Artykuły w czasopismach: „Individualism”

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Miller, Richard L., i Tyler L. Collette. "Cultural Differences in Children’s Recommended Punishment of Moral Transgressions". ATHENS JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, nr 3 (12.01.2022): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajss.9-3-1.

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The purpose of this research was to examine the severity of punishment recommended by children for moral transgressions. Using Hofstede’s (1980) distinction between individualism and collectivism, we examined the severity of punishment recommended by eight to twelve year old children for moral transgressions that violated a cultural value. Participants were children of various nationalities enrolled in a summer camp on the island of Mallorca, Spain. The children were classified as either individualist or collectivist using the Children’s Self-Construal Scale (Lewis et al. 2000). Each child reacted to nine moral transgressions, two of which were universal and seven of which reflected transgressions of either individualist or collectivist values. The results indicated that children classified as collectivists recommended harsher punishments for transgressions of collectivist values, whereas individualists did not vary in their recommended level of punishment for transgressions against both collectivist and individualist values. Keywords: individualism, collectivism, moral judgments, cultural orientation, moral transgressions

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Levine, Andrew. "Individualisms". Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 20 (1994): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1994.10717396.

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Individualisms of various kinds are pervasive in the social sciences and in moral, social and political theory. Thus some social theorists maintain that individual human beings exist but that there is nothing distinctively social in their interactions that we must countenance ontologically (metaphysical individualism). Others argue that ‘social facts,’ whatever their ontological status, should be explained by facts about individuals (methodological individualism). And virtually all philosophers assume that the point of departure for addressing normative questions about social and political arrangements should be individuals and their interests. These are, of course, distinct claims. But they are sustained by similar intuitions. I believe that in general these intuitions are sound, but that the full-blown doctrines they suggest are importantly mistaken. In what follows, I shall focus on one aspect of this very general claim. I shall dispute the form of individualism that nowadays pervades (normative) political theory while endorsing the individualist intuitions that motivate it.

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Long, Roderick T. "THE CLASSICAL ROOTS OF RADICAL INDIVIDUALISM". Social Philosophy and Policy 24, nr 2 (29.05.2007): 262–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052507070252.

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While the classical Greco-Roman tradition is not ordinarily thought of as associated with radical individualism, many of the central concerns of such radical individualists as Frédéric Bastiat, Herbert Spencer, Benjamin Tucker, Ludwig von Mises, F. A. Hayek, and Ayn Rand—including their views on human sociality, spontaneous order, and the relation between self-interest and non-instrumental concern for others—are shown to be inheritances from and developments of Platonic, Aristotelian, Epicurean, and Stoic ideas. Hence those working in the classical tradition have reason to explore the radical individualist tradition and vice versa.

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Finkelstein, Marcia A. "Correlates of individualism and collectivism: Predicting volunteer activity". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, nr 5 (30.06.2011): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.5.597.

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Differences in the factors that initiate volunteering in individualists versus collectivists were examined. In prior work it has been suggested that the two differ, not in how much service volunteers give, but in the reasons why. Individualist and collectivist tendencies were measured in a sample of long-term volunteers. Also assessed were respondents' attitudes about the responsibility of individuals and of society to help those in need, the individual's obligation to engage in social and political action, and the quality of social support available to participants. Collectivism was associated most strongly with personal responsibility and with a strong social support network, while individualism was related to a perceived responsibility to participate in social and political activism. Neither individualism nor collectivism was predictive of time spent volunteering. The findings suggest that rather than predicting who will, and will not, volunteer, the individualism/collectivism construct is useful in clarifying why people help. This knowledge, in turn, can be used to match the volunteer to the appropriate activity.

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Papcke, Luise. "Humboldt’s Individualism: Theorizing Social Individuality". History of Political Thought 45, nr 1 (29.02.2024): 157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.53765/20512988.45.1.157.

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This article retraces in the thought of Wilhelm von Humboldt an account of the ideal of individuality which I propose to call ‘social individuality’. Against readings of Humboldt’s individualism as atomist, asocial and apolitical, I show how his conceptualization attends expressly to the social origins and the inherent interindividual and even collective dimension of individuality, while nevertheless insisting on the irreducible uniqueness of each human being. I show how this inherent sociability is anchored in his ideal of self-cultivation and, importantly, in his linguistic thought, which is often neglected in interpretations of Humboldt’s political theory. In concentrating on the social dimension of individual self-formation, I argue, we can discern a different ideal of individuality that emphasizes interindividual communicative processes over the stress on nonconformity as found for instance in Mill’s defence of eccentricity or the ideal of ‘democratic individuality’ in the American tradition.

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Santos, Henri C., Michael E. W. Varnum i Igor Grossmann. "Global Increases in Individualism". Psychological Science 28, nr 9 (13.07.2017): 1228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617700622.

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Individualism appears to have increased over the past several decades, yet most research documenting this shift has been limited to the study of a handful of highly developed countries. Is the world becoming more individualist as a whole? If so, why? To answer these questions, we examined 51 years of data on individualist practices and values across 78 countries. Our findings suggest that individualism is indeed rising in most of the societies we tested. Despite dramatic shifts toward greater individualism around the world, however, cultural differences remain sizable. Moreover, cultural differences are primarily linked to changes in socioeconomic development, and to a lesser extent to shifts in pathogen prevalence and disaster frequency.

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Fatehi, Kamal, Jennifer L. Priestley i Gita Taasoobshirazi. "The expanded view of individualism and collectivism: One, two, or four dimensions?" International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 20, nr 1 (kwiecień 2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595820913077.

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Recent research to analyze and discuss cultural differences has employed a combination of five major dimensions of individualism–collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity–masculinity (gender role differentiation), and long-term orientation. Among these dimensions, individualism–collectivism has received the most attention. Chronologically, this cultural attribute has been regarded as one, then two, and more recently, four dimensions of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. However, research on this issue has not been conclusive and some have argued against this expansion. The current study attempts to explain and clarify this discussion by using a shortened version of the scale developed by Singelis et al. ((1995) Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: a theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research 29(3): 240–275). Our analysis of aggregate data from 802 respondents from nine countries supports the expanded view. Data aggregation was based on the Mindscape Theory that proposes inter- and intracultural heterogeneity. This finding is reassuring to scholars who have been using the shortened version of the instrument because confirmatory factor analysis indicated its validity. The findings of the present study provides clarification of some apparent ambiguity in recent research in specifying some cultures such as India, Israel, and Spain as individualists or collectivists. By separating the four constructs, more nuanced classification is possible. Also, such a distinction enables us to entertain such concepts as the Mindscape Theory that proposes a unique intracultural and transcultural heterogeneity that do not stereotype the whole culture as either individualist or collectivist.

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Finkelstein, Marcia A. "Individualism/collectivism: ImplicatIons for the volunteer process". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, nr 4 (1.05.2010): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.4.445.

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In the present study the constructs of individualism and collectivism were incorporated into a conceptual understanding of the volunteer process. The findings offer a broader perspective on volunteer antecedents and experiences and address an ongoing debate about the implications of individualism and collectivism for volunteering. Collectivism was found to be more strongly related than was individualism to altruistic motivations and the desire to strengthen social ties. Collectivism, but not individualism, was found to be associated with the development of a volunteer role identity. Individualism was most closely associated with career-related volunteer objectives. The results suggest that individualists and collectivists differ, not in their willingness to volunteer, but in why they choose to volunteer.

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Ang, Rebecca P., i Eddie C. Kuo. "Effects of Gender and Individualism-Collectivism on Directness of Refusal". South Pacific Journal of Psychology 14 (2003): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000262.

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AbstractThe effects of gender and individualism-collectivism on directness of refusal were examined on a Singapore sample. A 2 × 2 (Gender X Individualism-Collectivism) ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between gender and cultural orientation. Specifically, male individualists preferred more direct refusal strategies and male collectivists preferred more indirect refusal strategies compared to both female individualists and collectivists. Implications of the results and the limitations of the study were discussed.

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Ignjatović, Suzana, i Aleksandar Bošković. "O mogućnostima naučnog objašnjenja zasnovanog na metodološkom individualizmu u antropologiji". Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 13, nr 1 (24.02.2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v13i1.1.

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The paper deals with methodological individualism in sociocultural anthropology. Key theories and debates within the framework of methodological individualism in anthropology are presented in the paper. The authors discuss criticisms aimed at the use of methodological individualism in anthropology as not suitable for anthropology, due to its specificity. Instead, they argue that methodological individualism has advantages for a better understanding of many anthropological topics, especially compared to methodological holism. The authors’ assumption is that anthropology is not exclusively a holistic science, as the history of anthropological theory points to an important tradition of methodological individualism. The focus is placed on alternative models of scientific explanation, found in the works of contemporary anthropologists (Holy, Stuchlik), as well as methodological individualists from other disciplines (Boudon), whose conclusions are applicable to anthropology. Methodological individualism does have a significant place in anthropology. There are areas of anthropology that can draw heuristic benefit from epistemological approaches based on the principles of methodological individualism.

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Green, Eva G. T. "Successful or Friendly? Inferring Achievement and Relational Competence from Individualist and Collectivist Attitudes". Swiss Journal of Psychology 65, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.65.1.25.

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Two experiments investigated to what extent different types of individualist and collectivist attitudes are perceived as leading to achievement and relational competence. In Study 1, the degree of unique (horizontal individualism) and competitive (vertical individualism) attitudes of a fictitious target person were manipulated, whereas in Study 2 interdependent (horizontal collectivism) and group-dependent (vertical collectivism) attitudes were varied. The results showed that both horizontal individualism and collectivism were perceived as leading to achievement and relational competence. In turn, vertical individualism led to achievement, whereas vertical collectivism was perceived as inducing only modest relational competence and achievement. Overall, the findings demonstrate that horizontal attitudes were considered functional for a wider range of social outcomes than vertical attitudes.

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Freeman, Mark A., i Prashant Bordia. "Assessing alternative models of individualism and collectivism: a confirmatory factor analysis". European Journal of Personality 15, nr 2 (marzec 2001): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.398.

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Six alternative structural models of individualism–collectivism are reviewed and empirically compared in a confirmatory factor analysis of questionnaire data from an Australian student sample (N = 340). Central to the debate about the structure of this broad social attitude are the issues of (1) polarity (are individualism and collectivism bipolar opposites, or orthogonal factors?) and (2) dimensionality (are individualism and collectivism themselves higher‐order constructs subsuming several more specific factors and, if so, what are they?). The data from this Australian sample support a model that represents individualism and collectivism as a higher‐order bipolar factor hierarchically subsuming several bipolar reference‐group‐specific individualisms and collectivisms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Shastitko, E. А., i L. A. Tutov. "NOTES ON METHODOLOGICAL INDIVIDUALISM IN ECONOMIC RESEARCH: ARE THERE LIMITS TO THE APPLICATION?" Moscow University Economics Bulletin 58, nr 1 (2023): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0105-6-58-1-1.

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The main characteristics of methodological individualism as an approach usedin economics to the study of social phenomena are revealed and the associated with it wayof presenting accumulated knowledge. The authors show how methodological individualismis positioned in economics where Lakatos' research programs compete with each other. The study examines possible limitations in applying methodological individualism to relations between people mediatedby language as a means of communication, including in the lightof socialization processes, as well as in the light ofdifferences in the research process and theway of presenting its outcomes. The authors show that with the spread of technologies basedon artificial intelligence, the question of whether self-learning algorithms successfully passingthe Turing test should be considered as a challenge for applying the traditional understandingof methodological individualism in future economic research. Methodological individualismis one of the important issues in the modern methodology of economics, in the light of whichthe paper discusses various aspects of the relationship between methodologicalholism and individualism.

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Greene, Todd. "Essay. A Fourth Ideology of Individualism: Adding “Online Individuality” to a Theoretical Lens". Theory in Action 15, nr 1 (31.01.2022): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2204.

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Robert Putnam (2020) suggests Americans have become more individualistic every decade since the 1960’s. I have suggested that individualism is not a single monolith, but rather three different ideologies of individualism that have become entangled (2008). Consequences of these individualisms include widespread selfabsorption, and a lack of desire to correct structural problems. This article adds a fourth ideology, the ideology of online individuality, to the three previously stated. The consequences of this ideology are very similar to the others. Implications of ever-increasing individualism are raised. Solutions are suggested.

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Lu, Cloudia. "The Variance of the Display Regarding the Free Riders Effect within Collectivist and Individualist Individuals". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 26 (2.03.2024): 1008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/446pqy41.

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This study aims to investigate the difference in the display of free-riding behavior in individuals with collectivist orientations compared to those with individualistic orientations. Free riding refers to benefiting from a public good or resource without contributing one's fair share towards its provision. Understanding the influence of collectivism and individualism on free-riding behaviors has important implications for social cooperation, resource management, and the design of incentive structures. In this natural experiment, the independent variable (individuals' relative individualism-collectivism tendencies) and the dependent variable (free-rider behavior) measured by the frequency of in-game behaviors that advance the objective—are compared to see if they have any causal correlations. A sample of participants was recruited and divided into collectivist and individualist groups according to their cultural orientation scale individualism-collectivism test results to conduct this experiment. The participants are mixed evenly into groups, including both collectivists and individualists, and then provided to build a house on Minecraft's gaming platform. Their behavior is measured through quantitative methods using a designed table to show their in-game contributions and the Likert scale to reflect their in-game behaviour. The prediction concludes that this experiment will reveal a set of data stating that possessing individualistic values decreases an individual's chances of free-riding in a group compared to collectivistic beliefs.

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Gersel, Johan Peter. "What Motivates Fregean Anti-Individualism?" Grazer Philosophische Studien 94, nr 1-2 (14.06.2017): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-000009.

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In Anti-Individualism and Knowledge Jessica Brown criticises views of content that combine Fregean Sense and anti-individualism. Brown assumes that all Fregean theories are motivated by a picture of the rational thinker as someone who will always have transparent access to the simple inferential consequences of his thoughts. This picture, Brown argues, is incompatible with anti-individualism about content. While traditional Fregean theories have indeed had such motivation, Brown’s mistake is in attributing this motivation to the modern Fregean anti-individualist. My goal in this paper is to bring to light a different, and seldom discussed, motivation for Fregean views of content which is immune to Browns objections.

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Okoro, Ephraim, Peter W. Cardon, Bryan Marshall i Otis Thomas. "Cross-Cultural Communication And Dimensions: A Hybrid Analysis Of Horizontal And Vertical Individualist And Collectivist Tendencies Among African American And European American Management Students". Journal of Diversity Management (JDM) 6, nr 3 (22.11.2011): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v6i3.6607.

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This article describes research about horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism (HVIC) among African American and European American university students. The survey is based on the work of Harry Triandis (1995), one of the seminal researchers of individualism and collectivism (I-C). The survey of attitude and scenario items, developed by Harry Triandis (1995), was administered to undergraduate management students in three universities in the Eastern and Southeastern United States. Many of the attitude and scenario survey items directly address preferred communication patterns. The findings are also interpreted in terms of situational preferences about I-C, including the following contexts: social events, workplace decisions, and group and work dynamics. The research is unique in that it measures four types of the I-C dimension: horizontal individualism, vertical individualism, horizontal collectivism, and vertical collectivism, as conceptualized by Triandis (1995). Furthermore, it emerges from the premise that cultures are neither strictly collectivist nor individualist; rather, cultures have profiles in which individualist tendencies are prominent in some circumstances whereas collectivist tendencies are emphasized in others. Also, this article provides findings that can easily be converted into training about cross-cultural similarities and differences. Related recommendations for future research and implications for teaching are provided.

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Murray, Caleb. "The Sociality of Despair: William James on the Making of Ethical Selves". Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal 104, nr 4 (1.11.2021): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/soundings.104.4.0299.

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Abstract Scholars have debated the nature and merit of William James’s “Individualism.” Influential readings maintain that James errantly privileges categories like “interiority” and personal “experience.” Rather than downplaying James’s preferred categories—categories like experience, interiority, and the individual—simply because such categories are shibboleths of the contemporary academy, this article takes up two of James’s most “private” categories (“self,” “despair”) in order to better understand the complexity of Jamesian individualism. Acknowledging James’s unflagging individualism and individualism’s place in his philosophical and ethical system, this article maintains that James’s personal and private concepts not only promote—but are prerequisite to—public-facing ethics and socially-contingent philosophical inquiry.

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Arpaci, Ibrahim, Thabet Abdeljawad, Mustafa Baloğlu, Şahin Kesici i Ibrahim Mahariq. "Mediating Effect of Internet Addiction on the Relationship Between Individualism and Cyberbullying: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study". Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, nr 5 (28.05.2020): e16210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16210.

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Background Among a variety of dynamics that may have effects on internet-related behaviors, cultural orientation is particularly important. Previous studies suggest that individualism is a strong determinant of certain behaviors. In addition, findings suggest that vertical individualism may lead to the development of more tolerance for addiction and aggression on the internet. Objective This study aimed to investigate whether vertical individualism has significant positive effects on cyberbullying and internet addiction and whether horizontal individualism has significant negative effects on cyberbullying and internet addiction. A theoretical model was specified to test the relationships among vertical versus horizontal individualism, cyberbullying, and internet addiction. Methods A total of 665 college students were selected using a convenience sampling method and willingly participated in the study. Participants’ ages ranged from 17 to 19 years (mean 17.94 years, SD 1.12 years). Of the group, 462 were women (462/665, 69.5%), and 203 were men (203/665, 30.5%). Study majors represented were mathematics (113/665, 17%), sciences (102/665, 15.3%), instructional technology (99/665, 14.9%), psychology (98/665, 14.7%), and others (253/665, 38.1%). Self-report instruments were used to measure vertical/horizontal individualism, cyberbullying, and internet addiction. Results Results show a significant positive effect of vertical individualism (effect size 0.10) and significant negative effect of horizontal individualism (effect size –0.12) on cyberbullying. In addition, the direct effect of vertical individualism on internet addiction was significant (effect size 0.28), but the direct effect of horizontal individualism was not (effect size –0.05). Internet addiction had a significant direct effect on cyberbullying (effect size 0.39) as well as an intervening effect on the relationship between vertical individualism and cyberbullying. Results also indicate significant gender differences in cultural patterns and internet addiction. Conclusions The findings suggest that horizontal and vertical individualism have significant effects on internet addiction. The findings also suggest that vertical individualists are more vulnerable to internet addiction. Further, the findings indicate a significant relationship between internet addiction and cyberbullying.

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Merkin, Rebecca. "The Relationship between Individualism / Collectivism Consultation and Harmony Needs". Journal of Intercultural Communication 15, nr 3 (10.11.2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v15i3.704.

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This study examines how individualism and collectivism impact the need for consultation versus harmony respectively and whether they underlie direct and indirect communication during face-threatening situations. A MANCOVA design was employed testing individualism/collectivism, while controlling for social desirability, on consultation expectations and harmonious facework strategies from self-report questionnaires (n = 654) collected in the Chile, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Sweden, and the United States. Linear regression results show a direct link between individualism and consultation needs and collectivism and harmony needs indicating that when individualists’ face is threatened, they need to be consulted directly about the situation at hand, while face-threatened collectivists need to be treated with harmonious (indirect) communication to manage their face.

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Rantanen, Teemu, i Timo Toikko. "The relationship between individualism and entrepreneurial intention – a Finnish perspective". Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 11, nr 2 (8.05.2017): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-10-2014-0021.

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Purpose This study aims to analyze the relationship between individualist values and entrepreneurial intentions. Previous surveys have shown that major national differences in entrepreneurial intentions can be observed within Europe and that part of this variation can be explained by cultural values, especially the individualism–collectivism dimension. However, previous findings about the relationship between individualism and entrepreneurship remain contradictory. Design/methodology/approach This study is a micro-level analysis of the influence of individualistic values. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991, 2001) and theories of individualism advanced by Hofstede (1980) and Triandis and Gelfand (1998). The research data were gathered from a survey of Finnish students (N = 725). Findings The results show that the relationship between cultural values and entrepreneurial intention is very complex. In contrast to Hofstede (1980), the study assumes individualism and collectivism to be two separate and independent dimensions of cultural values, both of which have a positive, indirect effect on entrepreneurial intention by way of subjective norms and perceived control. Practical implications Both individualist and collectivist values promote entrepreneurial intentions. From this point of view, general citizenship education, which supports the development of young people’s cultural values, can be seen as a significant element in entrepreneurship education. This suggests an instance of holistic education, the aim of which is for individuals’ autonomy and contestability to be combined with community and collective responsibility. Originality/value The analysis of Triandis and Gelfand (1998) has not been systematically utilized in the previous studies on entrepreneurial intentions. The findings of this study address not only the influence of psychological factors over entrepreneurial intentions but also the impact of individualist and collectivist values. The results complement the results of previous studies.

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Finkelstein, Marcia A. "Individualism/Collectivism and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Integrative Framework". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, nr 10 (1.11.2012): 1633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.10.1633.

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In this study individualism and collectivism are, for the first time, incorporated into a conceptual model of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). I asked whether individualism and collectivism show systematic differences in their relationships with OCB, its motives, and the development of a citizen role identity. Collectivism most strongly correlated with OCB motivated by concern for coworkers. A concept of self as one who helps others at work was also associated with collectivism. Individualism was associated more with a commitment to the well-being of the institution per se rather than to its employees. Individualism and collectivism were related positively, suggesting that these seemingly opposing attributes are complementary; which of these traits predominates may depend on which citizenship behavior is needed at a given time. Overall, the findings suggest that it is not in amount of citizenship that individualists and collectivists differ, but in why they serve and how they perceive the experience.

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Salter, Alexander William. "Aggregates and Methodological Individualism: A Relational Approach". New Perspectives on Political Economy 9, nr 1-2 (30.12.2013): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.62374/m4pqvs82.

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Methodological individualism, coupled with radical subjectivity, leads naturally to skepticism regarding the objective theoretical value of economic aggregates. I restate the role of aggregates in the methodological individualist paradigm, focusing on the Austrian tradition, in a way consistent with Hodgson’s (2007) critique and emphasize belief and meaning as the relevant channel through which these aggregates operate. Viewing aggregates this way leads to a relational approach which is consistent with formulations made by scholars working within in the methodological individualist paradigm and answers Hodgson’s call for recognition of the importance of interactive relations between individuals.

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KASSAYE, Eskendir Sintayehu. "A CRITIQUE OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SUBJECT: TOWARDS RELATIONAL INDIVIDUALISM". International Journal of Theology, Philosophy and Science 6, nr 11 (27.11.2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26520/ijtps.2022.6.11.30-38.

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The bifurcation between holism and individualism is essential to understand the contemporary debate in political theory. In this article I argued that both traditional and modern societies have elements of holism and individualism. I also argued that individualism is not radically opposed to holism because it is impossible to imagine a human society without authority, tradition, and taboos. Moreover, the pre-theoretical norms and values of holist societies have rational foundation within a certain context. Thus, it is possible to imagine an individualist society which is grounded in a holist social ontology. I argued that collectivist and tribal societies are not totally opposed to individual liberty since one of the morally relevant advantages of rationality is to foster cordial relations with others. I argued that Habermas’s intersubjective communicative scheme is appropriate to account for the pre-theoretical norms and values of holist societies

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Simmel, Georg. "Individualism". Theory, Culture & Society 24, nr 7-8 (grudzień 2007): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276407084473.

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Ames, Roger T. "Against Individualism, For Individuality: The Emersonian Henry Rosemont, Jr." Philosophy East and West 69, nr 1 (2019): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pew.2019.0021.

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Vincent, Susan. "Transformations of collectivism and individualism in the Peruvian central Andes: A comunidad over three decades". Ethnography 19, nr 1 (9.06.2017): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138117713762.

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Andean peoples have a longstanding reputation for collective spirit, while the pressures of capitalism and the modern state are seen to promote individualism. This article uses fieldwork from over three decades in the Peruvian comunidad campesina I call Allpachico to examine how collectivist and individualist behaviour have intertwined and transformed. Over this time, governments and NGOs have facilitated and discouraged different collective forms at distinct moments, while the complaints made by the people highlight both the barriers they encounter in working together and the forms of individualism that are blamed. This detailed historical perspective provides insight into grassroots debates about how to define and practice community, as well as to how and why collective action is inadequate to gain livelihood in each of three eras. Neither collectivism nor individualism is clearly gaining ground; rather, the forms of each and their inter-relationship transform over time.

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Barry, Norman. "Libertarianism: some conceptual problems". Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 26 (marzec 1989): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100004938.

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Perhaps the most remarkable event in social thought of the last twenty years has been the resurgence of various strands of individualism as political doctrines. The term ‘individualism’ is a kind of general rubric that encompasses elements of nineteenth century classical liberalism, laissez-faire economics, the theory of the minimal state, and an extreme mutation out of this intellectual gene pool, anarcho-capitalism. The term libertarianism itself is applied indiscriminately to all of those doctrines. It has no precise meaning, except that in a general sort of way libertarianism describes a more rigorous commitment to moral and economic individualism and a more ideological approach to social affairs than conventional liberalism. I suspect that its current usage largely reflects the fact that the word with the better historical pedigree, liberalism, has been associated, in America especially, with economic doctrines that are alien to the individualist tradition.

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Christanto, Benedikta Jennifer, i Franky Liauw. "RUMAH KEBERSAMAAN ANTARA HEWAN DAN MANUSIA". Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 2, nr 1 (16.06.2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v2i1.6745.

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People are social beings who need each other. People as social beings cannot live alone and need other living beings to survive. The city is characterized as a place where people live and work and are the center of the economy. Heterogeneous cities and majority of non-agrarian communities cause the community to be individualist. People begin to forget about the true socialization meaning and start building walls with each other. This research aims to reduce the level of individualism in the city community through the role of architectural space as well as pet media for dogs, cats and rabbits. The methods of this study include: first, conducting literary studies, surveying and observing the location and environment surrounding the site and region; The second learns the needs of the surrounding community and the reason society becomes individualist; All three programs that suit the needs of the community with the activity collection so that the objective of the project will be achieved. Through observation, experimentation and based on precedent, it is hoped that we can obtain the criteria of architectural design to suit the needs of the surrounding community, with the main objective of unifying and interpreting the surrounding community so that Fading the sense of individualism by interacting well with the media of the same pet or hobby or craze. AbstrakManusia merupakan mahkhluk sosial yang saling membutuhkan satu sama lainnya. Manusia sebagai mahkhluk sosial tidak dapat hidup sendiri dan membutuhkan mahkhluk hidup lainnya untuk bertahan hidup. Kota ditandai sebagai tempat dimana masyarakat tinggal dan bekerja serta merupakan pusat perekonomian. Masyarakat kota yang heterogen dan mayoritas penduduknya bekerja non-agraris menyebabkan masyarakat bersifat individualis. Masyarakat mulai melupakan arti sosialisasi yang sesungguhnya dan mulai membangun dinding antara satu dengan yang lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi tingkat individualis dalam masyarakat kota melalui peran ruang arsitektur serta media hewan peliharaan baik anjing, kucing maupun kelinci. Metode dari penelitian ini, antara lain: pertama, melakukan studi literatur, survei dan melakukan observasi terhadap lokasi dan lingkungan sekitar tapak dan kawasan. Kedua mempelajari kebutuhan dari masyarakat sekitar dan alasan masyarakat menjadi individualis. Ketiga menyusun program yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat dengan pendataan aktivitas sehingga diharapkan tujuan dari proyek akan tercapai. Melalui observasi, eksperimen serta berlandaskan dari preseden, diharapkan dapat memperoleh kriteria rancangan arsitektur yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat sekitar, dengan tujuan utama untuk menyatukan dan menyetarakan masyarakat sekitar sehingga memudarkan rasa individualis dengan cara berinteraksi baik dengan media berupa hewan peliharaan maupun hobi atau kegemaran yang sama.

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Hughes, Cathy, i Trang Thomas. "Individualism and Collectivism: A Framework for Examining Career Programs through a Cultural Lens". Australian Journal of Career Development 14, nr 1 (kwiecień 2005): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841620501400107.

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Cultural diversity and the cultural context of adolescent career development are explored through the lens of the cultural syndromes of individualism and collectivism. The individualist cultural value orientation of some of the main theoretical perspectives that underpin career education and counselling practice in schools is highlighted. In particular; the self-concept and career maturity segments of Super's (1990) lifespan, lifespace theory, career interests, career decision making and the career counselling process are examined with reference to the cultural syndromes of individualism and collectivism. Also discussed is the potential inappropriateness of theoretical perspectives that reflect an individualist cultural value orientation for the career development of all students. Finally, Leong and Serafica's (2001) cultural accommodation approach to enhancing the cultural relevance of existing career theories and models is outlined. Some examples of strategies are presented that might fill cultural gaps, which may exist in career education and counselling practices in schools.

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Pirruccello, Ann. "De-centering the Individualist Imaginary: Responding to Rosemont's Against Individualism". Philosophy East and West 69, nr 1 (2019): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pew.2019.0024.

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Miller, W. Watts. "Durkheim and Individualism". Sociological Review 36, nr 4 (listopad 1988): 647–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1988.tb00703.x.

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Durkheim endorses moral and rejects methodological individualism. But he arrives at this ‘general position’ via a particular development of it that runs into serious sociological, apart from any philosophical, trouble. It depends on an ethical relativism that in turn depends on an idea of society qua harmonious system, generating more or less practical aspirations, and a single appropriate, ‘normal’ morality. Yet modern society generates ideals quite unrealisable in it, and continuing, fundamental conflicts between moral doctrines and beliefs. To uphold central humanist, individualist ideals, we cannot rely on Durkheim's particular sociology or on his ethical relativism, and to defend his general position must unhook it from both.

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Milojevic, Miljana. "Anti-individualism and rationality". Theoria, Beograd 56, nr 2 (2013): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1302005m.

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Anti-individualists, which hold that subject's thoughts are not wholly individuated by her intrinsic states, are accused of undermining subject?s ability to reason well and that they do not capture correctly the epistemic position of a thinking subject. These accusations are based on anti-individualist's rejection of transparency of thought content which allows that otherwise rational subjects may fail to make valid inferences, may have contradictory beliefs, and may make invalid inferences. By distinguishing between two kinds of anti-individualism, Fregean and non-Fregean, Jessica Brown (2004) argues that while Fregean anti-individualism better fits our intuitions about rationality it introduces an unavoidable internal friction between the endorsement of Frege's principle of content difference and rejection of transparency of difference of content, which renders it untenable. In his 2008 paper Sanford Goldberg tries to motivate these two principles on different grounds, thus providing an account of anti-individualism which is completely compatible with Frege's principle which should secure subject's rationality. We critically assess these claims to conclude that attempts to reconcile traditional notion of rationality and antiindividualism by way of saving validity of Frege's principle fail in their intentions.

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Davydov, D. A. "Postcapitalism: From Consumer Individualism to Expressive Individualism?" Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S6 (wrzesień 2022): S467—S474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622120036.

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Abstract It is proposed to consider the transition to postcapitalism not as the struggle of the oppressed for a more just and equal society without class antagonisms but as a process of gradual displacement of consumer individualism by expressive individualism. Within the framework of this perspective, postcapitalism is not a fundamentally new socioeconomic system built on the ruins of capitalism but a set of social relations developing with the gradual deactualization of materialistic values for a significant part of the population (material wealth, money, etc.) and the growing importance of postmaterialistic values (self-realization, the search for the true self, etc.). In this sense, many phenomena associated with modern identity politics can be attributed to postcapitalism. Nevertheless, this article criticizes the perception of identity politics as a set of strategies and ways of fighting for equality and justice, presented as an approximation to the ideals of socialism or communism (the so-called overcoming of “systemic oppression”). Today, the struggle for diverse identities testifies to the triumph of individualism, as well as a new round of the “war of all against all” and the destruction of the common lifeworld.

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Jungee Han. "Doctor Faustus: Renaissance Individualism and Protestant Individualism". Journal of Classic and English Renaissance Literature 19, nr 2 (grudzień 2010): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17259/jcerl.2010.19.2.73.

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Lansford, Jennifer, Susannah Zietz, Suha Al-Hassan, Dario Bacchini, Marc Bornstein, Lei Chang, Kirby Deater-Deckard i in. "Culture and Social Change in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Individualism, Collectivism and Parenting Attitudes". Social Sciences 10, nr 12 (30.11.2021): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120459.

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Cultures and families are not static over time but evolve in response to social transformations, such as changing gender roles, urbanization, globalization, and technology uptake. Historically, individualism and collectivism have been widely used heuristics guiding cross-cultural comparisons, yet these orientations may evolve over time, and individuals within cultures and cultures themselves can have both individualist and collectivist orientations. Historical shifts in parents’ attitudes also have occurred within families in several cultures. As a way of understanding mothers’ and fathers’ individualism, collectivism, and parenting attitudes at this point in history, we examined parents in nine countries that varied widely in country-level individualism rankings. Data included mothers’ and fathers’ reports (N = 1338 families) at three time points in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. More variance was accounted for by within-culture than between-culture factors for parents’ individualism, collectivism, progressive parenting attitudes, and authoritarian parenting attitudes, which were predicted by a range of sociodemographic factors that were largely similar for mothers and fathers and across cultural groups. Social changes from the 20th to the 21st century may have contributed to some of the similarities between mothers and fathers and across the nine countries.

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Asif Tasneem, Khawaja, i Saba Feroz Qureshi. "Knowledge Sharing, Individualism, Collectivism, and Organizational Innovative Behaviour in Public Health Organizations". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, nr 3 (31.01.2022): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n3p195.

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This paper focuses on investigating the more innovative employees, i.e., individualists or collectivists, in the public sector when it comes to knowledge sharing and organizational culture. The study adopted quantitative research technique and data was collected through an online survey. A field study was conducted and data was obtained from 480 employees working in Pakistan's two major public health institutions so as to test the study's hypotheses. A hierarchical linear regression model was used to test the hypotheses. The results show that there is a significant positive influence of organizational-based knowledge sharing, individual-based knowledge sharing, collectivism, and individualism on organizational innovative behaviour in the organizations. This study also found a significant positive impact of collectivism and individualism as moderators on organizational innovative behaviours. The study further concluded that collectivism has a higher positive impact on organizational innovative behaviour in comparison to individualism.

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Lipset, Seymour Martin, i Herbert J. Gans. "Exceptional Individualism". Contemporary Sociology 18, nr 6 (listopad 1989): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2074194.

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Mawson, T. J. "Theodical Individualism". European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 3, nr 1 (21.03.2011): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v3i1.385.

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In this journal Steve Maitzen has recently advanced an argument for Atheism premised on Theodical Individualism, the thesis that God would not permit people to suffer evils that were underserved, involuntary, and gratuitous for them. In this paper I advance reasons to think this premise mistaken.

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Belliotti, Raymond A. "Rational Individualism". International Studies in Philosophy 29, nr 4 (1997): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil1997294128.

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Pellicani, L. "Methodological Individualism". Telos 1995, nr 104 (1.07.1995): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3817/0695104159.

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Havrancsik, Dániel. "Methodological Individualism". Schutzian Research 7 (2015): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/schutz201575.

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Gitlin, Todd, i Michael J. Piore. "Beyond Individualism." Contemporary Sociology 24, nr 6 (listopad 1995): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076662.

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Ryan, Herbert J. "Beyond Individualism". Thought 66, nr 4 (1991): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/thought199166414.

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Schwartz, Shalom H. "Individualism-Collectivism". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 21, nr 2 (czerwiec 1990): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022190212001.

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Fjneman, Yvonne A., Madde E. Willemsen, Ype H. Poortinga, Fatos G. Erelcin, James Georgas, C. Harry Hui, Kwok Leung i Roy S. Malpass. "Individualism-Collectivism". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27, nr 4 (lipiec 1996): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022196274001.

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Sawyer, R. Keith. "Nonreductive Individualism". Philosophy of the Social Sciences 32, nr 4 (grudzień 2002): 537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004839302237836.

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Stenius, Kerstin. "Nordisk Individualism". Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 24, nr 1 (luty 2007): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250702400104.

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Stretter, Robert. "Shakespeare's Individualism". English Studies 94, nr 6 (październik 2013): 735–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0013838x.2013.814286.

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Walsh, D. M. "Alternative Individualism". Philosophy of Science 66, nr 4 (grudzień 1999): 628–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/392758.

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