Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Indians of north america – colonization

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Indians of north america – colonization”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 27 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Indians of north america – colonization"

Wiemers, Serv. "The International Legal Status of North American Indians After 500 Years of Colonization". Leiden Journal of International Law 5, nr 1 (luty 1992): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001990.

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Next year, the ‘discovery’ of America by Columbus, 500 years ago, will be commemorated. The discovery of America started a time of colonization for the original inhabitants, the Indians. Since the 1970s an Indian movement has emerged in North America demanding the Indians' ‘rightful place among the family of nations’. This article contains a survey of the current international legal position of Indians in North America. Wiemers holds that international legal principles, developed in the decolonization context, are applicable to the North American Indian population. The right of a people to selfdetermination is the most discussed one.

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Allen, Robert C., Tommy E. Murphy i Eric B. Schneider. "The Colonial Origins of the Divergence in the Americas: A Labor Market Approach". Journal of Economic History 72, nr 4 (14.12.2012): 863–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000629.

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This article introduces the Americas in the Great Divergence debate by measuring real wages in various North and South American cities between colonization and independence, and comparing them to Europe and Asia. We find that for much of the period, North America was the most prosperous region of the world, while Latin America was much poorer. We then discuss a series of hypotheses that can explain these results, including migration, the demography of the American Indian populations, and the various labor systems implemented in the continent.

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Shrestha, Ravi Kumar. "The Impact of Western Civilization on Forests in Barkskins". Pursuits: A Journal of English Studies 7, nr 1 (8.06.2023): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pursuits.v7i1.55389.

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This research article very critically scrutinizes how forests in North America are devastated by the growing human civilization. It deals with ecological degradation in an American novelist Annie Proulx’s novel Barkskins whose location is North America. In course of analysing the novel critically, the article describes how Barkskins revolves round the story of white colonists and indigenous Indians in North America or today’s Canada. Firstly, it reveals how two families: Sel family (a poor biracial family of French and Mi’kmaq) that cuts trees and Duke family (rich French family) that does business of fur are linked to trees and deforestation. Secondly, the article focuses on the impact of western civilization on forests regarding forests as the antagonist to western civilization. Western colonialism is also a vehicle of civilization that causes deforestation. Due to civilization, humanism is developed. So, anthropocentric nature of people causes deforestation. Thirdly, European civilization has a negative impact on Indigenous people and their culture. Apparently, forests are shown as a symbol of darkness, evil forces, backwardness and an obstacle for human progress, but in the name of civilization, whites do deforestation due to their greed of colonization and anthropocentric nature. Hence, the first objective of the research is to explore why the whites regard forests as the antagonist to civilization. Likewise, the second objective of the article is to discover the real cause of them to do deforestation. Besides, as for the broad theoretical methodology, Greg Garrard’s theory of Ecocriticism is applied for the textual analysis of Barkskins since the article deals with the ecological destruction of North America by whites and ecocriticism has emerged as a response to the heavy damage done to ecology by human beings.

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Schneider, Tsim D. "Placing Refuge and the Archaeology of Indigenous Hinterlands in Colonial California". American Antiquity 80, nr 4 (październik 2015): 695–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.80.4.695.

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Indigenous negotiations of European colonialism in North America are more complex than models of domination and resistance reveal. Indigenous people—acting according to their own historically and culturally specific ways of knowing and being in the world—developed strategies for remaking their identities, material choices, and social configurations to survive one or multiple phases of colonization. Archaeologists are making strides in documenting the contingencies and consequences of these strategies, yet their focus is often skewed toward sites of contact and colonialism (e.g., missions and forts). This article examines places of refuge for native people navigating colonial programs in the San Francisco Bay area of California. I use a resistance-memory-refuge framework to reevaluate resistance to Spanish missions, including the possible reoccupation of landscapes by fugitive orfurloughed Indians. Commemorative trips to shellmounds and other refuges support the concept of an indigenous hinterland, or landscapes that, in time, provided contexts for continuity and adjustment among Indian communities making social, material, and economic choices in the wake ofmissionization. By viewing colonialism from the outside in, this reoriented approach can potentially enhance connections between archaeological and Native American communities.

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Kraft, Clifford E., i Ladd E. Johnson. "Regional differences in rates and patterns of North American inland lake invasions by zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, nr 5 (1.05.2000): 993–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-037.

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Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have spread rapidly in North America by dispersal within connected bodies of waters. This study provides the first systematic evaluation of rates of zebra mussel dispersal to inland lakes separated from source populations by functional dispersal barriers. Plankton samples were examined for this exotic species from 140 lakes during a 3-year period (1995-1997). Infestations were detected in 19% of lakes surveyed: seven of 28 Indiana lakes (25%), 15 of 49 Michigan lakes (31%), but only five of 63 Wisconsin-Illinois lakes (8%). Annual rates of infestation varied from 0 to 12%·year-1 among the three regions. Wisconsin-Illinois lake infestations were only detected in 1995 and 1996, whereas new Indiana and Michigan infestations were detected in all three years. Lakes with surface areas less than 100 ha had lower infestation rates than larger lakes. Incidental sightings of inland lake colonization within the study region qualitatively supported observed regional differences in rates and spatial patterns of colonization. These results demonstrate that the spread of zebra mussels into inland lakes is not occurring as rapidly as through connected waterways, and rates of inland lake colonization vary according to regional conditions and lake size.

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Parham, Vera. "“These Indians Are Apparently Well to Do”: The Myth of Capitalism and Native American Labor". International Review of Social History 57, nr 3 (13.09.2012): 447–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085901200051x.

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SummaryIn many histories of Native Americans it seems that the original inhabitants of the Americas have become obscured in the national mythology of colonization. People who do not fit into the liberal capitalist notion of individualism and economic development simply vanish from the annals of history. Even histories focused specifically on Native Americans cover relatively little of Indian responses to capitalist development. Yet, in the Pacific north-west, the story is not written so simply; Native Americans responded creatively and eagerly to new economic systems through participation in wage labor and the development of business ventures. This response allowed indigenous people in the region to prosper while protecting culture and tradition.

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Bagsby, Kelly, i Krystal Hans. "Lucilia silvarum Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Is a Primary Colonizer of Domestic Cats (Felis catus)". Insects 15, nr 1 (4.01.2024): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15010032.

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Lucilia silvarum Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is widespread throughout North America and Europe. Described in 1826, this blow fly was quickly associated with myiasis in amphibians, and to date has rarely been reported in carrion. There is limited data regarding the time of colonization of animals with fur and the interpretation of this data is difficult due to variation in the animal models used. During an examination of initial insect colonization of cats (Felis catus) with light and dark fur, twelve domestic short-haired cats were placed in cages 15.2 m apart in a grassy field in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Eggs from initial oviposition events were collected and reared to identify the colonizing species. Three species of Lucilia (Diptera: Calliphoridae), including L. silvarum, colonized the cats on the initial day of placement. In this study, L. silvarum was the primary colonizer of cats, and this may be the first study where a large number of L. silvarum were collected. Further studies should include development studies on L. silvarum to understand its life history and aid in time of colonization estimations. More work regarding the colonization of furred mammals is needed to further examine L. silvarum as a primary colonizer.

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Basharat, Shahnai, Ayesha Khalid, Aiman Sohail, Khadija Abdul Wahab, Muhammad Ali, Areesha Omer, Aleena Qureshi, Raida Nadeem, Huma Sajjad i Sanabil Anmol. "Therapeutic effect of cranberry active components on E.coli urinary tract adhesions: A review". MOJ Food Processing & Technology 9, nr 2 (28.09.2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojfpt.2021.09.00264.

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Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.) has been used by North American Indians to treat many medicinal properties. It is also recommended for the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI) which is caused by adhesion of bacteria called Escherichia coli. We conducted this meta-analysis to assess the effect of cranberry in preventing the adhesion of E. coli in the urinary tract. Cranberry appears to work by inhibiting the adhesion of type I and P-fimbriated Escherichia coli to the uroepithelium, thus hinder the colonization and upcoming infections. Adhesion is prevented by 2 ingredients of cranberries: laevulose that prevents binding of type 1 fimbriae and pro-anthocyanidins, which prevents p- fimbriae binding. The anti-adherent effect began in 2 hours and remains for up to 10 hours after consumption. These results suggest that cranberry can be an effective in preventing and treating urinary tract infections; however, larger high-quality studies are needed to confirm these findings.

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Montgomery, Lindsay M. "A Rejoinder to Body Bags: Indigenous Resilience and Epidemic Disease, from COVID-19 to First “Contact”". American Indian Culture and Research Journal 44, nr 3 (1.07.2020): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicrj.44.3.montgomery.

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Since January of 2020, the number of deaths in Indian country due to COVID-19 has steadily grown, bringing into stark relief the destructive effects of disease epidemics on historically marginalized communities. For Indigenous peoples, the ravages of the ongoing pandemic are part of a broader epidemiological history of devastation set in motion by European colonization. The robust body of historical and anthropological scholarship which has emerged to document the impacts of infectious disease on Indigenous people has typically reinforced settler-colonial narratives of disappearance and culture loss. Although we cannot deny the tragic and long-term consequences of foreign pathogens on the peoples of the Americas, Indigenous communities have creatively responded to and survived disease outbreaks. Drawing on ethnographic and oral historical sources, this article documents some of the strategies employed by Indigenous people across North America to explain and treat episodic viral spread from the seventeenth into the twenty-first centuries. Tracing the culturally grounded methods of disease management employed by Indigenous groups over time highlights the resiliency of Tribal nations during the ongoing coronavirus crisis.

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Jackson, Robert H. "Demographic Change in Northwestern New Spain". Americas 41, nr 4 (kwiecień 1985): 462–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007352.

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The process of Spanish colonization in Northwestern New Spain, here roughly defined as Sonora and the Californias, set into motion a complex set of factors that contributed to demographic change; absolute population decline among the Indian groups involved, the growth of a largely mestizo settler population, and a number of different types of social and economic interactions between the two populations. Scholars in recent years have debated the causes and the nature of change. Alfred Crosby established a framework for the debate in his provocative book entitled The Columbian Exchange, which discusses, as the sub-title implies, the consequences of interaction between the Old and New Worlds after 1492. In a recent study Henry Dobyns elaborated on one of Crosby's principal themes, the introduction and impact of Euro-Asiatic diseases, and prepared a chronology of epidemics between the sixteenth and early twentieth centuries that affected Native American populations. Dobyns applied his “epidemic mortality” model to Florida and calculated both a high contact population and the rate of population loss due to each of the major epidemics. The model when applied to all of North America has major implications for our understanding of the course of Native American history. In a recent bibliographic article historical demographer Shelia Johansson cast doubt on the high contact population estimates and the degree of demographic collapse.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Indians of north america – colonization"

Scott, Kerry M., i University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "A contemporary winter count". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Native American Studies, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/1302.

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The past is the prologue. We must understand where we have been before we can understand where we are going. To understand the Blackfoot Nation and how we have come to where we are today, this thesis examines our history through Indian eyes from time immemorial to the present, using traditional narratives, writings of early European explorers and personal experience. The oral tradition of the First Nations people was a multi-media means of communication. Similarly, this thesis uses the media of the written word and a series of paintings to convey the story of the Blackfoot people. This thesis provides background and support, from the artist’s perspective, for the paintings that tell the story of the Blackfoot people and the events that contributed to the downfall of the once-powerful Nation. With the knowledge of where we have been, we can learn how to move forward.
x, 153 leaves : col. ill. ; 29 cm

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Eichstaedt, Donna March Wyman Mark. "Professional theories and popular beliefs about the Plains Indians and the horse with implications for teaching Native American history". Normal, Ill. : Illinois State University, 1990. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9101110.

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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1990.
Title from title page screen, viewed November 3, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Mark Wyman (chair), Lawrence W. McBride, Charles Orser, L. Moody Simms, Lawrence Walker. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 255-268) and abstract. Also available in print.

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Kalter, Susan Mary. "Keep these words until the stones melt : language, ecology, war and the written land in nineteenth century U.S.-Indian relations /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9949683.

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Loth, Christine. "The inherent right policy: a blending of old and new paradigm ideas". Ottawa, 1996.

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Kelton, Paul. "Not all disappeared : disease and southeastern Indian survival, 1500-1800 /". Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1998.

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Carisse, Karl. "Becoming Canadian federal-provincial Indian policy and the integration of Natives, 1945-1969 : the case of Ontario /". Ottawa : Library and Archives Canada, 2002. http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ57095.pdf.

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Richardson, Michael John. "Factors limiting the colonization success of an introduced exotic fish (Carassius auratus)". Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40235.

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The goldfish (Carassius auratus) is a hardy exotic species that have established sporadically distributed feral populations throughout North America. In one shallow seasonally anoxic pond goldfish formed a large stunted population of 15-17,000 ind ha$ sp{-1}$, with 53% being small young of the year. Goldfish were predominantly benthic herbivores with little diet overlap with resident red-spotted newts (Notapthalmus v. viredescens). Thus in relatively simple systems lacking fish predators goldfish can be very successful. However in systems with a complex native fish community, goldfish have had less success in colonizing. This could be related to an inability of goldfish to cope with native predators.
Tests for assortative shoaling between brown and gold coloured morphs showed that gold coloured fish exhibited no colour based assortive shoaling, while brown fish showed slight but significant colour preferences for like-coloured fish. This level of shoaling preference did not improve after visual exposure or interaction with native predators, indicating that goldfish showed limited behaviourial responses to predators, and that they were unable to modify their response to a predation threat. Further trials allowing goldfish to interact with either pike (Esox lucius) or bass (Ambloplites rupestris), in both single species groups of predator-naive goldfish, and mixed species conditions of goldfish with predator-experience minnows, showed that goldfish did not alter their behaviour in the presence of minnows (Pimephales notatus) when the predators were not present. However, with the predators present goldfish altered their activities to a more minnow-like pattern and showed a significant improvement in anti-predator behaviour. This improved behaviour continued by goldfish when they were retested on their own, indicating that the goldfish were reacting to the predator and not the minnows. Goldfish colonization may therefore be limited not so much by predation or competition from native cyprinids, but more by the absence/presence of a suitable, native, predator-experienced fish from which to copy the appropriate anti-predator behaviours.

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Witgen, Michael J. "An infinity of nations : how Indians, empires, and western migration shaped national identity in North America /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10402.

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Cunningham, James Everett. "Slahal : more than a game with a song /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11198.

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Steinman, Erich W. "Institutionalizing tribes as governments : skillful meaning entrepreneurship across political fields /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8925.

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Książki na temat "Indians of north america – colonization"

Jackson, Robert H. Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish colonization: The impact of the mission system on California Indians. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.

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Annette, Jaimes M., red. The State of Native America: Genocide, colonization, and resistance. Boston: South End Press, 1992.

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Klar, Kathryn, i Jones Terry L. California prehistory: Colonization, culture, and complexity. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2010.

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L, Jones Terry, i Klar Kathryn, red. California prehistory: Colonization, culture, and complexity. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2007.

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L, Jones Terry, i Klar Kathryn, red. California prehistory: Colonization, culture, and complexity. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2007.

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D, Castillo Edward, red. Native American perspectives on the Hispanic colonization of Alta California. New York: Garland, 1991.

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E, Sassaman Kenneth, red. Recent developments in southeastern archaeology: From colonization to complexity. Washington, DC: Society for American Archaeology Press, 2012.

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Hill, Barbara-Helen. Shaking the rattle: Healing the trauma of colonization. Penticton, B.C: Theytus Books, 1995.

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Weatherford, J. McIver. Indian givers: How the Indians of the Americas transformed the world. New York, N.Y: Crown Publishers, 1988.

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Serna, Mercedes. La conquista del Nuevo Mundo: Textos y documentos de la aventura americana. Madrid: Castalia, 2012.

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Części książek na temat "Indians of north america – colonization"

Owens, Robert M. "Jeffersonians and Indians". W ‘Indian Wars’ and the Struggle for Eastern North America, 1763–1842, 81–99. New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Seminar studies: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003045021-5.

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Morrell, W. P. "Lord Grey and the Colonization of North America". W British Colonial Policy in the Age of Peel and Russell, 427–46. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003378372-17.

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Corredera, Edward Jones. "The ‘Indians of Europe’ in Sierra Morena". W Transnational Perspectives on the Conquest and Colonization of Latin America, 182–94. New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge studies in the history of the Americas: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429330612-15.

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O’Brien, Michael J., i R. Alexander Bentley. "Learning Strategies and Population Dynamics During the Pleistocene Colonization of North America". W Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, 261–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46126-3_13.

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Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. "How [Not] to Run a Colony in the Distant Past and the Future". W History and Speculative Fiction, 101–19. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42235-5_6.

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AbstractColonialism always rests on a false premise: we will bring our superior culture to a new region. The beings who inhabit the territory may be useful to us, but they certainly can be pushed out of the way. Such was the case in England’s first attempts in North America 400 years ago, and now fictional accounts of colonization in outer space see humans repeating their mistakes. This chapter uses pamphlets, letters, and official documents written in the beginning decades of English colonization in North America. It also draws on two modern science fiction accounts, one from the mid-twentieth century, Harry Martinson’s Aniara, and the other recently published, Charlie Jane Anders’ The City in the Middle of the Night.

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Anderson, David G., i Thaddeus G. Bissett. "The Initial Colonization of North America: Sea Level Change, Shoreline Movement, and Great Migrations". W Mobility and Ancient Society in Asia and the Americas, 59–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15138-0_6.

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Prevosti, A., L. Serra, M. Aguadé, G. Ribo, F. Mestres, J. Balañá i M. Monclus. "Colonization and Establishment of the Paleartic Species Drosophila Subobscura in North and South America". W Evolutionary Biology of Transient Unstable Populations, 114–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74525-6_8.

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Dixon, E. James. "Late Pleistocene Colonization of North America from Northeast Asia: New Insights from Large-Scale Paleogeographic Reconstructions". W Mobility and Ancient Society in Asia and the Americas, 169–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15138-0_12.

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Davis, Paul K. "Quebec 13 September 1759". W 100 Decisive Battles, 244–47. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143669.003.0057.

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Abstract After the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, England began to seriously pursue a policy of colonization in North America. Unlike the Spanish who went to the New World mainly for conquest and riches, the English primarily went to North America to escape a variety of problems at home, mostly poverty and religious persecution. The English colonies along the eastern coast of North America were slow in growing, but were strong enough to divert most potential rivals elsewhere. The French, slightly behind the English in their pursuit of colonies, went to the remaining open region of North America, Canada. There the only resource that the French could exploit were furs. Unlike the Spanish or the English, whose attitudes toward the American Indian population were cavalier at best, the French saw the Indians as a source of supply.

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Hsu, Madeline Y. "1. Empires and migration". W Asian American History: A Very Short Introduction, 1–24. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190219765.003.0001.

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The first Asians—Filipino “Luzon Indians” on a Spanish galleon—arrived on the North American continent in the late sixteenth century. Through periods of conquest and capitalism, and then colonization and adaptation, almost one million people from China, Japan, the Philippines, Korea, and India arrived seeking opportunities to better their fortunes and improve their lives. “Empires and migration,” outlines the key historical periods that facilitated this mobilization. It also explains that Asian immigration challenged the United States’ constitutional claims of equality for all, highlighting the question of which racial groups could claim citizenship, triggering America’s first attempts to systematically control its borders and limit the rights of immigrants and visitors.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Indians of north america – colonization"

Fatima Hajizada, Fatima Hajizada. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN VERSION OF THE BRITISH LANGUAGE". W THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC – PRACTICAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE IN MODERN & SOCIAL SCIENCES: NEW DIMENSIONS, APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES. IRETC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/mssndac-01-10.

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English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.

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Xiang, K. L., A. S. Erst, T. V. Erst i W. Wang. "Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of Coptis (Ranunculaceae), an eastern Asian and North American genus". W Problems of studying the vegetation cover of Siberia. TSU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-927-3-2020-52.

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The goldthread genus Coptis includes 15 species disjunctly distributed in eastern Asia and North America. Here, we provide a dated phylogeny for the genus with all 15 species. Our results indicate that Coptis contains two strongly supported clades (I and II). Clade I consists of subg. Coptis and sect. Japonocoptis of subg. Metacoptis; clade II composes sect. Japonocoptis of subg. Metacoptis. Central leaflet base, sepal shape, and petal blade carry a strong phylogenetic signal in Coptis, while leaf type, sepal and petal color, and petal shape exhibit relatively higher levels of evolutionary flexibility. Our dating and biogeographic analyses indicate that a vicariance event between Japan-North America occurred in the middle Miocene, resulting in the split of Coptis and its sister group. Subsequently, a colonization event occurred at 9.55 Ma from Japan to mainland China. Both vicariance and dispersal events have played important roles in shaping the current distribution and endemism of Coptis, likely resulting from eustatic sea-level changes, mountain formation processes and an increasing drier and cooler climate from the middle Miocene onwards.

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Nakarado, Christian. "The Seventh Stopping Place: Climate Migration and the Future of the Great Lakes". W 112th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.112.108.

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In the coming decades, the Great Lakes region is projected to become one of the most desirable places to live in North America. While the devastating ecological effects of climate change will make arid, tropical, and coastal zones uninhabitable, the cities by the lakes are considered by some to be climate havens—areas which are expected to remain relatively comfortable. They are far enough north to maintain tolerable summer temperatures, are surrounded by the resources of abundant boreal forests, and will be insulated from the worst effects of drought by a five-lake reserve that contains 20% of the world’s surface fresh water. The arrival of climate migrants will carry significant pressure to accommodate more people, as well as a renewed possibility of land dispossession and displacement for the many indigenous communities that call the area home. If the Great Lakes can expect many millions of new arrivals in this century, what kind of urban development will this bring? Are there other waysto imagine the region’s future beyond the extractive infrastructure and carbon-intensive architecture that are typically thought to be prerequisites for urbanization?This paper proposes that the lighter methods of construction practiced by native people in the area for millennia are ideal alternatives. For centuries prior to colonization and industrialization, the lands around the lakes were already home to a thriving Anishinaabe culture, which continues to build in ways better suited to the environment than conventional modernism. By following the models of ephemeral dwelling and impermanent urbanism that characterized indigenous practices of land use here for thousands of years, a more ecologically responsible and ethical model for development in the region might be possible.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Indians of north america – colonization"

Shpigel, Nahum Y., Ynte Schukken i Ilan Rosenshine. Identification of genes involved in virulence of Escherichia coli mastitis by signature tagged mutagenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699853.bard.

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Mastitis, an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue to invading pathogenic bacteria, is the largest health problem in the dairy industry and is responsible for multibillion dollar economic losses. E. coli are a leading cause of acute mastitis in dairy animals worldwide and certainly in Israel and North America. The species E. coli comprises a highly heterogeneous group of pathogens, some of which are commensal residents of the gut, infecting the mammary gland after contamination of the teat skin from the environment. As compared to other gut microflora, mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) may have undergone evolutionary adaptations that improve their fitness for colonization of the unique and varied environmental niches found within the mammary gland. These niches include competing microbes already present or accompanying the new colonizer, soluble and cellular antimicrobials in milk, and the innate immune response elicited by mammary cells and recruited immune cells. However, to date, no specific virulence factors have been identified in E. coli isolates associated with mastitis. The original overall research objective of this application was to develop a genome-wide, transposon-tagged mutant collection of MPEC strain P4 and to use this technology to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. In the course of the project we decided to take an alternative genome-wide approach and to use whole genomes bioinformatics analysis. Using genome sequencing and analysis of six MPEC strains, our studies have shown that type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene clusters were present in all these strains. Furthermore, using unbiased screening of MPEC strains for reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in the murine mastitis model, we have identified in MPEC P4-NR a new pathogenicity island (PAI-1) encoding the core components of T6SS and its hallmark effectors Hcp, VgrG and Rhs. Next, we have shown that specific deletions of T6SS genes reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in lactating mouse mammary glands. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in the mammary gland and to relate these mechanisms to disease processes and pathogenesis. We have been able to achieve our research objectives to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. The project elucidated a new basic concept in host pathogen interaction of MPEC, which for the best of our knowledge was never described or investigated before. This research will help us to shed new light on principles behind the infection strategy of MPEC. The new targets now enable prevalence and epidemiology studies of T6SS in field strains of MPEC which might unveil new geographic, management and ecological risk factors. These will contribute to development of new approaches to treat and prevent mastitis by MPEC and perhaps other mammary pathogens. The use of antibiotics in farm animals and specifically to treat mastitis is gradually precluded and thus new treatment and prevention strategies are needed. Effective mastitis vaccines are currently not available, structural components and effectors of T6SS might be new targets for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics.

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Swanson, David. Tree investigations in the Noatak National Preserve, Alaska, 2011?2022: Old-growth and new forests. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301700.

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Tree rings in the Noatak National Preserve provide information about the growth of trees at the cold limit of tree survival in northwestern North America. The present study was based on cores and other tree measurements (tree basal area, height, and number per unit area) of white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) trees taken from 39 permanent monitoring plots (34 with coreable trees) at three locations in the Preserve. The tree rings widths were measured and then normalized using a 50-year smoothing spline to remove the effects of growth variations through the life cycles of the trees. Old-growth white spruce forests, which here include numerous trees over 200 years old and some that are more than 300 years old, form open stands on well-drained slopes. Stands of younger trees that became established in the 1900s are present near elevational tree-line, and in small groves on tussock tundra. These younger stands are interpreted primarily as the result of forest expansion due to climate warming, though re-establishment of trees after wildfire is also possible in the tussock tundra. On river floodplains and terraces, stands of both white spruce and balsam poplar were also initiated in the 1900s, but here the youth of the trees is probably due to colonization of new areas exposed by river channel migration. Both the old-growth and younger forests showed continuing growth (as expressed by an increase in stand basal area) between our initial visit in 2011 and re-visit in 2021 or 2022, with the greatest increases occurring on floodplains. Tree rings showed much year-to-year variation in width, but the effect of individual cold summers was surprisingly weak. Some of the major global climate perturbations due to volcanic eruptions were visible in the tree ring record, but the resulting ring growth was generally no worse than other bad growth years within a few decades of the volcanic event. Tree ring width was statistically correlated more closely with the average warmth of several preceding growing seasons (as expressed by the annual sum of thaw degree-days) than with the current year?s or the previous year?s warmth alone. This is probably due to the cumulative effect of several years? warmth (or cold) on the conditions in the tree rooting zone, on the amount of foliage available for photosynthesis, and the level of stored reserves in the tree.

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