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1
Pennings, Joost M. E., i Philip Garcia. "The poverty challenge: How individual decision-making behavior influences poverty". Economics Letters 88, nr 1 (lipiec 2005): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.01.015.
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Kliuchnyk, Ruslan M. "НАСЛІДКИ БІДНОСТІ ДЛЯ ОСОБИСТОСТІ ТА СУСПІЛЬСТВА". Європейський вектор економічного розвитку 2, nr 33 (20.12.2022): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5362-2022-2-33-4.
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The article examines the main consequences of poverty for individual citizens and society as a whole. Among the consequences of poverty for individuals, physiological, psychological and communicative effects are distinguished. The physiological consequences of poverty are the unavailability of quality food, as well as quality medical, hygiene, and health services, which reduces both life expectancy and health in general. Psychological problems include stress, depression, alcohol and drug abuse, which can lead to suicidal tendencies. The communicative consequences mean that a poor person often loses social ties, and his or her circle of communication becomes quite limited. Poverty also affects society as a whole. Among the purely economic consequences, we singled out the Vicious Cycle of Poverty, to which many Western studies are devoted. Also, impoverished societies in general cannot afford goods and services that are not related to survival. Therefore, there is a low demand for various categories of services, in particular, educational ones. Poverty is one of the factors of labor migration, which is illustrated by the example of Ukraine. In the conditions of a transitional and a market economy in post-Soviet states, the desire to withstand competition on the world market under the conditions of high energy and material intensity of production has been reflected in the preservation of low labour costs. Low wages, in turn, are a direct factor in the formation of social and economic risks in the field of human development. Poverty is also associated with the phenomenon of social exclusion, which we consider as the process of excluding an individual or a social group from social relations. A special class of precariat is being formed. The precariat is capable of self-organization under certain conditions. This group of people is associated with the spread of shadow employment and other forms of violation of the law. Political problems caused by poverty are also important. Poor citizens in the vast majority of countries (at least in all democracies) have the right to vote. Accordingly, they often support populist movements. Poverty and unemployment lead people to support far-left and far-right parties. Far-right movements often have an anti-immigrant focus. Sometimes poverty, social exclusion, social deprivation and other related socio-economic factors lead to revolutions and coups. In our opinion, relative poverty is unavoidable in principle, since in any society there will always be more and less wealthy citizens. But absolute poverty, which puts a person on the edge of normal existence, can and must be overcome. According to this, most countries of the world, including Ukraine, declare themselves welfare states. The article uses the achievements of economic, political, sociological, psychological and other sciences, taking into account the interdisciplinary synthesis and the pluralism of approaches. Modern trends in the interpretation of the consequences of poverty, which can be traced in the works of Ukrainian and foreign authors, are analyzed.
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Lo Bue, Maria C., i Flaviana Palmisano. "The Individual Poverty Incidence of Growth". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 82, nr 6 (18.03.2020): 1295–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obes.12362.
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Calvo, Cesar, i Stefan Dercon. "Vulnerability to individual and aggregate poverty". Social Choice and Welfare 41, nr 4 (17.11.2012): 721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-012-0706-y.
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Decancq, Koen, Marc Fleurbaey i François Maniquet. "Multidimensional poverty measurement with individual preferences". Journal of Economic Inequality 17, nr 1 (marzec 2019): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10888-019-09407-9.
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Beeghley, Leonard. "Individual and structural explanations of poverty". Population Research and Policy Review 7, nr 3 (październik 1988): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02456102.
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Mercier, Marion, i Philip Verwimp. "ARE WE COUNTING ALL THE POOR?" Journal of Demographic Economics 83, nr 3 (24.08.2017): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2017.12.
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AbstractHaving accurate poverty statistics is of primary importance for researchers and policy-makers. Based on original data on Burundi, we investigate the sensitivity of poverty headcount calculations to considering individual- instead of household-level consumption. Relying on a survey module which provides information on the share of expenses allocated to each member of the households, we calculate poverty statutes on an individual basis. Exploiting these direct measures to compute poverty headcounts allows us to put forward the discrepancy between individual- and household-level poverty computations. We identify “hidden poor,”i.e.poor individuals living in non-poor households, and show that they are predominantly children. We finally discuss potential mechanisms that could drive the results, and emphasize the importance of improving data collection devices for poverty-related policy making.
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Symonds, James. "The Poverty Trap: Or, Why Poverty is Not About the Individual". International Journal of Historical Archaeology 15, nr 4 (28.09.2011): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-011-0156-8.
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Peneva, Teodora, Emanuil Zabov i Dragovest Djalov. "Individual assessment of energy poverty – possibilities and solutions". Economic Thought journal 67, nr 5 (23.11.2022): 541–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56497/etj2267502.
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The article presents a proposal for individual assessment of energy poverty through a quantitative model for measuring household energy needs. The assessment contains a demographic and technical component, and is an important part of determining normalized household energy expenditure, as part of an official energy poverty line, in addition to income and energy prices. The expenditure-oriented approach to measuring energy poverty has been proven to be the most suitable for the national specifics in Bulgaria. The energy poverty line is necessary when applying financial schemes for crediting measures for energy efficiency of buildings and heating systems of domestic energy consumers in Bulgaria, as part of a comprehensive mechanism to combat energy poverty.
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McCulloch, Andrew. "Local Labour Markets and Individual Transitions into and out of Poverty: Evidence from the British Household Panel Study Waves 1 to 8". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35, nr 3 (marzec 2003): 551–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3552.
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Using data from the British Household Panel Study 1991 to 1998 and the Annual Employment Survey this paper examines the impact of changes in local-labour market conditions on individual poverty exits and entrances. Transitions out of poverty and transitions into poverty are estimated by using discrete duration models that control for individual and family-level characteristics, duration effects, and local labour-market variables. After controlling for individual and family-level characteristics, probabilities of exiting poverty were found to be higher and probabilities of entering poverty were found to be lower for those individuals living in labour markets which experienced increases in the proportion of the population in employment. The relative contribution of labour market variables is substantially smaller than individual and family characteristics in determining transitions out of and into poverty. Whether changes in employment in the local labour-market were biased towards manufacturing or services did not have a systematic influence on poverty exits and entrances. The link between employment conditions in the local labour market and poverty suggests that the poor did share in the gains from economic growth in the 1990s. This finding gives support to the idea that expansionary demand policies at the local level could help to mitigate the economic position of the economically disadvantaged.
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Hartog, Joop, i A. J. M. Hagenaars. "Poverty and the Measurement of Individual Welfare". Journal of Human Resources 23, nr 2 (1988): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/145778.
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Bhorat, Haroon. "Distinguishing between individual‐and household‐level poverty". Development Southern Africa 16, nr 1 (marzec 1999): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359908440067.
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Fitz, Dylan, i Shyam Gouri Suresh. "Poverty traps across levels of aggregation". Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 16, nr 4 (2.09.2021): 909–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11403-021-00333-6.
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AbstractPoverty trap studies help explain the simultaneous escape from poverty by some households and regions alongside deep and persistent poverty elsewhere. However, researchers remain divided about how important poverty traps are in explaining the range of poverty dynamics observed in various contexts. We build a theoretical model that integrates micro-, meso-, and macro-level poverty traps, allowing us to analyze the ways in which multiple layers of poverty traps interact and reinforce each other. Through this simulation model, markets and institutions arise endogenously and help certain individuals escape poverty, while others remain persistently poor. In addition to one’s own productivity and initial capital levels, we explore how individual opportunity and income can be heavily determined by market access and institutional factors beyond one’s control. Using simulation results from controlled experiments, we can identify the role played by meso- and macro-conditions (that correspond to local markets and country-wide institutions, respectively) in helping individuals escape poverty. Our results suggest that even in a parsimonious model—with optimizing, forward-looking agents operating in a world with only one trap at each level—local and national context matters immensely and combines to determine individual opportunity in complex ways.
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Hsu, Chia-Yueh, Shu-Sen Chang i Paul Yip. "Individual-, household- and neighbourhood-level characteristics associated with life satisfaction: A multilevel analysis of a population-based sample from Hong Kong". Urban Studies 54, nr 16 (22.11.2016): 3700–3717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016677208.
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We examined the relationships between individuals’ life satisfaction and individual-, household- and neighbourhood-level characteristics and evidence for cross-level interactions. We used data on individuals’ life satisfaction and a range of individual- and household-level characteristics from the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics (2011) with linkage to neighbourhood-level aggregated data extracted from the 2011 census. The neighbourhood-level variables included the poverty rate and four factors derived from factor analysis based on 21 variables. Multilevel models were used to allow for the hierarchical nature of the data. Most of the variance in life satisfaction could be explained by individual- and household-level characteristics. Neighbourhood-level characteristics accounted for a small proportion (around 5% or less) of the variance. Most of the individual- and household-level characteristics studied were associated with life satisfaction. Life satisfaction was negatively associated with local poverty rate and three neighbourhood factors (deprivation, social fragmentation and ageing). There was evidence of cross-level interactions. For example, the level of life satisfaction decreased with an increasing neighbourhood poverty rate among individuals who did not receive Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA), but CSSA recipients had a higher level of life satisfaction in areas with higher poverty rates. The negative effect of neighbourhood poverty on life satisfaction was more marked in individuals who rented or owned their homes than in those who lived in public housing. Our results have implications for urban policies that may improve life satisfaction such as financial and housing support for high risk individuals.
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CANTILLON, SARA, i BRIAN NOLAN. "Are Married Women More Deprived Than Their Husbands?" Journal of Social Policy 27, nr 2 (kwiecień 1998): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279498005261.
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Conventional methods of analysis of poverty assume resources are shared so that each individual in a household/family has the same standard of living. This article measures differences between spouses in a large sample in indicators of deprivation of the type used in recent studies of poverty at household level. The quite limited overall imbalance in measured deprivation in favour of husbands suggests that applying such indicators to individuals will not reveal a substantial reservoir of hidden poverty among wives in non-poor households, nor much greater deprivation among women than men in poor households. This points to the need to develop more sensitive indicators of deprivation designed to measure individual living standards and poverty status, which can fit within the framework of traditional poverty research using large samples. It also highlights the need for clarification of the underlying poverty concept.
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Berkowitz, Seth A., i Deepak Palakshappa. "Gaps in the welfare state: A role-based model of poverty risk in the U.S." PLOS ONE 18, nr 4 (13.04.2023): e0284251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284251.
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Background Research clearly demonstrates that income matters greatly to health. However, income distribution and its relationship to poverty risk is often misunderstood. Methods We provide a structural account of income distribution and poverty risk in the U.S., rooted in the ‘roles’ that individuals inhabit with relation to the ‘factor payment system’ (market distribution of income to individuals through wages and asset ownership). Principal roles are child, older adult, and, among working-age adults, disabled individual, student, unemployed individual, caregiver, or paid laborer. Moreover, the roles of other members of an individual’s household also influence an individual’s income level. This account implies that 1) roles other than paid laborer will be associated with greater poverty risk, 2) household composition will be associated with poverty risk, and 3) income support policies for those not able to engage in paid labor are critical for avoiding poverty. We test hypotheses implied by this account using 2019 and 2022 U.S. Census Current Population Survey data. The exposure variables in our analyses relate to roles and household composition. The outcomes relate to income and poverty risk. Results In 2019, 40.1 million individuals (12.7% of the population) experienced poverty under the U.S. Census’ Supplemental Poverty Measure. All roles other than paid laborer were associated with greater poverty risk (p < .001 for all comparisons). Household composition, particularly more children and disabled working-age adults, and fewer paid laborers, was also associated with greater poverty risk (p < .001 for all comparisons). Five key policy areas—child benefits, older-age pensions, disability and sickness insurance, unemployment insurance, and out-of-pocket healthcare spending—represented gaps in the welfare state strongly associated with poverty risk. Conclusions The role one inhabits and household composition are associated with poverty risk. This understanding of income distribution and poverty risk may be useful for social policy.
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Riwanda, Agus, i Ali Wafa. "Comparative Study of Poverty Alleviation in The Verses of The Qur’an and The Green Economy Program SGDS". JURNAL PENELITIAN 17, nr 1 (18.09.2023): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/jp.v17i1.19943.
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Poverty is defined based on the failure of individuals to meet their primary life needs. Poverty has a tremendous negative impact on the life of the individual and community level. All societies in the world have made efforts to overcome this challenge. This study uses a qualitative approach by collecting verses related to poverty and presenting them in a categorization form to obtain an intervention level. Islam, through the Qur’an, has presented a comprehensive system to overcome this poverty problem. At the individual level, poverty can be reduced by providing aqidah concepts regarding sustenance, increasing skills and creativity, and encouragement to work hard while still paying attention to sustainability aspects. At the community level, the Qur’an recommends building a social welfare net through philanthropic movements and the spirit of altruism and stipulating religious obligations and suggestions regarding the distribution of wealth.
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Zhou, Longjun. "Eradicate Social Poverty through Developing Educational Technology". Science Insights Education Frontiers 9, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 1109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/sief.21.ed016.
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Poverty is a complex social problem. According to Rowntree (1902) and Reynolds (1971), poverty is a multi-faceted, dynamic, and complex aggregate, which is related to economic, social, cultural and other factors. In the historical process of humankind’s continuous struggle with poverty, eliminating various factors that form poverty, especially the ability factors that restrict individual development, including education, health, etc., so as to finally solves the problem of poverty is the ultimate goal of anti-poverty. Among them, education, as a fundamental measure to improve the feasible ability of individuals, is considered to be a key factor in eliminating poverty and promoting social development and progress (Tilak, 2002).
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Pira, Milad, Gregory Fleet i Robert Moir. "Exploring entrepreneurial challenges and drivers in small cities for poverty reduction by investigating insights of key stakeholders: A case study of Saint John, New Brunswick". Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, nr 7 (1.08.2024): 5011. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.5011.
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The potential of entrepreneurship to reduce poverty is closely tied to critical factors such as access to finance, training and education, networks and social capital, and supportive regulatory environments. Understanding and addressing these underlying issues through the lens of the Social Capital theory can help foster an entrepreneurial spirit in cities and mitigate poverty through business and community development. This paper explores the insights and standpoints of key stakeholders about poverty in Saint John and its impact on entrepreneurship. The study uses a quantitative method and analyzes data from surveys with stakeholders. The results show that social isolation, system inflexibility, individual issues, housing, and financial support programs are significant poverty challenges in Saint John, and these issues have implications for entrepreneurship. By integrating Social Capital Theory into policy initiatives, policymakers can enhance community resilience and empower vulnerable individuals. This application of social capital principles provides a holistic framework for designing effective poverty-reduction measures, offering transformative insights applicable not only to Saint John but also to diverse small cities. The study contributes a nuanced understanding of poverty’s impact on entrepreneurship, advocating for inclusive strategies that resonate with the social fabric of communities.
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SSEWAMALA, FRED M., MARGARET LOMBE i JAMI C. CURLEY. "USING INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT ACCOUNTS FOR MICROENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT". Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 11, nr 02 (czerwiec 2006): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946706000337.
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This study examines whether there is a role for microenterprise development as an anti-poverty strategy in the United States. This question is important because skeptical views exist regarding whether, generally, poor Americans would have the enthusiasm to undertake the risk of dealing with small-businesses, especially given that the United States has a public welfare system to take care of the poor and "abundant jobs" for those with the skills. Using data from 14 community-based programs promoting small-business investment through Individual Development Accounts (IDAs), this study finds that, overall, there is a considerable level of interest in saving for and investing in small-businesses among poor Americans, including those who are less advantaged in terms of income poverty and employment. Policy makers should thus consider promoting IDAs/subsidized savings for small-businesses development as a potentially viable strategy to address income poverty and inequality in the United States.
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Sonderholm, Jorn. "World Poverty and Not Respecting Individual Freedom Enough". Journal of Philosophical Research 36 (2011): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jpr_2011_11.
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Hassoun, Nicole. "Global Poverty and Individual Responsibility: An Adequate Account". Human Rights Review 11, nr 2 (7.08.2009): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12142-009-0137-z.
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Lee, Yong-Woo. "Relations between Time Poverty, IncomePoverty and Individual Heath". Korean Journal of Economics 30, nr 1 (30.06.2023): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.46228/kje.30.1.4.
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Kahn, Yehudith, Audrey Dumas, Yovav Eshet i Nir Billfeld. "Migration and Subjective Poverty in sending countries: An analysis of the Egyptian case". Migration Letters 11, nr 3 (1.09.2014): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v11i3.229.
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Migration has traditionally been used as a survival strategy in times of financial crisis; however, a debate exists as to whether migration influences poverty on the individual level. The current study analyses the influence of past subjective poverty on migration choice and to determine the impact of migration on current subjective poverty perception. Using a simultaneous bivariate ordered probit model, we found that poorer individuals in Egypt tend to migrate more than others. Migration was found to be a significant determinant of current poverty in Egypt. Finally, migration improved migrant’s financial situation.
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Lee, Othelia Eun-Kyoung, i Mary Ann Priester. "Teaching Strategies for Addressing Poverty Awareness With Aspiring Helping Professionals". SAGE Open 6, nr 4 (październik 2016): 215824401667313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016673132.
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This study describes the use of guided learning activities that exposed aspiring helping professionals to the challenges and discrimination experienced by individuals living in poverty. Pretest/posttest and qualitative analysis of participants’ reactions to a Poverty Simulation and a Bridges Out of Poverty Workshop were analyzed to explore perceived learning benefits reported by 43 master of social work (MSW) students. Incorporating poverty content into masters-level social work curriculum stimulated classroom discussions about how the lived experiences of individuals living in poverty impact the service relationship between helping professionals and clients. This observational study evaluated the effectiveness of the used strategies and methods in impacting individual assumptions about socioeconomic class and illustrated the value of university–community collaborations in supporting diversity education and awareness both on and off campus.
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Bahamonde, Héctor. "Aiming Right at You: Group versus Individual Clientelistic Targeting in Brazil". Journal of Politics in Latin America 10, nr 2 (sierpień 2018): 41–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x1801000202.
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Do parties target individuals or groups? Although this question is fundamental to understanding clientelism, the literature does not offer an answer. This paper argues that, depending on certain conditions, brokers target individuals when they are identifiable, and groups when brokers need to rely on the spillover effects of clientelism. Both identifiability and spillovers depend on individual poverty, group poverty, and political competition. Though the theory I outline focuses on targeting, I also argue that structural factors, such as the density of the poor, should be considered in the vote-buying literature. Structural factors are one of the few observables upon which brokers can base their decision regarding investing in clientelism. Using survey and census data from Brazil, the paper exploits variations in personal incomes within contexts of differing levels of municipal poverty. I find that political parties engage in segmented or ad-hoc strategies, targeting individuals when identifiability is high, and groups when there are economies of scale. Importantly, non-poor individuals can also be offered clientelism.
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Zhang, Jun, Yuang He i Jing Zhang. "Energy Poverty and Depression in Rural China: Evidence from the Quantile Regression Approach". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 2 (17.01.2022): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021006.
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Despite the growing awareness and interest in the impact of energy poverty on depression, studies in developing economies are relative limited, and there is a gap of knowledge of such impact among rural individuals in China. In this study, we investigate the impact of energy poverty on depression among rural Chinese individuals aged 16 and above, and our sample includes 13,784 individuals from 6103 households. With data from the 2018 China Family Panel Studies, we apply the instrumental variable (IV) quantile regression approach to address the potential endogeneity of energy poverty and allow for heterogeneous effects of energy poverty on depression across individuals with different levels of depression. Our estimates from the IV quantile regression suggest a strong positive impact of energy poverty on depression at the upper quantile of depression scores, but no impact at the middle and lower quantiles. The primary results are robust and consistent with alternative energy poverty measures, and we find that energy poverty does not affect depression of low-risk individuals (with low depression scores), but it does affect that of high-risk individuals. We also find individual socio-demographic factors of age, gender, household size, religious belief, education, marriage and employment status play roles in affecting depression. The findings of this study generate policy implications for energy poverty alleviation and mental health promotion.
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Demanuele Montebello, Theresa. "Alleviating Poverty in Malta: Changing Minds through Education". MCAST Journal of Applied Research & Practice 3, nr 1 (15.05.2019): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4372.
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Education plays an important role in minimizing the risk of a person falling into poverty. Studies have shown that persons who pursue an education to post-secondary and tertiary level are considered to be less at risk of poverty. Studies also show that the impact of education and the risk of poverty may also be generational. Individuals born in families with a lower educational level are more likely to be at risk of poverty. Research has shown that children who experience poverty very early in life may tend to have issues with achieving a complete education. This may have a ripple effect since education effects employability; that, in turn, plays an important role to address the importance of improving the financial capability of the individual and his family. This research aims to indicate strategies that may be drawn up in order to address the important role of education in eradicating poverty. A holistic approach which offers the right content, structure, and facilities is important in order to guarantee a sound basis on which more educational building blocks may be built by the individual during the educational path that the person decides to follow. Changing minds of professionals involved in planning and devising educational reforms and strategies, together with providing the most adequate support for inclusive education, key skills tutoring, and mentoring, will ensure more success stories. All these strategies will concurrently help in different ways to address the issue of financial capability of an individual and his family, and thus alleviate poverty.
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Beacom, Emma, Sinéad Furey, Lynsey Elizabeth Hollywood i Paul Humphreys. "Food poverty contributors: individual, structural or political? Examining stakeholder perspectives using interviews and nominal group technique". British Food Journal 123, nr 6 (12.02.2021): 2199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2020-0817.
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PurposeData were collected from a range of stakeholders in Northern Ireland including consumer representatives, policy makers and public health representatives. Data collection occurred in two phases: firstly via in-depth interviews (n = 19), and secondly via roundtables (n = 4) with stakeholders (n = 36) using nominal group technique.Design/methodology/approachFood poverty has been identified as a significant societal and public health problem in the UK, evidenced in part by published statistics on the prevalence of food poverty, and the well-documented increase in the uptake of food bank provision. This paper presents various theoretical perspectives regarding the aetiology of (food) poverty, followed by stakeholders' opinions on the contributors to food poverty and consideration of how these align with various theoretical perspectives.FindingsVarious individual, structural and political factors were identified by stakeholders as contributors to food poverty, with income largely agreed to be the most significant contributor. Two themes of contributors were identified during analysis: micro-level and individual-level contributors and macro-level and economic-level contributors. Structural factors were most commonly cited as contributors to food poverty during both stakeholder interviews and stakeholder roundtables, followed by individual factors and political factors.Practical implicationsUnderstanding the contributors to food poverty can inform targeted policy action.Originality/valueThere is a lack of theoretical and conceptual literature regarding the causes of food poverty, and there has to date been limited research on the contributors to food poverty in Northern Ireland/the United Kingdom.
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Ribeiro, Lilian Lopes, i Emerson Marinho. "Time poverty in Brazil: measurement and analysis of its determinants". Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 42, nr 2 (czerwiec 2012): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-41612012000200003.
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This article analyzes well-being on an individual level, through the allocation of work hours done by adults and children and thus it measures time poverty in Brazil. In order to achieve such measurement, poverty indicators such as Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) were adapted into a time poverty mode. Additionally, an analysis of its determinants was also conducted. Among other findings, the fact that women (either children and adult ones) are the time-poorest individuals in urban or rural areas. Another unfortunate finding is that the high rate of time poverty among children, numerically 16,1% is not far from the adult rate which is of 19,7%. The overall composite time poor individual profile is of an African-Brazilian adult woman of little education, not necessarily income poor and residing in an urban area of the northeast region, living in a household of few people, she is the mother of children who are younger than 14 years old.
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Xiao, Yiming, Han Wu, Guohua Wang i Shangrui Wang. "The Relationship between Energy Poverty and Individual Development: Exploring the Serial Mediating Effects of Learning Behavior and Health Condition". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 16 (23.08.2021): 8888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168888.
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Energy poverty has negative impacts on the residents’ life from various aspects. A comprehensive understanding of these impacts is the top priority in energy poverty governance. Previous qualitative studies have shown that energy poverty has the potential to negatively impact the individual development of residents through multiple pathways. However, few scholars have explored this issue from a quantitative perspective. To fill the gaps in existing research, this study aims to examine the impact of energy poverty on individual development and explore the serial mediating effects of learning behavior and health condition in the relationship. A total of 2289 valid samples are obtained from the dataset of Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). SPSS 26.0 and PROCESS 3.5 are used to conduct serial mediating effects analysis. The results show that energy poverty can significantly negatively impact the individual development of residents. Learning behavior and health condition are found to independently or serially mediate the relationship between energy poverty and individual development. Health condition has the stronger mediating effect, whereas the mediating effect of learning behavior is weaker. This study may contribute to a better understanding of the consequences of energy poverty in government and academia.
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Katzarski, Ivan. "Thinking Poverty: Basic Codes". Human and Social Studies 5, nr 3 (1.10.2016): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2016-0025.
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Abstract The present-day viewing of poverty in a predominantly economic perspective is neither “natural”, nor self-evident, nor the only possible viewpoint. The perception of poverty is always part of an integral worldview (Weltanschauung). This article aims to shed more light on some elements (basic codes) of a somewhat unconscious construction of the world, which predetermine various views on poverty in different societies and civilizations. Here the codes are thought of as the most general ways and modes of perception of social reality, and general strategies of behavior within that reality. These codes characterize the specific stances of practical subjects (individuals, groups or larger communities), stances that represent an alloy of perception and action. Two types of codes are distinguished: structural and formative (cultural, civilizational). The structural codes are only two in number: the dual and the hierarchic, while the formative specifically characterize an individual culture or civilization. The different types are reconstructed with reference to a number of historical studies. Among the formative codes, special attention is devoted to those specific for the Judaic, Christian, and Islamic civilizations.
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KNIGHT, CARL. "A pluralistic approach to global poverty". Review of International Studies 34, nr 4 (październik 2008): 713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210508008243.
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AbstractA large proportion of humankind today lives in avoidable poverty. This article examines whether affluent individuals and governments have moral duties to change this situation. It is maintained that an alternative to the familiar accounts of transdomestic distributive justice and personal ethics put forward by writers such as Peter Singer, John Rawls, and Thomas Pogge is required, since each of these accounts fails to reflect the full range of relevant considerations. A better account would give some weight to overall utility, the condition of the worst off, and individual responsibility. This approach provides robust support to global poverty alleviation.
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Iceland, John. "Urban Labor Markets and Individual Transitions Out of Poverty". Demography 34, nr 3 (sierpień 1997): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3038295.
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Mäkinen, Virpi. "Individual Natural Rights in the Discussion on Franciscan Poverty". Studia Theologica - Nordic Journal of Theology 53, nr 1 (listopad 1999): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393389950137019.
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Betti, Gianni, Lucia Mangiavacchi i Luca Piccoli. "Women and poverty: insights from individual consumption in Albania". Review of Economics of the Household 18, nr 1 (15.05.2019): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-019-09452-3.
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KANABAR, RICKY. "In or out? Poverty dynamics among older individuals in the UK". Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 16, nr 4 (27.10.2016): 509–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747216000135.
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AbstractUsing the largest household panel surveyUnderstanding Society, this paper investigates low-income dynamics among pensioner households in the UK controlling for biases due to initial conditions and non-random survey attrition. Estimation results indicate there is a correlation between initial and conditional poverty status, specifically, there is regression towards the mean. The results find no evidence of a correlation between initial poverty status, conditional poverty status and survey attrition. The findings show the importance of benefit income in determining poverty status, suggesting that a dichotomous measure such as poverty status may not suitably reflect actual pensioner living standards. Aside from benefit income, receipt of employer and occupational pension, health, education and subjective financial situation are important in determining initial and conditional poverty status. Stylised examples highlight the significant differences in the ‘poverty experience’ which arise due to differences individual and household characteristics.
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Hamilton, Rashea, D. Betsy McCoach, M. Shane Tutwiler, Del Siegle, E. Jean Gubbins, Carolyn M. Callahan, Annalissa V. Brodersen i Rachel U. Mun. "Disentangling the Roles of Institutional and Individual Poverty in the Identification of Gifted Students". Gifted Child Quarterly 62, nr 1 (30.10.2017): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0016986217738053.
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Although the relationships between family income and student identification for gifted programming are well documented, less is known about how school and district wealth are related to student identification. To examine the effects of institutional and individual poverty on student identification, we conducted a series of three-level regression models. Students of poverty are generally less likely to be identified for gifted services, even after controlling for prior math and reading achievement. Furthermore, school poverty predicts the percentage of gifted students identified in a school. Within districts, even after controlling for reading and math scores, the poorer schools in a district have lower identification rates. Whereas students of poverty are generally less likely to be identified for gifted services, poor students in poor schools are even less likely to be identified as gifted.
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Piachaud, David. "Problems in the Definition and Measurement of Poverty". Journal of Social Policy 16, nr 2 (kwiecień 1987): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400020353.
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ABSTRACTThree approaches to defining poverty levels are discussed—social consensus approaches, budget standard methods, and behavioural approaches. Each addresses different questions and none, of itself, has provided—nor, it is argued, could ever provide—an objective definition of poverty. The paper then raises problems that have been largely neglected in defining poverty. First, the treatment of time and home production: the time and ability of individuals to prepare food or to wash and feed without assistance, for example, vary greatly depending on circumstances and in turn affect income needs. Choices and constraints affecting the household formations in which people live and their budgeting behaviour are also important in assessing poverty. Individual variations in behaviour need to be explicitly recognised if practical definitions of poverty levels are to be found. Finally, the paper condemns discussions of poverty that are part of the problem rather than part of the solution.
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Wright, Erik Olin. "The Class Analysis of Poverty". International Journal of Health Services 25, nr 1 (styczeń 1995): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wyrm-630n-8m6v-7851.
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To understand more fully the nature of poverty it must be viewed as the result, in part, of inherent features of the social system. The author describes four general approaches to explaining poverty: poverty as a result of inherent individual attributes, as the by-product of contingent individual characteristics, as a by-product of social causes, and as a result of inherent properties of the social system. He then elaborates a class exploitation analysis of poverty by explaining how economic oppression, economic exploitation, and class generate a social system in which poverty plays a crucial functional role. The general problem of poverty must be broken down into two subproblems: poverty generated inside exploitative relations (the working poor) and poverty generated by nonexploitative oppression (the underclass). A class analysis of poverty argues that significant numbers of privileged people have a strong, positive material interest in maintaining poverty. Poverty can be reduced in the United States only through popular mobilization of pressure that challenges the power of the dominant classes.
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Zhang, Kai, Yulu Chen, Meiyi Zong i Haishu Lu. "Effectiveness Analysis and Individual Behavior Simulation of Water Rights Trading Policy to Alleviate Water Poverty". Water 16, nr 14 (12.07.2024): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16141979.
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The year 2023 will mark the tenth year of China’s pilot water rights program, with China’s overall water use efficiency improving and the water-related industry continuing to grow. Due to the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources in China, there still exists the real problem of resource-type water shortage and structural water shortage, in which the problem of water poverty is particularly prominent. In order to alleviate water poverty, this paper constructs a water poverty indicator system and measures it, uses a double difference model to study whether the water trading policy is effective in alleviating water poverty, and establishes a tripartite evolutionary game model to simulate the behavioral strategies of the relevant stakeholders in water trading. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) the degree of water poverty in China’s 31 provinces and municipalities from 2008 to 2022 shows a decreasing trend in general, but there are still regional differences; (2) the pilot policy of water rights trading effectively alleviates the situation of water poverty in China, and the alleviation effect is especially obvious for the western region; (3) The degree of government subsidy, the price of water rights trading, the degree of government punishment for non-trading behavior, and the extra income gained from water rights trading all affect the degree of water poverty of both parties to the water rights trading. Therefore, we should continue to improve the water rights trading platform, promote the construction of a diversified water use market, and strengthen the monitoring, measurement and supervision of water rights trading.
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Othman, Azhana, Abd Halim Mohd Noor i Mohamed Saladin Abdul Rasool. "A Subjective Poverty Approach as an Alternative Measurement in Identifying the Poor and Needy". International Journal of Zakat 3, nr 4 (31.12.2018): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v3i4.109.
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Poverty can be measured directly (based on consumption) or indirectly (based on income). Both direct and indirect poverty measurement are called objective poverty measurement. Nonetheless, these indicators are not enough capture the multiple aspects of poverty. Therefore, the alternative measure of poverty is needed. Subjective poverty is an individual assessment of their own poverty status. The poor have their own understanding and interpretation of their socio-economic situation. Poverty could be analyzed in a more comprehensive and better dimension by combining objective and subjective measures in identifying the poor. The Millennium Development Goals Report (MDGR, 2015) designates that Malaysia has been successful eliminated objective poverty. Despite that, the issue of poverty still surfing especially the zakat authorities are experiencing increasing in the zakat applications categorized poor and needy each day. To avoid the situation where individuals are wrongly defined as poor or non-poor are to compile objective and subjective measures on poverty. The objectives of the study are to determine the criteria of subjective poor and to propose subjective poverty index (SPI) as an alternative poverty measurement. The empirical analysis was based of 507 zakat applicants of poor and needy in Melaka. The data was analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods in four phases of analysis. The findings confirmed that subjective poverty index (SPI) is an initial effort to explain poverty in the perspective of the poor.
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Attoukou, Medard, i Karim Nchare. "Financial Exclusion and Poverty Reduction in Benin". Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research 9, nr 2 (13.09.2022): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/ajeer.v9i2.4146.
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By analyzing some factors related to the various constraints faced by unbanked individuals, this study explores the determinants associated with individuals without access to common financial services in Benin. It also examines the impact of the lack of access to financial services on poverty using the World Bank’s Global Findex database for 2011, 2014, and 2017. Using a probit model, we found a positive and significant relationship between financial exclusion and lack of documentation, expensive financial services, distance from financial institutions, and lack of trust in financial institutions. Moreover, individual characteristics, such as age, education level, religion, gender, and employment status are significantly associated with financial exclusion. Using a Heckman sample selection model, we show that financial exclusion in Benin has a positive and significant effect on poverty. These results are vindicated using propensity score matching (PSM) for robustness checks.
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Saunders, Milda R., Kalycia Trishana Watson i Hyo Jung Tak. "Social Factors in Childhood and Adulthood Associated with Adult Obesity in African American and White Women". ISRN Public Health 2012 (23.04.2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/931854.
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Background. Few studies have examined how individual and neighborhood poverty in childhood and adulthood influence the likelihood of adult obesity. We used a longitudinal cohort to examine these associations. Methods. Our cohort consisted of children born in Baltimore, MD, USA with followup as adults from ages 27 to 33. We used logistic regression to examine the multivariate association between individual and neighborhood poverty in childhood and adulthood and adult obesity, (body mass index ), based on self-reported height and weight. Results. Of the 986 female respondents, 82% were African American and 18% were White. Both groups had similar rates of adulthood obesity (African American 25% versus Whites 26% , ), and similar rates of poverty as children and adults. There was no statistically significant association between individual or neighborhood poverty during childhood and the likelihood of adult obesity. Adults at risk for overweight or overweight as children had significantly greater odds of adult obesity (OR 2.8 and 12.1, resp.). Conclusion. In this sample of women with high rates of childhood and adulthood poverty, obesity rates were high. Childhood risk for overweight and overweight were strongly associated with adult obesity. Individual and neighborhood poverty in childhood were not independently associated with adulthood obesity.
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Ibáñez, Marta, Aroa Tejero i Fermín López-Rodríguez. "Pobrezas laborales antes y después de la Gran Recesión (2009-2019)". Empiria. Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales, nr 60 (5.01.2024): 41–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/empiria.60.2024.39281.
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En España hay una incidencia alta de pobreza laboral, que no ha variado en exceso tras la llamada Gran Recesión, a pesar de su fuerte impacto en la economía y el mercado laboral. Un primer objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evolución de esa pobreza durante todo el ciclo económico comprendido entre la anterior crisis y el período inmediatamente anterior a la pandemia del COVID-19, utilizando indicadores con umbral de pobreza anclado al comienzo de ese período. Se supera así el carácter relativo del indicador oficial, que se calcula para cada año, impidiendo captar los cambios en la incidencia de la pobreza a lo largo del tiempo. Un segundo objetivo es determinar qué dimensiones son más relevantes en la pobreza laboral y en su evolución. Para ello, se conceptualiza la pobreza laboral como un fenómeno compuesto por dos realidades: la individual y la doméstica. Esto nos permite hablar de pobreza individual (bajos salarios), pobreza del hogar (la de las estadísticas de pobreza laboral), y pobreza severa (pobreza familiar y bajos salarios). Así mismo, se pretende ver la influencia de los ciclos económicos, tanto en el peso de cada una de las pobrezas laborales, como en los factores que las explican, para comprobar qué grupos fueron los que sufrieron más la Gran Recesión y si fue una situación coyuntural. Nuestras conclusiones han sido principalmente tres: en 2019, justo antes de la crisis COVID, las tasas de pobreza laboral no se habían recuperado de la crisis anterior, especialmente la pobreza severa. Además, la pobreza laboral de tipo más individual decrece en la crisis, asociada al mayor desempleo y al aumento de la pobreza severa, recuperándose parcialmente en 2019. Por último, el tipo de pobreza más grave, en el que coinciden pobreza laboral individual y del hogar, presenta rasgos similares a la pobreza laboral del hogar, con un fuerte peso de la presencia de menores y, especialmente, de las familias monoparentales. In Spain there is a high incidence of in-work poverty, which has not changed much after the so-called Great Recession, despite its strong impact on the economy and the labour market. The first objective of this article is to analyse the evolution of poverty during the economic cycle between the previous crisis and the period immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, using indicators with a poverty line anchored at the beginning of that period. This addresses the relative nature of the official indicator, which is calculated for each year, preventing it from capturing changes in the incidence of poverty over time. A second objective is to determine which dimensions are most relevant for in-work poverty and its evolution. Thus, in-work poverty is conceptualised as a phenomenon composed of an individual and a household reality, distinguishing between individual poverty (low-pay situations), household poverty (coming from in-work poverty statistics), and severe poverty (the conjunction of family poverty and low pay). In addition, the last purpose is to analyse the influence of economic cycles, both on the weight of each of the types of in-work poverty and on the factors that explain them, exploring which groups suffered most from the Great Recession and whether this was a temporary situation. Our findings were mainly threefold. First, in 2019, just before the COVID crisis, in-work poverty rates had not recovered from the previous crisis, especially in the case of severe poverty. Second, individual in-work poverty declines during the crisis, associated with an increase in the overall unemployment rate and a parallel increase in severe poverty, but partially recovers in 2019. Third, the most severe type of in-work poverty, where the individual and household dimension converge, has similar characteristics to household in-work poverty, mainly influence by the presence of children and single-parent families.
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First, Chen. "Are the Laws Still Poor? Reflections on the Right to Work Limiting the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living". LSE Law Review 8, nr 3 (13.03.2023): 322–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.61315/lselr.463.
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Despite the existence of a comprehensive human rights framework that includes the rights to work, social security, and an adequate standard of living, poverty persists. This article contends that these rights, rather than complementing each other, undermine one another and undermine discussions about human dignity. Louis Blanc's original conception of the right to work as a way to gain emancipation and shape the market has been reduced to a focus on individual working conditions. In the absence of concrete implementation plans, the right to an adequate standard of living is often conflated with the right to social security and assistance at the national level. Constitutions and court rulings impose the primary responsibility of working on individuals to achieve an adequate standard of living. Moreover, job market development has become the predominant strategy for addressing poverty. By emphasizing individual responsibility, the right to work is transformed into a duty to work, blurring the line between state intervention and individual responsibility. By focusing on work and working conditions, we stigmatize people in poverty and ignore its causes. Most importantly, human dignity unrelated to work and the right to an adequate standard of living are omitted from this human rights framework.
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Rohima, Siti. "ENTREPRENUERSHIP DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN DIRI MASYARAKAT MISKIN". Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 13, nr 1 (10.06.2015): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/jep.v13i1.4849.
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Poverty is a very complex and multidimensional. Many programs that have been done to tackle poverty, but the results are not optimal. Thus, it takes the efforts of poor people to explore the potential of self through self-empowerment by enhancing the entrepreneurial spirit.The research location in the District of Alang-Alang Lebar. This study used a qualitative approach with symbolic interasionik method. Methods of data collection using observation, interview and documentation.The results of self-empowerment expressed by individuals 'self' entrepreneurial poor who are supported to increase the income and standard of living better. Individual "self" which has the soul of independence entrepreneurship will have an attitude of self-assurance, courage take the opportunity, do not be afraid to fail and always worked hard, tenacious and creative. These conditions make for poor individuals to empower themselves to improve the standard of living of most self so as to achieve prosperity as expected and rise from vicious circle of poverty. Keywords: entreprenuership, self-empowerment, poverty, welfare,
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Andersson, Eva K., i Bo Malmberg. "Segregation and the effects of adolescent residential context on poverty risks and early income career: A study of the Swedish 1980 cohort". Urban Studies 55, nr 2 (4.05.2016): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016643915.
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Will the consequences of residential segregation, that is, spatial concentration of marginalised populations on the one hand, and spatial concentration of affluent populations on the other hand, generate a situation where individual life trajectories are influenced by where individuals grow up? Our aim is to analyse how poverty risks and early income career at adult age are influenced by different neighbourhood contexts in early youth. We use Swedish longitudinal register data, and follow individuals born in 1980 until 2012. Residential context is measured in 1995 at age 15 by expanding a buffer around the residential locations of each individual and, by computing statistical aggregates of different socio-demographic variables for that population. The results show that poverty risks increase for individuals growing up in areas characterised by high numbers of social allowance recipients living nearby, whereas elite geographical context is favourable for both women’s and men’s future income.
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Prins, Esther, i Kai A. Schafft. "Individual and Structural Attributions for Poverty and Persistence in Family Literacy Programs: The Resurgence of the Culture of Poverty". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 111, nr 9 (wrzesień 2009): 2280–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810911100902.
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Background/Context Educational researchers have long sought to understand the factors that enable or constrain persistence in non-formal adult education and family literacy programs. Scholars typically posit three sets of factors influencing persistence: situational (learners’ life circumstances), institutional (programmatic factors), and dispositional (learners’ personal experiences and attitudes). This body of literature tends to emphasize institutional and dispositional factors such as program quality, learner motivation, and self-efficacy. Situational factors, such as lack of childcare, are often considered less influential and/or beyond practitioners’ control. However, by focusing on individualistic and programmatic factors, scholars and educators risk overlooking the ways in which social structures and community contexts shape educational participation and achievement, thereby underestimating the chronic socio-economic insecurity experienced by families in poverty. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The purpose of this article is to analyze how family literacy practitioners utilize individual and/or structural factors in explaining the determinants of adult persistence in family literacy programs and the causes of poverty for adult learners and other community residents. Research Design This article is based on a qualitative study of persistence in family literacy programs across urban and rural contexts. The data are drawn from interviews with 30 family literacy professionals at 20 program sites across Pennsylvania, supplemented by interviews with 17 learners in three programs. Conclusions/Recommendations The family literacy practitioners in this study tended to attribute learner persistence mainly to individual qualities such as motivation, and often described adult learners in terms consistent with the culture of poverty thesis, specifically, the failure to value education, lack of motivation, and the view that poverty is an intergenerational cycle perpetuated by the habits and traits of the poor. Contrary to culture of poverty stereotypes, family literacy participants characterized themselves as determined individuals who value education and want to make something of themselves. Individual-level explanations characterize the dominant understandings of poverty and educational persistence in the U.S., and thus shape practitioner thinking about adult learners’ economic circumstances and the reasons they stay in or drop out of adult education. The pervasiveness of the culture of poverty thesis in professional environments and discourses helps explain why dedicated, compassionate practitioners frame persistence and poverty individualistically. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the interrelationship between individual and structural dimensions of persistence, suggesting how a constellation of poverty-related factors disrupts program participation. We argue that motivation and other personal attributes are socially constructed, geographically distributed, and inextricably linked to structural factors such as the economic exclusion of the poor.
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Ćwiek, Małgorzata, Katarzyna Maj -Waśniowska i Katarzyna Stabryła-Chudzio. "Spatial Differentiation of Poverty in Polish Voivodships". Central European Management Journal 28, nr 3 (15.09.2020): 2–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/cemj.2658-0845.25.
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Purpose: This study aims to assess the direction of changes in the extent of extreme, relative, and statutory poverty in 2008–2017 in Poland, along with the spatial differentiation of poverty in individual voivodships. Methodology: The study of poverty differentiation based on data from Household Budgets Survey. Obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis, using elements of multidimensional analysis. Results: The research revealed that there are significant differences in the level of poverty in individual voivodships, with lower values observed in Western Poland. A significant drop in the level of poverty, especially extreme poverty, was recorded in 2008–2017. Furthermore, fluctuations in the extent of poverty are strongly impacted by state policy. Implications: Research results may be useful to policy-makers at the local government level not only in Poland but also in other countries, mainly from the perspective of the European Union’s Europe 2020 strategy. Originality/Value: The article undertakes the topic of poverty, which constitutes an important and current socioeconomic concern. Despite progressive economic development, there still exist disadvantaged groups of entities and households.