Artykuły w czasopismach: „Industrie – Chine”

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Petrulis, Jason. "Making a global beauty business: the rise and fall of Hong Kong wigs in the 1960s". Entreprises et histoire 111, nr 2 (6.09.2023): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.111.0092.

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Cet article analyse le processus par lequel une industrie de la beauté des années 1960 devient globalisée. Il le fait au travers du prisme de l’industrie hongkongaise de la perruque, – alors n° 1 mondial des industries globales de la beauté aux États-Unis, valant 1 milliard de dollars. Suivre cette industrie de son ascension jusqu’à son déclin permet d’appréhender l’histoire de la mondialisation différemment : non pas comme l’avènement du laissez-faire et d’un capitalisme global dématérialisé, mais comme un ensemble de relations complexes historiquement constituées (connexions à l’Inde et à la Chine), ayant un caractère accidentel découlant de la politique de Guerre froide (embargo surprise contre les cheveux « communistes » asiatiques), ou encore résultant de la surveillance intrusive du commerce hongkongais par le gouvernement britannique, qui, en garantissant la qualité et l’origine, surmonta la méfiance envers la distance inhérente au commerce global.

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Barjot, Dominique, Chunhua Chu i Yun Zhai. "The Chinese aluminium industry: Bauxite Availability, State Interventionism and Technological Catching-up (1994-2018)". Cahiers d'histoire de l'aluminium 69, nr 2 (2.02.2024): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cha.069.0044.

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Aujourd’hui, la production mondiale d’aluminium est dominée par la Chine, le plus grand consommateur au monde. Il est intéressant d’analyser les performances de cette industrie à travers une étude comparative des principales entreprises chinoises du secteur. Une telle étude nécessite une comparaison avec les statistiques internationales ainsi que des informations quantitatives ou qualitatives fournies par les rapports d’activité des grands groupes concurrents. Dans ces conditions, une confrontation des approches macro et microéconomiques est nécessaire. L’essor spectaculaire de l’industrie chinoise résulte de multiples facteurs : plus que la disponibilité de la bauxite, il a été le résultat d’un rattrapage technologique, du soutien du gouvernement et, surtout, de l’essor de la consommation par habitant. Au niveau microéconomique, cela s’est traduit par la création d’entreprises géantes mais fragiles : tantôt des entreprises publiques, comme Chalco/Chinalco ou SPIC, tantôt des entreprises privées, telles que Hongqiao, East Hope Group ou China Zhongwang. En fin de compte, l’étude montre que l’essor de l’industrie chinoise de l’aluminium n’est qu’une expression de l’essor industriel mondial du pays et que cette industrie a bénéficié de la coexistence à la fois de grandes entreprises privées et d’entreprises d’État géantes, ces dernières bénéficient d’un fort soutien public et d’un approvisionnement en énergie garanti.

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Sun, Shouheng. "Comment l’industrie du gaz naturel peut-elle faire progresser les objectifs de double carbone? Une étude de cas de la Chine selon la perspective de la chaîne industrielle". Revue Organisations & territoires 31, nr 3 (9.01.2023): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1522/revueot.v31n3.1525.

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Le gaz naturel apparait comme une source énergétique de transition idoine, car ses effets socioécologiques sont moins nocifs que le pétrole ou le charbon (p. ex., faible émission de dioxyde de carbone), tandis que son efficacité énergétique est plutôt élevée et que ses coûts d’exploitation sont relativement abordables. Cet article vise à explorer le cas spécifique de la Chine, notamment comment son industrie du gaz naturel peut contribuer à l’atteinte des objectifs de pic d’émissions de CO2 et de carboneutralité (double carbone) formulés par le gouvernement chinois. Après une introduction au sujet, l’article présente les principes, procédures et processus relatifs à l’exploitation du gaz naturel, puis examine de manière plus détaillée le cas chinois. Une dernière section synthétise l’article et évoque les perspectives en proposant des recommandations quant à l’industrie du gaz naturel en Chine pour cheminer vers la carboneutralité.

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Shi, Xiaoxuan. "Technological and managerial transfer between France and China: an inverse vector between the middle of the nineteenth century and 1914". Entreprises et histoire 112, nr 3 (1.12.2023): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.112.0034.

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Depuis qu’elle a été présentée pour la première fois en Europe dans l’antiquité, la soie a longtemps été considérée comme un produit magnifique et mystérieux. Les recherches et démarches pour obtenir ce produit hautement lucratif ont apporté à l’Europe plus de renseignements sur sa fabrication. Les connaissances sur le mûrier, le ver à soie et le dévidage des cocons ont été transmises de la Chine ancienne avec les caravanes puis les missionnaires. De l’importation de produits en soie fabriqués en Chine à l’établissement de l’industrie de la soie, le vecteur du transfert de technologie a été dirigé de la Chine vers l’Europe, jusqu’à l’ère industrielle en Occident. À partir du milieu du XIX e siècle, on assiste à l’inversion du vecteur de transfert technologique. Dans l’industrie française de la soie, une série d’innovations techniques a permis de mécaniser la production de soie, ce qui a ensuite entraîné une évolution institutionnelle pour répondre à la demande de production de masse. L’amélioration de la productivité, la consommation accrue et la crise des cocons dans les années 1850 ont constitué une force motrice pour se connecter à l’Extrême-Orient pour l’approvisionnement en soie brute, ce qui était devenu possible grâce aux progrès en termes de communication et de transport. Des machines à bobiner et des institutions ont été introduites en Chine pour stimuler la productivité de son industrie de la soie. Ce transfert technologique et managérial devait être bénéfique pour l’industrie de la soie en Chine, mais l’interaction complexe de facteurs internes et externes l’a menée à l›échec.

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Huang, Dai Yue, Chao Liu i Gilles Puel. "La politique de transition vers une industrie des TIC sobre en carbone en Chine". Autrepart 69, nr 1 (2014): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/autr.069.0055.

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Lewandowski, Cédric. "Le nucléaire, un atout pour la transition énergétique". Administration N° 282, nr 2 (10.07.2024): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/admi.282.0078.

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Les tensions géopolitiques, la crise énergétique et le changement climatique contribuent aujourd’hui à une accélération de la construction de nouvelles centrales nucléaires dans le monde et à un « retour en grâce » de cette énergie en Europe de l’Ouest. Le nucléaire civil est aujourd’hui la première technologie de production d’électricité en Europe et représente 9 % de la production mondiale d’électricité. Le nucléaire civil constitue en effet une industrie stratégique, un outil de souveraineté tant énergétique qu’industriel pour notre pays. Il permet notamment de produire une électricité pilotable, à très faible contenu en CO2 et à coût maîtrisé, essentielle pour mener à bien la transition énergétique et la réindustrialisation de la France. Aujourd’hui, la guerre commerciale que se livrent les États-Unis d’Amérique, la Chine et la Russie influe fortement sur le marché mondial du nucléaire civil. Alors que le parc de centrales nucléaires français est le deuxième au monde et qu’EDF est le premier opérateur mondial, l’ambition affirmée par le président de la République à Belfort en février 2022 ouvre la voie à un grand programme industriel national, à l’instar de celui engagé après le choc pétrolier de 1973, dont la réussite nécessitera la mobilisation de toutes les parties prenantes.

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Lanckriet, Édouard, i Joël Ruet. "La longue marche des nouvelles technologies dites « environnementales » de la Chine : capitalisme d’État, avantages comparatifs construits et émergence d’une industrie". Annales des Mines - Gérer et comprendre N° 136, nr 2 (2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/geco1.136.0003.

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Midler, Christophe, i Marc Alochet. "L’odyssée de Spring : manager des stratégies d’innovation globale dans un monde fragmenté et instable". Annales des Mines - Gérer et comprendre N° 153, nr 3 (13.09.2023): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/geco1.153.0035.

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L’innovation, traditionnellement associée à la compétition sur les marchés, est aujourd’hui de plus en plus « administrée » par les politiques publiques, au nom d’impératifs sociétaux comme la lutte contre la crise climatique ou la souveraineté. Comment une entreprise, qui appartient à une industrie globalisée, intègre-t-elle les réglementations de plus en plus précises et intrusives des différents pays dont elle veut conquérir les marchés ? L’article apporte des réponses à cette question à la lumière de l’analyse d’un projet de véhicule électrique accessible, conçu en Chine pour le marché chinois puis commercialisé en Europe sous le nom de Dacia Spring. Tout d’abord, nous présentons le cadre théorique du management des stratégies d’innovation globale, puis précisons la question de recherche étudiée dans cet article. Ensuite, nous analysons le déroulement du projet, depuis son émergence en Chine jusqu’à son débouché commercial en Europe, en se focalisant sur les opportunités et les contraintes liées à l’intrusion des politiques publiques en matière de véhicule électrique, et sur la manière dont le projet a pu les intégrer dans son management. Finalement, nous tirons des enseignements de ce cas tant au niveau du management du projet pilote dans le pays cible qu’au niveau du déploiement global. Nous mettons d’abord en évidence l’importance d’un « développement innovant » combinant les impératifs classiques de qualité, coût et délai du développement d’un produit classique et les nécessités d’un processus d’exploration et de décision en contexte inédit. Ensuite, dans une situation de coopération multi-entreprises et multiculturelle, généralement imposée par le pays hôte du projet, nous soulignons l’importance d’une organisation du projet qui assure une autonomie de décision et une intégration des acteurs de l’équipe. Au niveau du déploiement global, nous analysons comment des entreprises peuvent manager, à partir de ces projets pilotes locaux, des stratégies d’innovation globale, selon des lignées de projets associant capitalisation des apprentissages et adaptation au coup par coup à des contextes locaux variés. En conclusion, nous résumons les apports théoriques et empiriques de cette recherche, ses limites ainsi que les perspectives de recherche qu’elle ouvre.

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Yu, Wentao. "Creative industries agglomeration and industrial efficiency in China". Growth and Change 49, nr 4 (23.08.2018): 677–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/grow.12255.

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Boudet, Julien. "Quel contrôle de la pollution industrielle en Chine ?" Annales des Mines - Responsabilité et environnement N° 114, nr 2 (10.04.2024): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/re1.114.0071.

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L’exceptionnel développement économique et industriel de la Chine s’est fait au détriment de son environnement. Néanmoins, une prise de conscience amorcée dans les années 2010 a mené à un renforcement rapide des politiques publiques environnementales. Au cœur de l’économie chinoise avec près de 28 % de son PIB, le secteur manufacturier est naturellement concerné au premier plan par ces nouvelles mesures. C’est particulièrement le cas pour le secteur des industries lourdes, source majeure de polluants atmosphériques et de gaz à effet de serre. En Chine, le contrôle de la pollution se fonde sur l’étude d’impact environnemental et le permis de rejets de polluants. Ce dernier est le principal outil de surveillance des pollutions industrielles. La réglementation met en place des mesures différenciées suivant les industries et les zones d’émissions. Le succès de cet outil encore en construction dépendra des moyens humains, techniques et politiques mis en place.

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Gujrathi, Ashish. "Impact OF Covid-19 on Several Industries in Context with the Dialysis Industry". Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 8, nr 2 (11.06.2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/175.

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Coronavirus (COVID-19) was recognized in late December in Hubei province of Wuhan city in China. This highly contagious disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is transmitted from humans to humans. After the first case in Wuhan, the disease rapidly spread to other parts of the globe. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) made an assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic. Thus, social-distancing became an important measure to stop the spread of this disease. Various countries across the world adopted nationwide lockdowns. This led to a completely new scenario for the world, where every business in each industry faced new challenges and witnessed new opportunities. Similarly, the medical personal protective industry, a vital part of the healthcare sector, also witnessed new growth opportunities.

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Vallée, Shahin, i Sander Tordoir. "Le modèle économique allemand en question". Questions internationales 127, nr 5 (26.09.2024): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/quin.127.0047.

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Le modèle économique allemand, fondé sur les exportations de produits industriels, est confronté à de sérieux défis : une concurrence plus menaçante de la part de la Chine, un environnement commercial international qui se détériore et une flambée des prix de l’énergie qui risque de saper durablement ses industries à forte consommation énergétique. Berlin pourrait donc être amené à revoir en profondeur son modèle de croissance, ce qui impliquerait de renoncer à son système corporatiste industriel d’exportation vieux de plusieurs décennies .

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Gujrathi, Ashish. "Impact of COVID-19 on several industries in context with the sperm bank industry". Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 8, nr 4 (31.07.2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/183.

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COVID-19 is an infectious disease that originated in Hubei province of the Wuhan city in China in late December. The highly contagious disease, caused by a virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is transmitted from humans to humans. After the first case in Wuhan, the disease rapidly spread to other parts of the globe. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) made an assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic. Thus, social-distancing became an important measure to stop the spread of this disease. Various countries across the world adopted nationwide lockdown. This led to a completely new scenario for the world, where every business in each industry faced new challenges and witnessed new opportunities.

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Cao, Hongjian, Jianying Zhang, Nengsheng Luo i Zheng Zhang. "Industrial sustainable development level in China". Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci :časopis za ekonomsku teoriju/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics:Journal of Economics and Business 33, nr 2 (21.12.2015): 181–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2015.2.181.

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Gujrathi, Ashish. "Impact of COVID-19 on several industries in context with the telehealth and telemedicine industry". Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies 2, nr 4 (28.08.2021): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8808/077.

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Coronavirus (COVID-19) was recognized in late December in Hubei province of Wuhan city in China. This highly contagious disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is transmitted from humans to humans. After the first case in Wuhan, the disease rapidly spread to other parts of the globe. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) made an assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic. Thus, social-distancing became an important measure to stop the spread of this disease. Various countries across the world adopted nationwide lockdowns. This led to a completely new scenario for the world, where every business in each industry faced new challenges and witnessed new opportunities. Similarly, the telehealth and telemedicine industry has also witnessed newer growth opportunities.

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Alfonso, Alfredo. "Desarrollo reciente de la industria cinematográfica en China". Revista Sociedad, nr 49 (30.11.2024): a301. https://doi.org/10.62174/rs.10058.

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El principal protagonista del mercado cinematográfico mundial de la última década fue China, donde la alta tasa de crecimiento se refiere a una población de 1.400 millones de personas. Como muestra de ellos es que en 2020, en medio de la pandemia, por primera vez la taquilla china superó la taquilla estadounidense. En el crecimiento compulsivo del mercado cinematográfico chino hay distintos factores, de los que se destacan tres. El primero es la incorporación china a la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), lo que ha impulsado a la incorporación de productos y servicios extranjeros, entre ellos el cine. El segundo factor es el creciente interés de la política pública china en lo referente a las industrias culturales, en particular la del audiovisual, para reforzar y ampliar la categorización de visibilidad del desarrollo económico. A su vez, esta estrategia permitió entrar de manera estable en el mercado internacional. Este artículo intenta sumar datos en este nuevo escenario.

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Pautet, Sébastien. "Espionnage industriel en Chine". L'Histoire N° 506, nr 4 (1.04.2023): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/histo.506.0058.

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Saavedra P., Eduardo. "Salvaguardias al Acero Chino y Protección a la Industria Nacional". Observatorio Económico 1, nr 187 (16.05.2024): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11565/oe.v1i187.546.

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Chile está inserto en la economía mundial y comprometido al libre juego del mercado en materia de comercio exterior, negociando con prácticamente todos los países del orbe, aunque concentrando más del 40% de este comercio con República Popular China. (seguir leyendo...)

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Avaro, Dante. "La industria de la inteligencia artificial: una carrera por su liderazgo". Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía 54, nr 212 (21.12.2022): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iiec.20078951e.2023.212.69959.

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La inteligencia artificial (IA) puede considerarse una industria, tal como se concibe a ésta en la teoría económica. En ese contexto se observan dos procesos simultáneos: concurrencia ycooperación. Es bajo este escenario que, entonces, conviene situar la actual disputa entre China y Estados Unidos por el liderazgo mundial en IA. Así, resulta de sumo interés en el presente trabajo describir políticas y medidas concretas, que el régimen chino siguió adelante no sólo para promover su industria de IA, sino también para identificar cuál es su estrategia para aumentar su influencia en los procesos de estandarización en la incipiente industria.

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Liu, Сhen, Olga Vasilievna Ivlieva, Jia Ma i Sayora Uralovna Tadjieva. "ADVANTAGES AND DISAD GES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE HO GES OF THE HOTEL INDUSTR TEL INDUSTRY IN HAINAN ISLAND (CHINA)". Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, nr 3 (30.06.2021): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/3/12.

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Introduction. A country located in Central and East Asia. It is one of the most populous and largest countries in the world. To the east, the Pacific Ocean is bordered by the Yellow, Shanghai China and South China Seas. The area is 9.6 million. km². Population 1 billion. 394 mln. person The capital city - Beijing is administratively divided into 23 provinces (including Chinese Taipei), 5 autonomous regions and 4 cities subordinate to the center (Beijing, Shanghai, Tenzin, Chunxin). Hainan is the smallest and southern province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. The Hainan Island, the largest and most populous island under the PRC administration, makes up the majority (97 %) of the province.

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So, Bennis Wai-yip. "High-Tech Industries in China. Chien-hsun Chen , Hui-Tzu Shih". China Journal 54 (lipiec 2005): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20066089.

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Newton, Emilie. "La importancia económica de Chile en el siglo XXI". Encrucijada Americana 11, nr 1 (1.08.2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.53689/ea.v11i1.41.

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A pesar de compartir con sus vecinos una historia colonial similar y un desarrollo impulsado por sus recursos naturales, sigue siendo uno de los ejemplos más singulares de la región. Al igual que muchos países de América Latina, Chile padece de una abundancia de recursos naturales y depende en gran medida del cobre como su principal producto de exportación. A diferencia de muchos de sus homólogos sudamericanos, Chile es muy pobre en productos energéticos, lo que significa que debe importar gran parte de su energía. Además, la economía de Chile no es muy compleja y comercia principalmente con los Estados Unidos. En la última década, sin embargo, un nuevo actor ha ingresado a América Latina y está tomando la región por asalto, comprando todo lo que puede, y dejando a la región endeudada con él: China. A pesar del alto nivel de desarrollo chileno, China también ha intervenido en Chile, especialmente en el sector minero. Este documento explorará la industria chilena del cobre y la falta de profundidad en el sector energético, así como el papel cada vez más importante que juega China para llenar la brecha de la demanda energética de Chile.

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Lee, Kuan-Lun, Andrea Roesinger i Uwe Hommel. "Development and Practice of Industrie 4.0 in China—Practical Experience of a German Industrial Software Company in China". Sci 4, nr 3 (13.07.2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci4030028.

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Industrie 4.0 has stirred turbulences in China since its birth in 2011. The struggles of the Chinese manufacturing enterprises towards realizing and adapting Industrie 4.0 in their production processes have given us many new perceptions. These insights and findings can in turn serve as inputs for academics and policy makers to structure or fine tune the development of the next generation of Industrie 4.0. The authors of this paper summarize the knowledge and understandings from their personal engagement assisting the Chinese manufacturing enterprises with digitalization in their production processes. A real-life example shows how a typical Chinese mid-size manufacturing enterprise ended up with new business models when they started out the digitalization journey with a simple goal to increase efficiency. We conclude that the Chinese market will continue to be relevant for the future development of Industrie 4.0.

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Huang, C. "АНАЛИЗ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ КИТАЯ НА ОСНОВЕ СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИХ ДАННЫХ". Human Progress 10, nr 2 (24.05.2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.34709/im.1102.1.

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This article describes an analysis of China's industry, considered in detail the main areas of activity, import and export statistics based on open information from the "China statistical Yearbook". Today, China has solidified its position as one of the preeminent and influential global powers, a country with a stable and strong economy, a good reputation and numerous spheres of influence. That is why China is quite an interesting subject for research. The analysis showed that the main drivers of Chinese economic growth are the automotive and engineering industries; The metallurgical and mechanical engineering industries are of primary importance. Other important industries are the chemical industry, electronics, science, and energy. The oldest industry, textiles, also continues to develop. Analysis of statistics showed that, in recent years, China's economy has developed rapidly, achieving significant success in different industries; and China is one of the leaders of the world economy and is constantly increasing its industrial power. В данной статье проведен анализ промышленности Китая, подробно рассмотрены основные направления деятельности, статистика импорта и экспорта на основе открытой информации «Китайского статистического ежегодника». Сегодня Китай укрепил свои позиции одной из выдающихся и влиятельных мировых держав, страны со стабильной и сильной экономикой, хорошей репутацией и многочисленными сферами влияния. Именно поэтому Китай является весьма интересным объектом для исследования. Анализ показал, что основными драйверами экономического роста Китая являются автомобильная и машиностроительная отрасли; первостепенное значение имеют металлургическая и машиностроительная отрасли. Другими важными отраслями являются химическая промышленность, электроника, наука и энергетика. Продолжает развиваться и старейшая отрасль промышленности – текстильная. Анализ статистики показал, что в последние годы экономика Китая развивалась быстрыми темпами, достигая значительных успехов в различных отраслях, что позволяло Китаю постоянно наращивать свою промышленную мощь.

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Walcott, Susan M. "High-Tech Industries in China. Chien-Hsun Chen and Hui-Tzu Shih". Eurasian Geography and Economics 46, nr 6 (wrzesień 2005): 479–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/1538-7216.46.6.479.

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Pei, Shuya. "Rising Role of China in the Asia-Pacific Interconnected Economies: Current Status and Future Opportunities". Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 6, nr 1 (7.11.2022): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v6i1.2292.

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This paper investigates the rising role of China in the Asia-Pacific interconnected economy. This research utilizes export data to analyze, includes the quarterly international export data of Australia and Japan with its partner countries, the export data with China, Japan and the US as partner country with the typical countries include Canada, Mexico, USA, Australia, Japan, Chile, New Zealand, China and Indonesia. The results indicate that a) the significant role of China in international GVCs and in Asia-Pacific interconnected economy, b) the flourishing transaction value between these three years indicates the rising role of China all over the world, c) the essential position of the Chinese economy in the Asian economy, the joint Asia-Pacific economy, the potential of China as a developing country economy and the strength of its domestic industries. As for managerial implications, China is recommended to seize the initiative, expand its influence and insist on the development of Belt and Road strategy. The limitation of this study is that the diversity of observations. In a broader sense, more research is required to determine the universality or internationalization of the study subjects and comparisons across numerous time periods. Additionally, some industries may have an impact on each nation's export transaction values; this is a topic that merits additional study and application.

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Gómez Ospina, Darling Nathali, Lina Rosenda Bonilla Rueda i Yulieth Marcela Córdoba Buriticá. "Gestión estratégica de la exportación de chocolateen el mercado chino". Revista Estrategia Organizacional 13, nr 2 (10.08.2024): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/25392786.8038.

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Introducción: la industria chocolatera de Colombia ha identificado al mercado chino como una plataforma potencial para incrementar su competitividad y crecimiento. Esta investigación aborda el periodo comprendido entre 2018 y 2022, con el objetivo de analizar cómo diversos factores han facilitado la expansión de las exportaciones de chocolate colombiano hacia China. El propósito principal de esta investigación es proporcionar un entendimiento integral de las oportunidades que el chocolate colombiano ofrece en el mercado chino. Metodología: desde un enfoque cualitativo, este trabajo emplea un análisis exhaustivo para evaluar las oportunidades estratégicas que podrían mejorar la presencia del chocolate colombiano en China durante el periodo mencionado.Resultados: los resultados subrayan la importancia creciente de las exportaciones de chocolate colombiano a China, las cuales han redefinido las relaciones comerciales entre ambos países. Se evidencia un incremento en las relaciones comerciales y un enfoque adaptativo a un mercado global. La adopción de estrategias diferenciadas y la formación de alianzas estratégicas sonesenciales para garantizar una adaptación cultural y legal efectiva.

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KUBIAK, Adam. "WAITING FOR THE US GRAND STRATEGY ON CHINA. A SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE US–CHINA SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION IN 2002-2018". National Security Studies 15, nr 1 (13.12.2018): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/sbn/132159.

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The article is a summary of works of almost two decades of the US-China Security Review Commission. As the US Congress notices the challenges posed by China to a wide spectrum of US interests and orders the US President to develop a comprehensive strategy on China, author highlights that such an awareness was already present among US officials much earlier. Article focuses on three key areas, i.e.: geostrategic posture, military posture and technological development, anticipating, that most of the problem defined by the Commission in these areas have not been eliminated and are most likely to be observed by the creator of the upcoming strategy. Author argues that China has a significant advantage over US, resulting from two major factors. First, its the inflow of capital followed by inflow of US technologies to Chinese industries and businesses. Second, it’s the centrally planned and governed Chinese system that allows CCP to steer the economy and society with higher predictability, as opposed to freedom-based economy on the US side, which is independent of the Congressional/Administrational guidance. The article’s overall goal is to allow readers a better insight into the Presidential Strategy on China, which is to be published 180 days from the enactment of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2019.

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Balls, Chindalak. "The Export Competitiveness of Thai Rubber Industry in China". International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 11, nr 2 (5.02.2022): 920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr22221103450.

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Schmid, Rolf D. "Chemische Industrie: Blick nach China". Nachrichten aus der Chemie 66, nr 10 (październik 2018): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20184080518.

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Monica, Theodora, i Harits Ar Rosyid. "Industri Konten Digital Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Society 5.0". Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi dan Edukasi Teknik 3, nr 3 (30.03.2023): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um068v3i32023p139-143.

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The advancement the impact of information technology has been significant on industries through digital transformation. This change has become an important part of new industrial frameworks and policies, such as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the Industrial Internet, and Made in China 2025. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptivw, which aims to understand the value of variables that are inherently individual, either one or more variables in the form of comparison or relationship with other variables. Therefour, users freedom to create content can result in detrimental risks such as illegal or politically sensitive opinions related to terrorism, which can trigger a crisis or social fear. However, co-creation in digital content creation in Indonesia has the potential to damage a company’s reputation if not well-controlled. Information freedom must be uphelped to build a peaceful society. Kemajuan teknologi informasi telah memberikan pengaruh besar dalam industri melalui transformasi digital. Perubahan ini menjadi bagian penting dalam kerangka pemikiran dan kebijakan industri terbaru seperti Revolusi Industri 4.o, Industri Internet, dan Made in China 2025. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu metode penelitian yang bertujuan untuk memahami nilai variabel yang bersifat sendiri, dan beberapa variabel atau hanya satu dalam bentuk perbandingan atau hubungan dengan variabel lain. Oleh karena itu, kebebasan pengguna untuk membuat sebuah konten akan menghasilkan resiko yang merugikan seperti opini yang ilegal atau kontroversial politik terkait terorisme, yang dapat memicu krisis atau ketakutan sosial. Namun Co-creation dalam pembuatan konten digital Indonesia dapat berpotensi merusak reputasi perusahaan jika tidak terkontrol dengan baik. Kebebasan informasi harus disipakan untuk membangun masyarakat yang damai.

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He, Canfei, Y. H. Dennis Wei i Fenghua Pan. "Geographical Concentration of Manufacturing Industries in China: The Importance of Spatial and Industrial Scales". Eurasian Geography and Economics 48, nr 5 (wrzesień 2007): 603–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/1538-7216.48.5.603.

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Dong, Biying, Xiaojun Ma, Zhuolin Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Ruimin Chen, Yanqi Song, Meichen Shen i Ruibing Xiang. "Carbon emissions, the industrial structure and economic growth: Evidence from heterogeneous industries in China". Environmental Pollution 262 (lipiec 2020): 114322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114322.

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Marisa, Suhaila, i Ichihashi Masaru. "The Relationship Between Indonesia’s Foreign Direct Investment and Bilateral Intra-Industry Trade with Japan, China, and ASEAN-9". Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Publik 12, nr 1 (27.07.2021): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22212/jekp.v12i1.1925.

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Many countries try to engage more in international trade to be part of global networks. Foreign investment is one of the ways to improve a country’s economies of scale. Thus, developing countries, such as Indonesia, try to attract more FDI. FDI is mainly export oriented and wants to compete globally. Intra-industry trade measures export and import in the same industry. A high degree of intra-industry trade means a country has strong integration with a partner’s country. This study examines the relationship between FDI in Indonesia’s manufacturing sector and bilateral intra-industry trade between Indonesia and Japan, China, and ASEAN-9, especially at the industry level. The method of this study is the Fixed Effect Model. The result shows that the linkage between FDI and intra-industry trade is only significant in specific industries. In the case of Indonesia and Japan, FDI in the vehicle and other transportation industry has the highest correlation with intra-industry trade. Meanwhile, in the case of Indonesia and China, FDI in the metal, except machinery, and equipment industry shows the highest association with intra-industry trade. In the case of Indonesia and ASEAN-9, the highest linkage between FDI and intra-industry trade is in the textile industry. The relationship between FDI and intra-industry trade differs across locations and industries.Keywords: foreign direct investment, manufacture, intra-industry tradeAbstrakBeberapa negara mencoba untuk lebih terlibat dalam perdagangan internasional untuk menjadi bagian dari jaringan global. Investasi asing dipercaya merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan skala ekonomi dari suatu negara. Oleh karena itu, negara berkembang seperti Indonesia mencoba untuk menarik lebih banyak penanaman modal asing (PMA). Tujuan utama PMA biasanya adalah berorientasi ekspor dan ingin bersaing di pasar global. Perdagangan intraindustri mengukur ekspor dan impor dalam satu kategori industri. Indeks perdagangan intraindustri yang mempunyai nilai tinggi berarti suatu negara memiliki integrasi yang kuat dengan negara mitra. Kajian ini mencoba menganalisis hubungan antara PMA sektor manufaktur di Indonesia dan bilateral perdagangan intraindustri antara Indonesia dengan masing-masing Jepang, China, dan ASEAN-9, khususnya pada level industri. Metode dari penelitian ini menggunakan Fixed Effect Model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keterkaitan antara PMA dan perdagangan intraindustri hanya signifikan pada industri tertentu. Dalam kasus Indonesia dan Jepang, PMA pada industri kendaraan bermotor dan alat transportasi lain memiliki korelasi tertinggi dengan perdagangan intraindustri. Sedangkan untuk kasus Indonesia dan China, PMA pada industri logam dasar, barang logam, bukan mesin dan peralatannya menunjukkan hubungan yang paling tinggi dengan perdagangan intraindustri. Dalam kasus Indonesia dan ASEAN-9, hubungan tertinggi antara PMA dan perdagangan intraindustri adalah pada industri tekstil. Hubungan PMA dan perdagangan intraindustri berbeda antarlokasi dan industri.Kata kunci: penanaman modal asing, manufaktur, perdagangan intraindustri

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Brundenius, Claes, i Bo Göransson. "Technological change and pollution abatement in the copper industries of Chile and China". Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report 14, nr 2 (styczeń 1999): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14041049909362525.

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López Arévalo, Jorge Alberto, i Jorge Eduardo López Bencomo. "Comercio entre China y América Latina: tratados de libre comercio y alianzas estratégicas". Revista de Economía Mundial, nr 65 (28.12.2023): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/rem.vi65.7885.

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Este trabajo estudia los intercambios bilaterales de China con Chile, Costa Rica y Perú desde la óptica del comercio intra-industrial en el periodo 2000-2022. En particular, se analizan las diferencias en el patrón de inserción intra-industrial en un contexto marcado por la existencia de tratados de libre comercio con China. Por otro lado, el comercio de China con algunos países que lo consideran su aliado geopolítico e ideológico, como es el caso de Cuba, Venezuela y Bolivia. Los resultados muestran una inserción de bajo perfil intra-industrial, con la excepción de algunas partidas específicas relativas a productos eléctricos y de la industria automotriz. Se puede apreciar que los países de América Latina y el Caribe con los que China tiene tratados de libre comercio, tiene un comercio más significativo que con aquellos que, desde América Latina y el Caribe, consideran que China es su socio geopolítico.

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Bernaschina, Diego. "Tecnología e inclusión en diseño industrial y posCOVID-19: nuevas lecciones y desafíos para la industria chilena". Revista Gestión de las Personas y Tecnología 16, nr 47 (31.08.2023): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35588/vfsynq21.

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This essay offers a theoretical reflection that aims to analyze the incorporation of industrial design for people with disabilities during the post-crisis generated by the coronavirus pandemic in Chile. The absence of the participation of designers and designers in the inclusive character has been controversial. Some products that incorporate advertising, design and visual communication, of course, technology through the use of professional-level skills, such as different communication skills and strategies based on the Chilean industry. We understand as the rethinking of the inclusive design in the industry, and the industrial design to justify the necessary change in some concepts of the current design. Likewise, this rethinking is classified into two groups: i) concept of inclusive and accessible industrialization; and ii) concept of inclusive specialization and industrial adaptation. There are many different methods of design "industrialization" to choose the needs of the product, and create new approaches to the design process. Therefore, in Chile, there has not been much progress in the development of industrial design towards the inclusion of the product adapted for the future disability project. Finally, it is concluded on the importance of creating and strengthening research on substantial participation for clients/users with disabilities, depending on adapted and accessible commercial products, supporting the work of inclusive design or industrial marketing in Chile.

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Ibnu Khaldun, Riady, Ratna Sari i Andi Ismira. "Retaliasi China terhadap Amerika Serikat dalam Konteks Perang Dagang". Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs 3, nr 2 (3.08.2023): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31947/hjirs.v3i2.27661.

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The protectionism policy was first implemented in the 2018 by the United States when there was a deficit in domestic trade for Chinese products, under the pretext of protecting domestic industries that could not compete with Chinese products. Then, China responded to this policy by imposing tariffs on US products with the concept of trade retaliation. The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of Chinese retaliation on trade policy to the United States in the trade war. then, the research method used by the author in this study is a descriptive research method that uses data types, namely secondary data sources. This study used the theory of protectionism and the concept of trade retaliation in analyzing China's retaliation towards the United States in trade wars. The retaliation carried out by China as a form of retaliation for the protectionist policies carried out by the US previously had an impact in the form of: 1) a trade deficit of 21% in 2016 caused huge losses to the agricultural sector; 2) a fall in the value of US exports of $32 billion which hurt many US companies; 3) decreased investment due to economic uncertainty due to trade wars; and 4) influencing the US election in 2020 due to trade policies towards China which has an impact on trade wars. Kebijakan proteksionisme pertamakali diterapkan oleh Amerika Serikat ketika terjadi devisit perdagangan dalam negerinya terhadap produk China, dengan dalih untuk melindungi industri domestik yang kalah bersaing dengan produk China. kemudian, China membalas kebijakan tersebut dengan memberlakukan tarif produk AS dengan konsep retaliasi perdagangan, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak yang ditimbulkan dari Retaliasi China terhadap Amerika Serikat dalam konteks perang dagang. kemudian, metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode penelitian deskriptif yang menggunakan jenis data yakni sumber data sekunder. Dengan menggunakan teori proteksionisme dan kensep retaliasi perdagangan dalam menganalisis retaliasi China terhadap Amerika Serikat dalam konteks perang dagang. kebijakan proteksionisme yang diterapkan AS pada periode awalnya memang membawa dampak awal yang baik bagi ekonomi industri domestik, namun berbeda ketika China mengajukan retaliasi perdagangan sehingga dampak yang ditimbulkan sangat dirasakan oleh industri manufaktur Amerika Serikat, pengaruh pada sektor pertanian, sampai pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2020. perang dagang mengurangi defisit perdagangan Amerika Serikat dengan China pada tahun 2019, namun, hal ini berbalik pada tahun 2020,ketika china menerapkan retaliasi perdagangan, alhasil defisit perdagangan meningkat kembali ke tingkat sebelum perang perdagangan, sementara defisit perdagangan Amerika Serikat secara keseluruhan meningkat

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Xiao, Suyang, Susu Wang, Fanhua Zeng i Wei-Chiao Huang. "Spatial Differences and Influencing Factors of Industrial Green Total Factor Productivity in Chinese Industries". Sustainability 14, nr 15 (27.07.2022): 9229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159229.

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Based on the perspective of energy and carbon emission constraints, this paper measures and decomposes the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of China’s industries from 2003 to 2018. By applying the GTWR model, this paper also identifies the factors driving GTFP and spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The results show that (1) China’s industrial GTFP exhibits a dynamic “growth-steady-growth-decline” trend. The growth rate in eastern China is much higher than that in other regions. Technological progress is found to be the main factor contributing to GTFP growth. (2) The regional differences in GTFP are widening over time. The Gini coefficient of industrial GTFP increased year by year in the eastern and western regions, while the difference between the central and western regions showed a narrowing trend. The difference between the northeast region and other regions showed a tremendous variation. (3) We explore the spatial and temporal differences in the factors influencing the growth of industrial GTFP in China in four dimensions: factor inputs, technological progress, structural factors, and market environment. Innovation investment, urbanization level, and FDI have strong promotion effects on GTFP growth in the eastern, central, and western regions. The marginal impact of environmental governance to promote GTFP growth weakens gradually. Industrial enterprise clustering, patent application, and technology introduction exert inhibiting effects on industrial GTFP in the eastern, central, and western regions. GTFP growth in the northeast region mainly relies on capital investment and the dividend of market-oriented reform. The impact of financial support on industrial GTFP in each region turned from positive to negative after 2014. Finally, based on the spatial and temporal differences in the growth of industrial GTFP, this paper proposes some specific strategies and paths to promote the coordinated development of regional industries.

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Hu, Kaiheng, Qifen Li, Yongwen Yang i Junkai Deng. "Optimization of Initial Carbon Emission Allowance Allocation in Industrial Industries: A Case Study of Zhejiang Province, China". E3S Web of Conferences 528 (2024): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452803021.

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The construction of carbon market is one of the important means for China to reach the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and the allocation of initial carbon emission right quota is the key link in carbon market transaction. At present, the historical method is the commonly used allocation method of initial carbon emission rights in China, and the use of this method is unfair and inefficient. Therefore, this paper proposes an allocation optimization model, selects a number of indicators, and optimizes the allocation of initial carbon emission rights based on the hierarchical analysis method and entropy weight method. Example analysis shows that the allocation optimization model helps to share the carbon emission responsibility and improve the allocation efficiency, realizes the optimal allocation of initial carbon emission rights among industrial sectors, and provides support for the emission reduction of industrial sectors.

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Gonzalez, Ronalds W., Daniel Saloni, Sudipta Dasmohapatra i Frederick Cubbage. "South America: Industrial roundwood supply potential". BioResources 3, nr 1 (11.02.2008): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.3.1.255-269.

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South America has substantial potential to expand its forest plantations and raw material supply. From 1997 to 2005, South America had a high annual growth rate in the production of industrial roundwood, with Brazil and Chile being the most important countries. In the same period, Asia had the only negative regional production growth rate in the world, and China became the largest round wood importer in the world. This paper summarizes the status of production, consumption, imports, and exports of industrial roundwood and forest products in South America. Produc-tion and exports from South America have continually increased at annual growth rates exceeding the forestry sector in general and the U.S. in particular. Based on timber growing investments to date, a strong timber production and forest products manufacturing sector has developed in the Southern Cone countries of Chile, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, and is increasing in other countries in Latin America. There will be continued opportunities for forest plantations and new manufacturing facilities throughout South America, tempered somewhat by perceived country financial and political risks. These opportunities will allow South America to increase its share of world production and increase imports to North America and to Asia.

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Vaz, Elisângela Carvalho, i Ycarim Melgaço Barbosa. "A GEOPOLÍTICA E A INDÚSTRIA FARMACÊUTICA: DIFERENCIAIS COMPETITIVOS ENTRE BRASIL E CHINA". RDE - Revista de Desenvolvimento Econômico 1, nr 39 (kwiecień 2016): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.21452/rde.v1i33.4273.

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O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a geopolítica internacional a partir da inserção da indústria farmacêutica em nível mundial. O segmento farmacêutico consolidou-se internacionalmente a partir da Segunda Grande Guerra, com a comercialização da penicilin

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Bragança de Miranda, José, Célia Quico, José Gomes Pinto i Luís Cláudio Ribeiro. "Editorial - Audiovisual and Creative Industries - Present and Future". International Journal of Film and Media Arts 7, nr 2 (13.12.2022): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24140/ijfma.v7.n2.edit.

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This International Journal of Film and Media Arts’ (IJFMA) issue is built upon a selection of papers that were presented at the 8th edition of the International Congress of Audiovisual Researchers/ Congresso Internacional de Investigadores de Audiovisual (CIIA), which took place and was organized by Lusofona University, from June 23 to 25, 2021. In this edition, the theme chosen was “Audiovisual and Creative Industries – Present and Future”, thus recognizing the importance of reflecting and discussing the challenges that the audiovisual media were facing in the sector within the broader context of the creative industries. This event was attended by more than two hundred researchers, mainly from Spain and Portugal, but also from countries such as Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, China, Russia, Israel, Slovenia and Italy. The standards of this selection complied with all academic criteria, namely double-blind peer-review system.

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Dong, Xuebing, Hui Zhu i Charlotte Q. Hu. "Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and Industrial Agglomeration: Evidence From the Creative Industries in China". Chinese Economy 48, nr 1 (2.01.2015): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2015.993181.

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Wu, Jiawei, Yehua Dennis Wei, Wen Chen i Feng Yuan. "Environmental regulations and redistribution of polluting industries in transitional China: Understanding regional and industrial differences". Journal of Cleaner Production 206 (styczeń 2019): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.042.

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Crespo Pazmiño, Daniel F. "Espionaje y competitividad: la industria automotriz alemana en el juego comercial moderno de China/ Espionage and Competitiveness: The German Automotive Industry in China's Modern Commercial Game". URVIO. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad, nr 26 (7.02.2020): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/urvio.26.2020.4221.

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La innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico son una fuente crucial de competitividad dentro del entorno comercial global. En el siglo XXI, firmas automotrices alemanas como Audi, Volkswagen y Mercedes-Benz se han posicionado en el top de empresas con reconocimiento internacional por su calidad y prestigio innovador. No es ninguna novedad destacar que cada vez existen más compañías productoras de automóviles que se establecen a partir de la reproducción a bajo costo de los modelos de las principales marcas. Sin embargo, cabe destacar el hecho de que la industria automotriz alemana ha extendido su vinculación con las empresas ensambladoras de automóviles en China, que se han vuelto conocidas por duplicar el producto alemán. Mediante un análisis bajo los lentes de la seguridad económica, la dinámica del espionaje industrial moderno y la cultura del capitalismo chino, este trabajo se enfoca en evidenciar cómo el espionaje corporativo constituye una parte más del juego comercial moderno, particularmente en el contexto de la industria automotriz alemana en China. Así, se analizan los principales casos de espionaje chino de la industria alemana, las acciones defensivas emprendidas por Alemania y las estrategias que su industria automotriz prioriza para mantener la competitividad en un entorno de espionaje e incertidumbre. Abstract Innovation and technological development are a crucial source of competitiveness within the global trading environment. So far in the 21st century, some German automotive firms, such as Audi, Volkswagen, and Mercedes-Benz, have positioned at the top of internationally recognized car companies for their quality and innovative prestige. It is no novelty to mention that there are more and more car-producing companies, which reproduce the models of the main brands at a lower cost, and in doing so, they have positioned themselves internationally. However, it is especially noteworthy the fact that the German automobile industry has been spreading its linkage with the manufacturers and assemblers of cars in China, which have become famous by doubling the German product. This article shows how corporate espionage constitutes a part of the modern commercial game, particularly in the context of the German automotive industry in China, under the lens of economic security, the dynamics of modern industrial espionage and the culture of China's capitalism. For such ends, it discusses the main cases of Chinese espionage of the German industry, the defensive actions undertaken by the German Government, and the strategies that the German automotive industry prioritizes in order to maintain its competitiveness in an environment of espionage and uncertainty.

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Park, Do-Joon, i Shuzhi Liu. "A Study on the Economic Effects of U.S. Export Controls on Semiconductors to China". Korea International Trade Research Institute 19, nr 1 (28.02.2023): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.129.

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Purpose – This study addresses the development of China’s semiconductor industry in the context of the U.S.-China trade conflict, and analyzes the impact on other industries. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on the multi-regional input-output table industry splitting method, the electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing industry in the Asian Development Bank’s multi-regional input-output table (ADB-MRIO, 2019) is split into semiconductor and non-semiconductor industries, and the impact of U.S. export controls on China’s semiconductor exports on domestic and foreign economies is simulated and analyzed using the hypothesis extraction and hypothesis expansion methods. Findings – The United States has suffered more than China from US export controls on semiconductors to China, and the impact of U.S. export controls on U.S. GDP decreasing by at most 0.0124‰, and China’s GDP decreasing by at most 0.00089‰. Since Japan, Korea, and European countries have become China’s semiconductor import substitutes, they all benefit from U.S. export controls on China. Second, the most affected industries in China are the chemical products, metal products, wholesale, financial, and non-semiconductor industries in the electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing industry. Research Implications – China should adopt coping strategies such as deepening international exchanges, enhancing communication between China and the U.S., and strengthening its scientific and technological strength.

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Bulmahn, Maren. "Industrie und Technik: Kupfer aus Chile". Nachrichten aus der Chemie 71, nr 1 (30.12.2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20234133939.

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49

Schmid, Rolf D. "Industrie und Technik: Blick nach China". Nachrichten aus der Chemie 66, nr 3 (marzec 2018): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.20184072060.

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50

VON ZEDTWITZ, MAXIMILIAN. "High-Tech Industries in China. Edited by Chien-Hsun Chen and Hui-Tzu Shih". R&D Management 37, nr 4 (wrzesień 2007): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2007.00483_1.x.

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