Książki: „Individual poverty”

1

Bourguignon, François. Estimating individual vulnerability to poverty with pseudo-panel data. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2004.

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Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. The world distribution of income (estimated from individual country distributions). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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Antman, Francisca. Poverty traps and nonlinear income dynamics with measurement error and individual heterogeneity. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.

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Biewen, Martin. Measuring state dependence in individual poverty status: Are there feedback effects to employment decisions and household composition? Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.

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Daniel, Suryadarma, i Social Monitoring and Early Response Unit (Indonesia), red. Objective measures of family welfare for individual targeting: Results from Pilot Project on Community Based Monitoring System in Indonesia. Jakarta: SMERU Research Institute, 2005.

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Taskforce, International Year for the Eradication of Poverty (1996). Community choices - individual lives: A report to the Government of Western Australia through the Minister for Family and Children's Services. West Perth, W.A: The Taskforce, 1998.

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Kane, Dianna. Responding to multi-dimensional poverty: Exploring the impacts of government, community and the individual resilience of HIV positive unemployed mothers in Khayelitsha. Cape Town: Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, 2009.

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Hlavačka, Milan, i Pavel Cibulka. Chudinství a chudoba jako sociálně historický fenomén: Ambivalence dobových perspektiv, individuální a kolektivní strategie chudých a instrumentária řešení = Poverty and care of the poor as social historical phenomena : ambivalence of historical perspectives, individual and collective strategies of the poor, and instruments of solution in the past. Praha: Historický ústav, 2013.

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editor, Pietromarchi Bartolomeo 1968, i Gallerie dell'Accademia di Venezia, red. Mario Merz: Città irreale. Milano: Skira, 2015.

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Giovanni, Castagnoli Pier, Gianelli Ida i Merz Beatrice, red. Mario Merz. Torino: Fondazione Merz, 2006.

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Marisa, Merz, Museu Serralves i MdM Salzburg, red. Marisa Merz: O céu é um grande espaço. Porto: Serralves, 2018.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures. i United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation., red. Federal tax treatment of individuals below the poverty level: Scheduled for a hearing before the Subcommitee on Select Revenue Measures of the Committee on Ways and Means on June 6, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures. i United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation., red. Federal tax treatment of individuals below the poverty level: Scheduled for a hearing before the Subcommitee on Select Revenue Measures of the Committee on Ways and Means on June 6, 1985. [Washington, D.C: Joint Committee on Taxation, 1985.

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Global poverty and individual responsibility. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009.

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Lo Bue, Maria C., i Flaviana Palmisano. The individual poverty incidence of growth. UNU-WIDER, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2019/675-3.

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Bourguignon, François, Chor-ching Goh i Dae Il Kim. Estimating Individual Vulnerability to Poverty with Pseudo-Panel Data. The World Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3375.

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Dutta, Bhaskar. Multidimensional Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0004.

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A rich literature on multidimensional poverty measurement has recently sprung up. In this multidimensional setting, an individual is identified as poor or deprived if he or she falls short of these poverty-line-like cut-offs along various dimensions. A key assumption is that these shortfalls are non-comparable—a shortfall in one dimension cannot be compensated by a gain in another. This chapter reviews some of these axiomatic treatments and questions some assumptions. It points out that there are other ways in which one can identify impoverished individuals even within the multidimensional framework.

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Pogge, Thomas, i Scott Wisor. Measuring Poverty. Redaktorzy Matthew D. Adler i Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.20.

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This chapter documents a participatory approach to developing a new, gender-sensitive measure of deprivation that improves upon existing measures of poverty and gender equity. Over three years, across 18 sites in Angola, Fiji, Indonesia, Malawi, Mozambique, and the Philippines, men and women in poor communities engaged in a range of qualitative discussions and quantitative evaluation exercises to help develop the Individual Deprivation Measure. The IDM tracks deprivation in 15 dimensions, uses interval scales within dimensions, and can easily be administered in most impoverished areas. It represents a significant advance in multidimensional measurement by focusing on individuals rather than households, by covering all important dimensions of poverty, by being gender-sensitive in the selection and coding of dimensions, and by being appropriately sensitive to the depth of deprivation. The IDM demonstrates the possibility of establishing objective tools of social valuation through a process of public reason.

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Sharkey, Patrick, Max Besbris i Michael Friedson. Poverty and Crime. Redaktorzy David Brady i Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.28.

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This article examines theory and evidence on the association between poverty and crime at both the individual and community levels. It begins with a review of the literature on individual- or family-level poverty and crime, followed by a discussion at the level of the neighborhood or community. The research under consideration focuses on criminal activity and violent behavior, using self-reports or official records of violent offenses (homicide, assault, rape), property crime (burglary, theft, vandalism), and in some cases delinquency or victimization. The article concludes by highlighting three shifts of thinking about the relationship between poverty and crime, including a shift away from a focus on individual motivations and toward a focus on situations that make crime more or less likely.

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Antman, Francisca, i David J. McKenzie. Poverty Traps And Nonlinear Income Dynamics With Measurement Error And Individual Heterogeneity. The World Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3764.

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Ferreira, Francisco H. G., i Vito Peragine. Individual Responsibility and Equality of Opportunity. Redaktorzy Matthew D. Adler i Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.24.

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Building on earlier work by political philosophers, economists have recently sought to define a concept of equity that accommodates the fairness of reward to individual responsibility and effort, while allowing for the existence of some inequalities that are unfair and should be compensated. This chapter provides a critical review of the economic literature on equality and inequality of opportunity. A simple “canonical model” of equal opportunity is proposed, and used to explore the two fundamental concepts in this (relatively) new theory of social justice: the principles of compensation and reward. Ex ante and ex post versions of the compensation principle are presented, and the tensions between them are discussed. Different approaches to the measurement of inequality of opportunity—and empirical applications—are reviewed, and implications for the measurement of poverty and of the rate of economic development are discussed.

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Brady, David, i Markus Jäntti. Economic Performance, Poverty, and Inequality in Rich Countries. Redaktorzy David Brady i Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.25.

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This article explores the interrelationships among poverty, economic performance, and inequality in rich countries. It argues that poverty rises and falls with the business cycle and economic performance. Business cycle refers to macroeconomic fluctuations in economic growth, unemployment, and employment. Higher economic growth and lower unemployment rates mean more individuals employed. Because a job is one of the most effective ways to remove a household from poverty, macroeconomic performance should directly influence individual poverty. This article first describes the statistical models used to estimate the effects of economic performance on poverty before reviewing studies that assess the effects of economic performance on poverty and income inequality. In terms of economic performance, it analyzes the effects of the business cycle, economic growth, unemployment rates, and GDP per capita.

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Fitzsimmons, Orlando Kellogg. Metamorphose: Involving Regeneration of Individual and Race, and Also the Solution of the Great Problem of Poverty. HardPress, 2020.

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Chakravarty, Satya, i Maria Ana Lugo. Multidimensional Indicators of Inequality and Poverty. Redaktorzy Matthew D. Adler i Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.7.

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This chapter reviews the main features of multidimensional indices of inequality and poverty. For each of these cases, the discussion is divided into two approaches: a direct approach, where desirable properties are specified and a measure of inequality or poverty obtained; and the inclusive measure of well-being approach, where an index of individual well-being is defined in a first step, and the measure of inequality or poverty obtained in a second step. The emphasis will be on the properties that different measures satisfy and on the main justifications put forward when properties disagree. A systematic comparison between indices, whenever appropriate, is presented. Several policy applications of the indices are also discussed.

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Bonner, Adrian. Social Exclusion and the Way Out: An individual and community response to human social dysfunction. Wiley, 2007.

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Jefferson, Philip N., red. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195393781.001.0001.

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Poverty is a pressing and persistent problem. While its extent varies across countries, its presence always represents the diminution of human capacity. Therefore, it seems natural to want to do something about it. Have countries made progress in mitigating poverty? How do we determine who is poor and who is not poor? What intuitions or theories guide the design of anti-poverty policy? Is overall labor market performance the key to keeping the poverty rate low? Or, does it matter how well-connected an individual is to those who know about the availability of jobs? Does being an immigrant increase the odds of being poor? Are there anti-poverty policies that work? For whom do they work? If I'm poor, will I have access to health care and housing? Am I more likely to be obese, polluted upon, incarcerated, un-banked, and without assets if I'm poor? Is poverty too hard a problem for economic analysis? These are some of the questions that a group of scholars have come together to confront in The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Poverty. The book is written in a style that encourages the reader to think critically about poverty. Theories are presented in a rigorous but not overly technical way; concise and straightforward empirical analyses enlighten key policy issues. The volume covers topics such as poverty in the twenty-first century; labor market factors; poverty policy; poverty dynamics; the dimensions of poverty; and trends and issues in anti-poverty policy. A goal of the book is to stimulate further research on poverty. To that end, several articles challenge conventional thinking about poverty and in some cases present specific proposals for the reform of economic and social policy.

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Salvucci, Vincenzo, i Finn Tarp. Estimating poverty transitions in Mozambique using synthetic panels: A validation exercise and an application to cross-sectional survey data. Wyd. 26. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/964-8.

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In this paper we first validate the use of the synthetic panels technique in the context of the 2014/15 intra-year panel survey data for Mozambique, and then apply the same technique to the 1996/97, 2002/03, 2008/09, and 2014/15 cross-sectional household budget surveys for the same country. We find that in most analyses poverty rates and poverty transitions estimated using synthetic panels provide results that are close to the true values obtained using the 2014/15 panel data. With respect to intra-year poverty dynamics, we find that Mozambique has a high intra-year variability in consumption and poverty, and a very high degree of intra-year poverty immobility, with a big portion of the population remaining either in poverty or out of poverty over the whole year, with smaller percentages of individuals moving upward or downward. With respect to the 1996/97, 2002/03, 2008/09, and 2014/15 cross-sectional surveys, our results suggest that in most year-to-year comparisons there is a greater proportion of people getting out of poverty than falling into poverty, consistent with the poverty-reduction process observed, but the percentage of people staying in poverty over time appears to be substantially higher, involving about one-third of the population in most years. Further analyses on the 2008/09 and 2014/15 surveys estimate that for an individual who was in the vulnerable group in 2008/09, there is a 60 per cent probability of remaining in the same group, whereas the probability of becoming non-vulnerable is lower than the probability of entering poverty. This constitutes the first attempt to provide an insight into poverty dynamics in Mozambique using all the available survey data.

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Satyam, Mantu Kumar. India hindu religion individual castes /s.c/s.t / o.b.c weaker sections immediate - poverty solution, increase huge business, industry, social ... number lawyer/medicine UG/PG DEGREE. Lulu.com, 2015.

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Lesley, Lacrecia. Transformation from a Mind of Poverty to a Master of Poetry: A Eye Opening Journey of Spiritual Redirection Casting the True Reflection of Beauty in a Individual. Cre8tions Plus Publications, 2019.

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Autora, Grupa. Psychology in the function of the well-being of the individual and society - BOOK OF ABSTRACTS. Filozofski fakultet Niš, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/awb.2021.

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As the guidelines of human attitudes and behavior, the values are extremely important for individuals and for the society. All major societal flaws (violence, war, aggression, criminal, delinquency, lawlessness, corruption, ecological devastation, terrorism, totalitarianism, exploitation, misery, poverty, hunger, starvation, ignorance, fanaticism and others) are result of behavior that is as odd with basic human values. Thus, a value-congruent behavior is a necessary condition for stable and successful society and the strengthening of value-aligned behavior is a planetary task. Psychological research convincingly demonstrated that the values represent and occupy a great field of attitudes and beliefs, one of the three great domains of the psychological trilogy (personality; attitudes, beliefs and values; cognitive abilities). In psychology, we need a clear and elaborated theoretical explanation of values. A comprehensive theoretical model of values (CTV) was therefore developed in last decades. It comprises all important aspects of the values: the structure, hierarchical organization, development, cross-cultural validity and differences, connections to other important psychological and behavioral domains and the role of values in our life. The knowledge of values is necessary, yet it is not enough in order to cope with all risks of individual and societal welfare. Another requirement is therefore crucial, namely the abovementioned alignment of values and behavior. Values that are not accomplished or realized in our behavior are useless. Thus, the research of value–behavior relations is extremely important in psychology. It is one of essential pillars in the scientific basis of a stable society and has therefore tremendous practical consequences. It also brings us closer to the perennial question connected with the role of values in our life: does the behavior that is aligned and congruent with values make us happier or not. Thus, the final part of my lecture will be focused on the empirical answers to that question. And, as research results are proving, the life and behavior which are congruent with the values factually correlate with the happiness and general wellbeing.

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Ruth : Poverty and Plenty: Four Studies for Individuals or Groups. Good Book Company, The, 2008.

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Gautié, Jérôme, i Sophie Ponthieux. Employment and the Working Poor. Redaktorzy David Brady i Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.22.

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This article examines the phenomenon of working poverty and issues relating to employment and the working poor. It first provides an overview of the problems of definition and measurement regarding the working poor, along with the consequences of the diversity of definitions. In particular, it considers different current definitions of the statistical category “working poor” and how definitions affect the assessment of the in-work poverty phenomenon. It also provides a “statistical” portrait of the working poor and explores how the risk of working poverty has evolved in the 2000s. Finally, it discusses the causes of working poverty, including low income at the individual level and the role of welfare states, and outlines potential remedies in terms of public policies.

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Francis i Clare. The Riches of Simplicity: Selected Writings of Francis and Clare (Upper Room Spiritual Classics-Series 2). Upper Room Books, 1999.

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Ending Poverty: A 20/20 Vision Guide for Individuals And Congregations. Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2006.

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Halpern-Meekin, Sarah. Social Poverty. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479891214.001.0001.

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Social Poverty draws on 192 interviews with young, low-income, unmarried parents to investigate the concept of social poverty, using the setting of a government-funded relationship education program. While commentators and academics have excoriated such programs for the value system they imply and their intervention results, participants are huge fans of them. Although critics view participants’ financial needs as dominating their social concerns, participants themselves are acutely aware of their relational needs. These needs drive their participation in and enthusiasm for the program. This study illustrates the fundamental importance to policy and poverty studies of properly understanding social poverty. Social poverty means not having adequate high-quality, trusting social relationships to meet core socioemotional needs. Poverty scholars typically focus on the economic use value of social ties—how relationships enable access to job leads, informal loans, or a spare bedroom. While such resources can be essential, this focus ignores the fundamental place of socioemotional needs in our lives and the extent to which avoiding or alleviating social poverty is a central motivation for many. As one young mother says, without her boyfriend she would “probably be the loneliest person on Earth.” Therefore, to accurately assess policy impacts and comprehend individuals’ behaviors, we must pay attention to both material and social hardships.

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Moller, David Wendell. Notes from the Trenches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199760145.003.0003.

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This chapter details the vicissitudes of race and poverty shaped J. W. Green’s upbringing in the Deep South as well as his adjustment to urban living as an adult. His lack of education, employment opportunity, and personal empowerment led to a “life on the streets.” Stoic faith saw him through a life and death in poverty. Mr. Green teaches us that everyone comes to this phase of life with strengths to cull from their cultural and spiritual beliefs. Mr. Green also teaches us that dignified dying does not require the unfettered exercise of personal autonomy, although a deep and abiding respect for the self-worth of the individual is necessary.

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Krishna, Anirudh. The Dynamics of Poverty. Redaktorzy David Brady i Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.14.

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This article examines the dynamics of poverty and explains why poverty dynamics studies are necessary: to estimate the risk of impoverishment and the probability of escaping poverty; to identify the reasons associated with poverty descents and escapes; to distinguish between transient and chronic poverty; and to elucidate the social mobility prospects of individuals in different economic situations. The article begins with an overview of three types of approaches used in investigating poverty dynamics: panel data studies, participatory poverty assessments and ethnographic studies, and mixed-method studies. This is followed by a discussion of key findings from poverty dynamics studies; one finding is that poverty creation and poverty reduction occur everywhere in tandem. The article concludes by outlining future directions for research into poverty dynamics.

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Kakwani, Nanak, i Hyun H. Son. Economic Inequality and Poverty. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852841.001.0001.

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Abstract Over the past 50 years, economic inequality and poverty have become central to public debates. The literature on economic inequality and poverty has been vastly expanded to develop new methods and generate new applications. This book provides a rigorous analysis of inequality and poverty, focusing on how income inequality and poverty measurements have evolved in the past 50 years. It has also attempted to resolve some of the controversies. The book’s primary focus is on analyzing the relationships among individuals’ or households’ distributions of economic variables. These relationships are crucial in understanding various economic phenomena. The book has developed many new techniques and provided policy applications using those techniques. It has utilized household surveys to illustrate the applications of methods, showing how they can help draw evidence-based policy conclusions.

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Michalopoulos, Constantine. Ending Global Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850175.001.0001.

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Ending poverty is a noble goal, relevant today as much as it was two decades ago when four women rose to prominent positions in their government and decided to make it their central objective. As the world strives to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, we may find inspiration in the work of Eveline Herfkens from the Netherlands, Hilde F. Johnson from Norway, Clare Short from the United Kingdom, and Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul from Germany who became ministers in charge of their governments’ international development policies in 1997–8. They believed that the best way to end global poverty was to join forces in changing the policies of the international institutions where decisions affecting the poor all over the world are made and to reform donor countries development programmes. They came to be known as the Utstein Four, after the Norwegian Utstein Abbey where they formalized their collaboration in 1999. They called their collaboration ‘a conspiracy of implementation’ to contrast their action-oriented approach with the lofty pronouncements leaders agree to in big global conferences only to forget them when they return home. This volume discusses Utstein’s many contributions ranging from helping relieve the poorest countries of their debt, using debt relief to actually lift individuals out of poverty, achieving primary education for all, especially girls, and putting developing country partners in charge of setting priorities and implementing programmes of assistance. It is a story of women’s empowerment which lasted for only about half a dozen years as the original Utstein Four moved on to other positions. But their influence continues to be felt because their approach to improve aid effectiveness was codified in international agreements and practices of global institutions. The last part of the book discusses the legacy of the Utstein group and the lessons that their experience offers to the continuing challenges of eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development.

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Philips, Joseph Pieter Mathijs. Affluent in the Face of Poverty: On What Rich Individuals Like Us Should Do. Amsterdam University Press, 2007.

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Affluent in the Face of Poverty: On What Rich Individuals Like Us Should Do. Amsterdam University Press, 2007.

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Philips, Jos. Affluent in the Face of Poverty: On What Rich Individuals Like Us Should Do. Amsterdam University Press, 2007.

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Breitenbach, Michael, Clemens Sedmak i Elisabeth Kapferer. Stress and Poverty: A Cross-Disciplinary Investigation of Stress in Cells, Individuals, and Society. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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Breitenbach, Michael, Clemens Sedmak i Elisabeth Kapferer. Stress and Poverty: A Cross-Disciplinary Investigation of Stress in Cells, Individuals, and Society. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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Addison, Tony, i Alan Roe. Extractives for Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0001.

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Countries face both challenges and opportunities in using their extractive industries to achieve more inclusive development—particularly in the developing world. Extractive industries have shaped economies, societies, and politics of nations—for good and bad. Today’s wealthiest nations owe a part of their high living standards to the extractive industries. Yet while a large national income can result from resource wealth, it can also be associated with acute social inequality and deep poverty—the polar opposite of inclusive development. Many developing countries struggle to diversify their economies, and create redistributive fiscal systems, in ways that reduce poverty, inequality, and social division. The very worst cases see violent conflict and civil war. The expression ‘resource curse’ has in turn become common coin. This chapter lays out the framework of the book for the reader, and describes the motive and contribution of the individual chapters to the narrative thread woven throughout.

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Davis, Thomas J. History of African Americans. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400664366.

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This rich cultural history of African Americans outlines their travails, triumphs, and achievements in negotiating individual and collective identities to overcome racism, slavery, and the legacies of these injustices from colonial times to the present. One of every five Americans at the nation's beginning was an African American–a fact that underscores their importance in U.S. growth and development. This fascinating study moves from Africans' early contacts with the Americas to African Americans' 21st-century presence, exploring their role in building the American nation and in constructing their own identities, communities, and cultures. Historian and lawyer Thomas J. Davis's multi-themed narrative of compelling content provides a historical overview of the rise of African Americans from slavery and segregation in their anti-racist quest to enjoy equal rights and opportunities to reach the American Dream of pursuing happiness. The work features portraits of individuals and treats images of African Americans in their roles as performers, producers, consumers, and creators, and as the face of social problems such as crime, education, and poverty.

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Wahler, Elizabeth A., i Sarah C. Johnson. Creating a Person-Centered Library. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216171157.

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Creating a Person-Centered Library provides a comprehensive overview of various services, programs, and collaborations to help libraries serve high-need patrons as well as strategies for supporting staff working with these individuals. While public libraries are struggling to address growing numbers of high-need patrons experiencing homelessness, food insecurity, mental health problems, substance abuse, and poverty-related needs, this book will help librarians build or contribute to library services that will best address patrons' psychosocial needs. The authors, experienced in both library and social work, begin by providing an overview of patrons' psychosocial needs, structural and societal reasons for the shift in these needs, and how these changes impact libraries and library staff. Chapters focus on best practices for libraries providing person-centered services and share lessons learned, including information about special considerations for certain patron populations that might be served by individual libraries. The book concludes with information about how library organizations can support public library staff. Librarians and library students who are concerned about both patrons and library staff will find the practical advice in this book invaluable.

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Rank, Mark R. Conclusion. Redaktorzy David Brady i Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.39.

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This concluding article proposes a new paradigm in which to understand poverty, focusing primarily on the United States even as several dimensions of the paradigm apply globally across other countries. It first considers the major tenets of the “old” paradigm, which is to a large extent a reflection and affirmation of both the free market economic structure and the culture of individualism that have profoundly shaped the American ideology. It then introduces the new paradigm, which aims to stimulate a fundamental shift in how we conceptualize and act toward the problem of poverty, and some of its major themes: poverty results from structural failings; poverty is a conditional state in which individuals move in and out; poverty constitutes deprivation; poverty as injustice; the condition of poverty affects and undermines each one of us.

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Massard-Guilbaud, Geneviève, i Richard Rodger, red. Environmental and Social Justice in the City: Historical Perspectives. The White Horse Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/9781912186334.book.

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The world is full of environmental injustices and inequalities, yet few European historians have tackled these subjects head on; nor have they explored their relationships with social inequalities. In this innovative collection of historical essays the contributors consider a range of past environmental injustices, spanning seven northern and western European countries and with several chapters adding a North American perspective. In addition to an introductory chapter that surveys approaches to this area of environmental history, individual chapters address inequalities in the city as regards water supply, air pollution, waste disposal, factory conditions, industrial effluents, fuel poverty and the administrative and legal arrangements that discriminated against segments of society.

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Dixon, John, i Robert P. Scheurell, red. The State of Social Welfare. Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216018520.

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With the end of the 20th century, Dixon and Scheurell decided it was an opportune time to critically assess what governments have achieved with their plethora of public social welfare policies. While Marxist socialists, democratic socialists, social democrats, and reluctant collectivists were all eager, at various times, to construct their vision of the ideal society, the idea of state welfare was slow to take root. As Dixon and Scheurell point out, at the turn of the century, only a handful of industrializing countries were willing to grapple with the problems of poverty, inequality, and social exclusion. Two world wars and the Great Depression of the 1930s, however, sensitized many societies to the human, social, and even political costs of un-met social welfare needs. Thus, the milieu needed for the birth of state welfare came into existence, first in Western Europe, then in Australasia, followed by North and South America and, finally, in parts of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. The state welfare dream was that citizenship would guarantee every individual a secure lifestyle, with a minimum degree of insecurity, and the wherewithal to develop to the greatest possible extent as individuals and as members of society. It is, Dixon and Scheurell argue, the most significant set of social institutions developed in the 20th century. Admittedly, it is one that had within it the seeds of its own potential destruction—the vicious circle of growing welfare dependency, increasing state control, deepening poverty, and the emergence of an intractable underclass—that has legitimized calls for the individualization of the social. Undoubtedly, this collection of essays on key states, charting the rise and fall of state welfare, examines a monumental 20th century event and will be of interest to scholars, researchers, and students involved with social welfare issues, as well as policy makers and concerned citizens.

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