Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Indians of North America – Plateau – History

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Indians of North America – Plateau – History”

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Data publikacji: 26 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Indians of North America – Plateau – History"

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Wagoner, P. L. "Plateau, Volume 12 of Handbook of North American Indians". Ethnohistory 47, nr 3-4 (1.07.2000): 825–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-47-3-4-825.

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Carney, Molly, Jade d'Alpoim Guedes, Kevin J. Lyons i Melissa Goodman Elgar. "Gendered Places and Depositional Histories: Reconstructing a Menstrual Lodge in the Interior Northwest". American Antiquity 84, nr 3 (3.06.2019): 400–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.30.

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This project considered the deposition history of a burned structure located on the Kalispel Tribe of Indians ancestral lands at the Flying Goose site in northeastern Washington. Excavation of the structure revealed stratified deposits that do not conform to established Columbia Plateau architectural types. The small size, location, and absence of artifacts lead us to hypothesize that this site was once a non-domestic structure. We tested this hypothesis with paleoethnobotanical, bulk geoarchaeological, thin section, and experimental firing data to deduce the structural remains and the post-occupation sequence. The structure burned at a relatively low temperature, was buried soon afterward with imported rubified sediment, and was exposed to seasonal river inundation. Subsequently, a second fire consumed a unique assemblage of plant remains. Drawing on recent approaches to structured deposition and historic processes, we incorporate ethnography to argue that this structure was a menstrual lodge. These structures are common in ethnographic descriptions, although no menstrual lodges have been positively identified in the archaeological record of the North American Pacific Northwest. This interpretation is important to understanding the development and time depth of gendered practices of Interior Northwest groups.
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Morrison, Kenneth M. "Indians of Northeastern North America. Christian F. Feest". History of Religions 29, nr 1 (sierpień 1989): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/463181.

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Eid, Leroy V. ""National" War Among Indians of Northeastern North America". Canadian Review of American Studies 16, nr 2 (maj 1985): 125–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras-016-02-01.

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Lal, Brij V. "The Odyssey of Indenture: Fragmentation and Reconstitution in the Indian Diaspora". Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 5, nr 2 (wrzesień 1996): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.5.2.167.

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“Indians are ubiquitous,” reports the Calcutta newspaper The Statesman on 5 August 1980. According to this article, there were then only five countries in the world where Indians “have not yet chosen to stay”: Cape Verde Islands, Guinea Bissau, North Korea, Mauritania, and Romania. Today, according to one recent estimate, 8.6 million people of South Asian origin live outside the subcontinent, in the United Kingdom and Europe (1.48 million), Africa (1.39 million), Southeast Asia (1.86 million), the Middle East (1.32 million), Caribbean and Latin America (958,000), North America (729,000), and the Pacific (954,000) (Clarke et al. 2).
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Fisher, Samuel K. "Atlantic ’45: Gaels, Indians and the Origins of Imperial Reform in the British Atlantic". English Historical Review 136, nr 578 (1.02.2021): 85–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceab031.

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Abstract This article offers a new explanation of the origins of imperial reform in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic. It does so by arguing that the efforts of Gaelic Jacobites in Ireland and Scotland, along with those of Native diplomats in North America, should be viewed as similar attempts to reshape the British empire by recourse to the French—and that in the period 1745–8 these attempts bore fruit. By comparing the efforts of imperial officials to cope with the Jacobite rising of 1745 and their failures in Indian diplomacy during the same period, the article posits the existence of an ‘Atlantic ’45’, a shared crisis of diversity that prompted calls for imperial reform and shaped the way it played out in Scotland, North America and Ireland. As they struggled to repress the rebellion and win over Indian allies, imperial officials found that they could not gain control of Gaelic and Indian peoples without also gaining more control over their provincial subjects, an insight that lay at the heart of reform thinking for the rest of the century and put the empire on a collision course with provincial subjects’ sense of what it meant to be British. By acknowledging the centrality of diversity and the important contributions of Gaelic and Indian peoples, the article offers a new way of understanding imperial reform and revolution, one that includes a richer and more complex cast and gives more purchase on the different trajectories of Ireland, Scotland, and North America both within and outside empire.
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Mancall, Peter C., i Thomas Weiss. "Was Ecomomic Growth Likely in Colonial British North America?" Journal of Economic History 59, nr 1 (marzec 1999): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700022270.

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Conventional wisdom holds that output per capita in colonial British America increased between 0.3 and 0.6 percent per year. Our conjectural estimates challenge this view, suggesting instead that such growth was unlikely. We show that the most likely rate of economic growth was much lower, probably close to zero. We argue further that to understand the performance of the colonial economy it is necessary to include the economic activity of Native American Indians. When this is done, we estimate that the economy may have grown at the rate suggested by previous researchers.
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NICHOLS, ROGER L. "Western Attractions". Pacific Historical Review 74, nr 1 (1.02.2005): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2005.74.1.1.

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North America,and in particular the United States, has fascinated Europeans as the place of the "exotic other " for at least the last two centuries. This article surveys American and European art, novels,radio programs, Western films, and television Westerns from the 1820s to the present. It posits that the presence of Indians, fictional Western heroes,gunmen,and a perceived general level of violence made frontier and Western America more colorful and exciting than similar circumstances and native people in other parts of the world. This resulted in a continuing interest in the fictional aspect of the American frontier and Western historical experiences.
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McGrath, Eileen. "North Carolina Books". North Carolina Libraries 68, nr 1 (21.03.2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3776/ncl.v68i1.320.

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Compiled by Eileen McGrath, the following books are included: The North Carolina Gazetter: A Dictionary of Tar Heel Places and Their History; Becoming Elizabeth Lawrence: Discovered Letters of a Southern Gardener; The Southern Mind under Union Rule: The Diary of James Rumley; A Day of Blood: The 1898 Wilmington Race Riot; Kay Kyser: The Ol' Professor of Sing! America's Forgotten Superstar; Haven on the Hill: A History of North Carolina's Dorothea Dix Hospital; Middle of the Air; Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation; Cow across America; Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France; 27 Views of Hillsborough: A Southern Town in Prose & Poetry; Twelve by Twelve: A One Room Cabin off the Grid and beyond the American Dream; and Down Home: Jewish Life in North Carolina.
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Haynes, Gary, Cliff Boyd i Maripat Metcalf. "Book Reviews: Northwest Carving Traditions, The Lost Cities of the Mayas: The Life, Art, and Discoveries of Frederick Catherwood, Tutankhamun: The Eternal Splendor of the Boy Pharaoh, Clovis Revisited: New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Black-water Draw, New Mexico, Native Visions: Evolution in Northwest Coast Art from the Eighteenth through the Twentieth Century, Handbook of the North American Indians, Volume 12: Plateau, Bones, Boats, and Bison: Archaeology and the First Colonization of Western North America, The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory, Time Before History: The Archaeology of North Carolina, Grasshopper Pueblo: A Story of Archaeology and Ancient Life". North American Archaeologist 23, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/m5c5-3w9v-29va-kvmg.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Indians of North America – Plateau – History"

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HENDERSON, ERIC BRUCE. "WEALTH, STATUS AND CHANGE AMONG THE KAIBETO PLATEAU NAVAJO (ARIZONA)". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187979.

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This study focuses on the wealth stratification system of the Navajo of the Kaibeto Plateau. The Kaibeto Plateau was settled by the Navajo in the mid-nineteenth century. By the 1930s they had developed an economically and socially stratified society rooted in a livestock economy and influenced by institutions of the surrounding society. In the years since livestock activities have been severely constrained by the federal government: Holdings have been radically decreased and pastoralism has ceased to be the main source of income and subsistence. These changes are described and analyzed. Wealth stratification is conceived of as a phenomenon to be explained and one which has implications for the study of social change. In the 1930s a handful of families owned most of the livestock in the region. These families were, uniformly, descendants of the wealthier and more prominent early settlers. Even after federal programs destroyed the economic advantage these wealthy families possessed, the children of the relatively wealthy have, at least until recent years, continued to prosper (relative to their poorer neighbors) in various ways. They have, on average, higher levels of educational attainment and better occupational profiles. The different responses of individuals at different levels in the social hierarchy have effected the composition of the rural population. More descendants of the wealthy have moved away and/or married individuals from distant communities. Social structures which functioned in the livestock economy to integrate families in the region have disintegrated. The chapter has emerged as an important social and political unit. Although the wealthy families seemed to have dominated chapter politics initially, recent elections indicate a declining influence. The historical facts reported here indicate the importance of social variability in the study of social change. It is argued that the Navajo were never a socially homogeneous group. Thus institutional pressures and shifting government policies have not affected all families in the same manner. Such findings have implications not only for the way in which anthropologists theorize about tribal people and social change, but also have implications for those responsible government officials who seek to formulate solutions to perceived problems on contemporary American Indian reservations.
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Eichstaedt, Donna March Wyman Mark. "Professional theories and popular beliefs about the Plains Indians and the horse with implications for teaching Native American history". Normal, Ill. : Illinois State University, 1990. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9101110.

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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1990.
Title from title page screen, viewed November 3, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Mark Wyman (chair), Lawrence W. McBride, Charles Orser, L. Moody Simms, Lawrence Walker. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 255-268) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Foley, Justin R. "In defense of self identity and place in Pyramid Lake Paiute history /". abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1460756.

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Atwell, Ricky Gilmer. "Subsistence variability on the Columbia Plateau". PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4048.

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Long-term human dietary change is a poorly understood aspect of Columbia Plateau prehistory. Faunal assemblages from thirty-four archaeological sites on the Plateau are organized into fifteen aggregate assemblages that are defined spatially and temporally. These assemblages are examined in terms of a focal-diffuse model using ecological measures of diversity, richness and evenness. Variability and patterning in the prehistoric subsistence record is indicated. Major trends in human diet and shifts in subsistence economies are documented and the relationship between subsistence and some initial semi-sedentary adaptations on the Plateau is clarified.
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Fierst, John Timothy. "The struggle to defend Indian authority in the Ohio Valley-Great Lakes region, 1763-1794". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57540.pdf.

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Lando, Peter Louis. "The socio-history of the units of Kwakiutl property tenure". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28099.

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In this thesis I have set out to examine the historic change in the primary unit of Kwakiutl property tenure as it reflects the changing character of social relations between the members of this society. In order to follow this particular development the units of Kwakiutl social organization have been situated within the history of the period under scrutiny. This study commences with the speculative reconstruction of Kwakiutl social organization just prior to direct European contact. The namima is presented here as a property holding descent group with an inalienable attachment to an exclusive estate composed of specific territories, supernatural powers, and prerogatives. As a unit of economic production and consumption the namima was able to derive all of its material sustenance from this estate. The relations between individuals and the degree of access to the fruits of the harvest were organized according to the hierarchical order within each of these descent groups. The Kwakiutl became involved in the fur trade before the end of the 18th century as European entrepreneurs extended their trans-continental network. The wealth gleaned from this trade was integrated into the Kwakiutl economy to the enhancement of the existing social order. European settlement on the Northwest coast introduced the option of participation in the wage economy. This economy offered individual Kwakiutl men and women the experience of creating wealth outside of the traditional economic unit. Individuals began to seek status on the basis of their achievements. This change exemplified the new mode of relations. Individuals who had previously related as members of a descent group were now distinguished on the basis of their acquired wealth. While namima members of high birth maintained their title to traditional properties, these properties no longer, figured significantly in the native economy. In the 1880's the Department of Indian Affairs imposed units of property tenure upon the Kwakiutl without regard for the traditional native units. The populations identified within each administrative units were forced to recognize the imposed structure in order to represent their interests. In the years following 1830, then, the namima declined as the primary unit of Kwakiutl property tenure. The Kwakiutl redefined the units of social interaction as the character of social relations changed due to the introduction of new forms of wealth and land tenure. Today the namima is a specialized concept shared by a few Kwakiutl elders, anthropologists, and several Kwakiutl individuals involved in cultural revitalization. As the Kwakiutl acquire greater political and administrative independence in the near future it is certain that the namima will continue to be redefined.
Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate
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Warrick, Gary A. "A population history of the Huron-Petun, A.D. 900-1650". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39238.

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This study presents a population history of the Huron-Petun, Iroquoian-speaking agriculturalists who occupied south-central Ontario from A.D. 900 to A.D. 1650. Temporal change in the number, size, and residential density of prehistoric and contact village sites of the Huron-Petun are used to delineate population change. It is revealed that Huron-Petun population grew dramatically during the fourteenth century, attaining a maximum size of approximately 30,000 in the middle of the fifteenth century. This growth appears to have been intrinsic (1.2% per annum) and is best explained by colonization of new lands and increased production and consumption of corn. Population stabilized during the fifteenth century primarily because of an increased burden of density-dependent diseases (tuberculosis) arising from life in large nucleated villages. Huron-Petun population remained at 30,000 until A.D. 1634; there is no archaeological evidence for protohistoric epidemics of European origin. The historic depopulation of the Huron-Petun country, resulting from catastrophic first encounters with European diseases between 1634 and 1640, is substantiated by archaeological data.
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Sawin, Carolyn Patterson. "Native conversion, native identity : an oral history of the Bahá'í faith among First Nations people in the southern central Yukon Territory, Canada /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6411.

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Holcom, Andrew C. Young Kathleen Z. "Misrepresentations as complicity : the genocide against indigenous Americans in high school history textbooks /". Online version, 2010. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=351&CISOBOX=1&REC=12.

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Akard, William Keith. "Wocante Tinza : a history of the American Indian Movement". Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/515087.

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The purpose of the study was to develop an ethnohistorical record of the American Indian Movement with an emphasis placed on portraying of the Indian view of the organization. In the course of the study, the movement was examined to determine its validity as a social organization within Indian society. To accomplish the task, the movement's social roles were assessed on four levels: the individual level, the social group level, the Indian societal level and the greater American societal level. Two main research strategies were employed in the data collection process. First, participant-observation was carried out during a two-year term as a non-Indian member of the movement. Much of the data collected gave indication of the internal social structure and social dynamics of the organization. Secondly, interviews were conducted during the membership period and additionally, during a three-year period as a resident on the Rosebud Sioux Indian Reservation in South Dakota. The data collected in this manner included firsthand accounts movement activities and public opinion of the movement. Findinds. 1. The American Indian Movement functions within Indian society on the individual level as a social enclave to aid socially disenfranchised Indian individuals re-enter Indian society. 2. On the social group level, the movement presents a viewpoint on socio-political issues that differs from the monolithic position typical of the IRA tribal governments. 3. The American Indian Movement serves Indian society as a catalyst for social change, an endorsing force for tradition and culture, and as an advocate on behalf of Indian people. 4. The movement functions as a social reform movement to the greater American society by bringing Indian issues to the levels of national and international attention. 5. Structurally, the American Indian Movement is a formal social organization with a blend of traditional and acculturated social components. The American Indian Movement is clearly a valid functioning social organization within Indian society. The movement has successfully integrated socially to all levels of society. Although the efforts and strategies employed by the movement have been sensationalized by the media and provoked a negative controversial image, the American Indian Movement has made positive contributions to Indian society.
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Książki na temat "Indians of North America – Plateau – History"

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Ditchfield, Christin. Plateau Indians. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2012.

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Doherty, Craig A. Plateau Indians. New York: Chelsea House, 2007.

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Krasner, Barbara. Native nations of the Great Basin and Plateau. Mankato, MN: Child's World, 2016.

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Prophetic worlds: Indians and whites on the Columbia Plateau. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 1985.

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Reichwein, Jeffrey C. Emergence of native American nationalism in the Columbia Plateau. New York: Garland Pub., 1990.

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Tom, Till, red. The Colorado plateau: The land and the Indians. [Los Alamos, N.M: Thunder Mesa Pub., 1999.

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1939-, Weaver Donald E., red. Stone chisel and yucca brush: Colorado Plateau rock art. Walnut, CA: Kiva Pub., 2001.

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Parker, Kathleene. The only true people: A history of the native Americans of the Colorado Plateau. [Denver, Colo.]: Thunder Mesa Pub., 1991.

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Vibert, Elizabeth. Traders' tales: Narratives of cultural encounters in the Columbia Plateau, 1807-1846. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.

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Grafe, Steven L. Beaded brilliance: Wearable art from the Columbia River Plateau. Oklahoma City, Okla: National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum, 2006.

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Części książek na temat "Indians of North America – Plateau – History"

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Graham, Alan. "Late Cretaceous through Early Eocene North American Vegetational History: 70-50 Ma". W Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of North American Vegetation (North of Mexico). Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113426.003.0008.

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At the end of the Cretaceous the Appalachian Mountains had undergone 180 m.y. of erosion since their principal uplift in the Middle Pennsylvanian through the Late Permian (300-250 Ma), but they were higher and more rugged than at present and provided a somewhat more diverse vertically zoned array of habitats. In contrast, the Rocky Mountains were only ~1 km above sea level at 65 Ma; the Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada, and Cascade Mountains would not attain substantial heights until late in the Tertiary. Computer models in the NM mode, which simulate conditions in western North America in the Late Cretaceous, show a nearly continuous westerly jet stream with relatively small amplitude between the troughs (lowpressure systems) and ridges (high-pressure systems). The present north-south seasonal meandering of the jet stream was also less. Thus, in the models precipitation and temperatures were more uniform throughout the year and there was less regional differentiation in climate. CO2 concentrations during the Cretaceous are estimated to have been 4-8 times to 10-12 times higher than at present. With a 2-5°C warming for each doubling of CO2, this provides part of the explanation for the higher MAT documented for the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary. High CO2 concentrations near the end of the Cretaceous may have been a holdover from earlier intense volcanism in the South Pacific that began to subside at ~ 100 Ma. The term epeirogeny refers to vertical motions of the Earth’s crust, and these movements affect the ocean floor, as well as the continents. There was a 50% increase in the production of ocean crust in the Middle Cretaceous compared to earlier times, as represented by the early Aptian Ontong Java Plateau, the Earth’s largest oceanic plateau, now submerged over 2 km off the Solomon Islands. A sense of the magnitude of this structure can be gained by comparing its volume with that of the surface-exposed Deccan Traps of India (66 Ma). The latter are ~1 km thick and have a volume of 1.5 x 106 km3. The Ontong Java Plateau is ~36 km thick and has a volume of 50 x 106 km3.
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Guthrie, R. Dale. "The Mammoth Steppe and the origin of Mongoloids and their dispersal". W Prehistoric Mongoloid Dispersals, 172–86. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198523185.003.0011.

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Abstract I would like to proffer a new theory: that the complex of characters which we identify with Mongoloid peoples are the product of a special Holarctic biome, the Mammoth Steppe. And further, that this Mammoth Steppe environment is the key to understanding both the adaptive features of Mongoloids and much of their dispersal history. The roots go deep. The collision of the Indian Plate with the Asian Plate starting 40 million years ago created the Himalayas, building mountains higher than any the earth had known. This series of massive upward thrusts affected atmospheric circulation by blocking southern monsoonal air flow which normally moves northwestward from the Pacific. This mountain building reached a crescendo in Pleistocene times (Molnar 1989). An almost permanent high pressure cell developed behind the Himalayas, resulting in a cold and arid climate. The flora and fauna which persisted in these conditions had some unusual aspects due to the combination of low latitude (30° to 45° North) but moderately high altitude (2000 to 5000 meters). The cold, dry grassland which developed behind the south face of the Himalayas (the Tibetan Plateau on the north to Mongolia) became the heartland of the Mammoth Steppe (Fig. 11.1), and, I propose, was also the evolutionary homeland of the Mongoloid peoples. During Pleistocene cycles of low solar input this grassy biome spread eastward across Europe to the Atlantic, northward to the Arctic Ocean onto the huge exposed continental shelf north of Asia, and eastward to North America via the exposed Bering land bridge.
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Kimber, Clarissa T., i Darrel McDonald. "Sacred and Profane Uses of the Cactus Lophophora Williamsii from the South Texas Peyote Gardens". W Dangerous Harvest. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143201.003.0013.

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Peyote is one of the best-known plant sources for a psychedelic experience. This small cactus is also associated in the popular mind with North American Indians and Hippies. Although its ritual use is thought to be over 7,000 years old (Furst 1989, cited in Schaefer 1996: 141), its use by Indians of the Native American Church (NAC) is less than 100 years old. The peyote button is the essential ingredient in the ritual ceremony associated with NAC meetings and is referred to as “the medicine” by those who regard the button as a god-being and ingest it as a sacrament (Slotkin 1956: 29; Smith and Snake 1996: 80, 91, 105–6). Even more recently, non-Indians have formed churches (the Neo American Church) to follow the Peyote Way or Road (Trout 1999: 47). Secular uses of peyote are as medicine, especially for topical application to the skin on open wounds (Schultes 1940), for divination to discover something lost or when possible attacks of the enemy will occur; or for mind-altering experiences of a nonreligious nature, that is, for recreation. These nonritual (profane) uses have a long history, but peyote’s more significant sacred use in the United States, as measured by numbers of participants, has been in force for little more than 100 years. Various plants are called peyote in Mexico (Schultes 1938: 157), and their usage in the public and official literature of Texas and the United States has not been precise over the years (Morgan 1976: 12, La Barre 1975: 14–17). The major confusion over the common name among field anthropologists and government officials has been with the mescal bean, or Texas mountain laurel [Sophora secundiflora (Ort.) DC]. This hardy, small tree produces a hard, highly toxic, red seed, which has had a long history of ritual use by Amerinds (La Barre 1975: 15). The distribution of the mescal bean is on the southern edge of the Edwards Plateau, on the caliche cuestas in the Rio Grande Plains, and in the mountains of the Trans-Pecos. The native Americans of this region strung the beans into necklaces or bracelets, and a shaman might have passed down to another shaman some of these items as important paraphernalia.
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Russell-Wood, A. J. R. "The Portuguese Atlantic, 1415–1808". W Atlantic History, 81–109. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320336.003.0004.

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Abstract In 1415 Prince Henry, “The Navigator,” participated in the capture of the Muslim city of Ceuta in Morocco, marking the beginning of a formal Portuguese presence outside continental Europe. In 1822 Brazil declared its independence from Portugal. In the intervening centuries, Portuguese navigators sailed as far north as the Arctic Circle and west of Greenland and the Labrador Sea, and pioneered southeast and southwest passages from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, respectively. The Portuguese Crown claimed sovereignty over Atlantic archipelagoes and the territories bordering the Atlantic in continental Africa and South America. Merchants created networks of trade as far north as the Baltic and as far south as Benguela and RÍo de la Plata. Portuguese settled islands and continents bordering the Atlantic and established towns, cities, and institutions. Portuguese became the most widely spoken European language in the Atlantic sphere. By exposing them to Christianity and slavery, Portuguese transformed the lives of millions of Amerindians and Africans.
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Mitchell, Peter. "North America III: West of the Rockies". W Horse Nations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198703839.003.0011.

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This chapter looks at three more regions of North America: the Columbia Plateau and adjacent areas of the Pacific Northwest Coast; the Great Basin; and California. It also focuses on three main themes: the development of new identities as many groups adapted aspects of the lifestyle and customs of those on the Plains and more coherent tribal entities emerged; raiding for captives; and raiding for horses. A fourth topic, which casts these into relief, is why some groups rejected the horse, or chose to adopt it very late in their history. The Great Basin was the first of the three areas to receive the horse. It is an arid region of desert, salt lakes, and mountains where rainfall is unpredictable and low, but increases eastward (Plate 15). Except for the Colorado along its southern edge and the headwaters in the rockies of streams draining towards the Missouri, none of its rivers reach the sea. Fremont farmers had once made a living across Utah, but by the 1600s cultivation was restricted to a few groups in the south and west. Elsewhere, the Basin’s inhabitants depended entirely on hunting and gathering, though strategies like burning enhanced the productivity of wild plants and game. Very broadly, two subsistence patterns were followed: one emphasized fish and waterfowl around wetlands, the other a more mobile, broadly based foraging economy in deserts and mountains in which pine nuts (piñons), grass seeds, rabbits, and larger game were important. Except for the Washoe near Lake Tahoe in eastern California, all the region’s historic inhabitants spoke Numic languages. Major groups included Utes in the southeast, Shoshones in the north and centre, and Paiutes in the west and southwest. To the north of the Great Basin lies the Plateau, centred on the Columbia River and its tributaries, which collectively send their waters into the Pacific Ocean (Plate 16). Coniferous forest covers its northern and eastern parts (including several ranges running parallel to but west of the Rockies), but the drier, hilly country of Oregon and eastern Washington is more steppe-like, with sagebrush common and trees more localized.
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Walczynski, Mark. "1730–1776: We Leave, Never to Return". W The History of Starved Rock, 128–42. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748240.003.0009.

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This chapter describes the events in Starved Rock from 1730 to 1776. By 1732, nearly all Peoria Indians were living at villages in the Illinois Valley, at either Starved Rock or at Lake Peoria. For the Illinois, especially the Peoria and possibly some Cahokia living at Starved Rock, it appeared that the Mesquakie threat had been extinguished. Rather than continue their campaign of genocide against the Mesquakie, the French administration decided to utilize its resources where they were needed most—in the lower Mississippi Valley against the fierce Chickasaw tribe, who were allies and trade partners of the British. Meanwhile, in Europe, the French became embroiled in a conflict with the British known as the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), a conflict that spilled over to North America, where it is commonly and incorrectly called the French and Indian War. By 1777, the Potawatomi were firmly ensconced in the Illinois Country. Like the Potawatomi, the Mascouten and Kickapoo Indians also moved into Illinois. None of these groups, however, established themselves at Starved Rock.
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Hämäläinen, Pekka. "The Kinetic Empires of Native American Nomads". W The Oxford World History of Empire, 1035–57. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0038.

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This chapter re-examines the powerful nomadic-equestrian societies in the North and South American grasslands and makes the case for a distinctive imperial formation, the kinetic empire. Kinetic empires were shape-shifting, action-based regimes that turned mobility into an imperial strategy and revolved around mobile activities: long-distance raiding, seasonal expansions, transnational diplomatic missions, semi-permanent trade fairs, recurring political assemblies, and control over shifting nodes. Their governing systems were light and flexible, and they rose and stayed in power by capitalizing on their superior capacity to access and connect political and economic centers around them. The Comanche and Lakota Indians created the Western Hemisphere’s most prominent examples of kinetic empires in the North American Great Plains. In South America the Araucanians frustrated European colonizing efforts, commanded a large and expanding territory, and pulled other Native groups on their orbit, but lacked the Comanches’ and Lakotas’ strong collective identities and political unity.
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Fletcher, Peter. "Africans North of Mexico". W World Musics in Context, 563–95. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198166368.003.0018.

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Abstract It is some indication of the degree of racial segregation that has characterized US history that US Africans are still referred to as ‘black ‘. Throughout Latin America, there was a long history of intermarriage between Europeans, Africans, and American Indians: in Brazil and the Caribbean in particular there developed large mixed populations. In the northern USA, by contrast, marriage between peoples of European and African descent was-·as it has remained-comparatively rare. A survey conducted throughout the USA in 1970 showed that only 1.5 per cent of every 1,000 US marriages were between blacks and whites; in 1990, the figure had only risen to 4 out of every 1,000.1 In the plantation states, during colonial times, a rather different situation developed. Particularly in the area around Chesapeake there was a shortage of women, both African and European: this gender imbalance, coupled with the harshness of frontier life and the need to procreate, caused n1ixed marriages to become more com1non there than in the North. To colonial whites, however, intermarriage between Africans and Europeans threatened the continuance of slavery, for slavery was justified on the presumed inequality of the two ‘races ‘. Early US legislators decided, therefore, that any person with even a drop of black blood should have the same legal status as a pure African.
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Colden, Cadwallader. "Coll. Dongan’s Advice to the Indians. Adario’s Enterprize, and Montreal Sacked by the Five Nations." W The History of the Five Indian Nations Depending on the Province of New-York in America. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501713903.003.0006.

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This chapter first presents Coll. Dongan's advice to the Five Nations during a meeting in Albany on the 5th of August. They were advised not to harm their French prisoners, but to keep them to exchange for their own people, who were likewise prisoners of the French; and to do what they could to open a path for all the North Indians and Mahikanders that were among the Utawawas and farther Nations. The remainder of the chapter covers Adario, the chief of the Deonondadies, who, upon realizing that his Nation had become under suspicion of the French, resolved by some brave action against the Five Nations to recover the good graces of the French; and the invasion of the island of Montreal by 1200 men of the Five Nations.
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Walczynski, Mark. "1777–1840: The Big Knives Will Be in Control". W The History of Starved Rock, 145–62. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748240.003.0010.

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This chapter recounts that while the Potawatomi, Odawa, and Ojibwe were migrating into Illinois, the American colonists in the eastern reaches of North America were fighting for their national independence from the British. The war ended in 1783 with the victorious Americans founding a new nation. Four years later, the US government organized a swath of land that included parts of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan into what is known as the Northwest Territory. Located within the boundary of this new jurisdiction was Starved Rock, which officially became part of the Northwest Territory in 1787. In 1823, the first Americans settled in the Starved Rock area. The chapter then looks at the Black Hawk War in 1832. The conflict began as a Sauk Indian response to American settlers moving onto lands ceded in 1804. Ultimately, treaties and land cession agreements written by representatives of the US government were intended to swindle the tribes; they denied basic due process rights to the Indians.
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