of antimicrobial peptides. Cell clumps were observed at the high inoculum in the presence of all three antimicrobial peptides and at the standard inoculum in the presence of HNP1+tRNA and HBD1+tRNA. Conclusions: Antimicrobial peptide-ribonuclease combinations have the potential to be active against high cell concentrations and biofilms, conditions where the antimicrobial agent alone is relatively ineffective.
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Díez-Aguilar, María, Laura Martínez-García, Rafael Cantón i María Isabel Morosini. "Is a New Standard Needed for Diffusion Methods forIn VitroSusceptibility Testing of Fosfomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?" Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, nr 2 (7.12.2015): 1158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02237-15.
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ABSTRACTWe analyzed fosfomycin susceptibility results inPseudomonas aeruginosaclinical isolates obtained by MIC gradient strips and disk diffusion methods using two different inocula, 108and 106CFU/ml, and compared them to the agar dilution reference method. Essential and categorical agreements were 93.6% and 95%, respectively, for the 106CFU/ml alternative inoculum, and they were 67.6% and 78.2%, respectively, for the standard inoculum (108CFU/ml). The use of the 106CFU/ml inoculum improves the agreement values and inhibition zone readings.
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Tacon, F. Le, G. Jung, J. Mugnier, P. Michelot i C. Mauperin. "Efficiency in a forest nursery of an ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculum produced in a fermentor and entrapped in polymeric gels". Canadian Journal of Botany 63, nr 9 (1.09.1985): 1664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-229.
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In a nursery in the centre of France, we have compared the effect of different forms of an ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculum (Hebeloma cylindrosporum) on growth and mycorrhizal development of Douglas-fir and Norway spruce after soil fumigation. Compared with inoculum produced on peat and vermiculite, the inoculum produced in a fermentor and entrapped in polymeric gels significantly improved Douglas-fir and Norway spruce seedling growth. The Hebeloma mycorrhizal index was not significantly different between the different forms of inocula. The superiority of the inoculum produced in the fermentor and entrapped in gels is probably related to the high metabolic activity of the mycelium and to the protection given by the polymers after the incorporation of the inoculum into the soil. Hebeloma cylindrosporum stimulates seedling growth even in the presence of Thelephora terrestris mycorrhiza.
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JACOBSEN, TOMAS, i ANETTE GRANLY KOCH. "Influence of Different Histories of the Inoculum on Lag Phase and Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in Meat Models". Journal of Food Protection 69, nr 3 (1.03.2006): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.3.532.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of history of inoculum and preservatives on the lag phase and growth rate of Listeria monocytogenes strains in meat products packaged under modified atmosphere conditions. Inocula with different histories were added to meat models, and growth rate and lag phase of two strains of L. monocytogenes were measured at 5 and 10°C. The meat model stored at 10°C contained sodium lactate, but the model stored at 5°C did not. The five different histories of the inocula included cold propagation, biofilm formation, and starvation. The lag phase ranged from 1 to 10 days and was affected by the history of the inoculum, whereas the growth rate was constant except for one combination of history of inoculum and strain, where growth did not start during the incubation period. In a second series of experiments, the growth rate and lag phase of the two Listeria strains and the effects of two different histories of inoculum were tested in meat models with pH 5.7 or 6.5 and increasing amounts of NaCl. The growth rate depended on salt concentration, bacterial strain, and pH, whereas lag phase duration depended on history of inoculum, salt concentration, and pH. The lag phase duration was highly dependent on the history of the inoculum, and higher amounts of preservative (NaCl) made these effects even more noticeable. The results of this study underline the importance of the effects of the history of the inoculum on lag phase duration and could be used to predict lag phase in industrial meat products.
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Bhagunde, Pratik, Kai-Tai Chang, Renu Singh, Vandana Singh, Kevin W. Garey, Michael Nikolaou i Vincent H. Tam. "Mathematical Modeling To Characterize the Inoculum Effect". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, nr 11 (30.08.2010): 4739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01831-09.
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ABSTRACT Killing by beta-lactams is well known to be reduced against a dense bacterial population, commonly known as the inoculum effect. However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is not well understood. We proposed a semimechanistic mathematical model to account for the reduced in vitro killing observed. Time-kill studies were performed with 4 baseline inocula (ranging from approximately 1 × 105 to 1 × 108 CFU/ml) of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC, 2 mg/liter). Constant but escalating piperacillin concentrations used ranged from 0.25× to 256× MIC. Serial samples were taken over 24 h to quantify viable bacterial burden, and all the killing profiles were mathematically modeled. The inoculum effect was attributed to a reduction of effective drug concentration available for bacterial killing, which was expressed as a function of the baseline inoculum. Biomasses associated with different inocula were examined using a colorimetric method. Despite identical drug-pathogen combinations, the baseline inoculum had a significant impact on bacterial killing. Our proposed mathematical model was unbiased and reasonable in capturing all 28 killing profiles collectively (r 2 = 0.88). Biomass was found to be significantly more after 24 h with a baseline inoculum of 1 × 108 CFU/ml, compared to one where the initial inoculum was 1 × 105 CFU/ml (P = 0.002). Our results corroborated previous observations that in vitro killing by piperacillin was significantly reduced against a dense bacterial inoculum. This phenomenon can be reasonably captured by our proposed mathematical model, and it may improve prediction of bacterial response to various drug exposures in future investigations.
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Scheper, R. W. A., B. M. Fisher i P. N. Wood. "Pathogenicity of field and laboratorygrown inoculum of Neonectria galligena on potted apple trees". New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (1.08.2010): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6593.
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European canker caused by Neonectria galligena is an important disease of apple trees worldwide In this study methods were developed for conidium production in culture and for testing the pathogenicity of N galligena Conidia produced in culture were one or twocelled while conidia collected from cankers were multicelled Isolate ICMP9472 produced enough conidia in culture to produce inoculum (210 5 conidia/ml) to test the pathogenicity in comparison with that of conidia harvested from apple cankers from Motueka (field inoculum) and a twodayold suspension of conidia from Motueka apple cankers on potted Royal Gala trees in a glasshouse under continual misting The germination rates of the three inocula were similar (5079) Two months after inoculation all inoculated wounds were infected regardless of inoculum source However cankers caused by field inoculum (fresh and two dayold) were significantly larger (average 108 mm and 106 mm respectively) than those caused by isolate ICMP9472 (51 mm) Six months after inoculation cankers caused by fresh field inoculum were significantly larger than those caused by 2dayold inoculum which were significantly larger than those caused by isolate ICMP9472 In addition cankers caused by fresh field inoculum were significantly more active than those caused by older field inoculum or isolate ICMP9472
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Aprahamian, Amanda M., Megan E. Lulow, Matthew R. Major, Kathleen R. Balazs, Kathleen K. Treseder i Mia R. Maltz. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in coastal sage scrub restoration". Botany 94, nr 6 (czerwiec 2016): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0226.
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We tested the hypothesis that field applications of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inocula would increase root colonization and plant performance in a coastal sage scrub (CSS) restoration project in Southern California. We applied commercial or native inocula (from nearby reference shrublands) as we seeded plots with native shrubs, forbs, and grasses. A control treatment was seeded but received no inocula. After 6 months, AM root colonization did not differ significantly among treatments. Likewise, neither inoculum type significantly altered shoot biomass of native shrubs and forbs at 6 months, or density of adult and seedling shrubs at 10 months. Notably, shoot height at 10 months was shorter in plots treated with commercial inoculum compared with the controls. In addition, flower and flower bud production by Salvia columbariae did not significantly respond to either inoculum type. Altogether, we found no evidence that AM inoculation improved restoration success in our CSS system.
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Geron, Luiz Juliano Valério, Luiz Eduardo Cantão Veloso, Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar, Alexandre Lima de Souza, Ilda dos Santos Souza, Raquel Joana Trautmann-Machado, Anderson de Moura Zanine, Rayane Fernandes da Silva, Daniela de Jesus Ferreira i Suellem Fernanda Perosa Zanin. "In vitro fermentation of the rations containing Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) using two types of inoculum". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, nr 2 (15.04.2019): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n2p831.
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The effect of inclusion of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) in standardized diets of sheep on in vitro digestibility and parameters fermentation was examined using two different inoculums (ruminal liquid and sheep feces). To determine the nutrients’ in vitro digestibility coefficient (IVDC), two sheep were used as inoculum donors. The experimental design was factorial (4 × 2), with four diets containing different proportions of Noni and two types of inoculum. The different dietary proportions of Noni (0%, 8%, 16%, and 24%) did not affect the IVDC of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) for both inoculums. The IVDC of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) differed significantly between the inoculums. After in vitro incubation for 24 h, the pH value of the fermented material differed between the different diets and between the inoculums. Moreover, the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen was affected by the proportion of Noni and differed between the inoculums after incubation for 24 h. The inclusion of up to 24% of Noni in standardized rations for ruminants did not affect the IVDC of DM, OM, CP, and NDF. The use of feces as inoculum for in vitro fermentation produced lower IVDC values than those by ruminal liquid. The diet containing 8% of Noni and fermented with ruminal liquid produced higher pH values after 24 h of incubation. Taken together, the different dietary Noni proportions and the different inoculums can alter the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen of sheep diets after 24 h in vitro fermentation; however, they seem not to affect the IVDC of the nutrients.
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Fukasawa, Yu, Melanie Savoury i Lynne Boddy. "Ecological memory and relocation decisions in fungal mycelial networks: responses to quantity and location of new resources". ISME Journal 14, nr 2 (18.10.2019): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0536-3.
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Abstract Saprotrophic cord-forming basidiomycetes, with their mycelial networks at the soil/litter interface on the forest floor, play a major role in wood decomposition and nutrient cycling/relocation. Many studies have investigated foraging behaviour of their mycelium, but there is little information on their intelligence. Here, we investigate the effects of relative size of inoculum wood and new wood resource (bait) on the decision of a mycelium to remain in, or migrate from, inoculum to bait using Phanerochaete velutina as a model. Experiments allowed mycelium to grow from an inoculum across the surface of a soil microcosm where it encountered a new wood bait. After colonisation of the bait, the original inoculum was moved to a tray of fresh soil to determine whether the fungus was still able to grow out. This also allowed us to test the mycelium’s memory of growth direction. When inocula were transferred to new soil, there was regrowth from 67% of the inocula, and a threshold bait size acted as a cue for the mycelium’s decision to migrate for a final time, rather than a threshold of relative size of inoculum: bait. There was greater regrowth from the side that originally faced the new bait, implying memory of growth direction.
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Brook, I. "Inoculum Effect". Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, nr 3 (1.05.1989): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.3.361.
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Frank, J. B., A. M. Petrovic i K. W. Mudge. "Influence of Inoculum Placement Depth on Endomycorrhizal Fungal Infection and Perennial Ryegrass Shoot Growth". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, nr 2 (marzec 1987): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.2.282.
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Abstract Effects of several vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on shoot growth and mycorrhizal development in ‘Citation’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were studied as a function of inoculum placement depth. Soil columns were layered with inoculum at 0, 5, 10, or 20 cm prior to seeding. Three inocula were tested: 1) chopped roots and soil from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) plants previously infected with the VAM fungus Glomus macrocarpus Tul. and Tul. var. macrocarpus; 2) a mixed inoculum from plants infected with G. macrocarpus var. macrocarpus; G. mosseae (Nichol. and Gerd.), G. faciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. and Trappe, Gigaspora margarita Becker and Hall; 3) roots and soil from noninoculated sorghum plants. Shoot growth was greatest when VAM inoculum was placed at the surface, and declined progressively with deeper placement. Greatest mycorrhizal fungal infection of the root system occurred at the site of inoculum placement regardless of depth. The effectiveness of the surface-applied inoculum on enhancing the initial shoot growth (70 days) of perennial ryegrass in this study suggests that inoculation with VAM fungi might prove useful in low maintenance turfgrass culture.
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Moreno-Andrade, I., i G. Buitrón. "Influence of the origin of the inoculum on the anaerobic biodegradability test". Water Science and Technology 49, nr 1 (1.01.2004): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0017.
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Five different sources of inocula were studied to determine its influence on biodegradability tests. Inocula were characterized determining granulometry, specific methanogenic activity, solids content, and volumetric sludge index. Also, the fermentative, aceticlastic, hydrogenophilic, OPHA, and sulfate-reducing groups were determined by the most probable number technique. Anaerobic biodegradability tests were conducted with two different substrates, one easy to degrade (glucose) and a toxic one (phenol). The best performance, in terms of percent of biodegradation and lag time, for both substrates, was obtained with the inoculum from a brewery industry UASB. The results can be explained in terms of the initial activity of the inoculum. The influence of the significant variations found in the specific methanogenic activity of the five inocula studied is discussed, in terms of the microbial composition of the samples. The results emphasized the importance of the selection of an appropriate source of inoculum in order to obtain reliable results.
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Sulistia, Dana, Umrah Umrah i I. Nengah Suwastika. "UJI BEBERAPA FORMULA INOKULUM TERHADAP PRODUKSI TUBUH BUAH JAMUR TIRAM PUTIH (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P.Kummer.)". Biocelebes 14, nr 1 (29.04.2020): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/bioceb.v14i1.15086.
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The study of test for several inoculum formulas on the production of white oyster mushroom body (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P.Kummer.) conducted from April to September 2018 at Biotechnology laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tadulako University. This study were aimed to determine whether the treatment of the inoculum formula tested on the production medium can form the white oyster mushroom fruit body and to find out which inoculum formula can form the optimum fruit body in the production medium. This study was conducted by Randomized Complete Design (RAL) consisted of 4 treatments and four replications, I1 (100% corn seeds), I2 (50% : 23%: 27%), I3 (50% : 17% : 33%) dan I4 (95% : 5%). The results showed that I 3 was the best inoculum for the growth of the white oyster mushroom fruit body compared to the other inoculums which were characterized by a wide mushroom hood, the length was long and the weight of fresh mushroom was high. The inoculum formula and the best dosage for body production of white oyster mushroom are found in treatment I3 (50% sawdust + 17% corn flour + 33% bran).
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Inderjit i K. M. M. Dakshini. "Allelopathic effect of cyanobacterial inoculum on soil characteristics and cereal growth". Canadian Journal of Botany 75, nr 8 (1.08.1997): 1267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-841.
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Allelopathic effects of cyanobacterial inoculum on soil characteristics and cereal growth were investigated. Research established the alteration of chemical characteristics of the soils inoculated with different concentrations of cyanobacterial inoculum. Inoculated soils, compared with uninoculated soils, sometimes had significantly different values for chemical characteristics such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, organic N, total phenolics, and exchangeable cations such as Cu, Zn, Na, K, Mg, and Ca as the level of inoculum increased. Despite a significant increase in organic nitrogen in the inoculated soils, root growth of rice and wheat was suppressed. The total phenolic content of inoculated soils increased in proportion to the concentration of inoculum added and the suppression of root growth. It is, therefore, suggested that prior to formulating and recommending cyanobacterial inocula as biofertilizers, their allelopathic aspects should be studied to determine a soil to algae ratio having minimum (least altered) chemical characteristics and nonsignificant allelopathic influences on each other. Key words: allelopathy, cyanobacterial inoculum, organic N, phenolics, rice.
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Cahyani, Vita Ratri, Dianing Wahyu Kinasih, Purwanto Purwanto i Jauhari Syamsiyah. "Spore reproduction, glomalin content, and maize growth on mycorrhizal pot culture using acid mineral soil-based media". SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 19, nr 1 (18.06.2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v19i1.59444.
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<p>Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is known as multifunctional fungi for plant helpers under adverse conditions. However, studies that focused on the production strategy of AM biofertilizers with specific targets related to the soil limitations are limited. This study aimed to examine AM inocula from several sources using various compositions of acid mineral soil-based media and maize hosts in pot cultures to obtain effective AM inocula to handle the phosphor (P) limitations in acid mineral soils. Zeolite and Inceptisols were used as comparing media. The study utilized a completely randomized factorial design with two factors, namely C = media composition (C0: zeolite; C1: representative media of Alfisols; C2: typical media of a mixture of Alfisols, Oxisols, and Ultisols; C3: typical media with the addition of Bio-RP nutrition; C4: Inceptisols) and I = AM inoculum source (I0: without inoculum; I1: inoculum from Alfisols; I2: mixed inoculum from Alfisols, Ultisols, and Oxisols; I3: mixed inoculum from eight soil types), and six replications per treatment combination. The AM cultures on acid mineral soil-based media, which yielded the highest mycorrhizal infection, spore reproduction, and glomalin content, were C1I2 and C3I2, while the highest maize growth and P concentration were obtained with C1I1, CII2, C2I1, and C3I2. Compared to all the treatments, C1I1 and C1I2 are the superior AM cultures. Further study is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of AM cultures.</p>
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ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), F., D. SPEARE, R. J. CAWTHORN, R. MacMILLAN i B. DESPRES. "Development of an experimental model for Anophryoides haemophila (Scuticociliatida: Orchitophryidae), a parasite of american lobster Homerus americanus". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 54, nr 3 (19.12.2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15335.
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The principal lesions due to the ciliate Anophryoides haemophila in experimentally infected lobsters are observed in gills and connective tissue from the 9th week post-infection. These lesions were not related to the inoculum of parasites and were consistent in all inoculum studies (2,000, 10,000 and 500,000 ciliates per lobster) and were present in both euthanized and dead lobsters. The higher inocula resulted only in higher numbers of parasites observed in sections of gills and in the connective tissue of more organs, with no penetration to the parenchyma of any organ. Furthermore, the highest inoculum of ciliates (500,000 per lobster) resulted in a shorter course of disease development and consequendy, experimental lobsters died between 4th and 6th week post-infection. This was not observed at inocula of 2,000 and 10,000 ciliates per lobster, where mortality occurred 11-14 weeks post-infection.
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Vinhas Itavo, Luis Carlos, Camila Celeste Brandão Ferreira Ítavo, Cacilda Borges do Valle, Alexandre Dias Menezes, Gelson Dos Santos Difante, Maria Da Graça Morais, Claudia Muniz Soares, Camila Da Silva Pereira i Ronaldo Lopes Oliveira. "Digestibilidad in vitro de gramíneas Brachiaria con líquido ruminal bovino y ovino como inóculo". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias 12, nr 4 (11.02.2022): 1045–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v12i4.5294.
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It was hypothesized that it is possible that inoculum from different ruminant species with different digestive abilities feeding from a certain forage may show different feed utilizations comparing to other ruminant species. Five Brachiaria grasses were evaluated: B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. decumbens access D70, B. humidicola cv. Tupi, B. humidicola cv. Common, and B. ruziziensis access R124, at two regrowth ages (21 and 42 d). Production, bromatological content, in vitro dry matter digestibility (ivDMD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (ivNDFD) were analyzed using bovine or ovine inoculums. The experiment used a 5 × 2 × 2 factorial design and found significant effects for grass variety and regrowth age. In addition, significant interactions from grass × age on dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of total sample and leaf blade were found. There were significant effect of grass variety and grass age on forage mass, leaf blade/stem ratio, leaf blade, stem, senescent material and growth. In vitro digestibility assays of inoculum source showed significant effect in some varieties. Due to differences in in vitro assays, it was recommended the use of species-specific inoculums for feed evaluations according to the animal it is intended for. Also, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk presented the best in vitro digestibility (ivDMD and ivNDFD) in bovine inoculum, whereas B. humidicola cv. Tupi had better in vitro digestibility (ivDMD and ivNDFD) in ovine inoculum.
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Lee, Hee Ji, Phillip J. Bergen, Jurgen B. Bulitta, Brian Tsuji, Alan Forrest, Roger L. Nation i Jian Li. "Synergistic Activity of Colistin and Rifampin Combination against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in anIn VitroPharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, nr 8 (28.05.2013): 3738–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00703-13.
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ABSTRACTCombination therapy may be required for multidrug-resistant (MDR)Acinetobacter baumannii. This study systematically investigated bacterial killing and emergence of colistin resistance with colistin and rifampin combinations against MDRA. baumannii. Studies were conducted over 72 h in anin vitropharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model at inocula of ∼106and ∼108CFU/ml using two MDR clinical isolates ofA. baumannii, FADDI-AB030 (colistin susceptible) and FADDI-AB156 (colistin resistant). Three combination regimens achieving clinically relevant concentrations (constant colistin concentration of 0.5, 2, or 5 mg/liter and a rifampin maximum concentration [Cmax] of 5 mg/liter every 24 hours; half-life, 3 h) were investigated. Microbiological response was measured by serial bacterial counts. Population analysis profiles assessed emergence of colistin resistance. Against both isolates, combinations resulted in substantially greater killing at the low inoculum; combinations containing 2 and 5 mg/liter colistin increased killing at the high inoculum. Combinations were additive or synergistic at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h with all colistin concentrations against FADDI-AB030 and FADDI-AB156 in, respectively, 8 and 11 of 12 cases (i.e., all 3 combinations) at the 106-CFU/ml inoculum and 8 and 7 of 8 cases with the 2- and 5-mg/liter colistin regimens at the 108-CFU/ml inoculum. For FADDI-AB156, killing by the combination was ∼2.5 to 7.5 and ∼2.5 to 5 log10CFU/ml greater at the low inoculum (all colistin concentrations) and high inoculum (2 and 5 mg/liter colistin), respectively. Emergence of colistin-resistant subpopulations was completely suppressed in the colistin-susceptible isolate with all combinations at both inocula. Our study provides important information for optimizing colistin-rifampin combinations against colistin-susceptible and -resistant MDRA. baumannii.
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Maglio, Dana, Christine Ong, Mary Anne Banevicius, Qiuming Geng, Charles H. Nightingale i David P. Nicolau. "Determination of the In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Profile of Cefepime against Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli at Various Inocula". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, nr 6 (czerwiec 2004): 1941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.6.1941-1947.2004.
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ABSTRACT Cefepime was evaluated in vivo against two inoculum sizes of four strains of Escherichia coli that produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in a murine neutropenic thigh infection model to characterize the pharmacodynamic activity of cefepime in the presence of ESBL-producing bacteria and to evaluate if differences in lengths of cefepime exposure are required with various inocula. Three strains possessed a single enzyme each: TEM-10, TEM-12, and TEM-26. The fourth strain possessed two TEM-derived ESBLs and a third uncharacterized enzyme. Two non-ESBL-producing E. coli strains were included for comparison. Mice received various doses of cefepime to achieve a spectrum of percentages of time the drug was above the MIC (%T>MICs) for each isolate at both inocula. No significant difference in cefepime exposure was required to achieve similar bactericidal effects for ESBL- and non-ESBL-producing isolates when the starting inoculum was 105 CFU of E. coli per thigh. The increased MICs observed in vitro for the ESBL-producing strains at 107 CFU/ml did not predict the amount of exposure required to achieve a comparable level of bactericidal activity in vivo at the corresponding starting inoculum of 107 CFU/thigh. Compared to the cefepime exposure in tests with the lower inoculum (105 CFU/thigh), less exposure was required when the starting inoculum was 107 CFU/thigh (%T>MIC, 6% versus 26%), such that similar doses (in milligrams per kilogram of body weight) produced similar bactericidal effects with both inocula of ESBL-producing isolates. Equivalent exposures of cefepime produced similar effects against the microorganisms regardless of the presence of ESBL production. Pharmacodynamic profiling undertaken with conventional cefepime MIC determinations predicted in vivo microbial outcomes at both inoculum sizes for the ESBL-producing isolates evaluated in this study. These data support the use of conventional MIC determinations in the pharmacodynamic assessment of cefepime.
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Schroeter-Zakrzewska, Anita, Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka i Klaudia Borowiak. "Influence of the light color and microbiological inoculums on the zonal pelargonium quality and microbiological and enzymatic state of the substrate". Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, nr 4 (23.07.2019): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.4.16.
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Two inoculums: Effective Microorganisms (EM) specimen available on the market and microbiological BAF1 inoculum, were applied in the experiment. The plants were cultivated in the growth chamber equipped with shelves with fluorescent or LED lamps. The highest number of inflorescences was under the influence of white color of light emitted by fluorescent lamps and blue color of light emitted by LED lamps, especially after application of BAF1 inoculum. Irrespective of microbiological inoculum, no significant effect of the color of light and type of lamps on such traits as height of leaves layer, number of leaves, greening index of leaves (SPAD) and length of inflorescences, was found. The white color light emitted by fluorescent lamps stimulated actinobacteria multiplication, especially after EM application. Regardless of the inoculum application, it was the blue color light emitted by LED lamps that stimulated the multiplication of moldy fungi. After the use of fluorescent lamps, the increase in dehydrogenase activity was observed, especially after the application of BAF1 inoculum. The activity of acid phosphatase was stimulated by blue and white+blue light emitted by LED lamps. The increase in the activity of urease was observed under fluorescent lamps emitting the green, blue and white color of light, after the application of EM.
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Bencherif, Karima, Frédéric Laruelle, Yolande Dalpé i Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui. "Inoculum Sources Modulate Mycorrhizal Inoculation Effect on Tamarix articulata Development and Its Associated Rhizosphere Microbiota". Plants 10, nr 12 (10.12.2021): 2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122716.
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(1) Background: Soil degradation is an increasingly important problem in many parts of the world, particularly in arid and semiarid areas. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolated from arid soils are recognized to be better adapted to these edaphoclimatic conditions than exogenous ones. Nevertheless, little is known about the importance of AMF inoculum sources on Tamarix articulata development in natural saline soils. Therefore, the current study aims at investigating the efficiency of two AMF-mixed inoculums on T. articulata growth, with consideration of its rhizosphere microbiota. (2) Methods: indigenous inoculum made of strains originating from saline soils and a commercial one were used to inoculate T. articulata in four saline soils with different salinity levels under microcosm conditions with evaluation of rhizosphere microbial biomasses. (3) Results: Our findings showed that indigenous inoculum outperforms the commercial one by 80% for the mycorrhizal rate and 40% for plant biomasses, which are correlated with increasing shoot phosphorus content. Soil microbial biomasses increased significantly with indigenous mycorrhizal inoculum in the most saline soil with 46% for AMF, 25% for saprotrophic fungi and 15% for bacterial biomasses. (4) Conclusion: Present results open the way towards the preferential use of mycorrhizal inoculum, based on native AMF, to perform revegetation and to restore the saline soil microbiota.
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Chao, M. R., i C. Y. Chen. "Effects of inoculum's mean cell volume on algal toxicity tests". Water Science and Technology 42, nr 7-8 (1.10.2000): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0581.
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The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of the mean cell volume (MCV) of algal inoculum to the sensitivity and reproducibility of the toxicity test. Two sets of experiments were conducted using inoculums with the MCV equal to 60 μm3/cell and 40 μm3/cell, respectively. The initial cell densities, however, were kept the same at 10,000 cells/mL. The results show that larger MCV of the inoculum results in greater EC50 values. Similar observations and conclusions were obtained from comparisons based on NOEC values. Thus, MCV of the inoculum significantly influences the observed toxic response in terms of EC50 and NOEC values. It is also evident that, there is a significant increase in the test variability if the MCV is not controlled properly. This study reports that standardizing the initial mean cell volume of algal culture can improve inter-laboratory and intra-laboratory precision. Furthermore, replacing the EC50 values by the calculated exposure values (EE50) can reduce the variability in data due to differences in the MCV of the inoculum.
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D, Darwin, Ami Muliawati i Ramayanty Bulan. "Performance of Mixed-Microbial Culture from Civet Fecal Suspensions on Physicochemical Composition of Wet Fermented Arabica Coffee". Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 10, nr 3 (20.12.2022): 918–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.10.3.9.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mixed microbial culture from civet fecal suspension used as the inoculum for the fermentation of Arabica coffee. The type of Arabica coffee used for the research was the unpeeled coffee or the Arabica coffee cherries. Different proportion of inoculum introduced was thoroughly evaluated to assess the appropriate concentration of inoculum (0-40% inoculums represented in treatment 0-4 or T0 to T4) that would be applied to the fermentation of Arabica coffee cherries. Results revealed that treatment 4 (T4) containing 40% of the inoculum could degrade the sugar of the coffee beans faster than that of the other treatments in which within 24 hours of the incubation approximately 84% of the sugar was converted. T4 also reached the lowest caffeine content (1.8%) of the fermented coffee beans among other that of other treatments while the control had higher caffeine content (2.2%).This was substantially significant as the Arabica coffee cherries fermented with mixed microbial civet fecal suspensions can remarkably reduce the sugar and caffeine content of the Arabica coffee beans.
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Bae, Moonsuk, Taeeun Kim, Joung Ha Park, Seongman Bae, Heungsup Sung, Mi-Na Kim, Jiwon Jung i in. "In Vitro Activities of Ceftazidime–Avibactam and Aztreonam–Avibactam at Different Inoculum Sizes of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam-Resistant Enterobacterales Blood Isolates". Antibiotics 10, nr 12 (5.12.2021): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10121492.
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β-lactam–avibactam combinations have been proposed as carbapenem-sparing therapies, but little data exist on their in vitro activities in infections with high bacterial inocula. We investigated the in vitro efficacies and the inoculum effects of ceftazidime–avibactam and aztreonam–avibactam against extended-spectrum β-lactam-resistant Enterobacterales blood isolates. A total of 228 non-repetitive extended-spectrum β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae blood isolates were prospectively collected in a tertiary center. In vitro susceptibilities to ceftazidime, aztreonam, meropenem, ceftazidime–avibactam, and aztreonam–avibactam were evaluated by broth microdilution method using standard and high inocula. An inoculum effect was defined as an eightfold or greater increase in MIC when tested with the high inoculum. Of the 228 isolates, 99% were susceptible to ceftazidime–avibactam and 99% had low aztreonam–avibactam MICs (≤8 mg/L). Ceftazidime–avibactam and aztreonam–avibactam exhibited good in vitro activities; MIC50/MIC90 values were 0.5/2 mg/L, 0.125/0.5 mg/L, and ≤0.03/0.25 mg/L, respectively, and aztreonam–avibactam was more active than ceftazidime–avibactam. The frequencies of the inoculum effect with ceftazidime–avibactam and aztreonam–avibactam were lower than with meropenem (14% vs. 38%, p < 0.001 and 30% vs. 38%, p = 0.03, respectively). The β-lactam-avibactam combinations could be useful as carbapenem-sparing strategies, and aztreonam–avibactam has the better in vitro activity but is more subject to the inoculum effect than ceftazidime–avibactam.
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Decognet, V., M. Bardin, Y. Trottin-Caudal i P. C. Nicot. "Rapid Change in the Genetic Diversity of Botrytis cinerea Populations After the Introduction of Strains in a Tomato Glasshouse". Phytopathology® 99, nr 2 (luty 2009): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-2-0185.
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In tomato glasshouses, the population structure of airborne inoculum of Botrytis cinerea depends on the production of endogenous inoculum on diseased plants as well as on incoming exogenous inoculum. Both types of inocula may contribute differently to the development of epidemics. Two strains of B. cinerea were introduced in each of four separate compartments of an experimental tomato glasshouse. We monitored their impact on disease development and on the genetic diversity of B. cinerea populations using microsatellite markers. The naturally occurring airborne inoculum of B. cinerea displayed a high level of genetic diversity and was rapidly displaced in the glasshouse, as isolates with microsatellite profiles identical to the introduced strains amounted to 66% of the inoculum sampled from the air 14 days after inoculation and 91% of those collected from stem lesions 60 days after inoculation. This suggested an important role of secondary inoculum in disease development, which is compatible with the hypothesis of a polycyclic development of gray mold epidemics in tomato glasshouses. In controlled-environment tests on tomatoes, a wide range of aggressiveness levels was observed, both for isolates sampled from the air and from lesions on plants. Hypotheses are proposed to explain the negligible impact of naturally incoming isolates on the epidemics observed inside the four glasshouse compartments.
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Bortolini, Joseane, Maria Hermínia Ferreira Tavares, Ana Claudia Guedes Silva, Dayane Taine Freitag, Leandro Fleck i Osvaldo Kuczman. "Effect of different inoculations on biogas and methane production through anaerobia biodigeston using residues from the avícola sector". Ciência e Natura 42 (4.03.2021): e52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40563.
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The present study aimed to analyze the use of different digestates as inocula for the anaerobic digestion of poultry litter, evaluating the biogas and methane production. The inocula used were: bovine and porcine biofertilizer; with feeding loads of 0.67, 1.00 and 1.67 gVS L-1 day-1. Statistical analyses followed a split-plot design, where the main plot being inoculum and the feeding load as secondary. The experimental data were submitted to analysis of variance, at the level of 5% of significance. The following variable responses were considered: biogas production, specific biogas production as a function of volatile solids (VS) added to the biodigester, specific biogas production as a function of organic load, in terms of COD, and methane production. The highest rates of average biogas production, specific biogas production by VS added, specific production of biogas as a function of COD, and average methane production occurred with the use of bovine inoculum. Through the analysis of the total average percentage of methane production, productions of 63.0% and 54.5% for bovine and swine inoculum. Considering the results obtained, the use of bovine inoculum for the process of anaerobic digestion of poultry litter is recommended vinculado a produção de biogás e metano.
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Bortolini, Joseane, Ana Claudia Guedes Silva, Maria Hermínia Ferreira Tavares, Dayane Taine Freitag, Leandro Fleck i Osvaldo Kuczman. "Effect of different inoculations on biogas and methane production through anaerobia biodigeston using residues from the avícola sector". Ciência e Natura 42 (29.06.2020): e73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40560.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The present study aimed to analyze the use of different digestates as inocula for the anaerobic digestion of poultry litter, evaluating the biogas and methane production. The inocula used were: bovine and porcine biofertilizer; with feeding loads of 0.67, 1.00 and 1.67 gVS L-1 day-1. Statistical analyses followed a split-plot design, where the main plot being inoculum and the feeding load as secondary. The experimental data were submitted to analysis of variance, at the level of 5% of significance. The following variable responses were considered: biogas production, specific biogas production as a function of volatile solids (VS) added to the biodigester, specific biogas production as a function of organic load, in terms of COD, and methane production. The highest rates of average biogas production, specific biogas production by VS added, specific production of biogas as a function of COD, and average methane production occurred with the use of bovine inoculum. Through the analysis of the total average percentage of methane production, productions of 63.0% and 54.5% for bovine and swine inoculum. Considering the results obtained, the use of bovine inoculum for the process of anaerobic digestion of poultry litter is recommended vinculado a produção de biogás e metano.
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Gagnon, J., C. G. Langlois i J. A. Fortin. "Growth and ectomycorrhiza formation of containerized black spruce seedlings as affected by nitrogen fertilization, Inoculum type, and symbiont". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, nr 7 (1.07.1988): 922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-140.
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Piceamariana (Mill.)B.S.P. seedlings were grown in containers under three levels of nitrogen fertilization (6, 8.5, and 15 mg/seedling per season). Seedlings were inoculated at sowing with Laccariabicolor and Hebelomacylindrosporum, using two methods: mycelial suspension liquid inoculum and peat–vermiculite solid inoculum. Results show that liquid inoculum was as effective as solid inoculum for development of Laccariabicolor ectomycorrhizae on black spruce seedlings. After 20 weeks in the greenhouse, seedlings fertilized with 8.5 mg N and inoculated with L. bicolor had the highest percentage of ectomycorrhizal short roots for both inoculum types, with 59 and 53% for liquid and solid inocula, respectively. These L. bicolor seedlings had significantly more ectomycorrhizae with 8.5 mg N than with 15 mg N. Very few ectomycorrhizae were obtained with Hebelomacylindrosporum for any of the nitrogen levels or either of the inoculum types. There were no significant differences for any growth parameters except shoot/root ratio between L. bicolor seedlings and the controls, regardless of the N level and inoculum type. For both inoculum types, only shoot height of seedlings differed significantly among the three N levels. Seedlings fertilized with 8.5 mg N had root-collar diameter and dry weights that were not significantly less than those that received 15 mg N for both inoculum types. It is only at the lower level of 6 mg N that seedlings inoculated with liquid L. bicolor inoculum absorbed significantly more N than the controls. Analysis of percent N and P concentration in seedlings with the greatest ectomycorrhizal development and analysis of available N and P in their substrate indicated that tissue concentrations of 1.9% N and 0.2% P and substrate fertility of 40 ppm N and 50 ppm P would be appropriate to maintain the ectomycorrhizal association Piceamariana–Laccariabicolor. Salinity in the substrate of control seedlings was generally significantly different between the three N levels during the growing period.
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Adnan, Muhammad, Zahir Shah, Muhammad Arif, Muhammad Jamal Khan, Ishaq Ahmad Mian, Muhammad Sharif, Mukhtar Alam i in. "Impact of rhizobial inoculum and inorganic fertilizers on nutrients (NPK) availability and uptake in wheat crop". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 96, nr 2 (1.06.2016): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2016-0012.
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Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of rhizobial inoculums and inorganic fertilizers on NP availability, soil microbial activity, wheat NPK concentration and uptake. These experiments were consisted of two factors, four inoculums (no, lentil, peas, and chickpeas) and two NPK doses (120:90:60 and 96:72:48 kg ha−1). Inoculums significantly increased plant total NPK concentration by 39, 57, and 37%, and their uptake by 66, 86, and 56%, respectively. Peas inoculum was most efficient in wheat NPK concentration and uptake. The interactive effect of inoculums and NPK demonstrated that peas and lentil inoculums with 20% less NPK had statistically better role than full NPK without inoculation. AB-DTPA extractible P and mineral N were progressively increased with incubation periods and exhibited significant differences between inoculated and uninoculated treatments during all incubation intervals for NP except at day 7 for N. Peas inoculum showed maximum mean net NP availability of 131.5 and 3.48 mg kg−1over 56 d of incubation, respectively. Significantly higher cumulative CO2of 1429 mg kg−1with a net increase of 866 mg kg−1was recorded for pea’s inoculums during 12 d of incubation interval. It is concluded that peas rhizobium could be used as a plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria for wheat and other cereal crops.
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Singh, Suniti, Johanna M. Rinta-Kanto, Riitta Kettunen, Piet Lens, Gavin Collins, Marika Kokko i Jukka Rintala. "Acetotrophic Activity Facilitates Methanogenesis from LCFA at Low Temperatures: Screening from Mesophilic Inocula". Archaea 2019 (2.05.2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1751783.
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The inoculum source plays a crucial role in the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters. Lipids are present in various wastewaters and have a high methanogenic potential, but their hydrolysis results in the production of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) that are inhibitory to anaerobic microorganisms. Screening of inoculum for the anaerobic treatment of LCFA-containing wastewaters has been performed at mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. However, an evaluation of inocula for producing methane from LCFA-containing wastewater has not yet been conducted at low temperatures and needs to be undertaken. In this study, three inocula (one granular sludge and two municipal digester sludges) were assessed for methane production from LCFA-containing synthetic dairy wastewater (SDW) at low temperatures (10 and 20°C). A methane yield (based on mL-CH4/g-CODadded) of 86-65% with acetate and 45-20% with SDW was achieved within 10 days using unacclimated granular sludge, whereas the municipal digester sludges produced methane only at 20°C but not at 10°C even after 200 days of incubation. The acetotrophic activity in the inoculum was found to be crucial for methane production from LCFA at low temperatures, highlighting the role ofMethanosaeta(acetoclastic archaea) at low temperatures. The presence of bacterial taxa from the familySyntrophaceae(Syntrophusand uncultured taxa) in the inoculum was found to be important for methane production from SDW at 10°C. This study suggests the evaluation of acetotrophic activity and the initial microbial community characteristics by high-throughput amplicon sequencing for selecting the inoculum for producing methane at low temperatures (up to 10°C) from lipid-containing wastewaters.
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Safar, Korai M., Mahar R. Bux, Uqaili M. Aslam, Bhattacharjee A. Shankar i Ramesh K. Goel. "The feasibility of putrescible components of municipal solid waste for biomethane production at Hyderabad, Pakistan". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, nr 2 (9.01.2018): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17748363.
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This study analyzes the feasibility of putrescible components of municipal solid waste (PCMSW) such as food waste (FW) and yard waste (YW) for methane production in Pakistan. The batch experiments have been conducted at two different inoculums to substrate ratios (ISRs) by using various inoculums under mesophilic condition. The highest methane yield of FW and YW is achieved to be 428 Nml g-1 volatile solids (VS) added and 304 Nml g-1 VS added respectively by using buffalo dung inoculum at ISR-5. While, lowest methane yield of FW and YW is obtained as 236 Nml g-1 VS added and 151Nml g-1 VS added respectively by using effluent from a continuous stirrer tank reactor as inoculum at ISR-3. The first order decay model has been introduced, which gives best fit for methane potential of PCMSW with buffalo dung inoculum. Additionally, the feasibility of PCMSW in terms of power generation potential has been analyzed. About 60.63 million m3/year energy can be generated by converting PCMSW into methane gas leading to power generation. The finding of this study concludes that the replacement of imported energy and reduction up to 1.62% in other primary energy sources would be achieved, if PCMSW are properly converted into energy through anaerobic digestion in Pakistan.
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Bengough, A. Glyn, Roy Neilson, Bryan Griffiths i David Trudgill. "The extent to which nematode communities are affected by soil factors-a pot experiment". Nematology 4, nr 8 (2002): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854102321122566.
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AbstractFour similar, agricultural soils with distinct nematode communities were used to determine the extent to which soil and inoculum factors affected nematode community structure. The soils all had a sandy loam texture from the same geographical area and had been in pasture or arable rotation for the last 10 years. Treatments were established in pots containing a middle layer of frozen defaunated soil, sandwiched between an inoculum that was either fresh soil from the same site ('self') or a mixture of soils to give a more diverse inoculum ('mixed'). Principal component analysis indicated that a single soil type given different inocula developed different community structures (i.e., the community under 'self' differed from that under 'mixed') suggesting an inoculum effect. It was also true that different soil types under a single inoculum soil also developed different community structures (i.e., community under 'mixed' differed with soil type), suggesting a soil effect. It is likely that the nematode community structure is influenced by a combination of antecedent land use, soil factors, species introductions and inter-species competition, which should be considered in any interpretation of nematode communities as a biotic indicator.