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LAFFORGUE, FRANCOIS. "Environnement et infrastructures de transport terrestre en europe". Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA111012.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe growth of the transport by land network in europe raises many questions about the protection of the environment. European law provides some answers, including the provision of legal instruments to include the environment in decision process. In 1985, the community institutions adopted the council directive 85 337 on the environmental assessment of some private and public projects. This was the first step tpwards the integration of environmental concerns into the approval procedure of road and railway projects. This directive is, however, limited to the project level; the environment is therefore not taken into consideration during the decision stage. The european community has already intervened in community financing procedures of roads and railways regarding environmental matters. They now have to intervene during the initial stage of the decision-making process, that is, at the level of plans, politics and programmes which concern national and european transport networks
Claireau, Fabien. "Evaluation des impacts de la fragmentation du paysage par une autoroute sur les chauves-souris à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0018.
Pełny tekst źródłaBiodiversity is being lost at an increased rate as a result of human activities. One of the major threats to biodiversity is infrastructural development. Although the measures taken in environmental impact assessments can limit this loss, the mitigation hierarchy to "Avoid, Reduce and Offset" impacts on biodiversity is not fully functional. Indeed, the mitigation hierarchy often uses qualitative data and does not account for the biological and/or ecological processes and their different spatial and temporal scales. The impact of roads is well documented for several biological groups but not for bats whereas they are likely to be very strongly affected. Moreover, as they are strictly protected, they should be considered in the mitigation hierarchy. Therefore, through the study of bats, I investigated the effects of roads, especially major roads, and intended to measure and quantify the magnitude of their impacts. This thesis presents different methods developed to reach this objective and which may be used by stakeholders in the field. First, I intended to determine how to process data collected through passive acoustic monitoring and how to exploit these data. Then I determined what the impacts of roads on bat populations are and I proposed a method in order to assess the mitigation measures which presume to restore bat habitat connectivity. Our main results show a significant negative effect of roads on bats foraging and commuting behaviour for several species and up to at least five kilometres away from a major road. In addition, the effect of major roads also seems to have consequences on populations’ genetics. Finally, we studied bat overpasses which are structures specifically dedicated to bats and aiming at reducing the impacts of roads by improving bats’ habitat connectivity. These structures seem to be appropriate when located in narrow ecological corridors such as hedgerows
Tardieu, Léa. "Integrating ecosystem services in the evaluation of transport infrastructure projects". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0024.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of this thesis is to broaden the assessment process of terrestrial transport infrastructure into the field of Ecosystem Services (ES), i.e., the benefits people derive from ecosystems. Taking into account ES in an ex-ante assessment of public infrastructure projects can be of critical importance for the improvement of transportation decision-making tools, such as environmental impact assessment and cost-benefit analysis. To achieve this, we first review the major challenges to integrate the ES approach into transport infrastructure decisions. This inclusion is only possible if changes in ES, involved by the project, are explained in a spatially explicit way. We illustrate this point, in a first step, by assessing the loss of a global climate regulation service due to the soil sealing caused by a infrastructure construction, using the example of a high-speed rail in Western France.We further deepen the issue of combining direct loss of ES with indirect loss due to impacts of the infrastructure on landscape connectivity. For both direct and indirect effects we also integrate potential threshold effects on ES loss. We compare implementation options, for the same case of infrastructure project, to provide an example of how choices can be improved by mapping ES loss associated with a combination of direct and indirect impacts. Finally, we provide a test of the usefulness of the ES consideration into environmental impact assessment and cost benefit analysis in order to assess the additional information it may bring. Attention is paid to the applicable character of methods to the real legal framework within which they must be conduced. We show that this type of analysis can enlighten and provide guidance at different stages of transport project: from preliminary studies to the study of the final implementation option. For environmental impact assessment, the integration of an ES based approach opens the possibility of measuring a loss in ES supply (and its economic value) providing a means of selecting among different route option for the infrastructure. For cost-benefit analysis, since the ES loss induced by the selected route option is expressed in monetary terms, it can be integrated as a standard social cost in the analysis, permitting a more efficient control of natural capital loss. More specifically, this type of analysis can help designing appropriate environmental measures by expanding the types of impacts assessed, and provide a quantitative assessment of the cost related to the final chosen option. Then, it may help project stakeholders to apprehend the effects on a broader (ecosystem) scale instead of staying confined into project boundaries and regulatory check-lists
Gillet-Lorenzi, Emmanuelle. "Enquête publique et participation du public : l'exemple des grands projets d'infrastructure de transport". Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMD009.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn participation of the public, evolution of the procedure inquiry, engendered by the law Bouchardeau, of July 12, 1983, turn out essential. An analysis of the procedures led about the big projects of infrastructure of transport allows nevertheless to put in evidence the limits in any optimal efficiency of this procedure of inquiry. The principles of a fruitful contemporary evolution can be then loosened. It is a question above all of insuring the insertion of the procedure of inquiry a efficient process of participation of the public. This way, a first phase of participation should be organized most upstream possible of the decision-making. The objective is to assure(insure) a qualitative and premature information, necessary for the development of constructive contradictory exchanges. The National Commission of the Public Debate appears then as the indispensable guarantor of this participation. Still it is necessary that it is endowed with a real power of influence. The procedure Bouchardeau contains, besides, in itself, certain incapacities : the information of the public can be improved in its contents as in its shape ; the limits in an actual consideration of the expression of the public prevent any unconditional recognition of the public inquiry. The recognition for the benefit of the "commissaries enquêteurs", of the role of pivot, appears, then as an essential objective to achieve : The editorial staff of a specific status is imperative itself ; an intensification of the value and the reach attributed to the report and to the conclusions of inquiry is indispensable. Joining continuance with the law Bouchardeau of 1983 and the law Barnier of 1995, the law of February 27, 2002 insures certainly the democratisation and the transparency of the process of elaboration of the big projects. Overhangs operated in public inquiry are nevertheless incomplete. The question of the elaboration of a big law on the participation remains composed
Catherin, Véronique. "La construction politique des conflits : la contestation du projet autoroutier Balbigny-Lyon (A 89)". Lyon 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO22006.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe contestation of the public policies are more and more frequent when they have some negative consequences on the people's everyday life. National politic of transports, specifically motorway infrastructure, don't escape of this situation, on the contrary. By opposing a public projet, the protesters question the legitimacy of the public action. They take part in public debate and political life. When the administration impose its projects without discussion and justification, the last solution for the citizens to be recognized as legitimate actors is to involve themselves in a conflict against the administration. The contestation of the motorway project "Balbigny-Lyon" constitute an interessant example for studying the conflictual relations between citizens and administration. Two dimensions of this conflict opposing the administration, the citizens and the elects is analysed : first, the cognitive dimension ; second, the strategy of the different protagonists. This analysis has two objectifs : to widen the theories of sociology of mobilization toward approaches of constructivism and interactionism which are not usefull in this scientific field ; to study a conflict in all of his dimension. In this second sense, this work is focused to the protagonist's social representations and to the elaboration of the opponent's tactics
Clevenot, Laura. "Bassins autoroutiers et amphibiens en France : des fonctionnalités écologiques aux pratiques de gestion : approche géographique d'un complexe socio-écologique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H012.
Pełny tekst źródłaTransport infrastructures are known to have major negative impacts on species and ecosystems dynamics, leading to the alteration and fragmentation of habitats and landscape patterns. But the construction of these infrastructures can also be at the origin of the creation of new environments, in particular through the measures implemented to reduce their impacts. Originally built to prevent flooding, stormwater ponds also limit the release of pollutants from infrastructure into the natural environment, thus functioning as a buffer zone. Scientists and managers today note the spontaneous use of these ponds by several species of amphibians. These species, which depend on both terrestrial and aquatic environments, are particularly sensitive to the quality and connectivity of their habitats. This thesis thus questions the role that highway stromwater ponds can play for amphibians, as a breeding habitat, but also as elements that can promote ecological continuities favorable to these species. The interest here is mainly focused on the management practices implemented in these ponds, their impacts on amphibians as well as the methods of their adaptation with regard to this ecological issue. At the same time, this research questions the capacity of the various actors - highway managers but also managers of adjacent natural spaces - to consider the ecological interdependence between the infrastructure verges and the territories which they cross, by relying particularly on representations associated with biodiversity and transport infrastructure. Thus, through a multidisciplinary approach combining ecological surveys, spatial analysis and semi-structured interviews, this thesis tends to contribute to better management of biodiversity issues on and around transport infrastructures
Desjardins, Ludwig. "L'apprentissage d'une nouvelle territorialisation des grands projets routiers au ministère des transports au Québec". Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004047.
Pełny tekst źródłaTan, Heng Chuan. "Vers des communications de confiance et sécurisées dans un environnement véhiculaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENST0063.
Pełny tekst źródłaRouting and key management are the biggest challenges in vehicular networks. Inappropriate routing behaviour may affect the effectiveness of communications and affect the delivery of safety-related applications. On the other hand, key management, especially due to the use of PKI certificate management, can lead to high latency, which may not be suitable for many time-critical applications. For this reason, we propose two trust models to assist the routing protocol in selecting a secure end-to-end path for forwarding. The first model focusses on detecting selfish nodes, including reputation-based attacks, designed to compromise the “true” reputation of a node. The second model is intended to detect forwarders that modify the contents of a packet before retransmission. In key management, we have developed a Secure and Authentication Key Management Protocol (SA-KMP) scheme that uses symmetric cryptography to protect communication, including eliminating certificates during communication to reduce PKI-related delays
Testud, Guillaume. "Étude de la perméabilité de la LGV Bretagne – Pays de la Loire (BPL) aux déplacements des amphibiens". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLP043.
Pełny tekst źródłaConstruction of new Linear Transport Infrastructure LTI (roads, motorways, railways) leads to habitat destruction and may constitute areas of risk (mortality) and/or restrict the movement of species in surrounding habitats. Amphibians are strongly affected by these effects. Recent projects have implemented impact mitigation measures to improve the ecological transparency of these structures using the sequence “Avoid Reduce Compensate (ARC)”. During the construction of a new High Speed Railway “Bretagne–Pays de la Loire HSR” in North-West France inaugurated in 2017, measures under the ARC sequence have been implemented. This thesis aims to evaluate measures of the ARC sequence that would allow amphibian communities to carry out the movements needed for population functioning (seasonal migration and dispersal). It was carried out as part of the HSR environmental observatory (CIFRE EPHE-EGIS contract in partnership with EIFFAGE). The thesis is based on two approaches: (1) monitoring of movements by Capture-Marking-Recapture conducted in five areas including reduction measures (installation of a tunnel under the high-speed line) and compensation measures (creation of new ponds) for three newt species (marbled newt Triturus marmoratus, great crested newt Triturus cristatus and alpine newt Ichthyosaura alpestris). The recaptures of individually marked animals reveal exchanges between ponds located on either side of the high-speed line (use of tunnels) and colonisation of new breeding sites. (2) Homing experiments to study tunnel crossing behaviour. RFID antennas placed in three tunnels (1x1m) and of variable length (from 18.5 to 40 m) made it possible to detect the movements of individuals tagged with PIT-tags (spiny toad Bufo spinosus, I. alpestris, T. marmoratus, T. cristatus, water frogs of the Pelophylax lessonae - P. kl. esculentus system), agile frog Rana dalmatina and fire salamander Salamandra salamandra). A great inter-individual and specific variability of movements is observed, and varies according to the length of the tunnels. Acoustic enrichment (Broadcasting of amphibian calls in the tunnel) improves the movements (rate and speed crossing, distances travelled) of Pelophylax and T. cristatus. The thesis shows the need for a significant effort (number of marked animals) to show the presence of (rare) exchanges between breeding sites, and the use of tunnels and ponds as mitigation measures. The development of a method for evaluating movements in tunnels (RFID marks and antennas) will make it possible to test different factors (lengths, substrates, etc.) to improve their use and effectiveness. Acoustic enrichment appears to be a promising method to complement the implementation of small wildlife passages
Da, Silva Stéphanie. "La sécurité des infrastructures de transport". Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10049.
Pełny tekst źródłaOn March 24th, 1999, a fire swept through the Mont Blanc tunnel, Results: 39 victims. How such a disaster could happen? People wonder about it. The powerful French Republic react, the Law n°2002-3 from January 3rd 2002 is published. Two targets are clearly identified by the legislator: Secure transportation infrastructure (prevent the risks) and work on feedback after each incident, in a way to avoid that disaster happen again. Several legal text (national or european) are voted to reinforce them. Following the Law n°2002-3 from January 3rd 2002, many others law from various legal branches were added: for example, public building, and urbanism etc … Nevertheless, the security does not stop in the limitation, in the abolition of the risk; anticipate the actions to be led facing these events are also important. So, operational planning (internal and external) also represents a critical part: It is necessary to foresee the actions of every actor in front of the event. Next to aspects prevention and forecast, we must take care of the return of experience provided by internal actions or investigations performed when these incidents happen. Finally, the transportation infrastructure are subjected to security standards, it could be explain in one way because of the risks related to the transportation infrastructure themselves and in another way for their impacts on existing risks. The security in transportation infrastructure is completely integrated in the “Culture of the security” philosophy
Mirabel, François. "Energie, transports et externalités : comportements et politiques optimales de localisation et de déplacement dans l'espace urbain". Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON10040.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main object of this thesis is to bring to light the fondamental features of individual's rational behaviours in order to specify the equilibrium configuration of locations and movements in urban area. In such a case, the object is to compare this equilibrium configurations with socially optimal structures and to identify the externalities which explain the differences between the two types of configurations. In a normative approach, the final object is to precise the public policies that the government has to set in order to modify (or to influence) the location's and movement's homogeneous behaviours of individuals and finally, to restore the urban social optimum. From this point of view, the theoretical analysis of this thesis (which are conducted in spatial and temporal dynamic frameworks) are lead in the neoclassical paradigm of the "welfare economics". . . Our work is divided into two parts based on the distinction between location's questions and movement's questions
Tan, Heng Chuan. "Vers des communications de confiance et sécurisées dans un environnement véhiculaire". Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENST0063/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaRouting and key management are the biggest challenges in vehicular networks. Inappropriate routing behaviour may affect the effectiveness of communications and affect the delivery of safety-related applications. On the other hand, key management, especially due to the use of PKI certificate management, can lead to high latency, which may not be suitable for many time-critical applications. For this reason, we propose two trust models to assist the routing protocol in selecting a secure end-to-end path for forwarding. The first model focusses on detecting selfish nodes, including reputation-based attacks, designed to compromise the “true” reputation of a node. The second model is intended to detect forwarders that modify the contents of a packet before retransmission. In key management, we have developed a Secure and Authentication Key Management Protocol (SA-KMP) scheme that uses symmetric cryptography to protect communication, including eliminating certificates during communication to reduce PKI-related delays
Lopez, Alexia. "Enjeux psychosociaux des grandes infrastructures de transport". Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984129.
Pełny tekst źródłaGirardet, Xavier. "Paysage & [et] infrastructures de transport : modélisation des impacts des infrastructures sur les réseaux écologiques". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069242.
Pełny tekst źródłaGleyze, Jean-François. "La vulnérabilité structurelle des réseaux de transport dans un contexte de risques". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070025.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe increasing importance of natural and technological disasters have lead societies to take an interest in the risks prevention and prediction. A way to reduce risks consists in reducing the vulnerability of the threatened items, that is their propensity to be damaged. Among these items, the transport network are particularly interesting because they are threatened not only in a material way (damaging to the infrastructure), but also in a functional way (damaging the use) through the damaging to their structural properties (then relation opportunities offered by the networks). In order to understand and to forecast the functional disturbances of a transport network threatened by a disaster, it is relevant to define and evaluate the vulnerability of its structure, that is of the networks lattice out of any use consideration, and to understand the underlying relational organization. In that respect, we first have to build a framework adapted to such structural study, that is to define the data structure, the assumptions, the modelisation choices ans the necessary tools. Then we propose a definition of the vulnarability and we develop tools for its evaluation and its caracterization. According to the interests and the limits of such tools, we propose at last to improve the caracterization of the vulnerability by highlighting the structural properties which explain the different vulnerability levels on th network. This research is lead on several real networks which bring up various scales and whose features are interesting within a risk context
Westlund, Hans. "Kommunikationer, tillgänglighet, omvandling : en studie av samspelet mellan kommunikationsnät och näringsstruktur i Sveriges mellanstora städer 1850-1970 /". Umeå : University of Umeå, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39148213f.
Pełny tekst źródłaLaroche, Florent. "Economie politique des infrastructures ferroviaires". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO22016/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThere is still much progress to make concerning the French and the European railway networks, both from governance and competitiveness standpoints. This is the conclusion this work lead to. The results from the Enerdata-LET research consortium (2014) illustrate that, considering factor 4 for horizon 2050, the modal shift of demand in transport towards railway could be massive. Regarding this, the situation of Paris-Lyon high-speed line, already up to its saturation level, addresses the issue of the capacity a system possesses to bear new traffics. Two schools oppose there. On one side, the supporters of the SNIT suggest a quasi-doubling of the high-speed railway network, in order to cope with futures needs, whereas on the other side, the “Mobilité 21” commission gives priority to the search of increasing returns from the existing infrastructure. Without claiming to solve the issue, this work attempts to bring up comprehension elements on the interaction between demand and offer in the railway sector.Studying the accordance between an increase in railway demand and offer leads us to question performance. It means being able to define capacity of the railway infrastructure, first. But it also means questioning its limits, which addresses the phenomenon of saturation, also called congestion. Eventually, this all inevitably leads to put into perspective the relativeness of these limits and to question the ways to overcome them. The objective of this research is to apply this issue to the railway system, accounting its specificities. We consider its constitution as a network industry and as a natural monopoly, when considering the infrastructure (infrastructure manager). Without pretending to conclude the debate on governance, we consider that this particularity might influence actors and, thus, performance. We also consider the legal framework at the European scale. One can’t question performance without framing the railway sector within its legal context. Then, the main purpose of the analysis stands in the study of saturation of the Paris-Lyon high-speed line. We consider the line as representative of the expected performance level of the whole French railway network. It challenges both technical and economic capacities that are in the core of our rationale on performance, its requirements and the opportunities of the French network
Joalland, Olivier. "Les mesures d’accompagnement comme facteurs d’insertion territoriale des infrastructures de transport d’électricité". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0012/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim is to explore different mechanisms (compensations, incentives) to respond to local demands for the implementation of electricity transmission infrastructures. The thesis is structured around three research axes: 1-Economic valuation of the impacts of power lines on property values 2-How to share compensation between municipalities 3-Local demand for compensatory mechanisms
Aboulkacem, El Mehdi. "Infrastructures de transport urbain et frictions du marché du travail". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL12021/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWe explore in this thesis some aspects of the role played by the urban transport infrastructures in reducing the labor market frictions caused by the spatial separation between the places of residence and the job opportunities locations. To do so, this thesis is written in three chapters.In the first, we build a series of spatial matching functions linking jobless workers to vacant positions. These functions depend on the transport infrastructures parameters and are not conditional on the structure of the city in which the matching process occurs. In the second chapter we present an innovative public policy evaluation instrument used for measuring the impact of the Paris region transport infrastructures performances on the local unemployment rates and for predicting the impact of the Grand Paris Express on these rates. This instrument can be used in other contexts and for other regions. Last but not least, the third chapter analyses the determinants of the home-workplace distance of two-worker households' workers living in Paris region. The objective is to provide some clues to understand the transportation demand generated by the constant growth of the part of this kind of households and to anticipate it while designing the future planning policies
Martin, Jean-Christophe. "Impacts économiques d'une politique de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour la région Aquitaine". Bordeaux 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR40028.
Pełny tekst źródłaRegional council of Aquitaine, thanks to increasing area of competence because of different laws of decentralization, can contribute to national effort of reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In order to make it, It has implemented in 2005 a climate plan to avoid 2 883 ktCO2eq for 2007-2013. However, considering of poor regional accounting, it is confronted with a lack of study to implement efficiently its climate plan. The aim of this thesis is precisely to make some studies in order to guide regional council in this field. Input-output analysis was used because of its ability to integrate the complexity of interindustrial trade with a detailed sectored study. The aim of the first part of the thesis is to outline the method of constructing a regional accounting, namely a making of input-output table with a GHG emissions inventory associated. The second part of this thesis shows different applications of input-output analysis in order to answer to regional issues on GHG emissions. The first interest of input-output analysis is to calculate both direct and indirect contribution of sectors emissions. By applying optimization methods, economic restructuring could be estimated in order to reconcile both GHG emissions reduction and economic growth objectives. The use of structural decomposition analysis has advantage to pick out main forces explaining evolution of GHG emissions and, so, to use these results to make forecasting of regional GHG emissions until 2013. Moreover, it was possible to determine a budget of opportunity cost from construction of road and rail infrastructures leading to finance projects to offset theirs emissions by using optimisation methods
Claireau, Fabien. "Evaluation des impacts de la fragmentation du paysage par une autoroute sur les chauves-souris à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0018/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBiodiversity is being lost at an increased rate as a result of human activities. One of the major threats to biodiversity is infrastructural development. Although the measures taken in environmental impact assessments can limit this loss, the mitigation hierarchy to "Avoid, Reduce and Offset" impacts on biodiversity is not fully functional. Indeed, the mitigation hierarchy often uses qualitative data and does not account for the biological and/or ecological processes and their different spatial and temporal scales. The impact of roads is well documented for several biological groups but not for bats whereas they are likely to be very strongly affected. Moreover, as they are strictly protected, they should be considered in the mitigation hierarchy. Therefore, through the study of bats, I investigated the effects of roads, especially major roads, and intended to measure and quantify the magnitude of their impacts. This thesis presents different methods developed to reach this objective and which may be used by stakeholders in the field. First, I intended to determine how to process data collected through passive acoustic monitoring and how to exploit these data. Then I determined what the impacts of roads on bat populations are and I proposed a method in order to assess the mitigation measures which presume to restore bat habitat connectivity. Our main results show a significant negative effect of roads on bats foraging and commuting behaviour for several species and up to at least five kilometres away from a major road. In addition, the effect of major roads also seems to have consequences on populations’ genetics. Finally, we studied bat overpasses which are structures specifically dedicated to bats and aiming at reducing the impacts of roads by improving bats’ habitat connectivity. These structures seem to be appropriate when located in narrow ecological corridors such as hedgerows
Mitsiopoulou, Sofia. "Le marché des infrastructures de transport : les aéroports et les ports". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010312.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe liberalization of air and maritime transport has resulted in the transformation of the respective infrastructures, in order to facilitate competition between transport operators. However, the most remarkable change has been the development of competition between them. In spite of the particular tasks of general interest assigned to the infrastructures of transport and although each infrastructure taken separately holds a considerable market power, airports and ports are susceptible to competitive pressure. Indeed, the natural monopoly characteristics have been relativized due to the mobility in the economy of transport. Both airports and ports often become simple links in the competitive strategies of carriers, which constitute their powerful counterparts. The law responded to this economic phenomenon, by dismantling state monopolies, proceeding to their privatization or decentralization. Therefore, this tendency has led to a competition between emerged operators, for and within the "market of infrastructures". This market is certainly "hetero-determined", which means that it is highly dependent of the competition in the market of transport. Thus, the definition of the relevant market takes into account the market of transport. Besides, the possible forms of competition or cooperation between infrastructures are determined by the carrier strategies
Malyadi-Rachi, Sanaâ. "Aménagement du territoire au Maroc : infrastructures de transport et disparités régionales". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32014.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis examines the role of transport infrastructures in the economic growth and reducing regional disparities, with an application to the issue of the land planning in Morocco. This issue will demonstrate as whether the transport infrastructures can be a veritable tool for economic development. The work is structured in two parts and four chapters. The first part takes the form of a review of theoretical and empirical literature on the role of transport infrastructure in the land planning and reducing regional disparities. The first chapter is devoted to a presentation of new theories of economic geography and endogenous growth, which intend to explain the regional disparities. The second chapter discusses the effects of transport infrastructure on the location of economic agents and the processes of urban activities. The second part of the paper develops an empirical study using panel data which aims to test the impact of transport infrastructure on a sample of 16 Moroccan regions. The third chapter is intended to describe the sample and variables of the model used, and the explanation of methodological choices. Finally, the fourth and final chapter presents and discusses the different results.Transport infrastructures appear to have a positive impact on the economic growth. Their role in reducing inter-regional disparities remains unclear. Given our results, it seems to allow a reduction in the gap between the five richest regions, without allowing the regions to make up these regions
Molines, Nathalie. "Méthodes et outils pour la planification des grandes infrastructures linéaires et leur évaluation environnementale". Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STET2096.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncreased conflicts related to the construction of new linear infrastructure (e. G. Transportation networks or high-tension cables) has resulted in longer and more expensive environmental impact studies. In order to reduce such conflict, the French government has changed the decision-ma king process. With this shift the notion of "the environment" has become more central, the perspectives of local stakeholders are integrated at the beginning of the projects, and environmental and regulatory laws have become more strict. These shifts, which require incorporating public participation into the decision-making process, have made conducting environmental impact studies more complex. GIS in combination with multicriteria analysis can be used to address this new decision-making context. In this thesis I will analyze the complexity of the decision-making process and will evaluate existing decision-making tools. I will then propose a set of new tools designed to evaluate the environmental impact of any given linear infrastructure project. Finally I will demonstrate the potential value of these new tools based on their application to a particular case study: the northern part of the highway project between Lyon and Narbonne (France)
Rieber, Arsène. "Impact du capital public sur la productivité et la croissance". Paris 13, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA131034.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis considers the relationship between public capital stock and aggregate productivity and growth. We define "public capital" as community facilities, or "core infrastructure" (streets and highways, water supply. . . ) which function as an input to the private production function. A first part contains the theoretical framework of our research: public capital stock fits into the core of the dynamic of endogenous growth models. The discussion center first on fiscal distortions generated by infrastructure financing: in this perspective, our formalization results on a contradiction between long term and short term view of government policy. In a second model, the interaction between public capital accumulation and revenue growth leads to an endogenous dynamics with multiple equilibria: this result allows tentative interpretations of economic divergence between countries. The empirical studies, linking productivity and growth to public capital, are expounded in a second part. On one hand, we estimate the theoretical relationship between public infrastructure and growth by a "solow augmented" model: the results offer a statistical reliability of the important role of the former on the latter. On the other hand, the pattern of causality discerned in our theoretical framework are empirically studied: it exhibits a bi, directional causality. The last part of our research considers the impact of public infrastructure on industrial location. In this perspective, a model of economic geography is exhibited: trade integration implies that firms tend to locate in countries with better infrastructure. In other words, differentials of public capital endowments can magnify polarization of industrial activities. This dynamic spatial model is confirmed by our empirical results: for this purpose, we have estimated the determinants of foreign direct investment within the european community
Marquet, Clément. "Binaire béton : Quand les infrastructures numériques aménagent la ville". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT036.
Pełny tekst źródłaHow is the city developed by and with digital technologies? To answer this question, the thesis analyses in a single movement the urban consequences of the information and physical infrastructures of digital technology. To this end, it mobilizes the methodological and analytical frameworks of Infrastructure Studies, the sociology of techniques and innovation and the sociology of public problems. From an empirical point of view, it proposes to take a step back from the major mediatized experiments of the "smart city" to study more diffuse, everyday transformations generated by digital technologies. It consists of two case studies: on the one hand, it follows a programme to develop connected services to improve the accessibility of a Paris Region transport network for people with reduced mobility, and on the other hand, it analyses the discreet establishment of numerous data centres in Plaine Commune, in the north of the Parisian metropolitan area, and the resulting local unrest. The fieldwork includes several participating observations, about 40 interviews, a press review and the analysis of internal documents of the organizations. The thesis shows how the logic of immediacy, of "real time", generally at the centre of the promises associated with the digital city, requires an increased availability of workers, data and servers. Thus, in the transport company, projects to improve passenger service via smartphones confront station agents with the dual imperative of the face-to-face relationship and the alerts of the connected device. The cartographic data on which connected services are based, often taken for granted, require organizations to invent new collaborations to ensure their production and maintenance. The servers necessary for the functioning of the digital society are accumulated, protected and maintained in data centres, imposing buildings that are geographically concentrated, disrupt the environments in which they are located, disconcert elected officials and disturb residents. The logic of real time thus weighs on the social and spatial organization of cities, and invites us to rethink the urban development of digital infrastructures in terms of work, maintenance and the environment - unlike those, more commonly mobilized, of socio-technical imaginaries, promises of optimization and urban models
Harizi, Riadh. "Infrastructures de transport et développement économique : une analyse cliométrique sur données tunisiennes". Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON10069.
Pełny tekst źródłaGoulou, Jean-Richard Armand. "Territorialisation et infrastructures de transport et de communication : cas du Congo-Brazzaville". Bordeaux 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR40045.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn line with the government'saims, territorialisation in Congo-Brazzaville enables the integration of a political dimension in the communication and transportation infrastructures? The territory of Congo-Brazzaville, populated by ethnic groups including the m'bochi, teke and kongo is characterized by three groups of regions located in the northern, southern and central areas of the country. The geographical conditions in these regions are varied as restrictive and have been enhanced with transportation and communication network. The territorial and administrative organisation applied to these regions since the colonial period has evolued by trial and error. Furthermore, they are developed complex social structures and generated some disparity not only in the various. .
Mallah, Nada. "Faisabilité des projets d'infrastructure au Liban". Lyon 3, 2010. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2010_in_mallah_n.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis provides a qualified reflection on the weak infrastructure projects sector and trends in Lebanon, as being a country which confronted a thirty year of civil war in the past, leading to a major abolition of its macroeconomic sectors and drastic escalation of its internal and external debts. The development of the infrastructure sector in Lebanon has been rated out as poor. The foresaid sector brazened out a lack in financing, inflated cost per kilometer at execution, and aggressive corruption at front line. The registration of constant public revenues and expenses gap commanded, through out the years, the legislative budget to incur continuous deficit. Part of debts acquired has been misused in roads infrastructure projects. Most of theses investments have not reach its development alleviation goal due to un-accurate feasibility studies, corruptive public environment, and delays in payments to contractors, all jeopardizing the quality of projects deliverables, and contractors financial exposures. Therefore, a Public Private Partnership formula is seen as a major effective strategy to lessen and improve the condition of the Lebanon roads infrastructure sector. The first part of this thesis is a qualitative research exposing the multiple economic development strategies, with a stress on the transportation development sector, that has been executed by Lebanon government. In the second part, the research is more focused on the assessment of different financial theories and practices used, by public institutions, in the financial analysis of transportation infrastructure projects, with a complete elaboration on the methodologies for the development of proper project appraisal document (business plan) for infrastructure project. As for the third part, it is concentrated over the analysis of multiple costs factors related to land transportation projects , with comprehensive assessment of a financial feasibility study of a substantial highway road in south of Lebanon, and the proposition for the adoption of public private partnership projects (PPP). The conclusion has been provisioned to wrap up the thesis and identify hope for Lebanon future
Mestre, Catherine. "L'axe durancien : aménagement et transport /". Paris ; Budapest ; Turin : l'Harmattan, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38907463q.
Pełny tekst źródłaDanau, Daniel Bonnafous Alain. "The role of market uncertainty in infrastructure projects". Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2007/danau_d.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuinard, Eric. "INFRASTRUCTURES DE TRANSPORT AUTOROUTIÈRES ET AVIFAUNE : LES FACTEURS INFLUENÇANT LA MORTALITÉ PAR COLLISION". Phd thesis, Ecole pratique des hautes études - EPHE PARIS, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957522.
Pełny tekst źródłaOulmakki, Ouail. "Impact des infrastructures de transport sur la croissance économique : le cas du Maroc". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD042/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTransport infrastructures are public goods. Their importance is demonstrated in the literature since the seminal works of the endogenous growth theory, new economic geography, as well as empirical studies conducted in several countries. Our research focuses on the transport infrastructure in developing countries with an application to the case of Morocco. This thesis is divided in two parts. The first one highlights the role of transport infrastructure in the economy through a review of theoretical and empirical literature and the presentation of different econometric modeling approaches. Then, we study the case of Morocco by using econometric approach of vector error correction model to analyze the long-term dynamic relationships between GDP, public capital and the causality effects. Then, we demonstrate with an autoregressive model the impact of highway investments on GDP / capita and improving accessibility. The second part of our research focuses on the effects of transport infrastructure on the economic growth of 16 Moroccan regions, and the differences between these regions as a result of road and highway public capital allocation. We follow in our research Charlot (1999), Charlot and Schmitt (2002) on French regions, and Marquez, Ramajo and Hewings (2011) applied on Spanish provinces. After, we study the evolution of urban primacy in Morocco by focusing our analysis to the structural role of transport infrastructure. We use gravity models to explore spatial interactions between Moroccan regions. Finally, we are interested in the region of Tangier in Morocco. We study the case of the Tangier-Med port as transport infrastructure. We analyze the impacts of this port on the economic dynamics of this region and the location of productive activities
Presselin, Delphine Versace Rémy. "La perception des impacts environnementaux des transports apports et limites de l'environnement virtuel /". Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2008. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2008/guerin_d.
Pełny tekst źródłaKombo, Edmond Espérance. "Le Développement des infrastructures de transport, processus de reconquête et de réaménagement de l'espace". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375948545.
Pełny tekst źródłaDeymier, Ghislaine Crozet Yves. "Capitalisation immobilière des gains d'accessibilité étude de cas sur l'agglomération lyonnaise /". Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2005. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr:8080/sdx/theses/lyon2/2005/deymier_g.
Pełny tekst źródłaDanau, Daniel. "The role of market uncertainty in infrastructure projects : a theoretical analysis". Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/danau_d.
Pełny tekst źródłaLa thèse traite des principales problématiques économiques liées aux décisions de financement des infrastructures de transport. Tout d'abord, nous montrons que l'option d’investissement intègre à l'optimum une autre option, celle d'une exploitation variable du service, élement souvent absent dans la littérature relative à la valeur réelle d'options. Sur cette base, nous trouvons que la valeur économique de l'attente peut être diminuée par rapport au modèle standard, et peut être d'autant plus dans la situation où la demande est plus inélastique. Ensuite, nous montrons que dans un marché où la demande est aléatoire, l'efficacité d'un partenarial public privé est établie si le partenaire public contrôle la structure du capital privé. Nous trouvons que le levier financier de la firme doit être suffisamment faible, spécialement quand des problèmes de hasard moral existent dans l'activité. Finalement, nous montrons que les participants dans une enchère pour un contract de franchise de monopole augmentent leur participation quand ils attendent une renégociation. Ainsi, les participations augmentent avec l'incertitude de la demande, ce qui a in fine un effet négatif sur l'efficacité sociale. Notre résultat montre que le mécanisme standard d'enchère doit être amélioré, afin d'augmenter l'efficacité des partenariats public privés
Mermet, Eric. "Aide à l'exploration des propriétés structurelles d'un réseau de transport : conception d'un modèle pour l'analyse, la visualisation et l'exploration d'un réseau de transport". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1037.
Pełny tekst źródłaA transportation network is a complex spatial system characterized by four dimension types : geometric, topological, metric and relational. Thanks to these dimensions, it is possible to perform analysis situated in between the descriptive analysis of components from databases and functional analysis based on anthropogenic parameters. This analysis called structural helps to emphasize some properties of the network without usage context. It is established on the construction and analysis of indicators based on the relationship generated by the network: the relational indicators. They highlight their relational possibilities ; ie how their structure and spatial organization and topology of their components predispose to connect places in space in more or less easy way. Our work consists of designing a model for analysis and exploration of the structural properties of a transportation network. This type of analysis leads to a combinatorial complexity related to the number of relationships within the network, algorithmic complexity related to the calculation of indicators and visual complexity related to the difficulty to emphasize information. The proposed model aims to supply the user with the exploratory analysis of structural properties of the network by creating exploratory maps. Our model is composed of two parts. The first one allows to prepare static maps of exploration. The second one enables the visual combination of maps based on a graphic language. Both aspects of the model were developed in a prototype software called GeoGraphLab
Pham, Phi Long. "La Réforme de l'Etat et des entreprises au Vietnam : le cas des infrastructures de transport". Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355934.
Pełny tekst źródłaLe terrain retenu pour nos analyses est celui de la réalisation des infrastructures de transport. Nos analyses révèlent l'incomplétude des règles et des mécanismes de coordination. Elles montrent aussi un manque de coopération et de coordination entre les acteurs-organisations et entre les individus-salariés des entreprises d'état de travaux publics du Vietnam. Dans ce contexte, nous mettons l'accent sur les facteurs organisationnels dans la réforme des administrations de l'Etat et des entreprises au d'état au Vietnam.
Lanneaux, Marie-Agnès. "Grandes infrastructures de transport et territoire : valorisation et dynamique du territoire traversé par l'Autoroute A39". Besançon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BESA1019.
Pełny tekst źródłaTropeano, Jean-Philippe. "Espace, concurrence et information : le rôle des coûts de transport". Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010036.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbdelkrim, Malek. "Analyse par le calcul des structures du comportement cyclique à long terme des infrastructures de transport". Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000644.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlquié, Philippe. "Infrastructures de transport et concurrence : analyse des enjeux liés à la libéralisation des transports en Europe". Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010287.
Pełny tekst źródłaChapelon, Laurent. "Offre de transport et aménagement du territoire : évaluation spatio-temporelle des projets de modification de l'offre par modélisation multi-échelles des systèmes de transport". Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR1802.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of our research is to develop transport-facility planning software. Three different features defined passenger transport. The first one is the use of several modes of transport from the departture point to the destination. The second one is a reduction of travelling times and costs in inter-city transport. The third one is the increasing importance of connection phenomena between several transport networks. A multiscale modelizing process has been devised within the nod application program to study the spatial impact of a transport planning project. This process enables to do two things. On the one hand, such a process makes it possible to determine the existing interaction between local, departmental, regional, national and international levels of organization. On the other hand, it offers a thorough description of the full range of travelling means including final distances and inter-modal connections. The study of the connection phenomena in transport networks is essential to understand the impact of nodes on the urban and inter-urban transport links. Our accessibility calculation will consider the whole transport chain including transit and transport delays that occur inside the nodes. In fact nod new algorithm is able to simultaneously take account of public transport timetables and road travel durations for the minimum transport duration and path calculation
Barrué, Magali. "Conception et développement d'un modèle pour les interactions environnement-aménagement : application au réseau électrique de transport". Bordeaux 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR30021.
Pełny tekst źródłaRioux, Antoine. "Transport coopératif d'un objet par deux robots humanoïdes dans un environnement encombré". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9736.
Pełny tekst źródłaSANCHEZ, FLORES OSCAR LUIS. "Planification et impact des infrastructures de transport routier : theorie et applications selon une approche de modelisation discretisee". Cergy-Pontoise, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CERG0106.
Pełny tekst źródłade, Frias Lopez Ricardo. "Granular Materials for Transport Infrastructures : Mechanical performance of coarse–fine mixtures for unbound layers through DEM analysis". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-195598.
Pełny tekst źródłaGrus i form av krossat bergmaterial används i stor utsträckning som obundna bär- och förstärkningslager inom tranportinfrastrukturen och spelar där en viktig roll för verkningsätt, drift och underhåll. Det finns emellertid begränsad kunskap om de fundamentala mekanismerna på partikelnivå (d.v.s. enskilda gruskorn), mekanismer som styr det makromekaniska verkningssättet. Områden såsom väg- och järnvägsbyggnad bygger fortfarande väsentligen på empiriskta baserade modeller p.g.a. dessa materials komplexa uppträdande under belastning. Denna komplexitet beror delvis på den diskreta naturen hos problemet vilket innebär att traditionell matematisk modellering som vore materialen homogena och kontinuerliga, blir inadekvat. Mot denna bakgrund utgör den s.k. diskreta elementmetoden (DEM) ett numeriskt alternativ för att studera verkningssätt hos diskreta system där man explicit beaktar mekanismerna på partikelnivå. Denna avhandling, som baseras på tre vetenskapliga bidrag, syftar till att ge mikromekaniska insikter vad gäller effekten av olika partikelstorlekar på bärförmågan hos grusmateral och dess inverkan på styvhet och motstånd mot permanenta deformationer. Båda dessa parametrar påverkas kraftigt av spänningsnivån och kan studeras genom triaxialförsök. För att undersöka detta studerades med hjälp av DEM binära blandningar av elastiska kulor – den enklaste modellen av grusmaterial med språng i fördelningskurvan – som utsattes för axialsymmetrisk belastning. Denna modell kan i sin tur ses som en förenkling av mer komplexa blandningar. Inledningsvis studerades effekten av finpartikelinnehållet på partikelkontakternas kraftöverföring. Resultaten användes för att klassificera olika typer av skelettstrukturer i grusmaterialet där den finare och den grövre fraktionens roller kvantifierades med utgångspunkt från kraftöverföringen i stället för från det makromekaniska verkningssättet. Resultaten visade en korrelation vad gäller verkningssättet mellan numeriska blandningar och grusmaterial, där de numeriska blandningarna kunde reproducera några av grusmaterials viktigaste kännetecken vad gäller spänningsberoendet för styvheten vid avlastning och motståndet mot permanent deformation. Vidare visades att styvheten kunde bestämmas ur första belastningscykeln vilket underlättar att övervinna de begränsningar avseende beräkningstid som annars förknippas med DEM. God överensstämmelse mellan grusmaterialets skelettstruktur och verkningssätt kunde också observeras. Generellt observerades högre styvhet och mindre permanenta deformationer för interaktiva skelettstrukturer medan det motsatta gällde för instabila strukturer. Numeriska blandningar av elastiska kulor är långt från verkliga grusmaterial, för vilka ett stort antal ytterligare faktorer måste beaktas. Icke desto mindre är det författarens övertygelse att detta arbete ger insikter i grusmaterialets skelettstruktur och dess effekter på det makromekaniska verkningssättet hos grusmaterial.
QC 20161116
Hennebel, Martin. "Valorisation des services système sur un réseau de transport d'électricité en environnement concurrentiel". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00362205.
Pełny tekst źródłaManzo, Vincent. "Traitement des congestions dans les réseaux de transport et dans un environnement dérégulé". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00408307.
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