Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Industrial Interest”

[ES] El trabajo de investigación descrito en la presente Tesis Doctoral ha sido desarrollado en el marco del proyecto europeo MULTI2HYCAT (grant agreement N. 720783) y se ha centrado en la síntesis y caracterización de materiales mono- y multi-funcionales que presentan sitios catalíticos ácidos, básicos o redox. Diferentes líneas de investigación han sido desarrolladas en paralelo para obtener distintos materiales híbridos que serán empleados en diferentes procesos catalíticos, en línea con las necesidades de los socios industriales del proyecto. Debido a la naturaleza colaborativa del proyecto, cada miembro académico se ha en-centrado en un aspecto del desarrollo de los materiales. Es por ello que el Instituto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-CSIC), donde se ha llevado a cabo esta Tesis Doctoral, se ha centrado en la síntesis de los catalizadores híbridos. Por ello, parte de la caracterización descrita en el Capítulo 3 se ha llevado a cabo en la Università del Piemonte Orientale (IT), durante una estancia de un mes. Ademas, algúnos resultados catalíticos descritos en los Capítulos 3 y 5 han sido obtenidos por la University of Southampton (UK). En el Capítulo 3, se ha descrito la síntesis de dos catalizadores heterogéneos híbridos que presentan moléculas de ácido aril-sulfónico en su composición. En uno de ellos, el anillo aromático presentará átomos de flúor en posición 2, 3, 5, 6. Se han llevado a cabo dos estrategias de síntesis multi-etapas, a través de la síntesis de los precursores alkoxi-silanos, a través de procesos de condensación junto a un precursor de sílice (en ausencia de agentes directores de estructura, a pH neutro y temperaturas bajas) y de una reacción de tethering. Los materiales híbridos han sido caracterizados a través de dife-rentes técnicas. Las propiedades texturales, la estabilidad térmica y la composición química de los catalizadores ha sido estudiada. Además, moléculas sondas han sido adsorbidas en los materiales hibridos y las interacciones entre ellos han sido estudiadas a través de espectroscopias FTIR y RMN multi-nuclear. El catalizador hibrido en que el anillo aromático estaba fluorado resultó ser el más activo catalíticamente en la reac-ción de formación de acetal entre benzaldehído y etilenglicol. Una versión de los hí-bridos en que la superficie había sido pasivada con grupos metilos también fue obteni-da. Las propiedades de los materiales híbridos pasivados fueron comparadas, para po-der estudiar el efecto de la polaridad de la superficie del soporte sobre la actividad catalítica. En el Capítulo 4 se describe la síntesis de órgano-catalizadores híbridos obtenidos por anclaje de precursores de silicio funcionalizados con grupos básicos sobre un soporte del tipo MCM-41. Los catalizadores han sido caracterizados y empleados en diferentes reacciones de formación de enlaces C-C, como la condensación de Knoevenagel y la adición de Michael. Los catalizadores híbridos han sido empleados en la condensación entre furfural y metil isobutil cetona. El catalizador más activo ha sido seleccionado para ser funcionalizado posteriormente con nanoparticulas de paladio y empleado en un proceso catalítico en cascada. Mecanismos de reacción han sido pro-puesto para cada proceso catalítico. El efecto beneficioso debido a la presencia de los grupos silanoles en la superficie del soporte también fue analizado. En el Capítulo 5, la síntesis de catalizadores híbridos multi-funcionales fue descrita. Basándose en los resultados obtenidos en el Capítulo 4, se ha preparado un catalizador que presente grupos aminopropil- y nanopartículas de paladio. Las propiedades estructurales y texturales han sido estudiadas. Además, a través de la microscopia electrónica de transmisión, la distribución dimensional de las nanoparticulas ha sido estimada, resultando en un tamaño medio equivalente a la dimensión de los canales mesoporosos del soporte, MCM-4
[CA] El treball de recerca descrit en aquesta tesi doctoral es va desenvolupar en el marc del projecte europeu MULTI2HYCAT (grant agreement N. 720783) i se centra en la sínte-si i la caracterització de catalitzadors híbrids mono i multifuncionals amb àcid, base o redox actius llocs. S'han desenvolupat diverses línies d'investigació en paral·lel per dissenyar múltiples catalitzadors híbrids per a diferents processos catalítics, basant-se en les necessitats dels socis industrials. A causa del caràcter col·laboratiu del projecte, cada soci acadèmic es va centrar princi-palment en un aspecte de tot el procés. Institut de Tecnologia Química (ITQ-CSIC), on es va desenvolupar aquesta tesi, està principalment centrat en el disseny i síntesi de catalitzadors híbrids. Per això, part dels resultats de caracterització reportats al Capítol 3 s'han dut a terme a la Università del Piemonte Orientale (IT), durant una estada d'un mes. Alguns dels resultats catalítics reportats al Capítol 3 i al Capítol 5 han estat reali-tzats per la Universitat de Southampton (Regne Unit). En el Capítol 3, s'ha descrit la síntesi de dos catalitzadors heterogenis híbrids que pre-senten molècules d'àcid aril-sulfònic en la composició. En un d'ells, l'anell aromàtic presentarà àtoms de fluor en posició 2, 3, 5, 6. S'han dut a terme dues estratègies de síntesi multi-etapes, a través de la síntesi dels precursors alkoxi-silans, mitjançant pro-cessos de condensació al costat d'un precursor de sílice (en absència d'agents directors d'estructura, a pH neutre i temperatures baixes) i d'una reacció de tethering. Els mate-rials híbrids han estat caracteritzats mitjançant diferents tècniques. Les propietats texturals, l'estabilitat tèrmica i la composició química dels catalitzadors ha sigut estudiada. A més, molècules sondes han estat adsorbides en els materials híbrids i les interaccions entre ells han estat estudiades mitjançant espectroscòpies FTIR i RMN multi-nuclear. El catalitzador híbrid en que l'anell aromàtic estava fluorat va resultar ser el més actiu catalíticament en la reacció de formació d'acetal entre benzaldehid i etilenglicol. Una versió dels híbrids en que la superfície havia estat pasivada amb grups metilos també va ser obtinguda. Les propietats dels materials híbrids passivats van ser comparades, per poder estudiar l'efecte de la polaritat de la superfície del suport sobre l'activitat catalítica. En el Capítol 4 es descriu la síntesi d'organo-catalitzadors híbrids obtinguts per ancoratge de precursors de silici funcionalitzats amb grups bàsics sobre un suport del tipus MCM-41. Els catalitzadors han estat caracteritzats i empleats en diferents reaccions de formació d'enllaços C-C, com la condensació de Knoevenagel i l'addició de Michael. Finalment, els catalitzadors híbrids han estat emprats en la condensació entre furfural i metil isobutil cetona. El catalitzador més actiu ha estat seleccionat per a ser funcionalitzat posteriorment amb nanoparticules de pal·ladi i emprat en un procés catalític en cascada. Mecanismes de reacció han estat proposat per a cada procés catalític. L'efecte beneficiós a causa de la presència dels grups silanols en la superfície de suport també va ser analitzat. En el Capítol 5, la síntesi de catalitzadors híbrids multi-funcionals va ser descrita. Basant-se en els resultats obtinguts en el Capítol 4, s'ha preparat un catalitzador que presenti grups aminopropil- i nanopartícules de palladi. Les propietats estructurals i texturals han estat estudiades. A més, a través de la microscòpia electrònica de trans-missió, la distribució dimensional de les nanoparticulas ha estat estimada, resultant en una grandària mitjana equivalent a la dimensió dels canals mesoporosos del suport, MCM-41. El material ha estat emprat com a catalitzador multi-funcional.
[EN] The research work described in this Doctoral Thesis was developed within the frame of the MULTI2HYCAT European Project (grant agreement N. 720783) and it is focused on the synthesis and characterization of mono- and multi-functional hybrid catalysts featuring acid, base or redox active sites. Several research lines have been developed in parallel to design multiple hybrid catalysts for different catalytic processes, building upon the needs of the industrial partners. Due to the collaborative nature of the project, each academic partners mainly focused on one aspect of the whole process. Instituto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-CSIC), where this Thesis was developed, mostly focused on the design and synthesis of the hybrid catalysts. For that, part of the characterization results reported in Chapter 3 have been carried out at Università del Piemonte Orientale (IT), during a one month stay. Some of the catalytic results reported in Chapter 3 and Chapter 5 have been car-ried out by the University of Southampton (UK). In Chapter 3 the synthesis of two different heterogeneous hybrid catalysts carrying aryl-sulfonic moieties, in which the aromatic ring was either fluorinated or not, is re-ported. Two multi-step synthetic approaches were developed, involving the synthesis of the silyl-derivative precursor, template-free one-pot co-condensation (at low tem-perature and neutral pH) and tethering reaction. A multi-technique approach was im-plemented to characterize the hybrid catalysts. Textural properties, thermal stability and chemical makeup of the materials were studied. Moreover, probe molecules were adsorbed onto the hybrids and the interaction were studied with multi-nuclear NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. The catalytic activity of the two hybrids showed superior performances for the fluoro-aryl-sulfonic acid, compared to the non-fluorinated mate-rial, in the acetal formation between benzaldehyde and ethylene glycol. Silanol-capped versions of the hybrids have also been prepared and their properties have been com-pared with those of hydrophilic hybrids, to study the effect of the polarity of the sur-face on the overall catalytic activity of the hybrids. In Chapter 4, the synthesis of hybrid mesoporous organocatalysts, obtained by graft-ing of commercial and custom-made silyl-derivatives onto MCM-41 supports, is re-ported. The hybrid catalysts were characterized and tested for different reactions in-volving C-C bond formation, such as Knoevenagel condensations and Michael addi-tion. Finally, the catalysts were tested in the condensation between furfural and methyl isobutyl ketone and the most performing catalyst was selected for the synthesis of a multi-functional hybrid. Reaction mechanisms have been proposed and the beneficial effect of the surface silanol groups on the catalytic activity was demonstrated. In Chapter 5, the synthesis of hybrid multi-functional catalysts is reported. Building upon the results reported in Chapter 4, a hybrid catalyst featuring aminopropyl moie-ties and palladium nanoparticles was developed. Structural and textural properties of the catalysts were accessed. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy showed a narrow nanoparticles distribution, centered a value equivalent to the size of the meso-porous channels of the support. The catalyst was tested in a tandem process involving the aldol condensation between furfural and methyl isobutyl ketone followed by hy-drogenation of the aldol adduct. The influence of several variables on the activity of the multi-functional catalyst was explored, with the scope of paving the way for more thorough studies to be carried out in flow regime. Lastly, proof-of-concept syntheses of multi-functional hybrid catalysts featuring base sites and supported metal complex are reported.
The research work described in this Doctoral Thesis was developed within the frame of the MULTI2HYCAT European Project (grant agreement N. 720783). I would like to thank la Caixa foundation for my PhD scholarship.
Erigoni, A. (2021). Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Catalysts for Chemical Processes of Industrial Interest [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/165238
TESIS

In recent years the need for the design of more sustainable processes and the development of alternative reaction routes to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical industry has gained vital importance. Main objectives especially regard the use of renewable raw materials, the exploitation of alternative energy sources, the design of inherently safe processes and of integrated reaction/separation technologies (e.g. microreactors and membranes), the process intensification, the reduction of waste and the development of new catalytic pathways. The present PhD thesis reports results derived during a three years research period at the School of Chemical Sciences of Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Dept. of Industrial Chemistry and Materials (now Dept. of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”), under the supervision of Prof. Fabrizio Cavani (Catalytic Processes Development Group). Three research projects in the field of heterogeneous acid catalysis focused on potential industrial applications were carried out. The main project, regarding the conversion of lignocellulosic materials to produce monosaccharides (important intermediates for production of biofuels and bioplatform molecules) was financed and carried out in collaboration with the Italian oil company eni S.p.A. (Istituto eni Donegani-Research Center for non-Conventional Energies, Novara, Italy) The second and third academic projects dealt with the development of green chemical processes for fine chemicals manufacturing. In particular, (a) the condensation reaction between acetone and ammonia to give triacetoneamine (TAA), and (b) the Friedel-Crafts acylation of phenol with benzoic acid were investigated.

In recent years the need for the design of more sustainable processes and the development of alternative reaction routes to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical industry has gained vital importance. Main objectives especially regard the use of renewable raw materials, the exploitation of alternative energy sources, the design of inherently safe processes and of integrated reaction/separation technologies (e.g. microreactors and membranes), the process intensification, the reduction of waste and the development of new catalytic pathways. The present PhD thesis reports results derived during a three years research period at the School of Chemical Sciences of Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Dept. of Industrial Chemistry and Materials (now Dept. of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”), under the supervision of Prof. Fabrizio Cavani (Catalytic Processes Development Group). Three research projects in the field of heterogeneous acid catalysis focused on potential industrial applications were carried out. The main project, regarding the conversion of lignocellulosic materials to produce monosaccharides (important intermediates for production of biofuels and bioplatform molecules) was financed and carried out in collaboration with the Italian oil company eni S.p.A. (Istituto eni Donegani-Research Center for non-Conventional Energies, Novara, Italy) The second and third academic projects dealt with the development of green chemical processes for fine chemicals manufacturing. In particular, (a) the condensation reaction between acetone and ammonia to give triacetoneamine (TAA), and (b) the Friedel-Crafts acylation of phenol with benzoic acid were investigated.

The research presented in this Doctoral Thesis discusses mainly the use of Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy for the characterization of materials of technological interest. The longitudinal relaxation properties of a vanadyl porphyrin complex have been investigated using pulse EPR experiments at Q (34 GHz) and J-band (263 GHz) frequencies, and the molecule proposed as suitable candidate for quantum processors engineering. The experimental knowledge developed through these relaxation studies, have been transferred to the field of melanins biopigments characterization. The interest for this class of biopigments was derived from the vast amount of applications melanin can cover in the electrochemical and optoelectronic field (e.g. low immunoresponse coating for medical electroanalytical devices, or UV-Vis radiation absorber for solar energy harvesting devices). A novel bacterial melanin from Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus bacteria, and melanin pigments of enzymatic origin, were first studied through S (4 GHz), X (9 GHz) and Q-band (34 GHz) multifrequency EPR. The composition of the bacterial and enzymatic pigments was described, with the support of computer simulation and existing literature in the field. The relaxation properties of these melanin pigments were investigated by means of X and Q-band continuous wave EPR, as well as with Q-band pulse EPR experiments. Differences in terms of longitudinal relaxation times were observed for the melanin pigments of different origin, so that pulse EPR could be proposed either as a tool to distinguish among different melanin species, as well as probe to investigate the structure and dynamics of the radical species present in these natural pigments. A last chapter on the use of computer simulations for the modeling of the electrochemical devices that could be designed to host melanin coated electrodes is presented. In that context, a general model for the evaluation of electrodic currents generated under different geometrical and physical parameters of the systems has been proposed. The physical description was carried out using a dimensionless form of the governing equations, so that the findings of that research can be adapted to particular cases of study. The diverse content of the thesis is thought to reflect the multidisciplinary nature of materials research.

Although interest inventories have a long history in the field of career counseling, vocational interests have received limited attention in Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology. To assess the potential utility of interest inventories in the field of I-O psychology, 82 I-O psychologists with expertise in employee selection and equal employment opportunity law completed a survey assessing their expert opinion on the utility of interest inventories for employee selection decisions. Opinion on potential legal liability and discriminatory impact of the use of interest inventories was also assessed. Hypothesis 1, which stated a majority of respondents would indicate they have little to moderate knowledge of vocational interests, was supported. Hypothesis 2, which stated a majority of respondents would indicate agreement that interest inventories can be used for employee selection, was not supported. Hypothesis 3, which stated a majority of respondents would indicate agreement that more research into interest inventories is warranted, was supported. Hypothesis 4, which stated majority of respondents would indicate that the use of interest inventories would likely lead to legal liability for the employer, was not supported. Additional analyses were run to investigate other relationships of interest. Results of additional analyses indicated that participants indicated that interest inventories could be utilized in positive selection contexts as interest inventories likely may have incremental validity over traditional selection instruments. However, experts did not expect utility for interest inventories in negative selection contexts. Consequently, the results of this study indicate interest inventories likely have an array of useful applications in I-O psychology. Further research is warranted to determine which of these applications will provide utility and whether or not selection contexts will prove to be among those applications. Additional implications and limitations of findings are discussed, and directions for future research are considered.

China’s increase in economic and military force projection capability has grown substantially since the beginning of the twenty-first century. This rapid evolution, has in turn, triggered a rush for resources in Least Developed Countries, opened up new markets for Chinese-manufactured products, and has frequently been accompanied by an increased Chinese military presence in those nations in which it maintains an economic or industrial presence. The PRC’s activities in Least Developed Countries, such as those in Africa, have had a direct impact on cultures, regional politics, economies, infrastructure creation, and the environment, yet the complexity of these dynamics has to date precluded an in-depth analysis of their effect on conflict and stability. In order to effectively gauge China’s influence on the continent, localized studies of Chinese operations and activities in different locales were scrutinized. China’s Interest in Africa: Conflict or Stability? examines Chinese infrastructure and financing packages, Chinese-owned extractive and non-extractive industries, Chinese military and defense industrial enterprises, and finally, Chinese military activities on the continent. In order to determine whether Chinese loans, infrastructure creation, and resource extraction operations contribute to development in Africa, this work examines case studies from diverse locales, which include the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Mozambique, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, and Angola.

This thesis examines patterns of power relations between waterfront workers and waterfront employers during the years 1953 to 1993. It argues that the key actors on each side, and the relationships between them, were constituted by the Waterfront Industry Act 1953 which established a 'bureau system' of labour administration. This legislative intervention created an occupational registration scheme which was complemented by the registration, as legal entities, of the main organized interests within the labour market - the unions and the employers' organization. The relationships between these actors are explored at three separate (although overlapping) levels: employment relations, industrial relations and work relations. Using these categories, an analysis of two distinct periods is presented: the break-bulk era (1953-1971) and the container era (1972-1986). The thesis concludes with a discussion of the period after deregulation (1987-1993). The thesis demonstrates that unions were empowered by the bureau system of labour administration by being granted formal 'joint control' of certain crucial aspects of the labour supply. The resulting union strength was constituted in and through a blend of local and national bargaining together with the judicious use of strike action. At the level of work relations, the bureau system exacerbated the inherent problems of control associated with the performance of work by gangs. This produced a particular pattern of work relations which centred on the wage-effort bargain. In the break-bulk era, this pattern led to a tension between the organization of the labour market and the wage-form. Despite this tension, watersiders had considerable control of work practices. This control was carried over to the period after containerization. In the relationship between firms and the labour market, the study reveals that firm size was as much a function of the type of labour market, as the type of labour market was a function of firm size. As well as empowering the unions, the bureau system secured the existence of small firms. These, the most significant, unintended consequences of this system intersected in the 1970s when several unions became involved in establishing small new entrant stevedoring companies. Key developments in ownership and control followed containerization. Rather than containerization resulting in pervasive vertical integration, this process occurred unevenly and was accompanied by a parallel process of vertical disintegration. Instead of large vertically integrated shipping companies becoming the main players within stevedoring, a number of new types of organizations and firms entered the field. This fragmentation of waterfront employers at an economic level became a persistent source of employer disunity which significantly impacted upon outcomes within the spheres of employment relations, industrial relations and work relations during the 1970s and 1980s. The resulting dynamic of union strength and employer weakness only began to be eroded after the institutional and legislative supports of the unions were systematically dismantled by state reformers in the late 1980s. The effects of the bureau system in producing considerable union control, set limits upon what could be achieved by both state reformers and employers in the period after deregulation. All attempts to restructure the industry have come up against the barrier of labour that is already unionized and well-organized. Port reform has, however, allowed a new space for small firms, operating now as stand alone players in the labour market. These small firms have the greatest potential to erode the last remnants of the bureau system, in the union's control of the labour supply, by reintroducing non-union casual labour into the industry.

Background: The volatility in the interest rate market have increased during the last decade and this have made interest rate risk management more important for  both financial institutions and non-financial companies with short- and long term financial commitments. Objective: The main objective of this thesis is to analyze different ways of measuring interest rate risk in the treasury operations an international industrial company group. Further, the study will also examine the way treasury departments of international industrial company group’s measure interest rate risk and explain why this method have been chosen. Method: The research method of the thesis is a case study and a mix of both quantitative and qualitative data has been used to conduct it. The quantitative data have been secondary data received from TIFI’s treasury management software and the qualitative data have been collected through a survey with eight treasury managers from other international industrial company groups. Conclusion: The repricing model is suitable because it is straight forward, fairly easy to communicate to management and it focuses on the book value. However, defining relevant time buckets might be difficult. The duration model is a good measurement tool because it can be used in a variety of ways, but a disadvantage is that it focuses on the market value, which might not be appropriate for treasury departments. Stress testing captures the true change in market value, but demands forecasts about future interest rate movements and lacks tools to manage the interest rate risk. Treasury departments of international industrial company groups use a variety of measurement methods. The most frequently used methods are duration-, maturity- and Value at Risk models and different kinds of stress tests. The method should not only measure the interest rate risk in a correct way but it should also be easily explained to management and other executives in the company that might not have knowledge about financial economics. The main difference between treasury departments and commercial banks is that commercial banks try to earn money on interest rate fluctuations, whereas treasury departments want to minimize the impact of interest rate fluctuations in order to support the company group’s core business.

El presente proyecto de investigación está enfocado al desarrollo de sensores químicos fluoro-cromogénicos, para la detección y determinación de especies químicas de interés biológico, industrial y medioambiental de forma selectiva y con alta sensibilidad. En forma general, se busca el diseñar nuevos sistemas sensores basados en compuestos (receptores) formados por dos unidades: una unidad coordinante que interacciona con el anión a determinar y una unidad generadora de señal que alerta del reconocimiento molecular efectuado. Durante este estudio se están preparando diversas moléculas receptoras funcionalizandas con grupos modificadores de estructura para evaluar su influencia sobre las capacidades de detección y selectividad como receptores de especies específicas en diferentes condiciones y medios. Las diferentes aproximaciones en prueba implican a su vez el diseño y síntesis molecular, así como el análisis de las diferentes señales ópticas producidas en el reconocimiento, con el fin de diseñar sistemas de alta eficacia y eficiencia, y con posibilidades reales de aplicación.
Santos Figueroa, LE. (2014). New approaches for the development of chromo-fluorogenic sensors for chemical species of biological, industrial and environmental interest [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/43216
TESIS
Premiado

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Este trabalho trata de um estudo de caso que tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos da usura e do anatocismo no processo de endividamento bancÃrio em uma amostra de 60 operaÃÃes de crÃdito. Todas as observaÃÃes sÃo devedores inadimplentes e aguardando decisÃo judicial pertinentes à comarca de ParnaÃba, norte do estado do PiauÃ, tendo operaÃÃes contratadas no perÃodo de 1994 a 2003. Foi feita uma breve anÃlise dos aspectos histÃricos, jurÃdicos e econÃmicos da polÃtica de crÃdito no Brasil envolvendo os setores rural, comercial e industrial, declinando sobre os aspectos legais da cobranÃa bancÃria ante a conjuntura econÃmica. Como metodologia, utilizou-se uma pesquisa de campo, realizada com os 60 mutuÃrios quando do ajuizamento das operaÃÃes para auxiliar na avaliaÃÃo dos efeitos da usura e do anatocismo quanto à evoluÃÃo das dÃvidas. A conclusÃo a que se chegou à que a usura e o anatocismo foram fatores que contribuÃram para que tais operaÃÃes chegassem à situaÃÃo de inadimplÃncia. Ressalte-se, porÃm, que o poder de generalizar tais resultados à limitado, dada a falta de informaÃÃo do efeito da usura e do anatocismo sobre os tomadores adimplentes.
This case study aims to investigate the effects of usury and compound interest in the process of acquiring bank debt. The sample was made up of sixty (60) credit transactions, initiated from 1994-2003, all of which are in default and awaiting judicial rulings in the district court of ParnaÃba. A brief analysis of the historical, judicial and politico-economical aspects of credit in Brazil relating to the rural, commercial and industrial sectors is included with emphasis given to the legal aspects of debt collection and economic status. As methodology, a field study was undertaken, achieved with the sixty (60) borrowers during their judgment in order to assist the evaluation of the effects of usury and compound interest in the evolution of the debts. The conclusion reached is that usury and compound interest application were factors that contributed to the debt arriving at the point of default. It should be emphasized, however, that the power of said result does not extend to any and all type of credit transaction.

La lactosa és un dissacàrid de la llet produït per gaire bé tots els mamífers. Per a la seva digestió cal que sigui hidrolitzada per la lactasa (EC. 3.3.1.23), que és produïda per les cèl·lules epitelials de l’intestí prim, donant lloc a galactosa i glucosa. La seva deficiència o baixa quantitat (hipolactàsia) pot produir diversos símptomes incloent inflor, dolor abdominal, flatulències i diarrea. L’avaluació de la deficiència de la lactasa és principalment important en pediatria i en gastroenterologia a causa de l’elevada incidència de l’alteració genètica de la lactasa en aquests grups poblacionals (65%). La majoria dels mètodes de diagnòstic són invasius i dràstics i no són adequats per a ser aplicats a infants. Davant d’aquesta situació, un nou mètode no invasiu va ser desenvolupat. Aquest es basa en l’administració de 4-O-β-D-galactopiranosil-D-xilose (gaxilosa), un anàleg estructural de la lactosa. Aquest compost també es substrat per la lactasa i és hidrolitzat donant lloc a galactosa i xilosa. Aquest segon és absorbit passivament per l’intestí prim i és eliminat per orina on pot ser fàcilment detectat per un mètode colorimètric senzill. La síntesi química de la gaxilosa necessita de l’ús de grups protectors i de llargs i complexes etapes sintètiques per arribar a rendiments de producció baixos (9%). La ruta biosintètica utilitzant galactosiltransferases implica diverses dificultats tècniques i costos elevats. Les glicosidases tenen la capacitat de formar enllaços o-glicosídics per transglicosidació amb costos baixos. Els desavantatges d’aquesta metodologia són els baixos rendiments limitats per la competència de l’activitat hidrolítica i els problemes de purificació per la formació de regioisòmers o altres productes. La β–galactosidasa d’Escherichia coli va ser seleccioionada entre altres enzims per la producció de gaxilosa a nivell industrial. Després de diversos passos de purificació el rendiment obtingut és del 20-23%. Aquest treball pretén augmentar el rendiment en la producció de gaxilosa. Primer, les condicions de reacció es van modificar per tal d’augmentar l’activitat enzimàtica de transglicosidació. D’altra banda, es va buscar un altre enzim per ser utilitzat en la producció de gaxilosa. Estudis bibliogràfics i experimentals van permetre la selecció d’un nou enzim capaç de sintetitzar més gaxilosa, arribant a un rendiment final del 35% utiiltzant 3,3 cops menys enzim (amb la corresponent disminució dels costos de producció). Tot i que el nou enzim presentava una activitat de transglicosidació superior a l’enzim d’E. coli, la seva activitat hidrolítica romanent no permetia augmentar-ne més el rendiment. Per modificar l’activitat enzimàtica i augmentar la síntesi de gaxilosa es va optar per utilitzar modificar l’enzim amb enginyeria de proteïnes (racional i aleatòria).
La lactosa es un disacárido de la leche producido por casi todos los mamíferos. Para su digestión debe ser hidrolizado per la enzima lactasa (EC. 3.3.1.23), que es producida por las células epiteliales del intestino delgado, dando lugar a glucosa i galactosa. Su deficiencia o baja concentración (hipolactasia) puede producir diversos síntomas como son hinchazón, dolor abdominal, flatulencias y diarrea. La evaluación de la deficiencia de la lactasa es importante en pediatría y gastroenterología por la elevada frecuencia de esta alteración genética (65%). La mayoría de los métodos de diagnóstico son invasivos y drásticos y no son adecuados para su uso en población infantil. Frente a esta situación, se desarolló un nuevo método no invasivo. Éste se basa en la administración de 4-O-β-D-galactopiranosil-D-xilose (gaxilosa), un análogo estructural de la lactosa. Este compuesto también es sustrato de la lactasa y es hidrolizado dando lugar a galactosa y xilosa. El segundo se absorbe pasivamente a través del intetsino delgado y se elimina a través de la orina donde puede ser detectado por un método colorimétrico senzillo. La síntesi química de la gaxilosa requiere del uso de grupos protectores y de largos y complejos pasos de síntesis para llegar a rendimientos de producción bajos (9%). La ruta biosintética utilizando galactosyltransferasas comporta dificultades técnicas y costes elevados. Por otro lado, las glicosidasas tienen la capacidad de síntesis de glicósidos por transglicosidación con costes bajos. La principal desventaja de esta metodologia son los bajos rendimientos por la actividad hidrolítica de la enzima y los problemas de purificación por la formación de regioisómeros y/u otros productos. La β-galactosidasa de Escherichia coli fue seleccionada, entre otras enzimas, para la producción de gaxilosa a nivel industrial. Después de varios pasos de purificación el rendimiento es del 20-23%. Este trabajo pretende aumentar el rendimiento de la producción de gaxilosa. Primero se modificaron las condiciones de reacción para aumentar la activitat enzimática de transglicosidación. Por otro lado, se buscó otra enzima para la producción industrial. Estudios bibliográficos y experimentales permitieron la selección de una nueva enzima capaz de sintetitzar más gaxilosa, llegando a un rendimiento del 35% utilizando 3,3 veces menos enzima (con la consecuente disminución de los costes de producción). Aunque la nueva enzima presentaba una actividad de transglicosidación mayor, la actividad hidrolítica remanente no permite aumentar el rendimento. Para modificar la actividad enzimática y aumentar la síntesis de gaxilosa se decidió modificar la enzima mediante ingeniería de proteínas (racional y aleatoria).
Lactose is a milk disaccharide produced by nearly all mammalian species. For its digestion, it must be hydrolysed to galactose and glucose by lactase (EC 3.2.1.23), which is normally produced by the cells that line the small intestine. Deficiency or low levels of lactase (hypolactase) can cause common symptoms including bloating, abdominal pain or cramps, flatulence and diarrhea. Evaluation of enzyme deficiency is important in pediatrics and gastroenterology due to the high frequency of genetic predisposition (65%). Many of the standard diagnostic procedures are invasive, quite drastic and not applicable to infants and young childen. A non-invasive method was developed based on the use of 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-xylose (gaxilose), a structural analogue of lactose (it only lacks the hydroxymethyl group at position 5). This compound is substrate of the lactase enzyme in vivo, yielding D-galactose and D-xylose. The latter is passively absorbed from the small intestine and is eliminated in the urine where it can be quantified by a colorimetric procedure. Chemical synthesis of gaxilose requires the addition of protective groups and suffers from long, tedious reaction sequences with low overall productivity (9%). The biosynthetic route involving galactosyltransferase enzymes implies technical difficulties (unstable and expensive enzymes) and high costs. Glycosidases have been shown to catalyse the formation of glycosides by transglycosylation at low cost. Disadvantatges of this approach include yield limitations due to competing hydrolysis reactions, and purification problems because of the formation of other regioisomers and by-products. Escherichia coli β-galactosidase was selected to produce gaxilose at industrial level. After an enzymatic reaction and several purification steps, a yield of 20-23% is reached. The present work aims to increase gaxilose production yield by different strategies. First, enzymatic conditions were modified to increase enzymatic gaxilose production. On ther other hand, other enzymes were searched to be used as gaxilose biocatalysts. Bibliographic and experimental studies allowed to find one enzyme able to increase gaxilose yield up to 35% using 3.3-fold less enzyme, and thus diminishing the production costs). Despite the higher transglycosidase activity of the new enzyme, its hydrolase activity did not allow the increase of gaxilose prodution. Protein engineering (random and rational approaches) was used to modify the enzyme activity and increase gaxilose synthesis.

Thesis (MComm (Industrial Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The choice of career path could create a stressful situation for many individuals. Researchers seem to agree that if a person is able to find fit between what they would like to do and what a job (work environment) involves then a person is likely to perform their chosen occupation well. Interest assessment is a method that assists in making personal and organisational career related decisions. The Campbell Interest and Skill Survey (CISS, Campbell, Hyne & Nilsen, 1992) is a well-known interest assessment instrument that can be used for such decisions. Even though interest assessment can assist, these instruments have been criticised for being gender biased and typically forcing people into stereotypical gendered type occupations. Bias is indicated as nuisance factors that threaten the validity of cross-group (cultural) comparisons (Van de Vijver & Leung, 1997). These nuisance factors could be due to construct bias, method bias and/or item bias. Therefore, due to the importance of the decisions made, it would seem essential that the information provided by test results apply equally across different reference groups – this would imply equivalent measurement. Equivalence is achieved at three levels: Configural, metric and scalar (Vandenberg & Lance, 2000; Vandenberg, 2002). Full measurement invariance (achieved when scalar invariance is found) implies the ability to compare observed scores directly. By making use of confirmatory factor analytic techniques suggested by Vandenberg and Lance (2000), increasing constraints of equivalence were proposed for the CISS measurement model. While adequate model fit was found for the CISS Basic scales, the sample size did not afford independent gender sample confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) and consequent measurement invariance tests to be conducted on the Basic scales. The CISS Orientation scales were then subjected to CFA on the combined gender sample and then were subjected to independent CFAs on the separate gender samples. Unfortunately poor model fit was found at this global level of measurement in the CISS. This prevented the researcher from completing the necessary measurement invariance tests on the Orientation scales for the CISS. The implications of the results are discussed, limitations are indicated and areas for further research are highlighted.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die maak van ‘n loopbaankeuse kan spanning veroorsaak in baie mense. Dit wil voorkom of navorsers saamstem dat indien ‘n person se werklike beroep ooreenstem met dit wat hy/sy graag sou wou doen – dan sal die persoon waarskynlik goed presteer in die gekose beroep. Die benutting van belangstellingsvraelyste kan individue help om effektiewe persoonlike en beroepsgerigte keuses te maak. Die “Campbell Interest and Skill Survey” (CISS, Campbell, Hyne & Nilsen, 1992) is ‘n bekende belangstellingsvraelys wat gebruik kan word om ondersteuning te bied om bogenoemde keuses te maak. Alhoewel belangstellingsvraelyste oor die algemeen waardevolle hulpbronne is in die maak van beroepskeuses, is hierdie vraelyste al gekritiseer dat hulle sydig kan wees op grond van geslag en as sulks mense kan lei om geslagsgetipeerde beroepskeuses te maak. “Sydigheid” in toetse kan beskryf word as “lastige” faktore wat die geldigheid van kruiskulturele vergelykings bedreig (Van de Vijver & Leung, 1997). Hierdie faktore kan veroorsaak word deur konstruksydigheid, metodesydigheid en/of itemsydigheid. Dit is dus noodsaaklik dat die informasie wat verskaf word deur die toetsresultate dieselfde betekenis moet hê oor al die verskillende verwysingsgroepe en dit noodsaak ekwivalente meting. Ekwivalensie kan bereik word op drie vlakke: konfiguraal, metries en skalêr (Vandenberg & Lance, 2000; Vandenberg, 2002). Volle invariansie van meting (wat bereik word wanneer skalêre invariansie bevind word) impliseer dat waargenome metings direk met mekaar vergelyk kan word. Deur gebruik te maak van bevestigende faktoranalitiese tegnieke voorgestel deur Vandenberg en Lance (2000), is toenemende ekwivalensiebeperkinge voorgestel vir die “CISS” metingsmodel. Alhoewel ’n bevredigende passing gevind is vir die “CISS Basic scales” model, het die grootte van die steekproef nie toegelaat dat die “CISS Basic scales” model onafhanklik op die twee geslagsgroepe gepas word nie en ook nie toegelaat dat die metingsinvariansie van die model oor die twee geslagsgroepe ondersoek word nie. Die “CISS Orientation scales” is toe blootgestel aan bevestigende faktorontleding op die gekombineerde geslagsteekproef en asook op die onderskeie geslagsgroepe. Op hierdie globale vlak kon daar egter nie bevredigende modelpassing gevind word nie. Die gebrekkige modelpassing het gevolglik die navorser verhoed om enige verdere metingsvariansie toetse op die “Orientation scales” te doen. Die implikasies van die resultate word bespreek, beperkinge word aangedui en verdere moonlike navorsingsgebiede word uitgelig.

Talaromyces versatilis est un champignon filamenteux d’intérêt industriel grâce à sa capacité deproduction d’enzymes hydrolytiques. La Société Adisseo commercialise un cocktail enzymatiqueproduit par fermentation à partir de T. versatilis, sous le nom de Rovabio™. Ce cocktail est utilisé entant qu'additif alimentaire en nutrition animale, car la grande variété d'enzymes hydrolytiques qu’ilcontient peut dégrader les polysaccharides présents dans l’enveloppe des céréales, améliorant ainsila digestibilité la valeur nutritionnelle des matières premières agricoles. Malgré les efforts consentispour mieux connaître la biologie de T. versatilis, très peu est connu sur ce champignon.L’étudeprésentée ici vise à décrire les réseaux de régulation qui contrôlent l’expression des gènes codantpour ces enzymes hydrolytiques, en utilisant des approches génomiques et transcriptomiques.Avoir accès à une annotation correcte de la séquence génomique et posséder les outilsnécessaires pour l'ingénierie génétique sont essentiels pour réaliser des études de génomiquefonctionnelle. Donc, le premier volet de cette thèse a été l’analyse de la séquence génomique et lacuration manuelle de l'annotation, ce qui nous a conduits à évaluer le vaste potentiel génétique de T.versatilis pour la production et la sécrétion d'enzymes hydrolytiques impliquées dans la dégradationde la lignocellulose. Deuxièmement, un système de délétion des gènes initialement conçu pourAspergillus niger a été adapté à T. versatilis. Cette méthode permet le recyclage du marqueur desélection et est efficace dans des souches dont le système NHEJ est actif (Delmas, et al., 2014, AEM).Au cours de ce travail, deux mutants de délétion de T. versatilis ont été obtenus: ΔxlnR et ΔclrA.La première approche mise en place pour avoir une meilleure compréhension des réseaux derégulation via une vue globale du transcriptome, fut l’utilisation de la technique de RNAseq sur troiséchantillons issus de la souche sauvage de T. versatilis exposée au glucose, à la paille de blé et auglucose et paille de blé simultanément comme sources de carbone, respectivement. Les données ontmontré une augmentation massive des niveaux d’expression de nombreux gènes, en particulier ceuxcodant pour des enzymes hydrolytiques, lorsque le mycélium est exposé à la lignocellulose. Enfin, la dernière partie du projet s’est appuyée sur la la RT-qPCR, technique appropriée pourétudier un nombre limité de gènes dans une grande variété de conditions. Toutefois la normalisationdes données est une étape essentielle du flux de travail qui peut conduire à une interprétationbiologique incorrecte de la régulation des gènes. Le travail effectué sur les données de RNAseq nousa amené à reconsidérer la nature des gènes de référence classiquement utilisés, puisque la plupartd'entre eux présentaient des changements d'expression considérables en présence de lignocellulose.En conséquence, un nouvel ensemble de gènes de référence putatifs a été identifié et la stabilité deleur expression validée par RT-qPCR chez T. versatilis cultivé dans plus de 30 conditions différentes.Des jeux de données de RNAseq de 18 champignons filamenteux phylogénétiquement éloignés ontpar ailleurs été collectés, afin de démontrer que la sélection des gènes candidats pour lanormalisation des données de RT-qPCR chez T. versatilis peut être étendue à d'autres champignons(Llanos et al., 2014, BMC Genomics). Ces aspects méthodologiques validés, nous avons enfin réaliséune étude plus détaillée de la transcription d'un groupe de gènes d'intérêt par RT-qPCR, dans unegrande variété de conditions et 2 souches différentes, la souche sauvage et la mutante ΔxlnR.L'analyse de ces données a permis d'identifier des gènes aux profils d'expression similaires, quirépondent de la même façon aux substrats inducteurs et qui partagent probablement les mêmesmécanismes de régulation
Talaromyces versatilis is an industrially important enzymes producing filamentous fungus.Adisseo Company commercializes the enzymatic cocktail, produced from T. versatilis fermentation,with the name of Rovabio™. This cocktail is applied as an animal feed additive as it contains a widevariety of hydrolytic enzymes that can degrade the polysaccharides present in the seed-coat and thusimproves the digestibility and increases the nutritional value of the agricultural raw materials.Although efforts have been done to study different aspects of the biology of T. versatilis, very little isknown about this fungus. This study aimed to describe the regulatory networks of genes encodingplant cell wall-degrading enzymes from this biotechnologically important fungus using genomic andtranscriptomic approaches.Having a correct annotation of the genomic sequence together with efficient tools for genomeengineering are essential for downstream functional genomics works and characterization of theregulatory networks. Therefore, the first task carried out an analysis of the genomic sequence and amanual curation of the annotation, which led us to assess the vast genetic potential of T. versatilis forthe production and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulosicmaterials. Secondly, I adapted a gene deletion system initially designed for Aspergillus niger. Thismethod allows recycling of the selection marker and is efficient in a non-homologous end-joining(NHEJ)-proficient strain (Delmas, Llanos et al., 2014, AEM). During this work, two deletion mutants ofT. versatilis were obtained: ΔxlnR and ΔclrA.Towards better understanding of the regulatory network, I first contributed to an RNAseq-basedtranscriptomic study that was performed on the wild type strain of T. versatilis exposed to glucoseand wheat straw as carbon sources. The data showed a massive increase in transcript levels ofnumerous genes, in particular those encoding hydrolytic enzymes, when the mycelium wasincubated with lignocellulose.If RT-qPCR is indeed a suitable technique to study a limited number of genes in a large variety ofconditions, data normalisation is a critical step of the workflow that can lead to incorrect biologicalinterpretation of gene regulation. The work done on the RNA-seq data led me to reconsider the useof the classical reference genes, since most of them exhibited expression changes in the presence oflignocellulosic substrate. I therefore identified a new set of putative reference genes and validatedtheir expression stability by RT-qPCR in T. versatilis cultivated under more than 30 differentconditions. Then, I collected about a hundred RNA-seq datasets from 18 phylogenetically distantfilamentous fungi, to demonstrate that the use of the suitable candidates for RT-qPCR datanormalisation in T. versatilis can be extended to other fungi (Llanos et al., 2014 BMC genomics (minorrevisions)). Thereafter, I performed a more detailed RT-qPCR based transcriptional study of a groupof genes of interest, in a wide variety of conditions and in 2 strains, the wild-type and the ΔxlnRmutant. The analysis of expression data of the genes of interest allowed to identify genes with similarexpression patterns, which probably share the same regulatory mechanisms and also the substratesthat act as inducers for their expression

Prior to 1970 the Saudi Government faced severe socioeconomic problems two of which were: (1) the contribution of the private sector to the Gross Domestic Product was low, and (2) the oil revenues were the main source of the national income. As the oil revenues rapidly increased between 1972 and 1981, the government used every means at its disposal to encourage the private sector. The goal was to diversify the sources of national income in order to decrease the dependency on oil revenues as the main source of national income. To achieve this the government has provided interest-free loans to the private sector which, along with the demand, has increased the gross domestic fixed capital formation of the private sector. The purpose of this study was to theoretically explain the phenomenal expansion of the private sector. Three models were developed from the least to the most difficult. The main principle of the models is that the expansion of the private sector is stimulated because of the low cost of capital in Saudi Arabia. Since oil revenues (the main source of government expenditures) have decreased in recent years questions have been raised concerning the ability of the private sector to support the economy. It is argued that the demand of national and international markets will increase in the future, thus allowing the private sector to expand further. Even though the cost of capital will increase, Saudi companies will be able to compete either nationally or internationally. In addition, the competitiveness of the Saudi capital market may increase which will, in turn, benefit the Saudi economy.

The case of mobilization against hydraulic fracturing by interest groups provided an opportunity to examine the influence of three factors (mission, audience, and policy context) on diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framing. A comparative analysis was conducted of the mobilization activities of five national environmental organizations with a local presence in the Pennsylvania and New York Marcellus Shale regions. The organizations varied with respect to organizational mission, the audiences they were targeting (urban and rural), and the policy context in which they worked (pro and anti-hydraulic fracturing). Data came from eleven semi-structured in-depth interviews with organization personnel, and from the organizations' websites and published documents. The results of this research show how the organizations use diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framing to mobilize citizens against hydraulic fracturing. They illustrate the influence of organizational mission, audience (urban versus rural), and policy context in how the groups take on these framing tasks. Overall, the findings provide insights into the variation in frames and framing that can occur at the organizational level inside a movement. They illustrate the explanatory value of investigating multiple factors as they affect diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framing.

This dissertation studies public institutional arrangements on the Swedish salt market 1720-1862. Crucial issues are how an why these arrangements emerged and were changed as well as they were used. The arrangements were erected in order to realize economic and social goals. In this respect, the policy persued by the Swedish government differed from those of most other governments, where policies concerning salt primarily meant tax policies. Government policies in Sweden were firstly external and had a long-term orientation. The aim was to import as much salt as possible to Sweden. The government also pursued a short-term policy in order to cope with short-term shorages. Overall, these policies were successful. Contrary to what has been stated in earlier Swedish research, the protectionist shipping policies did not lead to shortages of salt and high saltprices. Instead, the Swedish shipping and freight manufacture was stimulated, and Sweden became independent of foreign merchant fleets. The mercantilist aim of building a large merchant fleet, independent of potential enemy nations, was achieved without any negative effects on prices or supply on the Swedish salt market. Shortages of salt were not caused by a generally low yearly supply of salt. On the contrary, Sweden consistently had a surplus of salt and re-exported every year salt to other countries. The shortages of salt was rather regional and temporary, due to unexpected shocks on the supply side (wars, buccaneering, shipwrecks, persistent head winds, crises of production) and on the demand side (abundant fishing, cattle diseases and forced slaughter etc.). Costly and slow transports and communication meant that unexpected shortages could not be solved through trade. To solve these problems different institutional arrangements were created. These arrangements emerged in an evolutionary process of institutional change characterized by significant random elements. Severe shortages caused large changes in relative prices which acted as triggering factors in the process of institutional formation. Three more elaborated institutional arrangements having welfare purpuses were established, but disappeared in a rather short time. In 1774 a system of State Salt Stores were established in all staple towns. This arrangement proved to be very efficient as an insurance system, and the Salt Stores were frequently used to avert temporary shortages until new cargos of salt had arrived. The active state policy was a prerequisite for the markets to function satisfactory under mercantilism. But public stockpiling came to an end because the need for this insurance services diminished. But new technologies in saltproduction and shipping, increases in security and improved communications, a more efficiently-functioning market structure caused a significant long run decline i saltprices in relation to other prices and wages. Consequently, the need for public arrangements on the saltmarket decreased.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 19, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-127).

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Pastore
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi efetuar estudos de biotransformação de monoterpenos para a obtenção de compostos de aromas naturais, ou bioaromas, enfatizando os processos bioquímicos envolvidos nos procedimentos empregados para possíveis aplicações industriais. Assim, o estudo se iniciou com 70 linhagens, isoladas em uma planta de processamento de suco de laranja e selecionadas em um estudo prévio pois mostraramse capazes de utilizar este R-(+)-limoneno como única fonte de carbono. Estes microorganismos foram testados quanto a sua capacidade de biotransformar este monoterpeno em compostos de aroma. Dentre todas as linhagens potencialmente degradantes do R- (+)-limoneno, apenas a linhagem LB285JLB mostrou acúmulo significativo de metabólito de interesse em concentração que justifique estudos de otimização. A seguir, o método de Superfície de Resposta foi empregado para otimizar os principais parâmetros do processo de produção de biomassa desta linhagem, utilizando glicerol como fonte de carbono. Dentre os parâmetros analisados, três (concentração de substrato, temperatura e agitação) influenciaram significativamente (p < 0,10) a produção de biomassa da linhagem LB285JLB, dentro das faixas estudadas. A otimização dessas variáveis por um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional revelou que as condições ótimas para a fermentação foram 6-9 g.L-1 de glicerol, temperatura entre 35-40 °C e agitação de 230 a 300 rpm. Finalmente, estudos preliminares de prospecção do potencial dos microorganismos endofíticos isolados do Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.), visando o desenvolvimento de processos biotecnológicos de interesse industrial. Até o presente momento os trabalhos conduzidos demonstraram que as linhagens endofíticas podem ter aplicação potencial em processos de produção de bioaromas a partir da biotransformação de monoterpenos, juntamente com a co-produção de enzimas. Esses resultados abrem precedentes para que novas pesquisas sejam consideradas a fim de determinar o potencial deste nicho de micro-organismos
Abstract: The objective of the present work was to study the biotransformation of monoterpenes to obtain natural flavor compounds (bioflavors), focusing the biochemical processes involved in the procedures investigated for possible industrial applications. Therefore, the study started with 70 strains, isolated in a previous study from a citrus processing plant and capable of use R-(+)-limonene as sole carbon and energy source. These microorganisms were tested for their ability to biotransform this monoterpene on flavor compounds. Among the strains potentially degrading of R-(+)-limonene, just the strain LB285JLB showed significant accumulation of interest metabolite concentration which could justify optimization studies. Subsequently, the Response Surface Methodology was employed to optimize the main parameters of the process of LB285JLB biomass production, using glycerol as carbon source. Only three (glycerol concentration, temperature and agitation) of all parameters tested influenced significantly (p < 0.1) the biomass production. TheT optimization of these variables applying a Central Composite Design revealed that the optimal biotrasformation conditions were 6-9g.L-1, 35-40 °C and 230-300 rpm. Finally, preliminary propection studies evaluating the potential of endophytes isolated from Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.), for the development of biotechnological processes of industrial interest. To date, the studies conducted have shown that endophytic microorganisms may have potential application in biotransformation process for bioflavors production, and also should be considered with process of enzymes co-production. These results encourages that further researchs should be considered to determine the potential of these microorganisms
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Given that business interests have assumed ever-growing importance in welfare state restructuring, and that welfare programmes impose significant costs on firms, when and how can employers decide to actively support the development of contemporary social policy? This thesis shows that specific types of business interest organisation can favour the cooperation of employers for the establishment of new social welfare legislation by mediating between their heterogeneous economic interests and the political target structure, and by governing their collective political mobilisation. Drawing on theories of collective action and neo-corporatist models, the thesis elaborates an original typological framework and assesses it through an historical cross-national study of the role of organised business in the Austrian and Italian severance pay reforms (1990s-2000s). Detail process-tracing and systematic cross-case comparison are used to reconstruct and analyse what motivated and enabled the Austrian business community, but not the Italian one, to decisively promote the use of severance payments for the expansion of supplementary pension funds. Empirically, the thesis finds that differences in the institutional set-up of the national organisation of business interests have shaped divergent governance roles of business in the two countries by making for different organisational capacities of interest coordination and unification on the one hand, and of bargained interest accommodation, on the other. In particular, highly inclusive and cohesive organisational forms of interest representation, like the Austrian ones, have allowed employers’ representatives to contain intra-class interest conflicts and deliver unitary, politically manageable and moderate social policy demands. Moreover, rather stable participation in state regulation (in non-wage policy areas) and high sanction leverage vis-à-vis members have enabled organisational leaders to determine collective social policy goals and strategies quite independently from the short-term interests of employers, and to render organisational decisions binding also for members opposing resistance. In closing, the thesis provides evidence that, even in presence of appropriate institutional arrangements, a remarkable responsibility for building business support for social welfare initiatives rests on the government. Since the latter can bias the contingent conditions of political influence, it can dampen organisations’ cooperative efforts whenever it opts for clientelistic dynamics of policy formation instead of backing the construction of cross-class reform coalitions.

This thesis studies the estimation of credit exposure arising from a portfolio of interest rate derivatives. The estimation is performed using a Monte Carlo simulation. The results are compared to the exposure obtained under the current exposure method provided by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). We show that the simulation method provides a much richer set of information for credit risk managers. Also, depending on the current exposure and the nature of the transactions, the BIS method can fail to account for potential exposure. All test portfolios benefit significantly from a netting agreement, but the BIS approach tends to overestimate the risk reduction due to netting. In addition we examine the impact of antithetic variates and different time-discretizations. We find that a discretization based on derivatives' start and maturity dates may reduce simulation time significantly without loosing generality in exposure profiles. Antithetic variates have a small effect.

I dagens läge är industriella nätverk inte anpassade för att koppla upp resursbegränsade enheter pga av att industriella nätverks-protokollen som används är mer anpassade för real time applikationer. Det skulle vara ett stort steg för de industriella nätverken att kunna koppla upp resursbegränsade enheter för enkel övervakning samt analysering av data. Efter en undersökningsperiod av ett flertal olika IoT-protokoll, gjordes valet att implementera CoAP på en Anybus CompactCom-modul för testning. Under projektets gång användes det en del white-box testning i början vid implementationen av libCoAP. Efter att en fungerande implementation var gjord, påbörjades testning av input och output överensstämmelser med hjälp av black-box testning istället. Resultatet jämfördes i slutändan med den existerande lösningen att skicka parameterdata med hjälp av TCP. Resultatet hade en responstidsskillnad som var 92,3 % snabbare. Samtidigt tog det sammanlagt 24,2 % mindre plats i minnet (FLASH och RAM) för implementationen på Anybus CompactCom-modulen.

Abstract: Poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) represent a promising material for drug delivery applications. They are synthetic functional polymers endowed with a combination of properties making them suitable for a variety of biomedical applications mostly related to drug delivery systems. PAAs can be obtained by stepwise polyaddition of primary or secondary aliphatic amines to bisacrylamides. The synthesis is carried out in water or protic solvent, with a mild base and at room temperature. In the first section of this thesis, a group of novel amphoteric PAAs homo- and copolymers containing secondary and tertiary amine groups in their main chain and different structures in the bisacrylamide segments were synthesized and evaluated as magnetic nanoparticles coating agents. In the second section of this thesis, a general method for preparing linear high polymers of peptides was investigated. Polymers with an average molecular weight included in the range 3000 – 40000 were obtained by Michael polyaddition reaction between 2,2-bisacrylamidoacetic acid or N,N’-bisacryloylpiperazine and glutathione (reduced and oxidised) or the RGD peptide. In preliminary biological tests these polymers showed a good values of zeta potential and negligible values of cytotoxicity and haemolytic activity. Further in vitro tests are in progress to investigate the biological properties of these polymers in comparison with the parent peptides. In the third section of this thesis, gene delivery properties of new hyperbranched PAAs, containing disulfide linkages in the main chain, were investigated in comparison with the relevant linear polymers. Structural characterization of the polymers synthesized and the reactivity of the monomers utilized were also determined. The results shown by these polymers in DNA transfection are very promising and encourage further studies in vitro with these biodegradable hyperbranched PAAs to test the effect, on transfection efficiency, of different terminal groups.

The present PhD project, focused on the functionalization of materials useful for industrial applications, is divided into two main parts: the first part concerns the electrochemical functionalization of gold for the immobilization of DNA in sensoristic applications; while the second one deals with the modification of porous nano silicon used as a substrate for the electrochemical polymerization of polyaniline and melanin for photovoltaic applications. The common theme of these two macro-topics is the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts on metal or polymeric electrodes, immediately before the DNA attack and the modifications with polyaniline or melanin respectively. All the functionalizations, and the surface characterizations, which will be dealt in detail in the following chapters, have been mainly realized with electrochemical techniques: in particular the cyclic voltammetry technique has been used to realize the grafting process of the organic molecules on the electrode surface , and with the same technique we proceeded for the polymerization of aniline and melanin. All the phases of modification and functionalization have been characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which provides rapid and important information about the surface layer. In this thesis the results of the electrochemical functionalizations and the performances of the modified electrodes that vary with the variation of the preparation conditions and the set electrochemical parameters are shown and discussed.

Mono e diacilgliceróis são produtos empregados na indústria alimentícia, farmacêutica, cosmética e química como emulsificantes e melhoradores de viscosidade de produtos alimentícios, cosméticos e farmacêuticos. No entanto, a forma mais usual de obtê-los é por síntese química, o que acaba rendendo produtos finais caros e com atributos de qualidade, rendimento e de aplicabilidade tecnológica inferiores aos esperados. A busca por formas de obtenção mais racionais, eficientes e com melhor padrão de qualidade destes produtos foi o objetivo principal do trabalho, por meio de hidrólise parcial enzimática, que necessita de condições de reação mais brandas. Foram avaliadas a hidrólise enzimática descontína, empregando como substrato a trioleína técnica, e a hidrólise enzimática descontínua-alimentada, usando como substrato o óleo de girassol médio oléico. Foi utilizada, em ambos processsos, a lipase imobilizada sn-1,3 específica Lipozyme RM IM (de Rhizomucor miehei). A caracterização dos padrões e dos substrados, bem como o acompanhamento da formação dos produtos da hidrólise enzimática foram feitos por determinação da porcentagem de hidrólise, cromatografia em camada delgada (TLC), dos perfis das curvas de fusão e cristalização por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), cromatografia gasosa (CG) e cromatografia de exclusão de tamanho de alto desempenho (HPSEC). Os parâmetros de hidrólise descontínua foram o tempo de reação, a temperatura e a concentração inicial de substrato. Os parâmetros de hidrólise descontínua-alimentada foram tempo de enchimento e intervalo de alimentação de substrato. Para as respostas analíticas de porcentagem de hidrólise e de composição de frações lipídicas foi aplicado um modelo de regressão múltipla com base em metodologia de superfície de resposta. Os resultados experimentais observados nas reações de hidrólise enzimática descontínua de trioleína técnica mostraram de 24,7 a 34,2% de mono e diacilgliceróis (para 5% de óleo na emulsão) e de 21,4 a 33,6% de mono e diacilgliceróis (para 20% de óleo na emulsão). Os resultados experimentais observados nas reações de hidrólise enzimática descontínua-alimentada de óleo de girassol médio oléico (para 15% de óleo na emulsão), mostraram de 7,9 a 31,8% de mono e diacilgliceróis. Os modelos de superfície de resposta foram considerados significativos e preditivos. As hidrólises obtidas no formato descontínuo e descontínuo-alimentado permitiram efetivamente a obtenção de frações de mono/ diacilgliceróis com vários graus de eficiência de conversão e com corretas identificação e quantificação das frações de lipídios procuradas. As correlações feitas entre porcentagem de hidrólise e entalpias de cristalização e fusão, corroboradas com os resultados qualitativos e/ou quantitativos diretos obtidos na cromatografia de camada delgada (TLC) e de HPSEC, demonstraram que estes atributos podem positivamente indicar a ocorrência efetiva de reação de hidrólise, além de auferir uma escala de desempenho de reação alinhada com o previsto na literatura, à medida que são aumentadas a temperatura, o tempo de hidrólise e a porcentagem inicial de substrato oleoso, sob regime descontínuo, e que puderam ser melhoradas, de forma inovadora, sob parâmetros de tempo total de alimentação e de intervalo de alimentação, sob regime descontínuo-alimentado. A hidrólise parcial enzimática de triacilgliceróis utilizando lipase imobilizada sn-1,3 específica pode ser considerada uma alternativa às vias químicas para a produção de misturas de mono e diacilgliceróis para utilização como aditivos químicos.
Mono and diacylglycerols are products used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical industries as emulsifiers and viscosity improvers for food products, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. However, the most usual forms of obtaining them are by chemical synthesis, which ends up yielding expensive final products with attributes of quality, yield and technological applicability lower than expected. The search for more rational, efficient and better quality standards of these products was the aim of the work, through partial enzymatic hydrolysis, which requires milder reaction conditions. Discontinuous enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated using technical triolein as substrate and discontinuous-fed enzymatic hydrolysis using as the substrate the mid oleic sunflower oil. In both processes, immobilized lipase sn-1,3 specific Lipozyme RM IM (from Rhizomucor miehei) was used. The characterization of the patterns and substrates, as well as the monitoring of the formation of the products from the enzymatic hydrolysis were made by determining the percentage of hydrolysis, thin layer chromatography (TLC), profiles of the melting and crystallization curves by differential scanning calorimetry ( DSC), gas chromatography (GC) and high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The parameters of discontinuous hydrolysis were the reaction time, the temperature and the initial substrate concentration. The parameters of discontinuous-fed hydrolysis were filling time and substrate feed interval. For the analytical responses of hydrolysis percentage and composition of lipid fractions a multiple regression model was applied based on response surface methodology. The experimental results observed in the reactions of discontinuous enzymatic hydrolysis of technical triolein indicated amounts of mono- and diacylglycerols from 24.7 to 34.2% (for 5% of oil in the emulsion) and from 21.4 to 33.6% for mono and diacylglycerols with 20% oil in the emulsion. The experimental results observed in the reactions of discontinuous-fed enzymatic hydrolysis of mid oleic sunflower oil (for 15% oil in the emulsion), showed from 7.9 to 31.8% of mono and diacylglycerols. Response surface models were considered significant and viii predictive. The hydrolysis obtained in the discontinuous and discontinuous-fed form allowed to obtain fractions of mono / diacylglycerols with various degrees of conversion efficiency and with correct identification and quantification of the lipid fractions sought. The correlations between the percentage of hydrolysis and enthalpies of crystallization and fusion, corroborated with the qualitative and / or quantitative direct results obtained in thin layer chromatography (TLC) and HPSEC, showed that these attributes can positively indicate the effective occurrence of reaction of Hydrolysis, in addition to achieving a reaction performance scale in line with the literature, as the temperature rate, the hydrolysis time and the initial percentage of oily substrate are increased under a discontinuous regime and can be improved, in a innovative form, under parameters of total filling time and feeding interval, under a fed-batch regime. The partial enzymatic hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using specific sn-1,3-specific immobilized lipase may be considered an alternative to the chemical pathways for the production of mono- and diacylglycerol blends for use as chemical additives.

Com a chegada da era da computação ubíqua, o número de dispositivos com poder computacional vêm crescendo de forma acelerada. A conexão desses dispositivos em uma rede de comunicação traz novas possibilidades e serve como base para o conceito chamado Internet das Coisas (Internet of Things - IoT). Uma das aplicações desse conceito é no domínio industrial e está impulsionando uma nova revolução industrial, a chamada Indústria 4.0. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem de integração de componentes de forma automatizada, no contexto da Indústria 4.0, utilizando ontologias para representar os elementos do sistema e um middleware IoT para servir de meio de integração. Essa abordagem utiliza conceitos propostos em trabalhos relacionados, com características inovadoras na criação de sistemas IoT. Dentre estas está a integração automatizada a partir de modelos semânticos, que possibilita que usuários modelem sistemas em alto nível. A partir desse modelo, as interfaces de comunicação são criadas automaticamente, trazendo uma garantia de consistência sintática nas chamadas de métodos ou funções. Além disso, a pesquisa proposta traz a possibilidade de usar esse mesmo modelo semântico para apresentar as informações ao usuário final. Como resultados deste trabalho podem ser ressaltados o desenvolvimento de uma ontologia para modelar esses elementos industriais e também o de uma extensão para um middleware IoT a fim de poder-se trabalhar com esses modelos de forma automatizada.
With the advent of the ubiquitous computing era, the number of devices with computing power is growing rapidly. The connection of these devices onto a communication network brings new possibilities and serves as the basis for the concept called the Internet of Things (IoT). One of the applications of this concept is in the industrial domain where it is driving a new industrial revolution, usually designated as “Industry 4.0”. This research study presents a automated integration approach in the context of Industry 4.0, using ontologies to represent elements of the system and an IoT middleware to provide a means for its integration. This approach uses concepts proposed in related works with innovative features regarding the creation of IoT systems. Among these features, an automated integration based on semantic models is proposed, which enables users to model their systems at a high level. From this model, communication interfaces are created automatically, bringing a guarantee of syntactic consistency in calling methods or functions. Another advantage that this work brings is the possibility of using this same semantic model to present information to the end user. As result of this work, an ontology was developed to model industrial elements, and an extension for an IoT middleware was developed to enable to work with these models.

This thesis contains two lines of research. The first applies the strategic decision-making theory of the firm to the issue of corporate governance. We find that preferences vary over strategy but not all interests are currently being represented, resulting in a failure to govern in the public interest. As solutions, we consider membership of the company and also more immediate ways forward, focusing on regulation and democratically controlled public agencies, but stressing the fundamental significance of active, effective citizens. Throughout, our arguments are illustrated using utility companies as our primary examples. It includes discussion of electricity privatisation in Mexico and, to demonstrate that the theory is widely applicable, we also consider governance of corporate universities. The second line of research builds upon earlier analysis by considering aspects of British electricity privatisation. We consider the role of independent power producers, finding that they have not significantly increased competition as intended but have adversely affected the future viability of the system. The affect of privatisation on electricity prices is also considered via the use of a counterfactual model for continued state ownership. Observed prices are found to have been significantly higher than those that would have been charged had the industry remained in the public sector.

L´objet de ce travail est d´indiquer l´importance de la compréhension de l´intérêt public dans les enquêtes antidumping, une analyse qui ne saurait pas être faite sans une définition préalable des critères à être utilisés par tous les Membres de l´OMC, évitant ainsi une application discriminatoire. Au cas où la définition de l´intérêt devient obligatoire, ce qui s´applique au résultat recherché par les Membres de l´OMC selon la situation actuelle des négociations, il est fondamental de définir des parâmètres claires et uniformes, devant être suivis par tous les Membres. Au contraire, la recherche de l´intérêt public peut s´accroître, ainsi que l´insécurité et l´imprévisibilité qui entourent les enquêtes antidumping démotivant les parties intéressées à contribuer à la recherche de la vérité, ainsi que de la meilleure solution pour le contexte interne de chaque pays.
O objetivo deste trabalho é indicar a importância da consideração do interesse público nas investigações antidumping, análise que não pode ser feita sem a definição prévia de critérios a serem utilizados por todos os Membros da OMC, evitando, assim, uma aplicação discriminatória. Se a definição do interesse público pretende ser obrigatória, como parece ser o resultado buscado pelos Membros da OMC no estado atual das negociações, é fundamental que sejam definidos parâmetros claros, que devem ser seguidos por todos os Membros. Caso contrário, a busca do interesse público pode aumentar, ainda mais, a insegurança e a imprevisibilidade que circundam as investigações antidumping, desmotivando partes interessadas a contribuir para a busca da verdade e da melhor solução para o contexto interno de cada país.

The manufacturing industry is continuously evolving as new practices and technology are adopted to improve productivity and remain competitive. There have been three well established manufacturing revolutions in recent history and some say that the fourth is occurring currently by the name of Smart Manufacturing, Indusrie 4.0, and others. This latest manufacturing revolution is highly dependent on industrial connectivity. This research aims to gage the ability of Industrial Innovation Platforms (IIPs) to reduce complexity of implementing base-line industrial connectivity for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The results of this study would be especially relevant to decision makers in industrial SMEs who are considering implementing industrial connectivity as well as providing insights into approaches for establishing base-line industrial connectivity. The research methodology consists of three main steps: 1) creation of IIP and non-IIP connectivity solutions that enable connectivity of the vast amount of industrial equipment, 2) Gathering measures from solutions in accordance with metrics identified for complexity evaluation, 3) discussion and interpretation of data To have a more complete analysis, quantitative and qualitative data was used and evaluated to address the varying elements of the broad task of establishing industrial connectivity. The research showed that IIPs can reduce complexity for select industrial equipment. Some industrial equipment have robust and streamlined connectivity solutions provided by the IIP. In these cases, the IIP almost certainly will reduce the complexity of establishing connectivity. Other industrial equipment have a solution provided by the IIP which requires piecing together and some component modifications. In these cases, the IIPs reduce complexity of establishing connectivity dependent on circumstances. Lastly, when no form of solution is available through the IIP for the industrial equipment, the IIP's has no ability to reduce complexity other than hosting the server used in connectivity. These findings open additional avenues of research which could improve the understanding of benefits IIPs may provide to SMEs.

Orientador : Ulf Friedrich Schuchardt
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Mestrado

Exchange rate and interest rate risk have been documented as the most managed financial risks by most UK non-financial firms and industries. This is probably because of the severe adverse effects that contrary movements in these financial risks can have on the value of the firm or industry. Nevertheless, empirical studies on these risks have been very few and predominantly limited in scope. Therefore, using a sample of 402 UK non-financial firms from 31 industries, over the period January 1990 to December 2006, this study examines the relevance of these financial risks on the stock returns of firms and industries. Following the weaknesses of the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) methodology, the AR(I)EGARCH-M model was subsequently used for the estimation. The results indicated that the stock returns of UK firms and industries were more affected by long-term interest rate risk than exchange rate risk (Trade weighted index, US$/£ JP¥/£, ECU/£ and Euro/£) or even short-term interest rate risk. Furthermore, the introduction of the euro reduced the exchange rate exposure and interest rate exposure of only a few UK firms and industries. Additionally, by means of the Herfindahl index as a measure of industry concentration, competitive industries were found to exhibit a higher degree of exposure to movements in exchange rates and interest rates, and also higher volatility in returns than industries that were classified as concentrated. Then using firm specific accounting variables, the results indicated that the determinants of exchange rate exposure were different to that of interest rate exposure. Finally, it was also found that for most UK firms and industries: increased risk did not necessarily lead to an increase in returns; severe adverse movements in exchange rates and interest rates can potentially make returns more volatile; volatility of returns has time varying properties; persistence of volatility is much higher in some firms and industries than others; and the volatility of returns increased in the period after the introduction of the euro.

This thesis is focused on one of the biggest realized development areas in the Czech republic -- Holešov Strategic Industrial Zone and tries to find a solution of the current unfavourable situation in the zone which is defined by localization of only one investor. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the industrial zones in general and also to the role they play in the economic development of a region. It contains a brief characteristics of the Holešov Strategic Industrial Zone, Zlín region and Kroměříž microregion where the zone is situated. An analysis of a region related the Holešov Strategic Industrial Zone is not omitted from this part of the thesis. In the second part of the thesis the current situation in the Holešov Strategic Industrial Zone is analyzed and the analysis is focused mainly on the topics that create conflicts between the management of the zone and the interest associations. These conflicts belong among the causes of the current minimal filling of the zone by the investors. The last part of the thesis describes and analyses the possible ways how to solve the conflict situation between the management of the zone and the interest associations and thus accomplishes the objective of the thesis. The objective of the thesis is to evaluate the possibilities of solving the current conflict situation related to the Holešov Strategic Industrial Zone.

L’Internet des Objets (IoT) a évolué d’un toaster connecté en 1990 vers des réseaux de centaines de petit appareils utilisés dans des applications industrielle. Ces « Objects » sont habituellement de petit appareils électroniques capable de mesurer une valeur physique (température, humidité, etc.) et/ou d’agir sur le monde physique (pump, valve, etc.). De part leur faible coût et leur facilité de déploiement, ces réseaux sans fil alimentés par batteries ont étés rapidement adoptés. La promesse des communications sans fil est d’offrir une connectivité similaire au réseau filaires. De nombreuses amélioration ont étés fait dans ce sens, mais plein de défis restent à surmonter car les applications industrielles ont de fortes exigences opérationnelles. Cette section de l’IoT s’appelle l’Internet Industriel des Objets. La principale exigence est la fiabilité. Chaque bout d’information transmit dans le réseau ne doit pas être perdu. Des solutions commerciales sont aujourd’hui accessibles et propose des fiabilités de l’ordre de 99.999 %. C’est à dire, pour chaque centaine de paquet d’information généré, moins d’un est perdu. Vient ensuite la latence et l’efficience énergétique. Comme ces appareils sont alimentés par des batteries, ils doivent consommer le moins possible et être capable d’opérer pendant des années. La prochaine étape pour l’IoT est d’être appliqué au applications nécessitant des garanties de latence. Les technologies de l’IIoT sont maintenant adoptés par de nombreuses entreprises autour du monde et sont maintenant des technologies éprouvées. Néanmoins des défis restent à accomplir et certaines limites de ces technologies ne sont pas encore connues. Dans ce travail, nous nous adressons au réseaux sans fils fondés sur TSCH dont nous testons les limites de latence et de durée de vie dans des conditions réelles. Nous avons collecté plus de 3M statistiques réseaux et 32M données de capteurs dans 11 déploiements sur un total de 170,037 heures machines dans des environnements réels ainsi que dans des bancs d’essais. Nous avons réuni ce que nous pensons être le plus grand jeu de données de réseau TSCH disponible à la communauté réseau. En s’appuyant sur ces données et sur notre expérience des réseaux sans fils en milieu réel, nous avons étudié les limites des réseaux TSCH et avons fourni des méthodes et outils qui permettent d’estimer des performances de ces réseaux dans diverses conditions. Nous pensons avoir assemblé les bons outils pour que les architectes de protocoles réseaux construise des réseaux déterministes pour l’IIoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) evolved from a connected toaster in 1990 to networks of hundreds of tiny devices used in industrial applications. Those “Things” usually are tiny electronic devices able to measure a physical value (temperature, humidity, etc.) and/or to actuate on the physical world (pump, valve, etc). Due to their cost and ease of deployment, battery-powered wireless IoT networks are rapidly being adopted. The promise of wireless communication is to offer wire-like connectivity. Major improvements have been made in that sense, but many challenges remain as industrial application have strong operational requirements. This section of the IoT application is called Industrial IoT (IIoT). The main IIoT requirement is reliability. Every bit of information that is transmitted in the network must not be lost. Current off-the-shelf solutions offer over 99.999% reliability. That is, for every 100k packets of information generated, less than one is lost. Then come latency and energy-efficiency requirements. As devices are battery-powered, they need to consume as little as possible to be able to operate during years. The next step for the IoT is to target time-critical applications. Industrial IoT technologies are now adopted by companies over the world, and are now a proven solution. Yet, challenges remain and some of the limits of the technologies are still not fully understood. In this work we address TSCH-based Wireless Sensor Networks and study their latency and lifetime limits under real-world conditions. We gathered 3M network statistics 32M sensor measurements on 11 datasets with a total of 170,037 mote hours in real-world and testbeds deployments. We assembled what we believed to be the largest dataset available to the networking community. Based on those datasets and on insights we learned from deploying networks in real-world conditions, we study the limits and trade-offs of TSCH-based Wireless Sensor Networks. We provide methods and tools to estimate the network performances of such networks in various scenarios. We believe we assembled the right tools for protocol designer to built deterministic networking to the Industrial IoT

Orientador: Ulf F. Schuchardt
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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