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Lee, Kyung-Tae, Jin-Bin Im, Sang-Jun Park i Ju-Hyung Kim. "Conceptual Framework to Support Personalized Indoor Space Design Decision-Making: A Systematic Literature Review". Buildings 12, nr 6 (25.05.2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060716.
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COVID-19 has forced people to spend more time indoors due to lockdown and social distancing, and clients demand personalized indoor spaces designed to increase individual satisfaction indoors. Consequently, various fourth industrial revolution technologies have been applied to support construction spaces to satisfy those clients lacking architectural knowledge and experience by reflecting individual tendencies and perceptions to build personalized indoor spaces. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how users evaluate the space according to behaviors and emotions felt in the space. A systematic review is performed to integrate significant categories from multiple disciplines to investigate the various decision-making aspects. In this study, 124 papers were selected, applying the PRISMA checklist to conduct a systematic literature review with scientometric analysis to propose a conceptual framework by reflecting the research trend related to indoor space decision-making. Accordingly, research on indoor space decision-making is increasing with pursuing convergence with various fields of study. The research is focused on the following four clusters: indoor space components, human tendencies, technology, and spatial evaluation. The framework proposed by integrating these trends could be utilized by clients as a practical tool to support people-centered indoor space decision-making post-COVID-19. Moreover, a framework should be developed to expand effectiveness in indoor spaces through convergence and collaboration research with psychology, physiology, and the medical field.
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Claridades, Alexis Richard C., Misun Kim i Jiyeong Lee. "Developing a Model to Express Spatial Relationships on Omnidirectional Images for Indoor Space Representation to Provide Location-Based Services". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, nr 3 (1.03.2023): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12030101.
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The unavailability and fragmentation of spatial data are challenges in creating realistic representations of objects and environments in the real world, especially indoors. Among the numerous methods for representing indoor space, the existing research has shown the efficiency and effectiveness of using omnidirectional images. However, they lack information on spatial relationships, so spatial datasets such as the Node-Relation Structure (NRS) must be used to provide location-based services (LBS). This study proposes a method for embedding topological relationships on omnidirectional images, and correspondingly extracting NRS data to enable the expression of these relationships on the images. These relationships include the connectivity of relations among the indoor subunits, and the containment of relations between the spaces and indoor facilities on the image data. This model allows for the construction of an image-based indoor space representation for providing LBS. This paper also demonstrates an approach to utilizing these datasets through an image-based platform that enables the direct performance of spatial analysis relevant to LBS on the images, and provides the accurate visualization and expression of the spaces and indoor points of interest data representing indoor facilities. This paper also includes an experimental implementation to demonstrate the potential of our model for providing an efficient space representation and the handling of basic spatial queries for indoor space applications.
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Zhang, Heng, Baoguo Yu, Shuguo Pan, Chuanzhen Sheng, Huang Lu i Yaning Li. "A Pseudolite Indoor Wide-Area Networking Technology Based on Signal Multilevel Features". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (21.08.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2190025.
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At present, pseudosatellite navigation and positioning technology is the only positioning technology compatible with GNSS navigation signals and applied to indoors. This technology can realize continuous indoor and outdoor positioning services for mobile terminals and dedicated terminals. At the same time, the indoor application of pseudolite technology also faces some problems. Aiming at the large-area networking problem of pseudolites in indoor space, this paper uses the existing indoor array pseudolite technology to propose a technique for constructing a network using the characteristics of pseudolite signals in indoor space. By making full use of the signal’s multiple access classification characteristics and the signal’s Doppler, interstation delay, and other characteristics, a multilevel grid segmentation and networking scheme for indoor space based on pseudolites is realized. This method combines the existing experimental foundation and experience accumulation, has the feasibility of realizing large-area networking indoors, can solve the problems faced in the current indoor pseudolite networking process, and provides guarantee for the application of pseudolite networking in indoor environments.
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Pang, Yueyong, Chi Zhang, Liangchen Zhou, Bingxian Lin i Guonian Lv. "Extracting Indoor Space Information in Complex Building Environments". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, nr 8 (9.08.2018): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080321.
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Indoor space information extraction is an important aspect of reconstruction for building information modeling and a necessary process for geographic information system from outdoor to indoor. Entity model extracting methods provide advantages in terms of accuracy for building indoor spaces, as compared with network and grid model methods, and the extraction results can be converted into a network or grid model. However, existing entity model extracting methods based on a search loop do not consider the complex indoor environment of a building, such as isolated columns and walls or cross-floor spaces. In this study, such complex indoor environments are analyzed in detail, and a new approach for extracting buildings’ indoor space information is proposed. This approach is based on indoor space boundary calculation, the Boolean difference for single-floor space extraction, relationship reconstruction, and cross-floor space extraction. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can accurately extract indoor space information from the complex indoor environment of a building with geometric, semantic, and relationship information. This study is theoretically important for better understanding the complexity of indoor space extraction and practically important for improving the modeling accuracy of buildings.
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Claridades, Alexis Richard C., i Jiyeong Lee. "Defining a Model for Integrating Indoor and Outdoor Network Data to Support Seamless Navigation Applications". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, nr 8 (21.08.2021): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080565.
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Spaces are continuous realms where human beings freely navigate, such as from indoor to outdoor and optionally to another indoor space. However, currently available data models to represent space for navigation do not entirely reflect this continuity of freedom and movement. Data conversion or complications in implementation hinder current approaches to link indoor space with outdoor space due to the variety of present data models. Furthermore, this representation of indoor–outdoor connection becomes oversimplified during the integration process. Consequently, location-based applications based on these datasets are limited in conveying mobility within these spaces and aiding navigation activity. This paper defines a framework for integrating indoor and outdoor navigable space to enable seamless navigation. This model enables the connection between indoor and outdoor navigation networks. We describe the connections between these networks through spatial relationships, which can be generalized to represent various cases of indoor–outdoor transitional spaces. Using sample datasets, we demonstrate the framework’s potential to provide a seamless connection between indoor and outdoor space in a route analysis experiment.
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Zhen, Wenjie, Lin Yang, Mei-Po Kwan, Zejun Zuo, Haoyue Qian i Shunping Zhou. "Generating Comfortable Navigable Space for 3D Indoor Navigation Considering Users’ Dimensions". Sensors 20, nr 17 (2.09.2020): 4964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174964.
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Most existing indoor navigation methods implicitly treat indoor users as ideal points. However, the ignorance of individual 3D indoor space needs may result in that navigation users do not have enough space or comfortable space to move in a real situation. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel human-oriented navigation approach that considers users’ dimensions and interactions with indoor objects to establish comfortable navigable space. First, object space (O-Space) for users is derived according to their types (i.e., non-disabled people or disabled people) and functional space (F-Space) for indoor objects is determined according to their functions, locations, sizes, and interactions. Then, narrow gaps where users cannot pass through easily are calculated based on indoor obstacles defined by O-Space, the use of F-Space, and stationary objects. Finally, comfortable navigable space is established by excluding inappropriate sealed spaces that wrap indoor obstacles and narrow gaps of the entire indoor space. Two indoor navigation cases were conducted and the results demonstrate that our method could provide comfortable space and user-friendly paths that navigation users can navigate easily without stress. Furthermore, our method also shows great potential for improving user experience during navigation, especially in unfamiliar indoor environments and even emergencies.
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Xu, Wei, i Yongqiang Zhang. "Evaluation of Sustainable Environment-Friendly Interior Decoration Design from the Perspective of Low-Carbon Economy". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (9.05.2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5156039.
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With the rapid development of economic and social productivity, the living standards of our people have been continuously improved. As human society enters industrialization and urbanization, in order to meet the increasing needs of life, people have higher and higher requirements for the environmental quality of their lives. People spend nearly 90% of their time indoors. Therefore, the environmental quality of indoor spaces has become an issue that cannot be ignored. The interior space environment of the building is closely related to everyone’s life. However, when people decorate their rooms luxuriously and warmly, the subsequent interior decoration sequelae are also seriously affecting people’s health. The pollution caused by indoor decoration is serious, whether it is the use of decoration materials or improper indoor design that will cause indoor air pollution. Based on building materials and interior design, this paper systematically analyzes the pollutants in the fully decorated interior space and proposes that from the perspective of low-carbon economy, interior space design should be based on the ecological environment, and the focus of the design is on the rational use of nature. Resources and decoration methods should start from the application of natural colors and natural materials and organically combine green materials and green decoration designs to create a more comfortable, healthy, safe, and environmentally friendly indoor space environment.
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Fernandez, Ken Bryan, Naoki Ikegaya i Kazuhide Ito. "Transfer and escape characteristics of outdoor pollutants into an indoor space sheltered by urban-like block arrays using large-eddy simulations". E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339602004.
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We conducted isothermal large-eddy simulations to generate the velocity and concentration distributions to investigate the air pollution transport from outside to inside of a space surrounded by urban-like block arrays. Contrary to previous study, we assumed that the pollution in the form of scalars are generated outdoors and not indoors which we placed at: 1) middle of window, 2) near window wall, 3) middle of street canyon at ground level, and 4) middle of street canyon at window level. Results showed that regardless of scalar source location, the scalars accumulated inside the indoor space which can be explained by the downdraft effect that are typically found in urban environments. The downdraft effect produced vortices outside and inside the indoor space. For scalars near window, indoor vortex drove the concentration to indoors. On the other hand, outdoor vortex transported the scalars located at street canyon to reach the window where they were eventually transported to indoors also due to indoor vortex. The average normalized indoor concentrations found in this study are 1.25 – 1.50, 1.00 – 1.75, 0.25 – 0.50, and 0.0 – 0.25 for scalars C1, C2, C3, and C4, respectively. Our study suggests that for natural ventilation studies of urban environments where air pollution is significant, outdoor effects should also be carefully considered.
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Li, Ki-Joune. "INDOORGML – A STANDARD FOR INDOOR SPATIAL MODELING". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (14.06.2016): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-701-2016.
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With recent progress of mobile devices and indoor positioning technologies, it becomes possible to provide location-based services in indoor space as well as outdoor space. It is in a seamless way between indoor and outdoor spaces or in an independent way only for indoor space. However, we cannot simply apply spatial models developed for outdoor space to indoor space due to their differences. For example, coordinate reference systems are employed to indicate a specific position in outdoor space, while the location in indoor space is rather specified by cell number such as room number. Unlike outdoor space, the distance between two points in indoor space is not determined by the length of the straight line but the constraints given by indoor components such as walls, stairs, and doors. For this reason, we need to establish a new framework for indoor space from fundamental theoretical basis, indoor spatial data models, and information systems to store, manage, and analyse indoor spatial data. In order to provide this framework, an international standard, called IndoorGML has been developed and published by OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium). This standard is based on a cellular notion of space, which considers an indoor space as a set of non-overlapping cells. It consists of two types of modules; core module and extension module. While core module consists of four basic conceptual and implementation modeling components (geometric model for cell, topology between cells, semantic model of cell, and multi-layered space model), extension modules may be defined on the top of the core module to support an application area. As the first version of the standard, we provide an extension for indoor navigation.
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Li, Ki-Joune. "INDOORGML – A STANDARD FOR INDOOR SPATIAL MODELING". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (14.06.2016): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-701-2016.
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With recent progress of mobile devices and indoor positioning technologies, it becomes possible to provide location-based services in indoor space as well as outdoor space. It is in a seamless way between indoor and outdoor spaces or in an independent way only for indoor space. However, we cannot simply apply spatial models developed for outdoor space to indoor space due to their differences. For example, coordinate reference systems are employed to indicate a specific position in outdoor space, while the location in indoor space is rather specified by cell number such as room number. Unlike outdoor space, the distance between two points in indoor space is not determined by the length of the straight line but the constraints given by indoor components such as walls, stairs, and doors. For this reason, we need to establish a new framework for indoor space from fundamental theoretical basis, indoor spatial data models, and information systems to store, manage, and analyse indoor spatial data. In order to provide this framework, an international standard, called IndoorGML has been developed and published by OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium). This standard is based on a cellular notion of space, which considers an indoor space as a set of non-overlapping cells. It consists of two types of modules; core module and extension module. While core module consists of four basic conceptual and implementation modeling components (geometric model for cell, topology between cells, semantic model of cell, and multi-layered space model), extension modules may be defined on the top of the core module to support an application area. As the first version of the standard, we provide an extension for indoor navigation.
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Sedlmeier, Andreas, i Sebastian Feld. "Learning indoor space perception". Journal of Location Based Services 12, nr 3-4 (2.10.2018): 179–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17489725.2018.1539255.
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Sun, Qun, Xiaoguang Zhou i Dongyang Hou. "A Simplified CityGML-Based 3D Indoor Space Model for Indoor Applications". Applied Sciences 10, nr 20 (16.10.2020): 7218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207218.
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With the continuous development of indoor positioning technology, various indoor applications, such as indoor navigation and emergency rescue, have gradually received widespread attention. Indoor navigation and emergency rescue require access to a variety of indoor space information, such as accurate geometric information, rich semantic information and indoor spatial adjacency information; hence, a suitable 3D indoor model is needed. However, the available models, such as BIM and CityGML, mainly represent geometric and semantic information of indoor spaces, and rarely describe the topological adjacency relationship of interior spaces. To address the requirements of indoor navigation and emergency rescue, a simplified 3D indoor model is proposed in this research. The building components and indoor functional spaces of buildings are described in a simplified way. The geometric and semantic information are described based on CityGML, and the topological relationships of indoor adjacent spaces are represented by CityGML XLinks. While describing the indoor level of detail (LOD) of buildings in detail, the model simplifies building components and indoor spaces, which can preserve the characteristics of indoor spaces to the maximum extent and serve as a basis for indoor applications.
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Zhang, Xiaoxiang, Peiquan Jin, Lihua Yue, Na Wang i Qianyuan Li. "Towards Mobile Information Systems for Indoor Space". Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9673048.
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With the rapid development of Internet of things (IOT) and indoor positioning technologies such as Wi-Fi and RFID, indoor mobile information systems have become a new research hotspot. Based on the unique features of indoor space and urgent needs on indoor mobile applications, in this paper we analyze some key issues in indoor mobile information systems, including positioning technologies in indoor environments, representation models for indoor spaces, query processing techniques for indoor moving objects, and index structures for indoor mobile applications. Then, we present an indoor mobile information management system named IndoorDB. Finally, we give some future research topics about indoor mobile information systems.
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Jung, Hyo-jin, i Jiyeong Lee. "Development of an Omnidirectional-Image-Based Data Model through Extending the IndoorGML Concept to an Indoor Patrol Service". Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5379106.
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Different indoor representation methods have been studied for their ability to provide indoor location-based services (LBS). Among them, omnidirectional imaging is one of the most typical and simple methods for representing an indoor space. However, a georeferenced omnidirectional image cannot be used for simple attribute searches, spatial queries, and spatial awareness analyses. To perform these functions, topological data are needed to define the features of and spatial relationships among spatial objects including indoor spaces as well as facilities like CCTV cameras considered in patrol service applications. Therefore, this study proposes an indoor space application data model for an indoor patrol service that can implement functions suited to linking indoor space data and service objects. In order to do this, the study presents a method for linking data between omnidirectional images representing indoor spaces and topological data on indoor spaces based on the concept of IndoorGML. Also, we conduct an experimental implementation of the integrated 3D indoor navigation model for patrol service using GIS data. Based on the results, we evaluate the benefits of using such a 3D data fusion method that integrates omnidirectional images with vector-based topological data models based on IndoorGML for providing indoor LBS in built environments.
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Wang, Youqing, Kun Zhao i Zhengqi Zheng. "A 3D Indoor Positioning Method of Wireless Network with Single Base Station in Multipath Environment". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (14.04.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3144509.
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The proliferation of indoor location-based services has increased the demand of indoor positioning technology. Severe multipath and coherence effects are the difference between signal propagation indoors and outdoors. Most existing indoor localization methods build their models in 2-dimensional space and try to avoid the influence of multipath. We propose a method to realize 3-dimensional indoor positioning with single base station by using multipath channel. The angles of multipath coherent signals are estimated by MIMO antenna and the delays are estimated by OFDM signal. To avoid the complicated calculation in joint estimation of angles and delays in 3-dimensional space, the angles and delays are estimated separately and matched by the proposed algorithm. The line-of-sight channel is differentiated by time delay, and the reflection paths for non-line-of-sight channels are established with angle information and indoor maps. Finally, combine the angle information of the reflection paths and the line-of-sight path to obtain the target position in 3-dimensional indoor space. We verified the method through simulation in an indoor space of 6 m × 8 m × 4.5 m . The positioning errors are submeter level in 95 % cases and less than 0.4m in 60 % cases. The proposed method requires only one base station and can be applied in most wireless networks. Compared with existing indoor localization methods, it has lower computational complexity and higher application potential.
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Claridades, A. R. C., M. Kim, S. Park i J. Lee. "TOWARDS REPRESENTING TRANSITIONAL SPACES: DEVELOPMENTAL DIRECTION FOR INDOORGML ANCHOR NODE". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W4-2021 (7.10.2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w4-2021-11-2021.
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Abstract. Naturally, human beings freely navigate indoor space to outdoor space and optionally to another indoor space. However, currently available data models to represent space do not fully reflect this freedom and continuity of movement. These shortfalls hinder the development of location-based applications from aiding this navigation activity and affect the accuracy and optimality of route analysis. Existing models used for this purpose either represent indoor and outdoor space separately or use direct links that do not fully represent the freedom of movement and the complexity of urban areas. While these approaches use single-feature representations of the connection of these spaces through nodes for the building entrances, Transitional Spaces exist at these locations and must be represented accordingly in navigation networks. In this paper, we illustrate how currently defined IndoorGML concepts can be utilized for integrating indoor and outdoor navigation networks through the Transitional Spaces. We perform an experimental case using sample data to demonstrate the limitations of this model. From this, we discuss the developmental direction of the Anchor Node concept towards developing a model to fully represent navigation on an integrated indoor-outdoor network.
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Jung, H., i J. Lee. "INDOOR SUBSPACING TO IMPLEMENT INDOORGML FOR INDOOR NAVIGATION". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W4 (19.10.2015): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w4-25-2015.
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According to an increasing demand for indoor navigation, there are great attempts to develop applicable indoor network. Representation for a room as a node is not sufficient to apply complex and large buildings. As OGC established IndoorGML, subspacing to partition the space for constructing logical network is introduced. Concerning subspacing for indoor network, transition space like halls or corridors also have to be considered. This study presents the subspacing process for creating an indoor network in shopping mall. Furthermore, categorization of transition space is performed and subspacing of this space is considered. Hall and squares in mall is especially defined for subspacing. Finally, implementation of subspacing process for indoor network is presented.
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Tsiliakou, E., i E. Dimopoulou. "3D NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR INDOOR SPACE APPLICATIONS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W2 (6.10.2016): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w2-147-2016.
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Indoor space differs from outdoor environments, since it is characterized by a higher level of structural complexity, geometry, as well as topological relations. Indoor space can be considered as the most important component in a building’s conceptual modelling, on which applications such as indoor navigation, routing or analysis are performed. Therefore, the conceptual meaning of sub spaces or the activities taking place in physical building boundaries (e.g. walls), require the comprehension of the building’s indoor hierarchical structure. The scope of this paper is to perform 3D network analysis in a building’s interior and is structured as follows: In Section 1 the definition of indoor space is provided and indoor navigation requirements are analysed. Section 2 describes the processes of indoor space modeling, as well as routing applications. In Section 3, a case study is examined involving a 3D building model generated in CityEngine (exterior shell) and ArcScene (interior parts), in which the use of commercially available software tools (ArcGIS, ESRI), in terms of indoor routing and 3D network analysis, are explored. The fundamentals of performing 3D analysis with the ArcGIS Network Analyst extension were tested. Finally a geoprocessing model was presented, which was specifically designed to be used to interactively find the best route in ArcScene. The paper ends with discussion and concluding remarks on Section 4.
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Manaswini Devi, S., Ebin Horrison i Sheetal Amraotkar. "Evaluating the Impact of Transition spaces on the Indoor comfort conditions of a Naturally Ventilated Institution Building". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1210, nr 1 (1.07.2023): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1210/1/012014.
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Abstract Transition spaces connect between the interior space and the exterior environment and it acts as an intermediate or a third space. A well-designed transition space acts as a microclimate modifier for the interior spaces. The current study focuses on the role of transition spaces in creating a comfortable thermal environment in classrooms of an educational institute, located in a region with hot humid climate. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of transition spaces upon the creation of indoor thermal comfort. For this study, the quantitative data was collected through field measurements in terms of air temperature on a typical summer day. Further, the field data was also collected from different orientations and various classrooms within the campus of the institution. Adaptive thermal comfort metrics was used to compare the performance on the built geometry. The spatial distribution of adaptive thermal comfort was simulated using IESVE software. Further, new scenarios were proposed and developed for the built geometry by altering the built parameters like aspect ratio and the depth of the transition space. The indoor thermal comfort performance of the proposed scenarios was compared with the existing conditions so as to establish a relationship between the built parameters and comfort conditions. A significant improvement was evident in the comfort level of indoor spaces, which suggest that the transition spaces optimize the indoor space comfort levels by reducing the indoor temperature by about 0.5°C to 2°C. Thus, the study proves that the changes in the aspect ratio and corridor width significantly impacts the indoor comfort. The current study outcomes can further help the designers to understand that the best efficient transition space has a positive impact upon a healthy learning space.
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Tabata, Kenichi, Madoka Nakajima i Naohiko Kohtake. "Design of Multiple Spatial Context Detection Method Considering Elongated Top-Bounded Spaces Based on GPS Signal-To-Noise Ratio and Fuzzy Inference". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, nr 12 (2.12.2020): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120717.
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Numerous studies have been conducted on indoor and outdoor seamless positioning and indoor–outdoor detection methods. However, the classification of real space into two types, outdoor space and indoor space, is difficult. One type of space that is difficult to classify is top-bounded space, which can be observed in commercial facilities, logistics facilities, and street-facing sidewalks. In this study, we designed a method for detecting stays in three spatial contexts: Outdoor, top-bounded space, and indoor. This method considers elongated top-bounded spaces covered with a roof and open on one of the sides. Specifically, we selected Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites for stay detection based on the simple extraction of the spatial characteristics of a top-bounded space and designed a decision flow using fuzzy inference based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the selected GPS satellites. Moreover, we conducted an evaluation experiment to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and confirmed that it could correctly detect the stay in three spatial contexts, outdoor, top-bounded space, and indoor, with a high probability of 93.1%.
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Chou, Yu-Tuan, i Shao-Yi Hsia. "Numerical Analysis of Indoor Sound Quality Evaluation Using Finite Element Method". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/420316.
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Indoors sound field distribution is important to Room Acoustics, but the field suffers numerous problems, for example, multipath propagation and scattering owing to sound absorption by furniture and other aspects of décor. Generally, an ideal interior space must have a sound field with clear quality. This provides both the speaker and the listener with a pleasant conversational environment. This investigation uses the Finite Element Method to assess the acoustic distribution based on the indoor space and chamber volume. In this situation, a fixed sound source at different frequencies is used to simulate the acoustic characteristics of the indoor space. This method considers the furniture and decoration sound absorbing material and thus different sound absorption coefficients and configurations. The preliminary numerical simulation provides a method that can forecast the distribution of sound in an indoor room in complex situations. Consequently, it is possible to arrange interior furnishings and appliances to optimize acoustic distribution and environmental friendliness. Additionally, the analytical results can also be used to calculate the Reverberation Time and speech intelligibility for specified indoor space.
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Zong, Hua, Jiao Wang, Ting Zhou, Jiarui Sun i Xuehong Chen. "The Influence of Transient Changes in Indoor and Outdoor Thermal Comfort on the Use of Outdoor Space by Older Adults in the Nursing Home". Buildings 12, nr 7 (26.06.2022): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070905.
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Recently, the requirements regarding the environment of nursing homes are high, because the elderly are a vulnerable group with limited adaptive capacity to respond to transient environmental change. This paper presents a field investigation on the influence of transient thermal comfort changes between the indoor and outdoor spaces (i.e., air temperature (Ta), solar radiation (SR), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), and the thermal comfort indices of Universal Thermal Index (UTCI)) on the willingness of the elderly to use outdoor spaces of the Wanxia nursing home of Chengdu City. Results indicated that, in summer, the mean UTCI values of indoor and corridor spaces corresponded to the level of moderate heat stress, while those of road and garden corresponded to the strong heat stress level. Road and garden spaces even showed moderate heat stress in spring. Approximately 28.93% (139) of the elderly living here used outdoor spaces every day. The morning period (from 9:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m.) was the elderly’s favorited period for using outdoor spaces in seasons. The microclimatic transient differences between indoor and outdoor spaces ranged from 0.47 °C to 2.93 °C (|ΔTa|), from 86.09 W/m2 to 206.76 W/m2 (|ΔSR|), from 5.29% to 14.76% (ΔRH), from 0.01 m/s to 0.07 m/s (|ΔWS|), and from 0.25 °C to 2.25 °C (ΔUTCI). These big microclimate differences could cause enormous health risks for the elderly in the process of indoor and outdoor space conversion. The minimal transient change occurred between corridors and indoors. Pearson correlation analysis indicated ΔTa and ΔRH between indoor and outdoor spaces were the primary meteorological factors that influenced the elderly’s willing to use outdoor spaces. The elderly preferred to live in a constant Ta and RH environment. Only when the ΔTa and ΔRH are small enough to resemble a steady-state (ΔUTCI ≤ 0.5 °C), ΔWS and ΔSI could affect the elderly’s choice of using outdoor space. Optimal design strategies were put forward for reducing the transient differences between indoor and outdoor microclimates to inspire the elderly to use outdoor spaces safely, including improving outdoor canopy coverage and indoor mechanical ventilation.
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Wang, Haining, Keming Hou, Zhe Kong, Xi Guan, Songtao Hu, Mingli Lu, Xun Piao i Yuchong Qian. "“In-Between Area” Design Method: An Optimization Design Method for Indoor Public Spaces for Elderly Facilities Evaluated by STAI, HRV and EEG". Buildings 12, nr 8 (19.08.2022): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081274.
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The indoor public spaces of most elderly facilities in China have a monotonous space form, which, thus, causes low comprehensive performance and is less likely to satisfy participants’ various requirements. This study proposes an optimization design method of “In-Between Area” for a space form operation to improve the performance of indoor public spaces. First, two models were established: Model A to reflect current indoor public spaces and Model B to represent the indoor public spaces designed by using the “In-Between Area” method. Second, a walk-through video was created from each model, with a duration of 196 s. Subjective assessment (STAI) data and objective physiological data (HRV and EEG), were collected from 40 participants while they were watching walk-through videos. The comparison analysis showed statistically significant differences between Model A and Model B. The results of STAI, HRV and EEG proved that the “In-Between Area” method, as an optimization design method, created a more pleasant and comfortable environment for the elderly and improved the overall efficiency of the indoor space.
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Zhou, Y., G. Zeng, Y. Huang i X. Yang. "INDOOR SPACE LOCATION MODEL BASED ON LOCATION SERVICE". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W7 (23.10.2017): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w7-49-2017.
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Location is the basis for the realization of location services, the integrity of the location information and its way of representation in indoor space model directly restricts the quality of location services. The construction of the existing indoor space model is mostly for specific applications and lack of uniform representation of location information. Several geospatial standards have been developed to meet the requirement of the indoor spatial information system, among which CityGML LOD4 and IndoorGML are the most relevant ones for indoor spatial information. However, from the perspective of Location Based Service (LBS), the CityGML LOD4 is more inclined to visualize the indoor space. Although IndoorGML is mainly used for indoor space navigation and has description (such as geometry, topology, and semantics) benefiting for indoor LBS, this standard model lack explicit representation of indoor location information. In this paper, from the perspective of Location Based Service (LBS), based on the IndoorGML standard, an indoor space location model (ISLM) conforming to human cognition is proposed through integration of the geometric and topological and semantic features of the indoor spatial entity. This model has the explicit description of location information which the standard indoor space model of IndoorGML and CityGML LOD4 does not have, which can lay the theoretical foundation for indoor location service such as indoor navigation, indoor routing and location query.
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Xu, Man, Shuangfeng Wei i Sisi Zlatanova. "AN INDOOR NAVIGATION APPROACH CONSIDERING OBSTACLES AND SPACE SUBDIVISION OF 2D PLAN". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (13.06.2016): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-339-2016.
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The demand for indoor navigation is increasingly urgent in many applications such as safe management of underground spaces or location services in complex indoor environment, e.g. shopping centres, airports, museums, underground parking lot and hospitals. Indoor navigation is still a challenging research field, as currently applied indoor navigation algorithms commonly ignore important environmental and human factors and therefore do not provide precise navigation. Flexible and detailed networks representing the connectivity of spaces and considering indoor objects such as furniture are very important to a precise navigation. In this paper we concentrate on indoor navigation considering obstacles represented as polygons. We introduce a specific space subdivision based on a simplified floor plan to build the indoor navigation network. The experiments demonstrate that we are able to navigate around the obstacles using the proposed network. Considering to well-known path-finding approaches based on Medial Axis Transform (MAT) or Visibility Graph (VG), the approach in this paper provides a quick subdivision of space and routes, which are compatible with the results of VG.
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Xu, Man, Shuangfeng Wei i Sisi Zlatanova. "AN INDOOR NAVIGATION APPROACH CONSIDERING OBSTACLES AND SPACE SUBDIVISION OF 2D PLAN". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (13.06.2016): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-339-2016.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The demand for indoor navigation is increasingly urgent in many applications such as safe management of underground spaces or location services in complex indoor environment, e.g. shopping centres, airports, museums, underground parking lot and hospitals. Indoor navigation is still a challenging research field, as currently applied indoor navigation algorithms commonly ignore important environmental and human factors and therefore do not provide precise navigation. Flexible and detailed networks representing the connectivity of spaces and considering indoor objects such as furniture are very important to a precise navigation. In this paper we concentrate on indoor navigation considering obstacles represented as polygons. We introduce a specific space subdivision based on a simplified floor plan to build the indoor navigation network. The experiments demonstrate that we are able to navigate around the obstacles using the proposed network. Considering to well-known path-finding approaches based on Medial Axis Transform (MAT) or Visibility Graph (VG), the approach in this paper provides a quick subdivision of space and routes, which are compatible with the results of VG.
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Karve, Sujata Abhijit, i Rucha Nachane. "Post Occupancy Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality in Green Rated Commercial Interiors". Current World Environment 18, nr 1 (29.04.2023): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.18.1.27.
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Good indoor air quality is crucial for the health, happiness, and satisfaction of the occupants. Since we spend so much time indoors, it is essential to maintain a reasonable level of indoor air quality. One of the elements contributing to the decline in indoor air quality was the interior materials. Having acknowledged this, green building rating systems have incorporated the use of low-emitting materials as a credit that may be gained. A system for assessing commercial interiors with a focus on interior materials exists and has been used by several commercial offices. This study aimed to understand the indoor air quality in green-rated commercial interior spaces that have won points for the use of low-emitting materials and indoor air quality. A post-occupancy review was conducted on an IGBC rated green commercial interior office space, in which various pollutant concentrations were measured and observations were made regarding space usage, cleaning processes, and maintenance. Almost 41.9% of the areas that were studied had CO2 values that exceeded the threshold. Additionally, the concentration of PM 2.5 was elevated in all locations, particularly during partial occupancy. The findings indicate that the use of low-emitting materials and finishes in office interiors helped to reduce the concentration of pollutants in the indoor environment. However, the concentrations of these various pollutants also depended on several other factors, such as the ventilation system, the use of electronic equipment, the frequency of cleaning practises, etc.
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Kim, Taehoon, Kyoung-Sook Kim i Ki-Joune Li. "Improving Room-Level Location for Indoor Trajectory Tracking with Low IPS Accuracy". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, nr 9 (16.09.2021): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090620.
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With the development of indoor positioning methods, such as Wi-Fi positioning, geomagnetic sensor positioning, Ultra-Wideband positioning, and pedestrian dead reckoning, the area of location-based services (LBS) is expanding from outdoor to indoor spaces. LBS refers to the geographic location information of moving objects to provide the desired services. Most Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning methods provide two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) coordinates in 1–5 m of accuracy on average approximately. However, many applications of indoor LBS are targeted to specific spaces such as rooms, corridors, stairs, etc. Thus, they require determining a service space from a coordinate in indoor spaces. In this paper, we propose a map matching method to assign an indoor position to a unit space a subdivision of an indoor space, called USMM (Unit Space Map Matching). Map matching is a commonly used localization improvement method that utilizes spatial constraints. We consider the topological information between unit spaces and moving objects’ probabilistic properties, compared to existing room-level mappings based on sensor signals, especially received signal strength-based fingerprinting. The proposed method has the advantage of calculating the probability even if there is only one input trajectory. Last, we analyze the accuracy and performance of the proposed USMM methods by extensive experiments in real and synthetic environments. The experimental results show that our methods bring a significant improvement when the accuracy level of indoor positioning is low. In experiments, the room-level location accuracy improves by almost 30% and 23% with real and synthetic data, respectively. We conclude that USMM methods are helpful to correct valid room-level locations from given positioning locations.
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Jamali, Ali, Alias Abdul Rahman i Pawel Boguslawski. "A Hybrid 3D Indoor Space Model". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W1 (26.10.2016): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w1-75-2016.
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GIS integrates spatial information and spatial analysis. An important example of such integration is for emergency response which requires route planning inside and outside of a building. Route planning requires detailed information related to indoor and outdoor environment. Indoor navigation network models including Geometric Network Model (GNM), Navigable Space Model, sub-division model and regular-grid model lack indoor data sources and abstraction methods. In this paper, a hybrid indoor space model is proposed. In the proposed method, 3D modeling of indoor navigation network is based on surveying control points and it is less dependent on the 3D geometrical building model. This research proposes a method of indoor space modeling for the buildings which do not have proper 2D/3D geometrical models or they lack semantic or topological information. The proposed hybrid model consists of topological, geometrical and semantical space.
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Bapir, Salahaddin Yasin, i Siham Musheer Kareem. "Covid-19 and Functionality: By Providing Social Distancing of Indoor Common Spaces in Residential Building". Journal of Studies in Science and Engineering 1, nr 1 (30.08.2021): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53898/josse2021115.
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Before the COVID-19 pandemic, people spent on average around 90% of their time indoors. Nowadays, more than ever, with work-from-home commands in place, it is important that they rethink the design and procedure of buildings. Indoor common space parameters straight affect the comfort and well-being of occupants. After COVID-19 cooperates, occupants are at increased danger for many infections make worse by social distancing. The aim of this study, to assess how to provide social distancing by evaluating the functionality of the plan type on the common indoor spaces in the multi-story apartment buildings in Erbil City. The methodology in this study integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches to increase the accuracy of the research results. This study chose ten different floor plan types of multi-story apartment buildings established on space syntax (software design) analysis, and one primary syntactical indicator is visual connectivity. This research study responds to two questions that discover the effects of functionality in indoor common spaces to provide social distancing of residents. The results determined that the layout design of the apartment space influences the social distancing of areas. Therefore, the results preferred the single-loaded corridor (gallery) plan over other types to provide social distancing post-COVID-19. The research establishes a foundation for future design and offers visions for new study instructions besides findings.
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Claridades, Alexis Richard C., Hyun-Sang Choi i Jiyeong Lee. "An Indoor Space Subspacing Framework for Implementing a 3D Hierarchical Network-Based Topological Data Model". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, nr 2 (19.01.2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11020076.
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Because requirements for establishing spatial data for location-based services (LBS) have increased in demand together with an increase in the number of complex structures, especially in urban areas, research has revisited the limitations of data models in representing space. Though research and corresponding applications continue to explore indoor spaces, their complete and accurate representation remains a challenge. Indoor space presents a hierarchical structure, but, unlike their topological relationships, data models have overlooked this. As subspacing presents a method to express this hierarchy of space, we aimed to develop a subspacing framework for expressing topological and hierarchical relationships at various levels of indoor space. We accomplished this by investigating the hierarchy of indoor space structures and how this relates to implementing a multi-level Node-Relation Structure (NRS) representation of indoor space through subspacing. Furthermore, we formalized these concepts by extending the IndoorGML core model. Then, we demonstrated the potential of the proposed framework through an experiment on sample data by generating corresponding network representations at different levels of detail.
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Chen, Qingxiang, Jing Chen i Wumeng Huang. "Method for Generation of Indoor GIS Models Based on BIM Models to Support Adjacent Analysis of Indoor Spaces". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, nr 9 (24.08.2020): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090508.
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Methods for the generation of indoor geographic information system (GIS) models based on building information modelling (BIM) models can promote the analysis and application of indoor GIS, avoiding the complexity of traditional indoor space collection. The indoor adjacency relations (i.e., the attribute of IndoorGML) play a vital role in the adjacent query and analysis in indoor GIS applications (i.e., obtaining the neighbors or affected spaces of a cellular space in a building). However, current methods ignore the important feature, which considerably limits the spatial analysis ability of indoor GIS. Therefore, we developed a method for the generation of indoor GIS models based on BIM models to support adjacent analysis of indoor spaces. The method first devised an indoor GIS model (IGSM) by integrating spatial features (mainly adjacency relations) and the BIM model. Then, we proposed rapid modeling algorithms to mainly establish indoor adjacency relations based on the IGSM. Moreover, in the potential application of indoor GIS (e.g., indoor emergency response), we proposed a K-adjacent analysis algorithm to improve the application ability of the adjacent analysis of indoor GIS. Finally, experimental results suggest its validity and efficiency, which has substantial practical significance for the subsequent analysis and application of 3D GIS.
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Lim, Gahyeon, i Nakju Doh. "Automatic Reconstruction of Multi-Level Indoor Spaces from Point Cloud and Trajectory". Sensors 21, nr 10 (17.05.2021): 3493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103493.
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Remarkable progress in the development of modeling methods for indoor spaces has been made in recent years with a focus on the reconstruction of complex environments, such as multi-room and multi-level buildings. Existing methods represent indoor structure models as a combination of several sub-spaces, which are constructed by room segmentation or horizontal slicing approach that divide the multi-room or multi-level building environments into several segments. In this study, we propose an automatic reconstruction method of multi-level indoor spaces with unique models, including inter-room and inter-floor connections from point cloud and trajectory. We construct structural points from registered point cloud and extract piece-wise planar segments from the structural points. Then, a three-dimensional space decomposition is conducted and water-tight meshes are generated with energy minimization using graph cut algorithm. The data term of the energy function is expressed as a difference in visibility between each decomposed space and trajectory. The proposed method allows modeling of indoor spaces in complex environments, such as multi-room, room-less, and multi-level buildings. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated for seven indoor space datasets.
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Arabsheibani, Reza, Ehsan Hamzei, Kimia Amoozandeh, Stephan Winter i Martin Tomko. "From Floorplan to Navigation Concepts: Automatic Generation of Text-based Games". AGILE: GIScience Series 4 (6.06.2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-4-2-2023.
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Abstract. Text-based games are environments in which defining the world, the representation of the world to the player (hereafter, agent) and agent interactions with the environment are all through text. Text-based games expose abstract, executable representations of indoor spaces through verbally referenced concepts. Yet, the ability of text-based games to represent indoor environments of real-world complexity is currently limited due to insufficient support for complex space decomposition and space interaction concepts. This paper suggests a procedure to automate the mapping of real-world geometric floorplan information into text-based game environment concepts, using the Microsoft TextWorld game platform as a case. To capture the complexities of indoor spaces, we enrich existing TextWorld concepts supported by theoretical navigation concepts.We first decompose indoor spaces using skeletonization, and then identify formal space concepts and their relationships. We further enhance the spectrum of supported agent interactions with an extended grammar, including egocentric navigation instructions. We demonstrate and discuss these new capabilities in an evacuation scenario. Our implementation extends the capabilities of TextWorld to provide a research testbed for spatial research, including symbolic spatial modelling, interaction with indoor spaces, and agent-based machine learning and language processing tasks.
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Lee, Yeo-Kyung, Young Il Kim i Woo-Seok Lee. "Development of CO2 Concentration Prediction Tool for Improving Office Indoor Air Quality Considering Economic Cost". Energies 15, nr 9 (28.04.2022): 3232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093232.
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Ventilation is becoming increasingly important to improve indoor air quality and prevent the spread of COVID-19. This study analyzed the indoor air quality of office spaces, where occupants remain for extended periods, among multi-use facilities with an increasing need for ventilation system application. A “tool for office space CO2 prediction and indoor air quality improvement recommendation” was developed. The research method was divided into four steps. Step 1: Analysis of indoor air quality characteristics in office spaces was carried out with a questionnaire survey and indoor air quality experiment. Based on the CO2 concentration, which was found to be a problem in the indoor air quality experiment in the office space, Step 2: CO2 concentration prediction tool for office spaces, which requires inputs of regional and spatial factors and architectural and equipment elements, was developed. In Step 3: Development and verification of prediction tool considering economic feasibility, the cost of energy recovery ventilation systems based on the invoices of the energy recovery ventilation manufacturers was analyzed. In Step 4: Energy recovery ventilation proposal and indoor CO2 forecast, Office Space B, which can accommodate up to 15 people, was derived as an example of the proposed tool. As a result of the prediction, the optimal air volume of the energy recovery ventilation was determined according to the “office CO2 prediction and indoor air quality improvement recommendations”. This study introduced simple tools, which can be used by non-experts, that are capable of showing changes in indoor air quality, CO2 concentration and cost according to activities.
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Zhang, Guang Ming, i Xiao Jun Wang. "Discussion on the Ecological Design of Architecture in Improving the Indoor Environment Quality of". Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (maj 2012): 3126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.3126.
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This paper starting from the indoor environment pollution，expounds the relevant theoretical knowledge of indoor environmental pollution,on the basis of these theories pointed out that indoor environment improvement in people health art life function. In the treatment of the indoor environment pollution method,especially through building the ecological space design technique,such as the strengthening of indoor space and outdoor space integration, the use of green natural building materials,Pay attention to the ecological building space design, can effectively reduce indoor air pollution,Improving indoor environmental quality, create a comfortable indoor environment.
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Pang, Yueyong, Lizhi Miao, Liangchen Zhou i Guonian Lv. "An Indoor Space Model of Building Considering Multi-Type Segmentation". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, nr 7 (28.06.2022): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070367.
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Indoor space is a core part of supporting indoor applications. Most of the existing indoor space models are expressed from three space scales: building, floor, and room, and the granularity is not fine enough, lacking the expression of each functional subspace inside the room. In this study, we first analyzed the spatio-temporal segmentation characteristics of indoor space, and proposed a multi-level indoor space model framework that takes into account multiple types of segmentation. As well, based on the IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) standard, the extension of the indoor functional subspace was realized. The experimental results showed that the indoor space model proposed in this paper can effectively support the expression of functional subspace under the multi-type segmentation based on indoor elements, especially from the aspects of semantics, geometry, relationship, and attribute. This study enriches the granularity of existing indoor models and provides support for refined indoor navigation and evacuation applications.
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Alamri, Sultan, David Taniar i Kinh Nguyen. "Vertical Indexing for Moving Objects in Multifloor Environments". Mobile Information Systems 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4175298.
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The indexing and tracking of objects moving in indoor spaces has increasingly become an important area of research, which presents a fundamentally different challenge. There are two main reasons for why indoor should be treated as cellular space. Firstly, an indoor space has entities, such as rooms and walls, that constrain the movement of the moving objects. Secondly, the relevant notion of locations of an object is cell based rather than an exact Euclidean coordinate. As a solution, in our earlier works, we proposed a cell-based indexing structure, called the C-tree, for indexing objects moving in indoor space. In this paper, we extend the C-tree to solve another interesting problem. It can be observed that many indoor spaces (such as shopping centers) contain wings/sections. For such a space, there are queries for which the wing/section location of an object, rather than the cellular location, is the relevant answer (e.g., “the object is in the east wing”). In this paper, we propose a new index structure, called the GMI-tree (“GMI” stands for “Graph-based Multidimensional Index”). The GMI-tree is based on two notions of distance, or equivalently, two notions of adjacency: one represents horizontal adjacency and the other represents vertical adjacency.
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Han, Litao, Hu Qiao, Zeyu Li, Mengfan Liu i Pengfei Zhang. "Navigation-Oriented Topological Model Construction Algorithm for Complex Indoor Space". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, nr 6 (18.06.2023): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12060248.
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Indoor space information is the basis of indoor location services such as indoor navigation, path planning, emergency evacuation, etc. Focusing on indoor navigation needs, this paper proposes a fast construction algorithm for a complex indoor space topology model based on disjoint set for the problem of lacking polygon description and topological relationship expression of indoor space entity objects in building plan drawings. Firstly, the Tarjan algorithm is used for identifying the hanging edges existing in the indoor space. Secondly, each edge is stored as two different edges belonging to two adjacent polygons that share the edge. A ring structure is introduced to judge the geometric position of walls, and then an efficient disjoint set algorithm is used to perform set merging. After that, disjoint set is queried to obtain all indoor space contours and external boundary contours, thereby the complete indoor space topological relationship at multiple levels is established. Finally, the connectivity theory of graph is used for solving the problem of a complex isolated polygon in topology information generation. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has generality to efficiently complete the automatic construction of a topological model for complex scenarios, and effectively acquire and organize indoor space information, thus providing a good spatial cognition mode for indoor navigation.
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Zhang, Huangchuang, i Ge Li. "A Digital Grid Model for Complex Time-Varying Environments in Civil Engineering Buildings". Remote Sensing 15, nr 16 (15.08.2023): 4037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15164037.
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The indoor environment is typically a complex time-varying environment. At present, the problem of indoor modeling is still a hot research topic for scholars at home and abroad. This paper primarily studies indoor time-varying space. On the basis of the Beidou grid framework and time coding model, in the first scenario, a local space subdivision framework based on Beidou is proposed. The necessity of local space subdivision framework is analyzed. In the second scenario, based on the time coding model needle, a local temporal subdivision model, more suitable for a short time domain, is proposed. Then, for the spatial modeling of an indoor time-varying environment, an indoor time-varying mesh frame based on global subdivision, local space subdivision, and local time subdivision is proposed. Using this framework, the indoor environment is represented by the space–time grid, and the basic storage data structure is designed. Finally, the experiment of local subdivision coding in the indoor space–time grid, indoor space–time grid modeling, and an organization experiment is carried out using real data and simulation data. The experimental results verify the feasibility and correctness of the encoding and decoding algorithm of local subdivision encoding in space–time encoding and the calculation algorithm of the space–time relationship. The experimental results also verify the multi-space organization and the management ability of the indoor space–time grid model.
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Tam, Claire, Yuqing Zhao, Zaiyi Liao i Lian Zhao. "Mitigation Strategies for Overheating and High Carbon Dioxide Concentration within Institutional Buildings: A Case Study in Toronto, Canada". Buildings 10, nr 7 (9.07.2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10070124.
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Indoor air quality and thermal conditions are important considerations when designing indoor spaces to ensure occupant health, satisfaction, and productivity. Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and indoor air temperature are two measurable parameters to assess air quality and thermal conditions within a space. Occupants are progressively affected by the indoor environment as the time spent indoors prolongs. Specifically, there is an interest in carrying out investigations on the indoor environment through surveying existing Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC) system operations in classrooms. Indoor air temperature and CO2 concentration in multiple lecture halls in Toronto, Canada were monitored; observations consistently show high indoor air temperature (overheating) and high CO2 concentration. One classroom is chosen as a representative case study for this paper. The results verify a strong correlation between the number of occupants and the increase in air temperature and CO2 concentration. Building Energy Simulation (BES) is used to investigate the causes of discomfort in the classroom, and to identify methods for regulating the temperature and CO2 concentration. This paper proposes retro-commissioning strategies that could be implemented in institutional buildings; specifically, the increase of outdoor airflow rate and the addition of occupancy-based pre-active HVAC system control. The proposed retrofit cases reduce the measured overheating in the classrooms by 2-3 °C (indoor temperature should be below 23 °C) and maintain CO2 concentration under 900 ppm (the CO2 threshold is 1000 ppm), showing promising improvements to a classroom’s thermal condition and indoor air quality.
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Diakité, A. A., i S. Zlatanova. "EXTRACTION OF THE 3D FREE SPACE FROM BUILDING MODELS FOR INDOOR NAVIGATION". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W1 (5.10.2016): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w1-241-2016.
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For several decades, indoor navigation has been exclusively investigated in a 2D perspective, based on floor plans, projection and other 2D representations of buildings. Nevertheless, 3D representations are closer to our reality and offer a more intuitive description of the space configuration. Thanks to recent advances in 3D modelling, 3D navigation is timidly but increasingly gaining in interest through the indoor applications. But, because the structure of indoor environment is often more complex than outdoor, very simplified models are used and obstacles are not considered for indoor navigation leading to limited possibilities in complex buildings. In this paper we consider the entire configuration of the indoor environment in 3D and introduce a method to extract from it the actual navigable space as a network of connected 3D spaces (volumes). We describe how to construct such 3D free spaces from semantically rich and furnished IFC models. The approach combines the geometric, the topological and the semantic information available in a 3D model to isolate the free space from the rest of the components. Furthermore, the extraction of such navigable spaces in building models lacking of semantic information is also considered. A data structure named combinatorial maps is used to support the operations required by the process while preserving the topological and semantic information of the input models.
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Hayashibe, Keikichi. "Apparent Distance in Actual, Three-Dimensional Video-Recorded, and Virtual Reality". Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, nr 2 (październik 2002): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.2.573.
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This study examined how well reality was reproduced in several conditions of virtual reality, by mutually comparing the perception of distance in actual 3-dimensional space and 3-dimensional video-recorded space. Apparent distances in both indoor and outdoor situations were estimated by 10 adolescents. Analysis showed that relations between apparent distance and physical distance in the actual spaces both in indoor and outdoor situations arc described by 0.95 and 1.01 power exponents, respectively. On the other hand, the underestimations of the apparent distance are shown in the 3-dimensional video-recorded and the virtual reality spaces both in indoor and outdoor situations whose exponents ranged from .53 to .80.
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Li, C., X. Zhu, W. Guo, Y. Liu i H. Huang. "RESEARCH ON EXTENSION OF SPARQL ONTOLOGY QUERY LANGUAGE CONSIDERING THE COMPUTATION OF INDOOR SPATIAL RELATIONS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-4/W5 (11.05.2015): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-4-w5-67-2015.
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A method suitable for indoor complex semantic query considering the computation of indoor spatial relations is provided According to the characteristics of indoor space. This paper designs ontology model describing the space related information of humans, events and Indoor space objects (e.g. Storey and Room) as well as their relations to meet the indoor semantic query. The ontology concepts are used in IndoorSPARQL query language which extends SPARQL syntax for representing and querying indoor space. And four types specific primitives for indoor query, "Adjacent", "Opposite", "Vertical" and "Contain", are defined as query functions in IndoorSPARQL used to support quantitative spatial computations. Also a method is proposed to analysis the query language. Finally this paper adopts this method to realize indoor semantic query on the study area through constructing the ontology model for the study building. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively support complex indoor space semantic query.
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Ruiz-Calderon, Jean F., Humberto Cavallin, Se Jin Song, Atila Novoselac, Luis R. Pericchi, Jean N. Hernandez, Rafael Rios i in. "Walls talk: Microbial biogeography of homes spanning urbanization". Science Advances 2, nr 2 (luty 2016): e1501061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501061.
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Westernization has propelled changes in urbanization and architecture, altering our exposure to the outdoor environment from that experienced during most of human evolution. These changes might affect the developmental exposure of infants to bacteria, immune development, and human microbiome diversity. Contemporary urban humans spend most of their time indoors, and little is known about the microbes associated with different designs of the built environment and their interaction with the human immune system. This study addresses the associations between architectural design and the microbial biogeography of households across a gradient of urbanization in South America. Urbanization was associated with households’ increased isolation from outdoor environments, with additional indoor space isolation by walls. Microbes from house walls and floors segregate by location, and urban indoor walls contain human bacterial markers of space use. Urbanized spaces uniquely increase the content of human-associated microbes—which could increase transmission of potential pathogens—and decrease exposure to the environmental microbes with which humans have coevolved.
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Ma, Guofeng, Xue Song i Shanshan Shang. "BIM-BASED SPACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE IN EDUCATIONAL OFFICE BUILDING". JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 26, nr 1 (18.12.2019): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.11565.
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Lists and floor plans have been widely adopted as space management tools for educational office buildings. However, the two-dimensional floor plans fail to present the indoor complexity, which hinders users from intuitively observing the indoor equipment arrangements and adapting to the indoor environment within a short time. Meanwhile, insufficient research has been conducted on space management tools regarding building indoor navigation. A Building Information Modeling Space Management (BIMSM) system was proposed in this study based on BIM. This system is comprised of two components, i.e. indoor space allocation management and indoor path navigation. The real-time space usage can be queried and user demands may be matched with available space by applying the Space Usage Analysis (SUA) theory. After the establishment of indoor maps, an improved A* algorithm is used to provide smooth navigation paths, and the visualization of such paths can be provided in mobile terminals. The BIMSM system was applied in an office building in a university in Shanghai, China. In this case study, the overall user satisfaction reached 91.6% by greatly reducing space arrangement failures. The time indoor navigation took outperformed that based on the traditional A* algorithm, with the search efficiency increasing 5.28%.
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Jung, Seungwoog, Seungwan Han i Hoon Choi. "Enhancing Indoor Air Quality Estimation: A Spatially Aware Interpolation Scheme". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, nr 8 (18.08.2023): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12080347.
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The comprehensive and accurate assessment of the indoor air quality (IAQ) in large spaces, such as offices or multipurpose facilities, is essential for IAQ management. It is widely recognized that various IAQ factors affect the well-being, health, and productivity of indoor occupants. In indoor environments, it is important to assess the IAQ in places where it is difficult to install sensors due to space constraints. Spatial interpolation is a technique that uses sample values of known points to predict the values of other unknown points. Unlike in outdoor environments, spatial interpolation is difficult in large indoor spaces due to various constraints, such as being separated into rooms by walls or having facilities such as air conditioners or heaters installed. Therefore, it is necessary to identify independent or related regions in indoor spaces and to utilize them for spatial interpolation. In this paper, we propose a spatial interpolation technique that groups points with similar characteristics in indoor spaces and utilizes the characteristics of these groups for spatial interpolation. We integrated the IAQ data collected from multiple locations within an office space and subsequently conducted a comparative experiment to assess the accuracy of our proposed method in comparison to commonly used approaches, such as inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging, natural neighbor interpolation, and the radial basis function (RBF). Additionally, we performed experiments using the publicly available Intel Lab dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed scheme outperformed the existing methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method was able to obtain better predictions by reflecting the characteristics of regions with similar characteristics within the indoor space.
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Maheshwari, Nishith, Srishti Srivastava i Krishnan Sundara Rajan. "Development of an Indoor Space Semantic Model and Its Implementation as an IndoorGML Extension". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, nr 8 (27.07.2019): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080333.
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Geospatial data capture and handling of indoor spaces is increasing over the years and has had a varied history of data sources ranging from architectural and building drawings to indoor data acquisition approaches. While these have been more data format and information driven primarily for the physical representation of spaces, it is important to note that many applications look for the semantic information to be made available. This paper proposes a space classification model leading to an ontology for indoor spaces that accounts for both the semantic and geometric characteristics of the spaces. Further, a Space semantic model is defined, based on this ontology, which can then be used appropriately in multiple applications. To demonstrate the utility of the model, we also present an extension to the IndoorGML data standard with a set of proposed classes that can help capture both the syntactic and semantic components of the model. It is expected that these proposed classes can be appropriately harnessed for use in diverse applications ranging from indoor data visualization to more user customised building evacuation path planning with a semantic overtone.
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Tagare, Ar Swati Viraj. "Creating Livable Indoor Space To Lovable". International Journal of Engineering Research 7, special3 (2018): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2319-6890.2018.00075.2.
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Clementini, E., i V. D’Orazio. "QUALITATIVE ROUTING INSTRUCTIONS IN INDOOR SPACE". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VI-4/W2-2020 (15.09.2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-vi-4-w2-2020-47-2020.
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Abstract. This paper discusses the generation of routing instructions in indoor space. We develop a user-friendly application that guides a pedestrian to reach a desired destination within a typical building floor in a simply and quickly way. Starting from a suitable navigation graph of the floor, the application considers qualitative reasoning techniques to produce indications such as “go slightly further” or “keep on the right” and adds a semantic level that provides indications on the visible landmarks along the route, such as “continue after the reception desk on the right”. This characteristic is fundamental when the users do not have a previous knowledge of the building, as they can be reassured by the presence of landmarks that help to understand if the taken direction is the correct one. The algorithm proposed on this paper is able to generate navigation instructions closer to what would be the typical indications of a human guide. We evaluate the result for some case studies of building floors.