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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „INFLUENCE ON CUSTOMERS”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "INFLUENCE ON CUSTOMERS"

Hüttel, Björn A., Zelal Ates, Jan Hendrik Schumann, Marion Büttgen, Stephanie Haager, Marcin Komor i Julian Volz. "The influence of customer characteristics on frontline employees’ customer need knowledge". Journal of Services Marketing 33, nr 2 (8.04.2019): 220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-11-2017-0367.

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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the influence of individual customer characteristics on frontline employees’ (FLEs) customer need knowledge (CNK), a construct that objectively measures FLEs’ ability to accurately identify a given customer’s hierarchy of needs.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses hierarchical data involving the customer and bank advisor levels in the banking sector of three European countries. The matched sample consisted of 1,166 customers and 332 employees. To account for the nested structure of the data, the study used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) using HLM software.FindingsThe results show that customers’ financial experience and risk aversion positively influence CNK and customer-perceived responsibility for the service outcome negatively impacts CNK. The results further show the impact of individual customer cultural values on CNK, which can be influenced by customer-oriented employee training. Cross-level interaction effects indicate that training measures can reverse negative influences of customers’ high power distance and uncertainty avoidance on CNK, whereas for customers characterized by high long-term orientations, training measures can backfire.Originality/valueThis study contributes to research on the antecedents of FLEs’ CNK by examining the currently overlooked influence of individual customer characteristics that are pertinent to the employee–customer interaction process. The study reveals customer characteristics as a new area of antecedents influencing FLEs’ accurate perceptions of customer needs.

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Curth, Susanne, Sebastian Uhrich i Martin Benkenstein. "How commitment to fellow customers affects the customer-firm relationship and customer citizenship behavior". Journal of Services Marketing 28, nr 2 (6.05.2014): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-08-2012-0145.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze how affective commitment to fellow customers influences a customer's affective commitment to the service provider and customer citizenship behavior (CCB). In addition, the paper seeks to examine the moderating role of a customer's calculative commitment to the service organization. Design/methodology/approach – The study used a large-scale survey among customers of a health club and a scenario-based experiment to test the hypotheses. Findings – Both empirical studies provide evidence that affective commitment to fellow customers has positive consequences for the customer-firm-relationship. The findings suggest that commitment to fellow customers and commitment to the service organization influence very specific facets of customer citizenship behavior. In addition, the study found preliminary support for the moderating role of calculative commitment. Affective commitment to fellow customers showed the strongest effect on affective commitment to the provider in customer-firm relationships characterized by high (versus low) calculative commitment. Practical implications – The results of this research have a number of managerial implications. This study suggests measures to strengthen customer-firm-relationships, e.g. generating intensive exchange among customers or attraction of consumer pairs. Providing customers with platforms of valuable relationships to multiplex ties can be a competitive advantage for service providers. Originality/value – This article is the first that highlights the role of other customers as a target of customer commitment and how this commitment affects both the customer's relationship to the service provider and his or her customer citizenship behavior. The present study therefore broadens our knowledge of how bonding among customers influences consumer behavior in service settings.

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Colm, Laura, Andrea Ordanini i A. Parasuraman. "When Service Customers Do Not Consume in Isolation". Journal of Service Research 20, nr 3 (24.01.2017): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094670517690025.

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In many service contexts, customers share the service setting with other customers. However, knowledge about the influences of fellow customers’ copresence remains largely fragmented. We address this deficiency by introducing the integrative concept of customer copresence influence modes (CCIMs) and investigate its potential consequences for service perceptions and evaluations. Following a grounded theory approach and drawing on in-depth, qualitative interviews with both managers and customers of a leading service company, we develop a typology of CCIMs, categorizing the various ways— interactions (reactive/proactive and social/instrumental), observations (information-seeking/comparative), and spillovers (spatial/behavioral)—in which fellow customers might influence the focal customer. Building on this typology, we propose a conceptual framework with a set of testable propositions about consequences of CCIMs for the focal customer’s service experience and the service provider’s image. The CCIM typology and propositional inventory, in addition to offering directions for further research, emphasize the need for service managers to pay special attention to customer copresence because (1) its influence on service experience is contingent on a variety of factors, including some within the managers’ control, and (2) customers might assign responsibility to the service provider for both desirable and detrimental effects of customer copresence.

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Holmqvist, Jonas, Duncan Guest i Christian Grönroos. "The role of psychological distance in value creation". Management Decision 53, nr 7 (17.08.2015): 1430–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2014-0335.

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Purpose – The field of service research has devoted considerable attention to the customer’s role as value creator, but there is a lack of research on understanding customers’ psychological processes in value creation. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of psychological distance in value-creation processes. Psychological distance is the customer’s perceived distance from service interactions in terms of spatial distance, temporal distance, social distance and hypothetical distance. Critically, psychological distance influences cognitive processes and can influence how customers think and feel about the service interaction. An appreciation of psychological distance within service contexts can help managers to tailor the interaction in order to facilitate value creation. Design/methodology/approach – In this conceptual paper, the authors build on psychology research and service research to develop seven propositions that explore how psychological distance can operate within service interactions and how this might influence value creation. Findings – The authors divide the propositions into three sections. The first concerns how perceived psychological distance from the service interaction can act as a barrier to entering a service interaction. In particular, the authors consider the influence of social distance and spatial distance within the context of service interactions. The second section examines how psychological distance to the expected point of service use can influence how customers construe the service and the value creation. The third aspect addresses customer-specific characteristics that can impact on value creation by influencing perceived psychological distance toward the service. Research limitations/implications – Existing research suggests that customers ultimately decide if value is created in the interaction. This paper proposes that perceived psychological distance influences customers’ value creation by examining the service interaction from the customer perspective. The authors suggest that complex context-specific features of the service interaction can be understood by considering psychological distance from the service interaction and from the service itself and evaluating how this impacts on value-creation processes. Practical implications – From a practical point of view, the paper helps managers to better understand how to manage the service interaction with customers by identifying psychological antecedents of customer value creation. Originality/value – The paper introduces the notion of psychological distance into service research about value, proposing that the customer’s role in creating value in interactions with the service provider is influenced by the psychological distance to the interaction and to the service offered in this interaction.

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Santos Branca, Sanzinha dos, Luh Komang Chandra Dewi i Augusto da Conceição Soares. "The Effect Of Innovation Product, Service Quality To Customer Satisfaction And Customer Loyalty Of Banco Nacional De Comercio Timor-Leste/BNCTL Dili". ABM : International Journal of Administration, Business and Management 2, nr 2 (7.12.2020): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31967/abm.v2i2.396.

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The objective of this thesis is to analyze and explain: 1) The effect of product innovation to customers’ satisfaction, 2) The effect of services quality to customers’ satisfaction, 3) The effect of products’ innovation to customers’ loyalty. 4) The effect of services quality to customers’ Loyalty. And 5) The Effect of customers’ satisfaction to customers’ loyalty. The data collection in this research through distribution of questioner to customers of BNCTL Bank in Dili. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling with purposive sampling technique, total of 80 respondents were chosen. The data is analyzed by using descriptive statistic and inferential in path analysis With SMARTPLS. The result of the research shows that innovation product and service quality have positive and significant influence to customer satisfaction and customer’s loyalty of Bank BCNTL in Dili. In addition, customer satisfaction have positive and significant influences to customer’s loyalty. Therefore, the more BNCTL banks sold their innovating products according to the needs and desires of customers by paying attention to the three indicators, the customer satisfaction and loyalty will also increase. In addition, the better quality of service received by the customer, it will further increase the satisfaction and loyalty of customers of the BNCTL bank in Dili. Therefore, it is hoped that the bank will always pay attention to product innovations that are in accordance with the needs and desires of customers So that satisfaction and loyalty are also increases. Keywords: Product Innovation, Service of quality, Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty.

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Septyarini, Dewi Nur, Gusti Noorlitaria Achmad i Adjie Sofyan. "THE EFFECT OF SENSORY STIMULI ON INCREASING CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND CUSTOMER ADVOCACY BANKALTIMTARA USING THE Stimulus ORGANISM RESPONSE (SOR) MODEL". International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR) 6, nr 2 (24.06.2022): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v6i2.5032.

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to prove that the Bankaltimtara website stimuli have an effect on the affective state of its customers, to prove that the Bankaltimtara's servicescape stimuli have an effect on the customer's affective state, to prove that the customer's affective state has an effect on increasing bankaltimtara's customer satisfaction. , to prove the affective state of customers mediating the influence of website stimuli on increasing customer satisfaction bankaltimtara, to prove the affective state of customers mediating the influence of website stimuli on increasing customer advocacy behavior bankaltimtara, to prove the affective state of customers mediating the effect of servicescape stimuli on increasing customer satisfaction bankaltimtara, to prove the situation customer affective mediates the effect of servicescape stimuli on increasing customer advocacy behavior ur bankaltimtara. This type of research uses survey research with a causative approach which aims to explain the causal relationship between two or more observed variables through hypothesis testing so that conclusions can be drawn. the population in this study were customers of conventional bankaltimtara savings. with Partial Least Square (PLS) program in data processing. the results of this study indicate that website stimuli have a positive and significant direct effect on the affective state of bankaltimtara customers, servicescape stimuli have a direct positive and significant effect on the affective state of bankaltimtara customers, affective state has a direct positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction bankaltimtara. Keywords: Effect Of Sensory Stimuli, Increasing Customer Satisfaction, Customer Advocacy, Stimulus Organism Response (SOR) Model, Bankaltimtara

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Yadav, Brijesh Kumar, i Abhijeet Singh. "Analyzing the Influence of Customer Relationship Management on Firm Performance". International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management 5, nr 3 (lipiec 2014): 69–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcrmm.2014070105.

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Today, companies have come to realize that customers are the foundation of a business and effective relationship management is indispensible for the success of an organisation. Hence, one of the most important objectives of a company is to satisfy its customers as they are the backbone and keep a business running. Moreover, it is being witnessed that customer's needs and buying behaviour have changed considerably. In order to meet ever changing demands, organisations need to adopt customer oriented marketing strategies to gain competitive advantage. Since customers nowadays are becoming more price sensitive and shift loyalty frequently in terms of selecting products and services of any company, it has become very difficult to retain them. As a result, emphasis on long term relationships with customers has gained momentum in businesses. The goal of the present study is to expand the study of customer relationship management (CRM) by investigating the association of dimensions of CRM and organizational performance. The study extends customer relationship management to the hotel industry context. It explores a set of CRM dimensions or constructs that are important for implementing CRM in hotel industry in Indian perspective.

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Lisovskaya, Ekaterina, Ekaterina Fedorova, Radmir Salimzyanov i Svetlana Moiseeva. "Resource Retrial Queue with Two Orbits and Negative Customers". Mathematics 10, nr 3 (20.01.2022): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10030321.

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In this paper, a multi-server retrial queue with two orbits is considered. There are two arrival processes of positive customers (with two types of customers) and one process of negative customers. Every positive customer requires some amount of resource whose total capacity is limited in the system. The service time does not depend on the customer’s resource requirement and is exponentially distributed with parameters depending on the customer’s type. If there is not enough amount of resource for the arriving customer, the customer goes to one of the two orbits, according to his type. The duration of the customer delay in the orbit is exponentially distributed. A negative customer removes all the customers that are served during his arrival and leaves the system. The objects of the study are the number of customers in each orbit and the number of customers of each type being served in the stationary regime. The method of asymptotic analysis under the long delay of the customers in the orbits is applied for the study. Numerical analysis of the obtained results is performed to show the influence of the system parameters on its performance measures.

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FIRMANSYAH, Bertoto Eka, i Budhi HARYANTO. "THE STRATEGY FOR IMPROVING THE CUSTOMERS LOYALTY OF KAI AGRO PARAHYANGAN". Modern Management Review 26, nr 3 (29.09.2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rz.2021.mmr.18.

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Purpose: This study aims to find out about the influence of price fairness and service quality toward customers’ satisfaction and loyalty, along with its indirect relationship on customers’ loyalty. This study focuses on the customers of Indonesian Railways Company/KAI especially the passenger of Argo Parahyangan with Jakarta – Bandung route through Gambir Station. Methodology: This study used a descriptive qualitative methodology, applying Square Equation Model (SEM) in analyzing the data. The sample is taken from 254 customers who use KAI Agro Parahyangan. Result: The results showed that full mediation on price fairness variable has no significant influence toward the customers’ satisfaction. Meanwhile, for the variable of service quality has significant and positive influence on customers’ satisfaction. But, both price fairness and service quality are having significant relationship toward customer’s loyalty. Conclusion: Therefore, in conclusion, customer’s loyalty is influenced by the customer’s satisfaction.

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Hilda Zannuba, Silvanda, i Dian Prawitasari. "PENGARUH GAYA HIDUP DAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN MELALUI KEPUASAN KONSUMEN TERHADAP MINAT BELI ULANG". Jurnal Fokus Manajemen Bisnis 12, nr 2 (23.10.2022): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/fokus.v12i2.6640.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the mediating role of customer satisfaction in the relationship between a customer's lifestyle and service quality to repurchase intention. The population in this study were the customers of Hijablogue Boutique in Brebes Regency with a number of samples of 100 customers. The sampling technique used in this study is purposive sampling. The collected data were analyzed with Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The results of the study indicate that lifestyle and service quality has a positive influence on customer satisfaction. Lifestyle, service quality and customer satisfaction have a positive influence on repurchase intention. Lastly, customer satisfaction could mediate the influence of lifestyle and service quality on repurchase intention.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "INFLUENCE ON CUSTOMERS"

Tombs, Alastair. "The social-servicescape : influence of other customers on customers present /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18760.pdf.

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Fiorentino, Daniela <1995&gt. "How do food-bloggers influence customers' food choices?" Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15943.

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Partendo da uno studio del mercato alimentare (attraverso l’analisi del mondo del food, i suoi aspetti sociali e culturali ed i cambiamenti nelle tendenze di consumo), passando attraverso uno studio del mondo virtuale (dall’introduzione di internet fino alla creazione del web 2.0. e la rispettiva introduzione di vari social network), si giunge all’unificazione dei due mondi in quello che viene definito “food blog”. Di conseguenza, dopo un’accurata analisi dello stesso, si ci sposta sul punto focale della tesi: i food-bloggers, individui che si trovano dietro la tastiera dei food blog. Verranno quindi esposti i cambiamenti che tali soggetti hanno avuto nel corso del tempo, le loro attività e gli obbiettivi, il loro sviluppo sui social network e la loro crescente reputazione che li porterà ad essere considerati “food influencer”. Da tale concetto, e dalla loro partnership con imprese di vari settori, uno studio di mercato diffuso sul territorio italiano attraverso un questionario online, porterà alla risposta al quesito “i food-bloggers influenzano le scelte alimentari dei consumatori?”. Inoltre, per completare lo studio, uno dei paragrafi è stato dedicato a “Puokemed”, noto food-blogger campano che ho personalmente intervistato e che, partendo dai blog, è stato in grado di aprire due attività commerciali a Napoli, dimostrando che i food-blogger non sono più un fenomeno emergente, bensì una realtà ormai radicata.

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Baeshen, Yasser Ali Mohammed-Saleh. "Investigating website design factors that influence customers to use third-party websites for booking hotels : the Saudi customers' perspective". Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15467.

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Customers are influenced in the physical world by their surroundings; important factors such as packaging, human interaction and atmosphere (environment) play important roles in any purchase decision customers make. Today's customers are moving towards faster, and more efficient ways of purchasing products/services. One of the most influential features in online purchase decisions is the Virtual Store Atmosphere (VSA). VSA is a marketing tool that not only influences purchase decisions, but it also measures the level of satisfaction in tourism and other industries. A high level of customer satisfaction increases the chance that they will recommend the product/service to other customers. However, despite different studies concerning information technology development and the impact of Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) on online Customer Purchase Decisions (CPD), eWOM has been little explored in the sphere of web design. It is vital that this research gap should be addressed, based on the online customer nature and the number of online bookings made in the tourism sector. Based on the above, this study aims to critically investigate and examine the impact of the online shopping environment on eWOM and customer purchase decisions, with respect to online bookings in the hotel industry, and develops a framework. The study aims to assess whether or not this impact is due to customers' web satisfaction and willingness to book a hotel online. Additionally, it looks at the influence of the online tourism environment on eWOM and Saudi Arabian customers' purchase decisions with respect to trust and the perceived risks in the area of hotel bookings made online. This research mainly adopts a quantitative method to achieve the objectives. Therefore, a conceptual framework has been developed based on existing literature concerning eWOM, web design and the hotel industry. The proposed framework has been validated using a measurement scale from previous validated studies. The research embraced and applied two main theories in the study, which are the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Stimulus-Organism-Response model (S-O-R). The research used an online survey of 1,002 respondents, which was distributed between two groups (Saudi national undergraduate students and Saudi national academic employees). Interviews, focus groups, and a pilot study were conducted to validate the survey too. Data analysis applied Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to validate the relationships between constructs and to test the research hypotheses. The findings from this study show that the majority of the environmental factors selected (web design) affect ES and motivate users to book a hotel online; these are: Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, Website Content, Intrusive Marketing Tools 'Pop-up Ads and Banner Ads', Search Engine and Enjoyability, but not System Quality. In addition, the results suggest that one of the organism factors, i.e. eWOM, does not influence CPD. As a result, this study contributes to the customer behaviour and web design/quality literature within the travel/tourism context in Saudi Arabia. It contributes to the existing knowledge and supports practitioners of third-party hotel websites in shaping their web development priorities and enables them to focus on the most influential and critical factors.

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Meesook, Jeerapa, i Jittavadee Boonkhet. "The Influence of Culture and the Level of Acculturation on the Perceptions of Service Quality : A Study of Thai – born Customer Segment in the Swedish Banking Industry in Sweden". Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6248.

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Title: The Influence of Culture and the Level of Acculturation on the Perceptions of Service Quality. A Study of Thai – born Customer Segment in the Swedish Banking Industry in Sweden

Problem Statement: How important is the customers’ ethnic background, culture and level of acculturation when choosing a provider of financial services?

Purpose: The main purpose of this research is to find out how a service company can measure Thai customer satisfaction and which factors to consider in order to improve their service qualities with respects to cultural dimensions.

Theory and Method: The research is based on the quantitative approach in the form of questionnaires. The structure is developed in accordance to the Service Quality Gap of measuring Thai customer satisfaction by comparing their expectation and perception of service during and after service approach.

Conclusion: From elaborate results of the distributed questionnaires, Thai customers are flexible and have integrated into the Swedish culture; therefore the current level of bank service approach is appropriate to their needs.

Tobias Eltebrandt

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Boonkhet, Jittavadee, i Jeerapa Meesook. "The Influence of Culture and the Level of Acculturation on the Perceptions of Service Quality : A Study of Thai – born Customer Segment in the Swedish Banking Industry in Sweden". Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6267.

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Title: The Influence of Culture and the Level of Acculturation on the Perceptions of Service Quality.

Problem Statement: How important is the customers’ ethnic background, culture and level of acculturation when choosing a provider of financial services?

Purpose: The main purpose of this research is to find out how a service company can measure Thai customer satisfaction and which factors to consider in order to improve their service qualities with respects to cultural dimensions.

Theory and Method: The research is based on the quantitative approach in the form of questionnaires. The structure is developed in accordance to the Service Quality Gap of measuring Thai customer satisfaction by comparing their expectation and perception of service during and after service approach.

Conclusion: From elaborate results of the distributed questionnaires, Thai customers are flexible and have integrated into the Swedish culture; therefore the current level of bank service approach is appropriate to their needs.

Tobias Eltebrandt

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Prithivirat, Arvind, i Dominik Grzechnik. "The Influence of Chocolate and Wafer on customers : An Application of Kansei Engineering". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Maskinkonstruktion, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-72680.

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This project has been assigned for the thesis group by one of the leading Swedishconfectionery company Cloetta AB, and the main goal of this work has been to investigate“What feelings trigger more chocolate in wafer-based chocolates” with chocolate consumers.The Kansei Engineering study was used to achieve this and should deliver useful informationfor the market research and the development department at Cloetta AB.The Kansei Engineering methodology origins in Japan and is about gathering and analyzinginformation from the customer impressions and feelings about a certain product. Gatheredresults considering the physical properties and customer’s impressions are analyzed in relationto each other through various statistical methods.In practice this project has been executed through planning and performing surveys onchocolate consumers and the gathered data has later been analyzed accordingly to the KanseiEngineering Methodology. Statistical methods such as factor analysis using the statisticalsoftware SPSS and regression analysis using QTI through KESo software have been utilizedfor the analysis.In the factor analysis the so-called Kansei-words, which describe impressions of the waferbasedchocolates, were reduced from twenty to five words; preferable, lifestyle, disadvantage,rewarding and quality. These words were connected with the properties given from CloettaAB; number of wafers and amount of chocolate; and used in the final survey. The factoranalysis also included benchmarking of several competing products within wafer-basedchocolates.The final survey resulted in nine varieties of chocolate samples, all with varieties in thenumber of wafers and the amount of chocolate. Input data from this survey was handledwithin KESo software and analyzed with the QTI method.The results were comprehended and interpreted in text format and delivered to Cloetta AB.From the QTI results it may be concluded that feelings which trigger more chocolate amountin wafer-based chocolates are preferable, rewarding and quality.

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Jung, Sang Uk. "Identifying high value customers in a social network: individual characteristics vs. social influence". Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3322.

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Firms are interested in identifying customers who generate the highest revenues. Typically, customers are regarded as isolated individuals whose buying behavior depends solely on their own characteristics (e.g., previous purchase behavior, demographics etc.). In a social network setting, however, customer interactions can play an important role in purchase behavior. This thesis develops a generalizable methodology to identify high-value customers in a network. Previous work on social networks has focused most attention on modeling the interaction between individuals and understanding the positions of individuals in a network (e.g., measuring the influence of an individual based on his/her degree of network centrality). Little is known about how network influence directly translates into the benefits to the firm. In this study, the importance of taking into account both an individual characteristics and network effects when measuring customer value is argued. Drawing upon the spatial statistics literature, a spatial autocorrelation model is constructed that explicitly shows how these effects interact in generating firm revenue. This model is applied to a unique user-level dataset from a popular online gaming company in Korea. The data contain information about demographics of individual gamer, interaction between gamers, behavior within the game environment, and revenues generated by each individual. First, we propose a static model studying gamers' revenue in one period. We quantify the relative impact of an individual characteristics and network effects on revenue. The proposed static model shows better forecasts of an individual's value within a network for the firm than the benchmark models. The empirical analysis shows that individuals who are most influential in a network sense are not necessarily individuals who have the highest customer value. Next, we incorporate the spatio-temporal aspects of social influence in a network into the static model. This model is extended to construct the spatial dynamic model to forecast revenue in a social network. Second, we account for the homophily effects by separating the contemporaneous network effects out into the contemporaneous, temporal, and spatio-temporal effects. The proposed spatial dynamic model allows us to quantify an individual value in a network in a long-term perspective. The dynamic model is shown to outperform the static, and the other benchmark models in quantifying an individual value in revenue generation to the firm. Lastly, a dynamic coevolution model to account for homophily is suggested and discussed for future research.

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Hedström, Joakim, David Högqvist i Christian Piri. "Sensory Marketing - Does music influence customers? : Effects of music on customer behaviour, emotions and perceived atmosphere towards a specific product category". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44083.

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Title: Sensory Marketing - Does music influence customers? Effects of music on customer behaviour, emotion and perceived atmosphere towards a specific product category Background A new area of research within the field of marketing have grown since the 2010’s. This type of marketing is called Sensory Marketing and it can be used to trigger subconscious emotions within consumers by using the human senses: sight, hearing, smell, feeling and taste. In order to make products more attractive for the customers. Purpose The object of this study is to conduct an experiment where music is added to a specific product category located in specific part of the service environment. The goal of the experiment is to find out if the music changes the customers perceived atmosphere, emotions and actual behaviour when they are being exposed to music near a specific product category. The study aims to increase the understanding of customers emotions, perceived atmosphere, quantity of products bought and how long customers stay in a area of a service environment that is being targeted with music. Method and theory Through reviews of relevant literature within Sensory Marketing twelve hypotheses was created, which either got confirmed or rejected after 4 days of observations and questionnaires done on a sample consisting of 300 customers in a service environment. Results Most of the hypotheses were confirmed and the results shows that there is a significant correlation between music and customers emotions, behaviour and perceived atmosphere of a specific section in a service environment.

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Walters, Mariëtte Louise. "The influence of culture on customers' complaint behaviour pertaining to service failures / by Mariëtte Louise Walters". Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4416.

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Organisations are facing increasing pressures in terms of customer service since customers tend to become more demanding as competition within industries increases. In order to succeed in this changing marketplace, organisations should focus on forming and maintaining long-term relationships with their customers. Developing long-term relationships, in turn, depends on the organisation?s ability to exceed customers? expectations and to continuously ensure customer satisfaction. Service organisations in particular find it difficult to provide constant customer satisfaction due to the high level of human involvement in service delivery, which often leads to inevitable service failures. Service failures, as a result, cause the disconfirmation of service expectations. This disconfirmation gives rise to customer dissatisfaction, which is generally considered as the initiator of customer complaint behaviour. Culture is regarded as one of the most influential factors affecting customers? behaviour in response to dissatisfaction with a purchase experience. Customers? culture could have an impact on the manner in which customers engage in complaint behaviour, and could also have a bearing on how service failures and organisations? service recovery efforts are perceived. Organisations functioning in a multicultural country such as South Africa could therefore benefit from gaining a more profound understanding of cultural influences on customer behaviour and specifically complaint behaviour. The primary objective of this study was to determine the influence of culture on customers? complaint behaviour pertaining to service failures within the context of the South African banking industry. A structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from banking customers residing in Gauteng, who were sampled by means of a non-probability sampling method. In total, 600 respondents participated in this study, comprising 150 each from the black, coloured, Indian/Asian and white cultural groups. Results from the study indicate that although the majority of respondents have a propensity to complain, no practically significant differences were found between respondents from different cultures with regard to their propensity to complain. Results furthermore showed no differences between the different cultural groups in terms of their complaint behaviour following a hypothetical service failure. Although it was established that respondents expect the bank to do something about the service failure ? in particular correcting the problem and providing an explanation for the problem ? respondents? expectations regarding service recovery and perceptions of the bank?s service recovery efforts were found not to have been influenced by their respective cultures. The results, in addition, showed that a higher service recovery effort had a more positive effect on respondents? post-recovery satisfaction, likelihood of maintaining their relationship with the bank and loyalty, than that of a lower service recovery effort. It is recommended that banks should not view their customers differently in terms of their cultural backgrounds, but that they should rather focus continuously on providing all customers with the same level of quality service, even after a service failure has occurred. Banks should also encourage all customers to voice complaints directly to them in order to minimise the harmful effects of negative word-of-mouth and to improve recoveries from failures. Since respondents in this study indicated that they expect banks to offer an apology in the case of a service failure, to provide an explanation of the cause of the problem and to correct the problem, banks should ensure that a high level of quality interaction takes place between the dissatisfied customer and employees following a service failure. Such an approach requires banks to ensure that their employees are motivated and competent to solve customers? problems. It is therefore also recommended that banks should invest resources in employee selection, training, development, empowerment, discretionary decision-making power and support in order to ensure that customer-facing employees are able to provide a satisfactory service recovery, and are able to efficiently manage the complaint process. Recommendations for future research include extending this study to other service settings in order to determine whether there are similarities or differences in the influence of culture on customers? complaint behaviour pertaining to service failures. Future research can be conducted in collaboration with a specific bank in order to discover more specific information with regards to service failures and complaint situations within the bank, as well as customers? perceptions of the bank?s existing service recovery systems. Finally, since no differences between cultural groups were found, this study can be replicated in order to compare South African customers with those in other countries in order to determine differences in national cultures.
Thesis (M.Com (Marketing Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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Hveem, Anna, i Josefine Szasz. "Third-party certifications influence on online trust : A quantitative study of the Swedish customers perspective". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-70780.

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Książki na temat "INFLUENCE ON CUSTOMERS"

The 7 universal laws of customer value: How to win customers & influence markets. [Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin Professional Pub.], 1996.

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Likeonomics: How to establish influence, create passionate customers, and become the most trusted expert in your field. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

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Garner, Denise. What specific factors influence credit card selection by UK customers, and how are these reflected in the marketing initiatives of providers. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 2000.

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Influence with ease. Calgary, Alberta: JC Mowatt Seminars, 2008.

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Krüger, Franziska. The Influence of Culture and Personality on Customer Satisfaction. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12557-8.

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1907-, Thorne Samuel Edmund, i Woodbine George E. 1876-1953, red. On the laws and customs of England. Buffalo, N.Y: W.S. Hein, 1997.

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1945-, Skrzynecki Peter, red. Influence: Australian voices. Sydney: Anchor, 1997.

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David, Nicholls. Red alder kitchen cabinets: How does application of commercial stains influence customer choice. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2006.

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The impact of Rome on cult places and religious practices in ancient Italy. London: Institute of Classical Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2015.

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Wally, Wood, red. The relationship edge: The key to strategic influence and selling success. Wyd. 3. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2011.

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Części książek na temat "INFLUENCE ON CUSTOMERS"

Camelis, C., F. Dano, V. Hamon i S. Llosa. "How Other Customers Influence Customer Satisfaction During the Service Delivery". W The Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World, 377–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50008-9_103.

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Devasena, S. Valli. "Influence of Gender of Customers on Service Quality". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 639–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47200-2_67.

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Thümmel, Sabine. "The Influence of Service Quality on the Customers’ Behaviour". W Operations Research ’91, 618–20. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48417-9_170.

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Chen, Mo, Jingdong Chen, Yuezhen Wan i Jiawei Liu. "The Influence of Brand Stories on Customers’ Purchase Intention". W Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management, 744–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79206-0_56.

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Müller, Andrea, Selina Anke, Sabrina Herrmann, Pia Katz, Christina Leuchtweis, Christina Miclau, Sandra Wörner i Oliver Korn. "Measuring the Influence of User Experience on Banking Customers’ Trust". W HCI in Business, Government, and Organizations, 382–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91716-0_30.

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Stibe, Agnis, i Harri Oinas-Kukkonen. "Using Social Influence for Motivating Customers to Generate and Share Feedback". W Persuasive Technology, 224–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07127-5_19.

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Ionescu-Somers, Aileen. "Corporate Customers and Suppliers: How Companies Influence Other Companies On Corporate Sustainability". W Inside the Mind of the Stakeholder, 260–83. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-58265-5_12.

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Rogić, Sunčica, Ljiljana Kašćelan i Vladimir Đurišić. "Estimating Customers’ Profitability: Influence of RFM Attributes, Web Metrics and Product Data". W Marketing and Smart Technologies, 293–304. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9268-0_24.

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Giasi, William Reynaldo, Christina Rahardja i Dudi Anandya. "Factors Affecting Fashion Product Customer Satisfaction". W Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2022), 856–63. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-008-4_107.

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AbstractThis study aims to analyze factors that affect customers’ satisfaction when purchasing fashion products through Indonesia’s e-commerce. The respondents involved in this study were those who purchased fashion products on e-commerce at least 3 times in the last 3 months and were at least 18 years old. This study uses a quantitative approach, employing SEM methods for structural equation modeling, and uses SPSS 25 and AMOS 26 for data processing. This study shows that Online shopping experience, Seller service, External incentives, and Security/Privacy directly influence Customer satisfaction. This study’s findings could help e-commerce and online businesses focus on establishing better customer satisfaction strategies.

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Anggraeni, Adilla, i Sunita Dhillon. "How Does Customer Experience in a Traditional Fast Fashion Retail Setting Influence Customer Traditional and Electronic Word-of-Mouth Intention?" W Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2022), 987–95. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-008-4_123.

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AbstractThe primary objective of this study is to examine whether customer experience influences customer’s intention to share traditionally and electronically in the context of a fast fashion retail setting in Jakarta, Indonesia. An online questionnaire was distributed to 206 respondents from Jakarta. The relationship between variables was tested using Multiple and Simple Linear Regression Analysis. The study’s results show that peace of mind and peer-to-peer interaction have a positive influence on customer experience. There is no clear evidence that customer’s impressions of new media invested by retailers influence their experience. Moreover, customer experience positively influences customer’s intention to share traditionally and electronically.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "INFLUENCE ON CUSTOMERS"

Canós Darós, Lourdes, Mais Hamdan i Ester Guijarro. "Factors that influence the people to provide an online review". W INNODOCT 2022. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2022.2022.15714.

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Understanding the market in which companies operate is important for all business activities. Social media facilitate the customers to comment, create and share their opinions across online networks and exchange information, in addition to the ease of direct access to the companies, marketers, and brands. In marketing, social media plays an important role in achieving the company’s business goals and reputation besides it’s an integral part of our daily life. Social media make it easier for companies and businesses to contact their customers and know more about customers’ needs. Therefore, social media make it easier to attract new customers. In this context, electronic word of mouth or online customer reviews are the favorable or unfavorable statements made by customers regarding product or services quality, price or other variables, made for other people. If customers decide to buy intangible services or products, they rely on online opinions and experienced customers. The people not only share their experiences and information, but they also exchange ideas, attitudes, and suggestions. So, the online community motivates other people to experience traveling after listening to other people’s stories and experiences. Online review communication in social media and customer opinion platforms is a vital e-marketing phenomenon. In this paper, first, we explain the importance of electronic word of mouth for a company’s marketing strategy. Second, we reflect on the motivation of the customers to create online content as regards a product, a service, or a company, presenting some factors that affect the individual intention to offer an online review.

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Hu, Nan, Ling Liu, Bin Chen i Jialie Shen. "How to influence my customers?" W Proceeding of the 17th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1367497.1367684.

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Terry, Julian, i Craig Standing. "Do Project Manager’s Utilise Potential Customers in E-Commerce Developments?" W InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2758.

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In e-commerce, customers have become Information System users. In this environment of nonmandatory usage, remote, untrained users need to quickly feel comfortable and satisfied with a site encounter. Throughout the literature for four decades, a commonly cited factor pertaining to system success has been user participation in the systems development process. Among other things this is likely to lead to increased user satisfaction and the perceived usefulness of the application. This study surveys project leaders regarding customer participation in e-commerce development activities, as well as several constraints that may hinder this participation. The business need for a rewarding customer experience on an e-commerce site would suggest customer input would substantially influence the site design. The study finds that although participation by customers in developmental activities is occurring, it is having little influence on the design of the site.

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Lin, Kangcheng, i Harrison M. Kim. "Investigate the Influence of Online Ratings and Reviews in Purchase Behavior Using Customer Choice Sets". W ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-70806.

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Abstract The exponentially growing online reviews have become a great wealth of information into which many researchers have started tapping. Using online reviews as a source of customer feedback, product designers are able to better understand customers’ preferences and improve product design accordingly. However, while predicting future product demand as a function of product attributes and customer heterogeneity has proved to be effective, not many literatures have studied the impact of non-product-related features, such as number of reviews and average ratings, on product demand using a large-scale dataset. As such, this paper proposes a data-driven methodology to investigate the influence of online ratings and reviews in purchase behavior by using discrete choice analysis. In the absence of information about the true customer choice set, we generate an estimated customer choice set based on a probability sampling using customer clustering and product clustering. In order to examine the effect of number of reviews and average rating, we have computed, for all the laptops in the choice set of each customer, the number of reviews and thus average rating at the date of this particular customer’s review. Using laptops for our case study, our experiment has shown that the number of reviews and average ratings are statistically significant, and the inclusion of these features will greatly improve the predictive ability of the model.

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Zhao, Zhojun, i Jairo Gutierrez. "Customer Service Factors Influencing Internet Shopping in New Zealand". W InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2837.

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Recent e-commerce failures caused by poor e-customer service have motivated many researchers to explore the factors that influence e-customer service quality, which leads to business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce success. The research reported in this paper explored the perceptions of a group of New Zealand e-customers and e-users about e-customer service and the influence of their perceptions on their attitudes towards Internet shopping. The study findings strongly indicate e-customers are only moderately satisfied with current e-customer service. Conversely, New Zealand e-users (i.e.: not yet “customers”) are discouraged from using the Internet for shopping due to issues such as credit card security, resistance to change, lack of physicality, hard-to-trust online vendors, and the perceived insecurity of payment systems. The study found that the motivators to Internet shopping are: goods returns and refunds policy, privacy protection, timely online service, ease of use, help and support facilities. Based on these findings, some recommendations on e-customer service for Internet shopping are presented.

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Fu, J. Sophia, Zhenghui Sha, Yun Huang, Mingxian Wang, Yan Fu i Wei Chen. "Two-Stage Modeling of Customer Choice Preferences in Engineering Design Using Bipartite Network Analysis". W ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68099.

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Customers’ choice decisions often involve two stages during which customers first use noncompensatory rules to form a consideration set and then make the final choice through careful compensatory tradeoffs. In this work, we propose a two-stage network-based modeling approach to study customers’ consideration and choice behaviors in a separate but integrated manner. The first stage models customer preferences in forming a consideration set of multiple alternatives, and the second stage models customers’ choice preference given individuals’ consideration sets. Specifically, bipartite exponential random graph (ERG) models are used in both stages to capture customers’ interdependent choices. For comparison, we also model customers’ choice decisions when consideration set information is not available. Using data from the 2013 China auto market, our results suggest that exogenous attributes (i.e., car attributes, customer demographics, and perceived satisfaction ratings) and the endogenous network structural factor (i.e., vehicle popularity) significantly influence customers’ decisions. Moreover, our results highlight the differences between customer preferences in the consideration stage and the purchase stage. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt of developing a two-stage network-based approach to analytically model customers’ consideration and purchase decisions, respectively. Second, this work further demonstrates the benefits of the network approach versus traditional logistic regressions for modeling customer preferences. In particular, network approaches are effective for modeling the inherent interdependencies underlying customers’ decision-making processes. The insights drawn from this study have general implications for the choice modeling in engineering design.

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Gregurec, Iva, Lucija Tomašek i Larisa Hrustek. "Complexity of Creating Customer Experience under the Influence of Digital Transformation". W Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.s.p.2021.111.

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In a digital context, the customer experience represents a complex field of competition for companies in the process of retaining loyal and attracting new customers. The digital transformation paradigm, in the technological and business aspect, should create value for the customer and increase the customer experience easier. However, challenges such as dynamic market changes and disruptions leading to increasingly complex customer requirements, make customer journey management a critical field for companies. This paper presents a preliminary review and provides insight into the problems of building loyalty and increasing customer experience under the influence of digital technologies. The recognized problems, according to secondary data, indicates that the potential of customer experience management with the help of digital technologies was not achieved. In this paper, recommendations for the elimination of mentioned problems were defined and how usage of digital technologies can contribute to building loyalty through analysis, monitoring, and support of customer journey.

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Adilla, Farra, Farah Diyana, Nur ‘Ain ‘Afifah i Sharina Osman. "The Factors That Influence The Customers’ Intention To Online Business". W Proceedings of the First International Conference on Technology Management and Tourism, ICTMT, 19 August, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.19-8-2019.2293776.

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Buchholz, Britta, David Nestle i Andreas Kiessling. "Individual customers' influence on the operation of virtual power plants". W Energy Society General Meeting (PES). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2009.5275401.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "INFLUENCE ON CUSTOMERS"

Nicholls, David, i Joseph Roos. Red alder kitchen cabinets—How does application of commercial stains influence customer choice? Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rn-556.

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Schrub, Maximilien, Anne Perwuelz, Sébastien Thomassey i Isabelle Robert. Integration of Customer Profiles In LCAs. A Study of Their Influence on Pull-over Lifespan. University of Limerick, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/10200.

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Niles, John, i J. M. Pogodzinski. TOD and Park-and-Ride: Which is Appropriate Where? Mineta Transportation Institute, styczeń 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1820.

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Despite the sharp drop in transit ridership throughout the USA that began in March 2020, two different uses of land near transit stations continue to be implemented in the United States to promote ridership. Since 2010, transit agencies have given priority to multi-family residential construction referred to as transit oriented development (TOD), with an emphasis on housing affordability. In second place for urban planners but popular with suburban commuters is free or inexpensive parking near rail or bus transit centers, known as park-and-ride (PnR). Sometimes, TOD and PnR are combined in the same development. Public policy seeks to gain high community value from both of these land uses, and there is public interest in understanding the circumstances and locations where one of these two uses should be emphasized over the other. Multiple justifications for each are offered in the professional literature and reviewed in this report. Fundamental to the strategic decision making necessary to allocate public resources toward one use or the other is a determination of the degree to which each approach generates transit ridership. In the research reported here, econometric analysis of GIS data for transit stops, PnR locations, and residential density was employed to measure their influence on transit boardings for samples of transit stops at the main transit agencies in Seattle, Los Angeles, and San José. Results from all three cities indicate that adding 100 parking spaces close to a transit stop has a larger marginal impact than adding 100 housing units. Previous academic research estimating the higher ridership generation per floor area of PnR compared to multi-family TOD housing makes this show of strength for parking an expected finding. At the same time, this report reviews several common public policy justifications for TOD as a preferred land development emphasis near transit stations, such as revenue generation for the transit agency and providing a location for below-market affordable housing where occupants do not need to have a car. If increasing ridership is important for a transit agency, then parking for customers who want to drive to a station is an important option. There may also be additional benefits for park-and-ride in responding to the ongoing pandemic.

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Lucas, Brian. Impacts of Trade Facilitation on Carbon Emissions. Institute of Development Studies, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.039.

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There is very little evidence that trade facilitation measures have a significant impact on carbon emissions, except in the case of trucks at land border crossings, where there is good evidence that trade facilitation can lead to significant reductions in emissions. There is good evidence that trade facilitation measures at land border crossings can reduce traffic congestion and waiting times for trucks, but only limited evidence of the impact of these improvements on carbon emissions. Computer models of inspection stations at the USA-Mexico border suggest that improving the efficiency of land border crossings through the driver, vehicle, and cargo pre-registration, automating inspection and administrative processes, and carrying out joint customs inspections could potentially reduce CO2 emissions from trucks by up to 86% in some cases. There appears to be no evidence available about whether trade facilitation efforts at seaports have an impact on carbon emissions; this issue appears to not have been studied by any ports, international agencies, or researchers. Some seaports have produced estimates of their carbon footprints, but none appear to have considered customs inspection or other activities related to trade facilitation as a distinct activity. Very few studies address the impacts of trade facilitation on carbon emissions across global value chains. Two studies that have done so suggest that trade facilitation measures could lead to small increases in CO2 emissions, ranging from less than 0.1% to 2.23%. Studies examining the more general relationship between increasing trade and carbon emissions, without specifically focusing on trade facilitation measures, have found mixed results including positive, negative, and inverse U-shaped relationships in different countries and groups of countries; several of these studies suggest that a country’s level of economic development and quality of political institutions influence the relationship between trade openness and carbon emissions.

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Carter, Becky. Gender Inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.062.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the structural causes and drivers of gender inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood region and how these gender inequalities contribute to instability in the region. While the Eastern Neighbourhood region performs relatively well on gender equality compared with the rest of the world, women and girls continue to face systemic political and economic marginalisation and are vulnerable to gender-based violence. Research on Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova identifies the key underlying cause to be a set of traditional patriarchal gender norms, intersecting with conservative religious identities and harmful customary practices. These norms do not operate in isolation: the literature highlights that gender inequalities are caused by the interplay of multiple factors (with women’s unequal economic resources having a critical effect), while overlapping disadvantages affect lived experiences of inequalities. Other key factors are the region’s protracted conflicts; legal reform gaps and implementation challenges; socio-economic factors (including the impact of COVID-19); and governance trends (systemic corruption, growing conservatism, and negative narratives influenced by regional geopolitics). Together these limit women and girls’ empowerment; men and boys are also affected negatively in different ways, while LGBT+ people have become a particular target for societal discrimination in the region. Global evidence – showing that more gender unequal societies correlate with increased instability – provides a frame of reference for the region’s persistent gender inequalities.

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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel i Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, listopad 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.

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This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.

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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.

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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor

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