Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Injecting drug use

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Injecting drug use”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 21 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Injecting drug use"

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Crawford, Vanessa. "Injecting drug use". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 10, nr 3 (maj 1997): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199705000-00007.

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Rossi, Diana, María Pía Pawlowicz, Victoria Rangugni, Dhan Zunino Singh, Paula Goltzman, Pablo Cymerman, Marcelo Vila i Graciela Touzé. "The HIV/AIDS epidemic and changes in injecting drug use in Buenos Aires, Argentina". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 22, nr 4 (kwiecień 2006): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2006000400013.

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This article discusses the changes in injecting drug use from 1998 to 2003 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The Rapid Situation Assessment and Response methodology was used to obtain the information. Quantitative and qualitative techniques were triangulated: 140 current IDUs and 35 sex partners of injection drug users (IDUs) were surveyed; 17 in-depth interviews with the surveyed IDUs and 2 focus groups were held, as well as ethnographic observations. The way in which risk and care practices among injecting drug users changed and the influence of the HIV/ AIDS epidemic on this process are described. In recent years, the frequency of injection practices and sharing of injecting equipment has decreased, while injecting drug use is a more hidden practice in a context of increasing impact of the disease in the injecting drug use social networks and changes in the price and quality of drugs. Knowledge about these changes helps build harm reduction activities oriented to IDUs in their particular social context.
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Bell, J., i L. Harvey-Dodds. "Pregnancy and Injecting Drug Use". Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 29, nr 1 (marzec 2009): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000344716.49291.33.

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Bell, James, i Lucy Harvey-Dodds. "Pregnancy and injecting drug use". BMJ 336, nr 7656 (5.06.2008): 1303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39514.554375.ae.

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Maher, Lisa, i Nick Walsh. "Injecting drug use and HIV". Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 7, nr 4 (lipiec 2012): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/coh.0b013e3283541f3f.

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Zahnow, Renee, Adam R. Winstock, Larissa J. Maier, Jay Levy i Jason Ferris. "Injecting drug use: Gendered risk". International Journal of Drug Policy 56 (czerwiec 2018): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.018.

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Ospina-Escobar, Angélica, i Carlos Magis-Rodríguez. "Transition from first illegal drug use to first injection among people who inject drugs in Northern Mexico: A retrospective survival analysis". Salud mental 45, nr 2 (1.04.2022): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2022.010.

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Introduction. There is little information in Mexico about the transition to injecting drugs among drug users in cities other than Tijuana. Objective. We compare characteristics of the onset of drug use and first injection among people who inject drugs (PWID) from Ciudad Juárez and Hermosillo, two cities of Northern Mexico and identify factors associated with faster rates of transition from first drug use to the first injection. Method. 841 PWID were interviewed in 2012 in Ciudad Juárez (n = 445) and Hermosillo (n = 396). Using lifetables, we describe timing at the onset of drug use and first injection. Cox regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with the transition hazard to first injection. Results. Median age at onset of drug use was 15.5 years old (standard deviation [SD] = 5.73). The median age at first injection was 21.30 (SD = 7.22). The median duration-time between first drug use and transition to injection was 4.8 years (SD = 5.6). Controlling for sociodemographics, factors that increase the hazard of transitioning to injection are age at onset of drug use (adjusted-hazard-rate [AHR] = 1.04, 95% confidence-interval CI [1.03, 1.05], p#abr#.01) having used cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine at the onset of drug use (AHR = 1.14, 95% CI [1.03, 1.27], p = .01), and having received assistance at first injection (AHR = 1.25, 95% CI [1.17, 1.33], p#abr#.01). Discussion and conclusion. Results show the need to enhance harm reduction programs among non-injecting drug users so as to prevent the spread of injecting drugs in Mexico.
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LOXLEY, W. M., J. S. BEVAN i S. J. CARRUTHERS. "Age and injecting drug use revisited: The Australian Study of HIV and Injecting Drug Use". AIDS Care 9, nr 6 (grudzień 1997): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713613232.

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Wodak, Alex, i Ingrid Beek. "6.5 HIV and injecting drug use". Medical Journal of Australia 165, nr 1 (lipiec 1996): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb124816.x.

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SEIVEWRIGHT, NICHOLAS. "Benzodiazepine use among injecting drug users". Addiction 89, nr 12 (grudzień 1994): 1701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03772.x.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Injecting drug use"

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Xia, Yang. "Characterising patterns of injecting drug use". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648787.

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Steensma, Colin. "Predictors of cessation of injection drug use in a cohort of young, street-based injecting drug users". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19415.

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Objectives: To identify the factors associated with cessation of injecting drug use in young street-based injecting drug users. Methods: Subjects were originally recruited from various street-based outreach programs and had to have reported injecting drugs within the prior 6 months at baseline or during follow-up, as well as having completed at least 2 follow-up questionnaires. Follow-up occurred from January 1995 to September 2000. Cessation of injecting drug use was defined as having reported no injection at 2 consecutive follow-up questionnaires, averaging at least one year in total. Incidence rates of cessation were calculated and stratified by duration of injection. Adjusted hazard ratios were calculated in order to identify independent predictors of cessation. Results: A total of 305 subjects met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 119 (39%) ceased injecting for approximately one year or more. The incidence of cessation was 32.6/100 person-years, but consistently declined as duration of time spent injecting increased. Independent predictors of IDU cessation were: having at least one parent born outside of Canada (HR=1.4; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.1-1.7); injecting on a less than monthly or less than weekly basis on average within the last month (HR=6.6; 95% CI: 3.1-14.1 and HR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.1-5.5, respectively); injecting an average of two or fewer different types of drug within the last six months (HR=1.8; 95% CI: 0.9-3.5); and having been employed within the last six months (HR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.1-2.7). Independent predictors of not stopping injecting drugs were: homelessness within the last six months (HR=0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-1.0); and having attended a needle exchange program within the last six months (HR=0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.8). Conclusion: Cessation of injecting drug use among youth is considerably higher in the first years of injecting. Young IDUs with non-Canadian family backgrounds, as well as those who inject less frequently, inject fewer different types of drugs, and have a more stable lifestyle tend to be more likely to stop injecting drugs for a period of one year.
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Sheerin, Ian G., i n/a. "Consequences of drug use and benefits of methadone maintenance therapy for Maori and non-Maori injecting drug users". University of Otago. Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070502.142602.

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The consequences of drug use and benefits of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) were investigated in a random sample of Maori and non- Maori injecting drug users in Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand. Eighty- five injecting drug users (IDUs) who had been on MMT for a mean time of 57 months were interviewed and followed up over an average 18 month period. Markov models were used to model cohorts of IDUs, changes in their health states and the effects of MMT and anti-viral therapy on morbidity and mortality. The savings in life from reductions in drug overdoses were used as the main outcome measure in cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost-utility and cost-benefit analysis were also used to provide additional information on the costs and outcomes of treatment. Comparisons were made between: (a) MMT alone; (b) MMT provided with conventional combination therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV); and (c) MMT provided with anti-viral therapy with pegylated interferon. The monetary costs of drug use and benefits of MMT were similar for Maori and non-Maori. However, Markov modelling indicated that MMT is associated with greater savings in life for Maori than for non-Maori. Further, Maori IDUs identified the main personal costs of drug use as being loss of their children and loss of marriage or partners. Large reductions in use of opioids and benzodiazipines were reported at interview, compared with before starting MMT. The participants also reported large reductions in crime and stabilisation of their lifestyles. Improvements in the general health of IDUs om MMT were reported. However, 89% were positive for HCV infection, which was identified as the major physical health problem affecting IDUs in New Zealand. Few IDUs had received anti-viral therapy for HCV infections, despite having stabilised on MMT. This study investigated the benefits of providing anti-viral therapy for HCV to all patients meeting treatment criteria. The cost-effectiveness of MMT alone was estimated at $25,397 per life year saved (LYS) for non- Maori men and $25,035 for non-Maori women IDUs (costs and benefits discounted at 3%). The incremental effects of providing anti-viral therapy for HCV to all eligible patients were to save extra years of life, as well as to involve additional costs. The net effect was that anti-viral therapy could be provided, at a similar level of cost-effectiveness, to all patients who meet HCV treatment criteria. Cost-effectiveness could be improved if IDUs could be stabilised on MMT five years earlier at an average age of 26 instead of the current age of 31 years. The cost-effectiveness of treatment with pegylated interferon was similar to that for conventional combination therapy because there were incremental savings in life as well as increased treatment costs. Costs per LYS were estimated to be lower for Maori than for non-Maori, reflecting ethnic differences in mortality. Sensitivity analysis revealed that provision of MMT with anti-viral treatment remained cost-effective under varying assumptions of mortality, disease progression and compliance with treatment. the main problems that were not improved during MMT were continuing use of tobacco and cannabis, low participation in paid employment, only three participants had received specific treatment for their HCV infections. Cost-benefit analysis using a conservative approach showed a ratio of the benefits to the costs of MMT of 8:1. Benefits were demonstrated in terms of large reductions in crime. Benefit to cost ratios were similar for the different policy examined, as well as for both Maori and non-Maori IDUs.
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Green, Traci Craig. "My place, your place, or a safer place : the intention among Montreal injecting drug users to use supervised injecting facilities". Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29426.

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Pilot studies of supervised injecting facilities (SIF) are under consideration in Canada, but it is elemental to first establish acceptability among the injecting drug use (IDU) population that are potential attendees. This study aimed to assess SIT acceptability and to determine factors associated with the willingness of public injectors to use SIF in a city considering their establishment. From April 2001--February 2002, qualitative, key informant interviews and survey data collection methods were employed. Questions were appended to a study monitoring HIV risk among Montreal IDU. Univariate and bivariate analyses preceded logistic regression. 11 key informants and 251 IDU participated in the study. Key informants generated specific SIT models subsequently presented to IDU. Overall, SIF acceptability was high. Two logistic regression models presented factors independently predictive of potential SIF use including drug use characteristics and SIF attributes. Initial community and user consultations are essential in assessing relevance and planning of SIF.
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Ahmed, S. M. Tanvir. "HIV Infection and Behavioural Risk Factors among Injecting Drug Users in Hai Phong, Vietnam". Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366244.

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Injecting drug use worldwide accounts for a high proportion of new Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, driving the national epidemics in many countries where HIV prevalence among injecting drug users (IDUs) is prominent. HIV testing started in Vietnam in 1988 and the first HIV case was detected in 1990. The epidemic has now concentrated among young IDUs in northern Vietnam. Hai Phong is one of the provinces located in the north of Vietnam which has become a high HIV prevalence province affecting young IDUs. The present research estimates HIV infection rates among IDUs in Hai Phong. It examines behavioural risk factors associated with HIV infection, sharing and condom use as well as highlighting drug and sex related transmission risks. The research has several stages including secondary analysis of national level behavioural survey data (2011) and qualitative exploratory research (2012). Each phase of the research supplements the others, in order to attain the research objectives and to address behavioural issues associated with the current epidemic.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medicine
Griffith Health
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Bonar, Erin Elizabeth. "Using the Health Belief Model to Predict Injecting Drug Users' Use of Harm Reduction". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1282833406.

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Alexandrescu, Liviu Gabriel. "Legally high, officially lost: injecting NPS use and drug abjection in Post-Communist Romania". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.716377.

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Since the late 2000s the distribution of what seemed to be unregulated ‘recreational’ drugs by street and online retailers has prompted media hype and public anxiety in Europe and elsewhere. These ‘legal highs’ or ‘new psychoactive substances’ (NPS) were often associated with health risks and antisocial behaviour, and they eventually inspired policy debates along with new scheduling measures. This project explores NPS’ general reception in Romania and their more specific integration into injecting drug users' repertoires, a segment of the local drug market traditionally dominated by heroin. By drawing on mainstream media texts and field data collected around treatment facilities such as a methadone maintenance clinic, it focuses on the troubling moral identities of intravenous substance users and the disciplinary practices of the medico-legal apparatus meant to monitor them. In setting out a moral panic model re-imagined as bouts of collective disgust or social abjection, it seeks to connect lived experiences and moral understandings of emerging drugs with historical layers of prohibition discourses that stratify drug using bodies into abject identities. NPS are thus revealed to shape two types of moral panic as drug abjection in post-communist Romania. The first emerges from media discourse and concerns the clean or valuable youth of the nation, calling for the containment of the new drugs trade to assure the sanitisation and survival of the social body. The second surfaces among injecting drug users, with ‘legalists’ or NPS users being increasingly seen by both drug workers and opiate users as a source of disruption to the regulatory devices and collaborative goals of rehabilitation. This ultimately raises larger questions about the liberal governance of pleasure and consumption in Romania’s transition to market democracy. The fluidity o f ‘NPS’ as a medical and policy object thus seems to indicate the ontological spilling of the rational choice-making self out of the flows of capital, power and historical time
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Chakragiri, Arathi M. "Drug Use and Risk Behavior Patterns for HIV in Men Who Have Sex with Men". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/32.

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Men who have sex with men (MSM) account for a majority of all men currently diagnosed with AIDS. MSM is also recognized as the largest risk category of all AIDS cases. Drug use has been shown to have a synergistic effect on the prevalence of HIV in the MSM population. The study aimed to examine the association between injection drug use, non-injection drug use, and non-drug use with sexual risk behaviors for HIV in men who have sex with men. Secondary, cross-sectional data procured from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System for the Atlanta Metropolitan Survey Area were used for the study. The study population was 960 participants. Using binary logistic regression analyses, the drug use categories were studied for unprotected intercourse, unprotected receptive anal intercourse and HIV status. Strong associations were seen independently for unprotected intercourse, unprotected receptive anal intercourse, and HIV status with injection and non injection drug use, but the association weakened for drug use categories when controlled for other independent factors. Taking into account current findings and findings from previous research, the importance of clinical significance over statistical significance was considered. Racial disparities were evident, in that, although the Black participants showed no increased odds for sexual risk factors or drug use, it had a higher odds for being HIV positive compared to Whites. Combining Viagra/Levitra with drugs was significantly associated with unprotected intercourse (AOR=1.9), and each individual drug showed a different degree of association with Viagra/Levitra. Further research is recommended to identify sub-populations at risk and appropriately allocate resources and channel programs and interventions.
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Kimber, Joanne Public Health &amp Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Role of the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre in reducing injecting drug use-related harm: evaluating accessibility, utilisation, coverage and selected health impacts". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23038.

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Drug Consumption Rooms (DCRs), where injecting drug users (IDUs) can use pre-obtained drugs in a hygienic and professionally supervised low threshold setting, aim to engage high risk IDUs, reduce public drug use, injecting-related morbidity and mortality, and improve access to drug treatment. This thesis evaluates the service demand, accessibility, utilisation, and coverage of Australia???s first DCR, the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC), located in an area with a history of illegal shooting gallery operation. MSIC impact on injecting practices and injecting related health, and referral to drug treatment were also examined. Methods included cross-sectional IDU surveys, key informant interviews, staff focus groups, analysis of client registration and surveillance data and routinely collected data on needles and syringes - including multiple indirect prevalence estimation, and prospective follow-up of MSIC referrals. Shooting gallery users expressed demand for and willingness to use the MSIC. Injecting episodes previously occurring in shooting galleries appear to have been transferred to the MSIC, although shooting galleries continued to operate at a reduced level. The MSIC service model was accessible, with few refusals of entry, high levels of client satisfaction and limited non-use for reasons relating to the model. MSIC engaged high risk IDUs - regular injectors, sex workers, and those injecting in public places and shooting galleries - who were also more likely to be frequent attendees. MSIC clients were more likely than other IDUs to inject in public places and shooting galleries, be HCV seropositive, have riskier injecting practices and more severe injecting related health problems. MSIC achieved good coverage of the local IDU population (70.7%, range 59.1%-86.7%) and modest coverage of their estimated total injecting episodes during its operating hours (8.8%, range 7.3%-10.8%). MSIC use was associated with improvements in injecting practices and health. Frequent MSIC use was also associated with higher rates of referral to drug treatment than less frequent use. Drug treatment referral uptake was positively associated with a recent history of daily injection and sex work and negatively associated with a lifetime history of psychiatric treatment and/or self harm. This research was confounded by substantial changes in heroin availability during the study period but provides new evidence on DCR coverage, impact on injecting practices and health, and referral to drug treatment. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Wood, Richard Alan. "Issues of gender in injection drug use : examining contextual circumstances of women’s first injecting experience and factors associated with treatment engagement". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23599.

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Women who inject drugs (IDU) are at elevated risk for drug-related harms. While there has been growing interest in first injecting experiences of IDU, less attention has been given to broader socio-cultural, structural and environmental risk conditions in which marginalized women live and injection risk practices and addiction treatment engagement occur. For this thesis, I sought to build on previous research by using gender-based analysis (GBA) to describe the risk environment of IDU women and examine gender differences in circumstances surrounding first injecting experiences and addiction treatment engagement among IDU in Vancouver. Between May 2005 and December 2007, cross-sectional data were drawn from a prospective cohort of 1,436 participants, including 496 women. GBA was used to identify gender differences in circumstances surrounding first injecting experiences and current addiction treatment enrolment. Risk environment, gendered violence and cultural safety conceptual lenses were used to inform the interpretation of findings. Regarding first injection experiences, associations were found between female gender and Aboriginal ancestry, receiving assisted injection, and intimate partner injection drug use as a reason for first injection, whereas syringe borrowing, injecting in public, first taught to inject by self, and curiosity as a reason for first injection were negatively associated with female gender. Current addiction treatment enrolment was reported by 597 (41.6%) participants – 220 women (89 Aboriginal) – and 377 men (69 Aboriginal). Among women age at first injection and having an intimate partner were associated with treatment enrolment, whereas Aboriginal ancestry, homelessness, and frequent heroin injection were negatively associated. Among men, age at first injection was associated, whereas Aboriginal ancestry, homelessness, frequent alcohol and frequent heroin were negatively associated. Methadone was the most common type of addiction treatment reported by both genders. Most common reasons for non-enrolment were ‘don’t feel a need to stop using drugs’ for women, and ‘don’t think treatment programs work for me’ for men. Findings suggest intimate partner power relations are significant factors in mediating women’s drug using risk practices as well as the perceived degree of safety in accessing health services. These findings contribute to existing literature and provide significant implications for practice, policy and future research.
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Książki na temat "Injecting drug use"

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McElrath, Karen. Drug use and risk behaviours among injecting drug users. Belfast: Drug & Alcohol Information Research Unit, Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, 2005.

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Network, Global Youth. HIV prevention among young injecting drug users. New York, NY: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2004.

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Johannes, Jager, red. Hepatitis C and injecting drug use: Impact, costs and policy options. Luxembourg: OOPEC, 2004.

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Taylor, Avril. Women drug users: An ethnography of a female injecting community. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1993.

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Marsh, Alison. The Australian national AIDS and injecting drug use study, Perth, 1989. Bentley, WA: National Centre for Research into the Prevention of Drug Abuse, Curtin University of Technology, 1991.

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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, red. Injecting drug use, risk behaviour and qualitative research in the time of AIDS. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2001.

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Oinam, Archana. Exploring the links between drug use and sexual vulnerability among young female injecting drug users in Manipur. New Delhi: Population Council, 2008.

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Oinam, Archana. Exploring the links between drug use and sexual vulnerability among young female injecting drug users in Manipur. New Delhi: Population Council, 2008.

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Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. The Asian harm reduction network: Supporting responses to HIV and injecting drug use in Asia. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS, 2001.

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David, Silver, red. Joint and soft tissue injection: Injecting with confidence. Wyd. 3. Abingdon: Radcliffe Medical Press, 2002.

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Części książek na temat "Injecting drug use"

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Carlson, Robert G. "Injection Drug Use". W Encyclopedia of Women’s Health, 658–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_220.

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Mintz, Laura Janine. "Injection Drug Use". W Encyclopedia of Immigrant Health, 917–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5659-0_406.

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Sandul, Amy L., i Veda B. Moore. "Harm Reduction: Tipping the Balance Toward Treatment and Recovery". W Public Health Ethics Analysis, 141–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92080-7_10.

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AbstractOpioid use has risen dramatically over the past 40 years. In response, federal programs and policies aimed at decreasing supply of prescription opioids have stabilized excessive prescribing. Unintended consequences of limiting the quantity of prescription opioids in the population has resulted in increased use of illicit drugs and opened a pathway of transition from misuse of pills to injection of heroin and use of potent formulations of cheap, synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. Harm reduction interventions function at the community level to provide health benefits and avoidance of harm to persons engaging in illicit and injection drug use. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 gives states, local, tribal, and territorial health departments the opportunity to use federal money to support a comprehensive set of harm reduction services. Critics of harm reduction strategies argue that formalizing and legalizing certain activities creates the perception that communities and local authorities are sanctioning or encouraging illicit/illegal drug use. Syringe services programs that provide clean needles and syringes so people who inject drugs are not forced to share or reuse injection equipment, are often at the heart of such controversy. This story addresses tensions that exist in communities grappling with harm reduction approaches to opioid and injection drug use.
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Golden, Rachel E., Charles B. Collins, Shayna D. Cunningham, Emily N. Newman i Josefina J. Card. "Overview of Structural Interventions to Decrease Injection Drug-Use Risk". W Best Evidence Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention, 41–121. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7013-7_2.

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Somboonwit, Charurut, Lianet Vazquez i Lynette J. Menezes. "HIV and Injection Drug Use: New Approaches to HIV Prevention". W Global Virology III: Virology in the 21st Century, 423–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29022-1_14.

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Palepu, Anita. "Drug User Quality of Life (DUQOL)/Injection Drug User Quality of Life (IDUQOL) Scale". W Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 1700–1702. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_782.

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McLean, Stuart, Rahul Patel i Raimondo Bruno. "Injection of Pharmaceuticals Designed for Oral Use: Harms Experienced and Effective Harm Reduction Through Filtration". W Non-medical and illicit use of psychoactive drugs, 77–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_470.

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Garten, Rebecca J., Shenghan Lai, Wei Liu, Jie Chen i Xiao-Fang Yu. "Trends in Injection Drug Use and the HIV Epidemic in Southern China". W AIDS in Asia, 379–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48536-7_27.

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Liu, Wei, Xiaoli Wu, Zheng Gao i Lingling Xia. "Minimally Invasive Technologies for Treatment of HTS and Keloids: Low-Dose 5-Fluorouracil". W Textbook on Scar Management, 251–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_30.

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AbstractBoth hypertrophic scar (HTS) and keloid are pathological scars that tend to overgrow and overproduce extracellular matrices, lead to large-sized scars along with severe pain and itching, and even result in functional disability. In particular, keloids are considered as benign skin tumors due to their nature of uncontrolled growth beyond the original wound boundary and invasion into normal skin; therefore, anticancer therapy has been employed in keloid therapy. 5-Fluorouraci (5-FU), a pyrimidine analog, is a commonly used chemotherapy agent and it has also been previously used in keloid treatment with intralesional injection at a concentration of 40–50 mg/ml. The authors propose the use of low dose 5-FU at the concentration of 1.5–5 mg/ml for establishing a sustainable chemotherapy without causing significant side effects in order to cure keloid by a possible long-term chemotherapy, which is essential for controlling keloid relapse. Since 2002, the authors have treated over 10,000 cases of keloids and demonstrated that this approach is effective and safe. In addition to intralesional injection treatment of keloids and HTS with combined use of 5-FU and steroids, it was also used for preventing keloid recurrence after surgical excision. In this chapter, the authors introduce the general background of keloid and HTS chemotherapy, the rational of using low-dose drugs, and the clinical protocol of low-dose 5-FU injection therapy and its applications along with typical case presentation.
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Kwon, Sun Hyung, Jagannath Padmanabhan, Dominic Henn, Kellen Chen i Geoffrey C. Gurtner. "New Drugs for Scar Treatment". W Textbook on Scar Management, 457–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_52.

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AbstractCutaneous scar formation following injury is an exuberant fibro-proliferative event and causes aesthetic distress associated with functional problems for those afflicted. Traditionally, surgical revision of excessive hypertrophic scars is commonly performed. However, scar recurrence rate is high and surgical treatments are often combined with radiation therapy, corticosteroid injections, or with other noninvasive therapies. Pharmacological intervention of scar-promoting cellular activities has recently gained traction based on the emerging scientific evidence proving efficacy and safety of new therapeutics in preclinical studies. Ideal new drug therapies would be noninvasive, inexpensive, safe-to-use, and effective in prevention of scar formation. Recently, cytokine-based therapies and modulators of mechanotransduction are being evaluated for their anti-fibrotic properties in the reduction and prevention of scarring. Therapeutic potential of evidence-based new scar therapeutics holds promise toward improving the current wound and scar management practice.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Injecting drug use"

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Kathawate, Jyoti, i Sumanta Acharya. "Computational Modeling of Intravitrael Drug Delivery in the Vitreous Chamber With Vitreous Substitutes". W ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72783.

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Effective treatment of posterior segment diseases depends on the ability to deliver appropriate doses of drugs to target tissues in the posterior chamber of the eye. Intravitreal injection of drug is commonly used to treat vitreoretinal diseases. In order to assess the effectiveness of the injected drug, it is critical to know the drug distribution within the eye following injection. This is particularly important when the vitreous has been replaced by substitutes since there is little understanding of the transport of drugs in vitreous substitutes. The main objective of this research is therefore to characterize the drug distribution following intravitreal injection in the vitreous chamber of the human eye with different vitreous substitutes. In the present study, different intravitreal substitutes like silicone oil, fluorosilicone oil and perfluorocarbon liquids are considered. Both direct injection of drugs and injection of a time released drug distribution are studied. The results show that the concentration distribution is highly dependent on the vitreous substitute and the diffusion coefficient of the drug. For drugs with high diffusion coefficients, convection plays a small role. For drugs with low diffusion coefficients and for vitreous fluids with low viscosity, convection is seen to play a more important role.
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Banerjee, Rupak K., Robert J. Lutz, Keyvan Keyhani, Robert L. Dedrick, Brian King i Michael Robinson. "Comparison of Drug Distribution Between Intravitreal Injection and a Controlled–Release Implant in a Rabbit Eye". W ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2235.

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Abstract Due to physiological barriers within the eye, which limit penetration of many drugs from the systemic circulation into the vitreous, the most common method of treating retinal disease is direct intravitreal injection. However, this common procedure may be inappropriate for a wide range of drugs as it may lead to highly variable concentrations potentially causing higher toxicity for tissues inside the eye and limiting therapeutic effect. A recent procedure is to use surgically implanted drug release device, called implant here, in the vitreous of the eye that allow controlled release of drug over a sustained period of time. For constant release of drug over 15 hours, a substantial reduction in peak drug concentration is predicted near the retina. When compared with the implant, a doubling of drug concentration would be expected for more than 3 hours near the retina for the intravitreal injection.
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Usta, Aybala, Muhammad Rahman i Ramazan Asmatulu. "Synthesis, Stability and Selection Study of Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions Containing Nigella Sativa L. Essential Oil". W ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72205.

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Targeted drug delivery has a great importance in cancer treatment and is in interest of many scientists worldwide. Targeted drug delivery renders local treatment of cancerous cells possible without affecting healthy cells. Hydrogels are promising materials to be used in targeted drug delivery systems due to their biocompatible nature and injectable behaviors where they can be used to load drugs. However, considering that not all the drugs are water soluble, entrapment of some drugs into hydrogels is not practical in terms of poor drug solubility and burst drug release because of this. At this point, an oil phase can be considered as a drug carrying agent, and entrapment of this oil phase into hydrogel would make it possible for in-situ injection of dissolved drug in oil phase. Oil in water (O/W)-type nanoemulsions were prepared using black seed oil, which is known to cause apoptosis via p-53 dependent mechanism, water and Triton X-100, Span-80 surfactant combinations. Three different oil percentage and three different surfactant percentage were tested, and stability behaviors of nanoemulsions were investigated and compared. Dynamic light scattering analysis and zeta potential measurements were conducted for determination of particles sizes and surface charges of the nanoemulsions. The most stable nanoemulsion along with having smallest diameter and lowest polydispersity index (PDI) was used for further studies. Results indicated that using both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfactants together increased the stability of nanoemulsions compared to those using either of them.
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Pereira, Camila Nakamura Perissê, Lamys Fernandes Kozak, Victor Fernandes Feitosa Braga, Pedro Henrique Bersan de Menezes i Alexandre Sampaio Rodrigues Pereira. "The use of erenumab for preventing migraine". W XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.191.

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Background: In 2018, calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP) were approved in the United States as the first class of specific migraine prevention drugs. Objectives: To analyze the efficacy and therapeutic safety of erenumab for preventing migraine. Methods: A narrative literature review was carried out by researching in the PubMed/MEDLINE and SciELO databases, using the descriptor “migraine disorders” and the keyword “erenumab” combined by the Boolean operator AND. Eight articles were selected, between 2017 and 2020. Results: The pathophysiology of migraine is related to CGRP through nociceptive modulation in the trigeminovascular system. Therefore, erenumab was developed, which is a human monoclonal antibody that binds selectively and potently to the canonical receptor of CGRP and acts as an antagonist of CGRP. Evidence indicates that the monthly dose of 70mg or 140mg reduces the frequency, quality and intensity of acute and chronic migraines. Studies report a decrease of two to six days of migraine using erenumab. The same adverse reactions occurred in both placebo and experimental groups, including upper respiratory tract viral infection, pain at the injection site and nausea. Conclusions: Erenumab is a promising drug, because it showed efficacy in the first days of treatment, absence of significant side effects and low rate of discontinuation. Aspects such as safety, effect durability, impact on quality of life and cost require further research.
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Milosevic, Miljan, Nicola Di Trani, Vladimir Simic, Alessandro Grattoni i Milos Kojic. "COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF INTRAOCULAR DRUG TRANSPORT". W 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac,, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.068m.

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In this work we present computational model for intraocular drug transport using coupled convective-diffusive equations. Model can simulate drug transport using either injection or by state of the art implant devices. We are using Navier-Stokes equation for fluid flow in vitreous humor, and composite smeared finite element (CSFE) for convection in rest of the eye and also for diffusion within the whole model. CSFE takes into account blood vessel properties, such as hydraulic and diffusive components. User interface tool CAD for pre- and post- processing is constructed which enables generation of geometries for patient specific purposes. Computational model provides results in a form convenient for investigation of effects of the drugs on different diseases, such as diabetic macular edema, uveitis, etc. This computational platform has potentials to become a powerful tool for optimization of therapies and simulation of different drugs.
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Krasnoshtanova, Alla, i Anastasiya Bezyeva. "DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL CONCENTRATIONS OF PECTIN AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CHITOSAN-PECTIN MICROPARTICLES". W GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/09.

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"The oral route of drug inclusion is the most convenient for the patient. In addition to ease of use, this method of drug inclusion has such advantages as non-invasiveness of inclusion, absence of complications during injection; comparative safety for the organism due to the passage of the active substance and auxiliary compounds through the gastrointestinal tract; the possibility of introducing larger doses of the drug at one time. However, despite the obvious advantages, the oral route of inclusion has a number of significant disadvantages that significantly limit its use for a number of drugs. Among them are: relatively slow therapeutic action of the drug with this route of inclusion; the aggressive effect of a number of drugs (for example, antibiotics) on the gastrointestinal tract; low bioavailability of a number of substances (especially high molecular weight hydrophilic compounds), caused by poor permeability of the intestinal epithelium for hydrophilic and large molecules, as well as enzymatic and chemical degradation of the active substance in the gastrointestinal tract. There are various approaches used in the development of oral drug delivery systems. In particular, for the targeted delivery of drugs, it is proposed to use nano- and microcapsules with mucoadhesive properties. Among the polymers used for the synthesis of these microparticles, it is preferable to use pH-dependent, gelable biopolymers that change their structure depending on the acidity of the environment. Microcapsules obtained from compounds with the above properties are capable of protecting the active substance (or from the active substance) in the stomach environment and ensuring its release in the intestine. These properties are possessed by such polysaccharides as alginate, pectin, carrageenan, xylan, etc. The listed biopolymers are non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, which makes microparticles containing these polysaccharides promising as oral drug delivery systems. To impart mucoadhesive properties to nanoparticles, complexes of the listed polymers with chitosan are used. In this research, pectin, a polysaccharide formed mainly by residues of galacturonic acid, was used as a structural polymer. The concentrations of substances in the initial solutions were selected that were optimal for the synthesis of microcapsules. The main parameters for evaluating the resulting microparticles were the size of the capsules (less than 1 μm for oral inclusion), the zeta-potential, showing the tendency of the microparticles to stick together, and the completeness of the binding of the microparticles to chitosan. It was found that the optimal solutions for the synthesis of microparticles are: 15.7 ml of a solution of pectin 0.093% by weight, 3.3 ml of a solution of chitosan 0.07% by weight and 1.0 ml of a solution of CaCl2 20 mM. The diameter of the microparticles obtained by this method was 700-800 nm, and the value of their zetta-potential, equal to - (34 ± 3) mV, does not cross the particle adhesion threshold. It was also found that the synthesis of microparticles at these concentrations of calcium chloride provides the most complete binding of chitosan to their surface, which increases the mucoadhesive properties of microparticles."
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Lueshen, Eric, Indu Venugopal i Andreas Linninger. "Intrathecal Magnetic Drug Targeting: A New Approach to Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System". W ASME 2013 2nd Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2013-93117.

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Intrathecal (IT) drug delivery is a standard technique which involves direct injection of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled space within the spinal canal to treat many diseases of the central nervous system. Currently, in order to reach the therapeutic drug concentration at certain locations within the spinal canal, high drug doses are used. With no method to deliver the large drug doses locally, current IT drug delivery treatments are hindered with wide drug distributions throughout the central nervous system (CNS) which cause harmful side effects. In order to overcome the current limitations of IT drug delivery, we have developed the novel method of intrathecal magnetic drug targeting (IT-MDT). Gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles are infused into a physiologically and anatomically relevant in vitro human spine model and then targeted to a specific site using external magnetic fields, resulting in a substantial increase in therapeutic nanoparticle localization at the site of interest. Experiments aiming to determine the effect of key parameters such as magnet strength, duration of magnetic field exposure, location of magnetic field, and ferrous implants on the collection efficiency of our superparamagnetic nanoparticles in the targeting region were performed. Our experiments indicate that intrathecal magnetic drug targeting and implant-assisted IT-MDT are promising techniques for concentrating and localizing drug-functionalized nanoparticles at required target sites within the spinal canal for potential treatment of diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Chen, Jianlei, Wei Zhao, Yan Di, Banglong Jia, Jianbo Wang i Hao Li. "Apparatus for Testing Drag Reducing Agents in Gas Transmission Pipelines". W 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64267.

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Drag reduction agents (DRA) with its special properties adhering to the inner wall of gas pipeline can reduce the pipe surface roughness and turbulent velocity of gas flow. Injecting DRA into the natural gas pipeline is a potential and economical method which decreases the energy consumption and enhances gas delivery throughput. The premise that DRA can be used on site is to pass the performance test in laboratory, so reasonable DRA test system are designed through simulating the operation conditions of natural gas transmission pipelines. Emphatically improving the pumping system, atomization injection system and test pipe section. The pumping system adopts separation design pattern which can avoid various DRA samples blending drastically. The atomization injection system provides full atomized space for DRA solution which can ensure atomization injection process to carry out ideally. The test pipe section can replace quickly and ensure a higher measuring accuracy. The proposed approach above can perfect the test system for DRA used in gas transmission pipeline and can provide important guidance to the industrialized application of DRA.
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Schroeder, Jr., Arthur J., James E. Chitwood, Tom A. Gay, John Gillespie, Yung Lee, Paul Hughes i Julien Verdeil. "Key Technology Qualification for Increasing Subsea Well Production via Drag Reducing Agents". W Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31054-ms.

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Abstract Drag reducing agents (DRAs) are a cost-effective method to reduce pipeline pressure losses and maximize flowrates of onshore and offshore pipelines with over 40 years of proven results. With recent developments, production can also be significantly increased by injecting DRA into flow restricted subsea flowlines. This paper will provide a summary of the development and testing of a full-scale prototype subsea DRA storage and injection unit built to achieve the industry goal of alleviating flow restricted subsea pipelines. While DRA applications are proven in thousands of offshore and onshore applications, it has never been successfully injected subsea. System integration testing (SIT) is currently under way on the prototype unit, after which it will be qualified for offshore use. The technology is covered by numerous patents issued and pending in the US and other countries.
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McGee, James K., Koby Kubrin, Adeel Ahmed i Michael G. Schrlau. "3D Printed Carbon Nanotube Array Interface for In Vivo Drug Delivery". W ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71815.

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The development of gene therapies, small molecules and nanoparticle-based therapeutics in pharmacology have prompted the need for parenteral administration as they possess limited bioactivity, low stability, high specificity and potency. The ability to directly deliver drugs to a specific area offers the capability of minimized required drug quantity, localization of exposure, and limited systemic side effects. Currently, there is no standard for the creation of implantable devices to monitor health status and provide therapeutic treatment. We explored the applications and uses for carbon nanotube based arrays for in vivo drug delivery, specifically as an implantable reusable mode of delivery. The increased availability of 3D printing allows for not only the rapid and reproducible fabrication of designs, but also the ability to incorporate these carbon nanotube arrays in ways that are not feasible using traditional machining methods. These techniques offer the means to design and fabricate a reservoir on carbon nanotube arrays to create a loadable reservoir that can regulate flow, dispensing cargo for mass cellular injection. This research focuses primarily on the development of an attachable drug reservoir for these devices and looks to explore the possibilities of designing reservoirs made out of biocompatible 3D printed materials such as plastics, alloys, or bioceramics. We explored several routes, including a rigid and semi-rigid, as well as how each design impacted the flow through the membrane.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Injecting drug use"

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Oinam, Archana. Exploring the links between drug use and sexual vulnerability among young female injecting drug users in Manipur. Population Council, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh5.1025.

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Huang, Jinsheng, Teng Fan, Yuming Rong, Xujia Li, Qi Jiang, Jun Kan, Huijuan Qiu, Qi Quan, Bei Guo i Guifang Guo. Efficacy of Aidi injection combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapyor chemoradiotherapy for unresectable esophageal cancer treatment: A meta-analysis and systematic review of 29 randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0020.

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Review question / Objective: In recent years, many articles have shown the significant clinical effects of traditional Chinese medicine for esophageal cancer (EC) treatment. These studies involved Chinese medicine injection, decoction, acupuncture, and moxibustion. Chinese medicine injections, including Aidi injection (Aidi) (Z52020236, China food and Drug Administration; composed of 0.15 g/ml cantharis, 5 g/ml ginseng, 10 g/ml Astragalus and 15 g/ml Eleutherococcus senticosus at a ratio of 0.03:1:2:3. The three plant names have been checked with http://www.theplantlist.org 2022/6/4), Shenqifuzheng injection, Kanglaite injection, compound Kushen injection, and Kangai injection, are widely used to treat cancer in clinical practice because of their efficacy and convenience. Aidi combined with standard treatment, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy (CR) (Aidi-based combination therapy), showed significant efficacy in the treatment of unresectable EC. However, existing studies are limited to small sample sizes, and the efficacy of Aidi in the treatment of unresectable EC has not been confirmed in large-scale phase III clinical trials. Therefore, it is important to derive more convincing results by analyzing all the reported data. Herein, we conducted a literature search for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that applied Aidi-based combination therapy in unresectable EC treatment, and a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of Aidi-based combination therapy in unresectable EC treatment.
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Peng, Ciyan, Jing Chen, Sini Li i Jianhe Li. Comparative Efficacy of Chinese Herbal Injections Combined Western medicine for Non-small cell lung cancer: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0068.

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Review question / Objective: Advanced lung cancer has become the top malignant tumor in terms of morbidity and mortality, and Chinese herbal injections combined with western drugs have been widely used to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer. For this purpose, we conducted a Bayesian network analysis to systematically evaluate the efficacy of different herbal injections combined with western drugs in the treatment of NSCLC. Subjects: Patients diagnosed with NSCLC by pathological or cytological examination, locally advanced or those who refused surgical treatment were included, regardless of gender, age, stage, race, nationality and sample size; Interventions: Chinese herbal injections combined with three types of commonly used western drugs (platinum, targeted and immune agents) were used in the experimental group, while the control group was treated with western drugs alone; Study type: to report the efficacy of Chinese herbal injections combined with western drugs in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer efficacy in a randomized controlled trial (rct) Eligible. No restrictions were imposed on language, year of publication, or publication status. Ending indicators: Main ending indicators: (1) disease control rate (DCR), DCR = (complete remission + partial remission + stable)/total number of cases. Efficacy rate = (number of improvement cases + number of stable cases)/total number of cases. (2) Secondary outcome indicators: quality of life, determined according to the KPS behavioral status scale, improvement was defined as an increase of ≥10 points in KPS score after treatment; stability was defined as an increase or decrease of <10 points in KPS score; decline was defined as a decrease of ≥10 points in KPS score. (3) The incidence of adverse reactions, including gastrointestinal reactions, white blood cell (WBC) reduction, hemoglobin (HGB) reduction, platelet (PLT) reduction, etc.
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Kwak, Sang Gyu, Yoo Jin Choo, Soyoung Kwak i Min Cheol Chang. Efficacy of Transforaminal, Interlaminar, and Caudal Epidural Injections in Lumbosacral Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0091.

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Review question / Objective: Epidural injection (EI) has been used to manage lower back or radicular leg pain from herniation of lumbar disc (HLD). Three types of EI techniques, including transforaminal (TFEI) interlaminar (ILEI), and caudal epidural injections (CEI), are being applied. We aimed to evaluate the comparative effect of TFESI, ILEI, and CEI for reducing pain or improving function in patients with HLD. Condition being studied: For controlling inflammation by the HLD, various oral medications and procedures are used. Among these therapeutic methods, EI of the drugs is frequently used in clinical practice. Its positive HLD-induced pain reducing effect was reported in several previous studies. Three types of techniques, including TFEI, ILEI, and CEI, have been utilized in clinical practice. conflicting outcomes as to which technique is superior were reported in previous studies. So far, some meta-analysis studies for comparing the effects of different EI techniques on HLD were conducted. However, these previous studies conducted comparison between two procedures among TFEI, ILEI, and CEI. In the current study, using network meta-analysis, we synthesize and compare the effects of TFEI, ILEI, and CEI on pain from HLD, together.
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Xiang, Kemeng, Huiming Hou i Ming Zhou. The efficacy of Cerus and Cucumis Polypeptide injection combined with Bisphosphonates on postmenopausal women with osteoporosis:A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, maj 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0067.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of Cerus and Cucumis Polypeptide injection combined with Bisphosphonates for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Condition being studied: Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a disorder of bone metabolism caused by estrogen deficiency in women after menopause, which manifests clinically as pain, spinal deformities and even fragility fractures, affecting the quality of life of patients and possibly shortening their life span. Bisphosphonates are commonly used to control and delay the progression of the disease, improve the patient's symptoms and reduce the incidence of fragility fractures. However, single drugs are still lacking in controlling the progression of the disease, and the combination of drugs is the clinical priority.
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Drug users who lack access to clean water use dangerous alternatives to prepare injections. National Institute for Health Research, lipiec 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/alert_40429.

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Expanding access and method choice: Evidence of client self-administration of injectables and private sector provision of family planning services in three West African countries. Population Council, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2020.1003.

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Governments across West Africa have expressed their commitment to increasing access to voluntary family planning (FP) through global and regional initiatives such as FP2020 and the Ouagadougou Partnership, and through targeted national strategies. Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal, among other countries, have been exploring new strategies to expand access to voluntary FP service delivery. Context-specific evidence was needed for two promising strategies—1) task sharing of FP services to private sector drug shops and pharmacies, and 2) introducing self-injection of subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC). The Evidence Project collaborated with stakeholders in Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal to use implementation science (IS) to expand the evidence base on these promising approaches. In this brief, we describe key study results from the three countries and how results have been used to increase access to voluntary family planning and expand method choice.
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Pain on injection of a widely used anaesthetic may be reduced if a common anti-sickness drug is given first. National Institute for Health Research, czerwiec 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000249.

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