Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Indian Telecommunication Equipment Manufacturing Industry”

Subject area Corporate Strategy, Vertical integration, Diversification. Study level/applicability Graduate. Case overview The case discusses the evolution, decline and turnaround of Mahindra Powerol, a division inside the large Indian business group, Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M). The Powerol division had its genesis from the then Farm Equipment Sector, when they used the surplus capacity in the tractor manufacturing facilities to produce and sell power generators (Gensets). Powerol capitalized on the rapid growth of the Indian telecommunications sector and the need for power backup at remote locations for the mobile communication towers. Adopting a lean asset model, it transformed the industry ecosystem and grew rapidly. As the telecom opportunity saturated, Powerol performance declined, but quickly rebound as it diversified into other products. As Powerol continues its diversification journey, there are questions about how Powerol can leverage the lean asset model that was their source of competitive advantage in the Gensets market, into other businesses. Expected learning outcomes Introduce the fundamental logic of vertical integration. The case elucidates how and when a firm vertically integrates/outsources its operations. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request Teaching notes Instructional Note and Case consent form.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship between TPM programme and manufacturing performance in Indian manufacturing industries; to discern the benefits obtained from TPM implementation; to identify common indicators; and to explore the common expectation while TPM implementation. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper acceptability and implementation of TPM programme in Indian manufacturing industry have been elaborated to ascertain the tangible and intangible benefits accrued as a result of successful TPM implementation. A semi-structured questionnaire survey approach has been adopted for the justification of TPM implementation and benefits gained by it in Indian context. Survey has covered mainly automobile and machinery sector throughout India. A total of 57 filled responses have been received and analysed to find the impact of TPM programme on manufacturing productivity. Findings – The paper establishes the impact of successful TPM implementation on manufacturing performance. TPM initiatives have shown marked improvement in the equipment availability, performance and produced quality and have also brought appreciable improvement in other manufacturing functions in the organizations. It has been observed that TPM deployment contributes to improve the manufacturing productivity, quality, delivery, safety, morale, ensuring the cost effectiveness of the manufacturing function within the organization. The paper also indicates that overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) can be used for performance improvement without TPM implementation. Research limitations/implications – Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further. Practical implications – This paper highlights the contribution of TPM programme and OEE measure to ensure enhanced manufacturing productivity. The benefits gained by TPM implementation in selected Indian manufacturing industries have been highlighted, that could be genuine source of motivation to other manufacturing organizations to go in for TPM programme. Originality/value – The present study encompasses systematic identification of factors affecting overall organizational performance and the common expectations of the firms through implementation of TPM programme. TPM initiatives provide regular OEE measure, performance monitoring and improvement, and developing guidelines for achieving enhanced manufacturing productivity.

In today’s era, business is Internet-driven that embarked on the evolution of the digital era. We are in the digital age with complete technology-driven activities facilitated by the Internet. This has certainly opened many new options for businesses to plug themselves. A gamut of studies has reported a positive influence of print media marketing on business. However, this study examines the effectiveness of print media marketing in today’s highly competitive digital era for the Indian telecommunication industry. A model was proposed to gauge the effectiveness of print media on customer retention for the telecom industry. The study was conducted with 200 customers from various telecom service providers, using a survey questionnaire which was administered to them. Research findings indicate that the migration to online sources is inevitable although print media has not become obsolete. It is also revealed that the print media alone is not effective and hence is unable to retain the consumers. The integration of print media marketing with digital and social media marketing is the recommendation of this study. This bundle is often effectively utilized to reinforce awareness and retention. The study also presents implications, limitations and future research direction within the context.

The Textile Industry is one of the largest industrial sectors and the fifth largest exporter of the textiles employing 45 million workers in India. The Indian textile industry has changed its ways in the production of finished textiles, Energy is involved in each of stage processing. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the energy efficiency of the processes in the textile industry and identify opportunities for improvement in the process involving raw fabric to the finished textile product. The energy efficiency determination in an industry can be evaluated by the energy consumption of the respective process equipment in an industry which includes the performance evaluation of the textile manufacturing processes. This paper describes the operations in textile manufacturing such as weaving, yarn production, spinning, drying, and also the significance of PAT schemes in energy improvement opportunities for various industries, including the technical improvement studies and also provides the brief description on validating various unit operations and respective parameters that affect the performance of various process equipment such as stenter, heaters, compressors, motors, and other non-production equipment. This review paper also described the impact of PAT cycle 1 in validating the energy intensity of technologies used in textile industries and some important measures required to improve the energy efficiency of a process as this could improve the functioning of the system. The best available techniques in the process has also been discussed in the sections which can be implemented in practice for improving the energy efficiency of the processes.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to implement new concept of mobile maintenance in manufacturing industry of Northern India. This study tries to introduce the new concept of total productive maintenance program in the case company. Design/methodology/approach The approach is to study the role of mobile maintenance in the context of Indian industry through significant improvement in overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). Findings This industry adopted the mobile maintenance strategy and improved their productivity by decreasing breakdown time. This mobile maintenance strategy can reduce major breakdowns, setup and adjustment losses and improve productivity, product quality and OEE of equipment. Results indicate an average increase in production of 15.63 percent, average reduction in breakdown time of 23.14 percent, average reduction in rejection rate of 17.94 percent and average increase in OEE of 17.08 percent. Moreover, the results of improvements in parameters are validated by using multi-criteria decision-making approaches. Research limitations/implications Maintenance is of great importance in modern era of manufacturing systems for those organizations who consider maintenance as a profit-generating factor. In the dynamic and highly challenging environment, reliable manufacturing equipment is regarded as the major contributor to the performance and profitability of manufacturing systems. Moreover, the selection of manufacturing industry is done on the basis of convenience sampling technique. Originality/value Industry can improve machine availability and OEE by implementing this mobile maintenance concept especially in the Indian context and is very beneficially for the case company under study.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to verify the applicability of proposed lean production system (LPS) framework in the Indian manufacturing industry.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a cross-sectional study to collect responses from five major sectors, namely, automobile, process, machines and equipment, electronics and components and textile. They collected 200 responses to perform empirical validation from Indian manufacturing industry. They performed reliability analysis on the proposed framework of LPS in the Indian manufacturing industry.FindingsThe findings revealed that all the elements and sub-elements have a high value in reliability. Subsequently, the study performed principles component analysis on LPS framework. The empirical investigation revealed that the proposed LPS framework has a high level of reliability as well as validity in the Indian manufacturing industry. Hence, the study concluded that the LPS framework is helpful to implement lean principles in a structured manner in any Indian manufacturing industry to achieve excellence in organizational functions.Originality/valueThe authors conducted an empirical survey to verify the applicability of the proposed LPS framework in the Indian manufacturing industry. They observed that many researchers proposed various LPS frameworks, but none of the researchers focused on verifying the proposed frameworks. To overcome, the same limitations, the study verified the proposed framework with the larger sample size.

Power quality (PQ) has become a more important issue recently due to the use of more sophisticated and sensitive equipment. Medical devices, telecommunication servers and equipment, manufacturing and domestic appliances rely on a good supply of power. This paper presents the review of the power quality in power system. Power quality has always been important for customers, but with increasing applications of electronic loads and controllers sensitive to the power quality, the subject has attracted renewed interest in recent times. Power quality encompasses several aspects: harmonics, over voltage, flicker voltage sags and swells interruptions etc. A major factor contributing to the importance of the quality of power is the deregulation of the power industry. Customers will demand higher levels of power quality to ensure the proper and continued operation of sensitive equipment and processes.

The literature has posited that agglomeration economies and the formation of social relationships resulting from the geographic concentration of incumbents constitute the forces that “pull” new entrants into industry clusters. However, this proposition overlooks how the collective action of incumbents in pursuit of their own benefits affects new entrants. This study examines how business associations as collective action organizations established by incumbents to promote and safeguard group-wide interests contribute to de novo entrants. The empirical evidence from Canada’s telecommunication equipment manufacturing industry between 1995 and 2005 reveals that the prevalence of local business associations encourages de novo entrants. However, the impact is curvilinear such that excessive collective action on the part of local fellow incumbents can create a clubby environment and “push” new entrants away.

Abstract 3D molded interconnect device (3D-MID) is a kind of injection-molded thermoplastic part with integrated electronic circuit traces. Currently, it is a hotspot of the electronic and telecommunication equipment industry. Laser direct structuring (LDS) is the main approach to fabricate 3D-MID. Laser scans and activates the surface of thermoplastic parts. After plating, the activated area is coated with copper. In this study, a model was built to describe the mechanisms of interaction between a substrate and laser. The nanosecond laser was applied in the LDS process to manufacture 3D circuit on 3D-MID. With the aid of variable laser pulse width, the model was confirmed by a series of experiments including investigations of roughness, surface structure and energy spectrum. Finally, critical factors affecting the LDS process were found out. They are effective guides for many LDS applications.

As emerging markets such as mainland China grew to be vital for the global commercial players, leading mobile telecommunication giants increasingly turned to China for opportunities. China's fast-expanding mobile telecommunication market became a throat-cutting battlefield for both international and local players. Among these competitors, Rong Xiuli's Tianyu had the local advantages. In order to sustain Tianyu's hardearned success, Rong decided to upgrade Tianyu brand and firmly secure a foothold in the 3G era. In 2002, Rong Xiuli closed Beijing Benephon, the then largest distributor of Samsung Mobile Phone in the Chinese market, and established Beijing Tianyu Communication Equipment Co. Ltd (hereinafter referred to as “Tianyu”) entering the handset manufacturing industry. Despite the growing pains in the beginning, Tianyu eventually went ahead of other domestic mobile phone manufacturers. In 2008, Tianyu reached a sales volume of 24 million mobile phones and a market share of more than 6%, ranking after Nokia, Samsung, and Motorola in the Chinese mobile phone market. A transition from the second generation (2G) communication technologies to the third generation (3G), however, was initiated at the end of 2008. Mobile phone manufacturers responded by investing heavily on technology upgrades. 3G also elevated the position of telecommunication operators in the industry value chain. As such, Tianyu's advantage in the 2G market could not necessarily guarantee its success in the 3G market. Adding to the uncertainties, demands for 2G mobile phone dropped sharply due to the 2007–2008 global financial crisis. Despite the oppositions from many colleagues, Rong Xiuli launched a campaign to win the 3G market, reconfiguring almost all the resources to the new business. The case describes Tianyu's success in the 2G mobile phone market and its entry into the 3G market.

The role of this study is to expand an understanding of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) proposals towards developing central capabilities in Indian sugar mill industries. The authors have decisively examined the implications of OEE implementation in the sugar mill sector. The study discloses that management and leadership, with their honest involvement towards execution of Japanese’s maintenance practices, can appreciably add to accumulate the core competencies and sustainability. The study highlights that OEE initiatives outscore traditional maintenance practices towards improving process performance (PP). Attentive OEE implementation over a reasonable time period can extensively increase the consciousness of central capabilities in PP. The study has been carried out to establish the assistance of OEE proposals for achieving core competencies in process industries. Though, sector-wise execution of the plan for all process industries can also be achieved to evaluate the contributions of OEE in the industrial sectors. The plan of the study is to spot the impact of key OEE proposals and dimensions on managerial performance. The paper emphasizes the need to bring disciplined organizational changes in launching maintenance improvement activities for approving the enhancements in the performance of the industry. In today’s highly dynamic and rapidly changing environment, the global competition among organizations has guided the maintenance activities to précised demands in the manufacturing organization.

The automobile industry is an obvious indication of a country's economic development. Because it requires high performance and quality parts, it is also an innovation and comprehension intensive sector. Because of its deep forward and backward links with many key segments of the economy, the automobile sector is also prominent in India. Because of the strong supply support provided by various auto ancillary manufacturing companies, this sector has a strong multiplier effect and has the potential to be a driver of economic growth. The auto ancillary market is focused on the production and sale of transitional equipment and automotive parts used in the manufacture of automobiles. It is an important part of India's automotive industry. Such industries allow vehicle manufacturers to concentrate on their core competencies. The auto ancillary manufacturing Industry, with its high growth prospects, is one of the emerging industries in Indian markets. The Altman Z rating is a beneficial expedient for identifying a company's economic resilience and the probability of insolvency. The Z rating method was once used in this to find out to check the economic fitness of Indian auto ancillary manufacturing companies. The economic facts of 10 auto ancillary manufacturing companies listed groups on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) have been used to study each unique and rising market Altman Z rating formulae. The findings point out that not all the enterprises listed on the NSE are financially healthy. According to the study, some of the Indian auto ancillary manufacturing companies are sound and dependable without few companies, and some of the auto ancillary manufacturing companies are not likely to face monetary misery or insolvency soon.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to survey the technical performance of the cement industry including those related to procedures; groundwork of raw materials, fuels and semi-finished products for processing; accessibility of machinery, plant and equipment for various operations; arrangement and process control management. Design/methodology/approach A broad range of survey and research was reviewed, and all revealed the methods to recognize the key influences for development of green technology. The study explores the present scenario of green manufacturing (GM) strategies of Indian cement companies and provides the industrial ecology, ways of reducing energy consumption, environmental impact data collection, design and control of manufacturing systems and integration of product and manufacturing system. It also reveals the problems in decision-making systems owing to the impact of the green product design. Here, in this paper, all information is obtained by the medium of internet, journals, articles, and magazines. Findings This paper describes a problem of global warming, gas, water and other wastages emissions at the time of cement manufacturing and put forward a path that enables decision makers to assess the perception of GM in their organization and in prioritizing GM efforts. Originality/value This perspective survey is to provide an integrative outlook of performance methods for GM practices in the Indian cement industries. It gives important information, which expectantly will help in cement industry to adopt GM practices. This paper fills the gap in the literature on identification, establishment, and validation of performance measures of GM for Indian cement industries.

Old manufacturing methods have become obsolete and are ineffective in the current era of highly competitive global markets. The customer expectations have seen a dramatic shift in tastes and preferences due to large product availability that keeps on improving with time. Nowadays companies are forced to adopt new manufacturing methods that facilitate growth, notably lean manufacturing tools, and related techniques have seen a positive acceptance worldwide. Furthermore, kaizen is one of the effective tools that are based on the principle of the right use of workers’ potential and capabilities. The present case study is done in an industry engaged in manufacturing child parts which are used in gearbox assembly, transmission, hydraulic lift assembly, etc. for original equipment manufacturers. Henceforth, these issues formed the basis for the current study. Furthermore, a road map was developed that was based on understanding the current manufacturing process, thorough analysis of records, followed by detailed employee interviews. Moreover, this study used a kaizen approach that involved people from the shop floor that lead to many positive suggestions and practical implementation. Finally, this study successfully improved overall product quality and met customer expectations without any major financial investments. The positive findings of this case study saw tangible gains in the form of Withdrawl Nut P252006 additional rework cost reduced from 5.82% to 0.41% and in-house rejection (scrap) cost reduced from 0.84% to 0.03%. Pre Loading Nut P124034 additional rework cost reduced from 5.97% to 0.34% and in-house rejection (scrap) cost from 0.89% to 0.02%.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to present Industry 4.0 technologies for advancing the circular economy (CE) adaption in manufacturing industry’s supply chain (SC) network. To pursue the same, Industry 4.0 technological aspects were recognized as solution measures to overcome the challenges for CE implementation in SC. Design methodology approach A new hierarchical framework containing 13 leading CE challenges and eight promising Industry 4.0 technological aspects had been proposed, representing their mutual relationship. The proposed framework was analysed using a hybrid approach of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and combinative distance-based assessment (CODAS) under interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (IVIF) environment. The IVIF-AHP was used to acquire the priority weights of the CE challenges, whereas the IVIF-CODAS was used to attain the preference order of the proposed technological aspects. Findings The key findings of the present work indicate that “Information disruptions among the SC members due to multiple channels” and “Manpower inability to handle the toxic materials” are the two most critical challenges hindering the adoption of CE practices in SC. Along with, the results also demonstrate that to overcome these challenges, “Smarter equipment to empower flexibility and mass customization” and “Big data driven decision-making system” are the two most significant Industry 4.0 technological solutions, adoption of which might encourage the organizations to align their operations with CE philosophies. Research limitations implications The sample size of the experts engaged in work was limited; however, big data studies could be conducted in future to capture more insights of the stated topic. In addition to this, to understand the implication of CE on Industry 4.0-based manufacturing, a separate study can be synthesised in future. Originality value The proposed work facilitates a new framework consolidating various perspectives associated with CE implementation into a manufacturing industry considering the scenario of Indian rubber industry. This study enables the decision-makers to recognize the challenging factors for CE implementation into their organizations and up-taking the proposed Industry 4.0 practices as technological measures for improving the organization overall performance.

he digital economy actively develops in Russia: according to the report of World Economic Forum, on indicators of availability, use and influence of appropriate technologies on economy and the public relations our country treats 30% of the most advanced countries. The programs of digital economy adopted in the different countries put one of key indicators digitalization of traditional branches. If to speak about manufacturing sectors, then their digitalization is defined substantially by the industrial Internet and depth of his use. Many players – both the industrial companies, and telecommunication are interested in development and introduction of these technologies, and suppliers of the equipment, are created special associations and associations. The purpose of this article is the description of models and algorithms of processes of digitalization of key information (intra-corporate and external) activity of the industrial enterprise; development of methods, technologies and analysis algorithms of «big data» on the basis of technology of the industry 4.0 for management of the industrial enterprises for development of their business. As the frontier of organizational development of processes of digital transformation the organization of the laboratory allowing to carry out the analysis, assessment and engineering of the existing processes at the industrial enterprises from positions of digitalization, productivity, design orientation and efficiency is considered. The analysis of international and Russian experience of creation of similar laboratories within a national innovative digital ecosystem is carried out. The digital laboratory helps to accelerate process of creation of new innovative products and services for growth of business and the successful competition on Russian and the world markets: possibly not only to present, but also to simulate the future of business in 10–20 years: to create prototypes of digital products, to test them, to check as they will work in the future and if necessary to finish.

Purpose In recent years, due to intense competition, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are unable to meet performance expectations and find difficulty in fulfilling the needs of the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Consequently, the growth of the SMEs has slowed down considerably. Constrained by their infrastructural resources, SMEs’ participation in global value chains (GVCs) has the potential to bring significant benefits, such as enhancing technological learning and innovation and generating positive contributions to the development of the SMEs. The purpose of this paper is to explore competitive priorities, key factors, and causal relationships influencing SMEs to enter GVCs. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the GVC framework is adopted and qualitative feedback loop analysis is used to identify the key factors influencing the competitive factors. A questionnaire survey was carried out with the automotive component manufacturers of a transnational corporation in India. Findings The survey in the automotive component manufacturing industry reveals product quality standards as the most important priority for joining global production networks, followed by price competitiveness, timely delivery, innovativeness, manufacturing flexibility, service, and dependability. The qualitative findings reveal continuous personnel training, capacity expansion, research development, and others as key factors influencing competitiveness. Practical implications To retain SMEs’ role in economic development and to accelerate the growth of global production networks in India, thereby realizing opportunities from the emerging GVCs, support is needed for SMEs regarding the aspects identified in this study. Originality/value The study explores the dynamics of each competitive priority of SMEs in Indian automotive component manufacturing industry to enter the GVCs. No study has explored the dynamics of SMEs competitiveness to enter GVCs in the automotive manufacturing industry.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on total productive maintenance (TPM) implementation practice to present an overview of TPM implementation practices adopted by various manufacturing organizations and suggest possible gaps from researchers and practitioner’s point of view. This study tries to identify the best strategy for improving competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in globalized market and evaluates TPM implementation practice in SMEs. Design/methodology/approach – The objective of this paper is to study the role of TPM program in context of Indian industries either from SMEs to large-scale industries. The approach has been directed toward justification of TPM implementation practice for its support to competitive manufacturing in the context of Indian manufacturing industries. Findings – TPM implementation improves productivity and working efficiency of employees and also improves equipment effectiveness and a positive inclination toward company is registered. Therefore, equipment maintenance is an indispensable function in a manufacturing enterprise. In this highly competitive environment, manufacturing organizations should consider maintenance function as a potential source for cost savings and competitive advantage. SMEs must be considered as an engine for economic growth all over the world (Singh et al., 2008). A total of 148 papers related to TPM implementation in large-scale industries and SMEs were collected, analyzed and classified on the basis of their applications, broadly into large industry and SMEs and further divided into Indian and Non-Indian, then case study, implementation, model, literature review, maintenance, service, etc. This classification has clearly shows that SMEs are in a need to adopt TPM implementation practice to compete in this global market and changing requirements of large industries. Maintenance is an indispensable function in a manufacturing enterprise. In this highly competitive environment, manufacturing organizations must be considered maintenance function as a potential source for cost savings and competitive advantage. Singh et al. (2008) have concluded that SMEs must be considered as an engine for economic growth of all over the world. Following are the objectives of this study: to suggest a classification of available literature on TPM implementation; to identify the need of TPM implementation in SMEs; to identify critical observations on each category of classification; to identify the potential of SMEs in India; to identify emerging trends of TPM implementation in India; to suggest directions for future researchers in the field of TPM implementation on the basis of above mention points; and to consolidate all available literature on TPM implementation practice. Research limitations/implications – The challenges of stiff competition and the drive for profits are forcing the organizations to implement various productivity improvement efforts to meet the challenges posed by ever-changing market demands. In the dynamic and highly challenging environment, reliable manufacturing equipment is regarded as the major contributor to the performance and profitability of manufacturing systems. Practical implications – In this dynamic world, importance of SMEs in the growth of the nation needs more attention of researchers and industrialists. After the globalization of market, SMEs have got many opportunities to work in integration with large-scale organizations. All the organizations from SMEs to large-scale industries can adopt effective and efficient maintenance strategies such as condition-based maintenance, reliability-centered maintenance and TPM over the traditional firefighting reactive maintenance approaches (Sharma et al., 2005). Social implications – In our view, this paper clearly identifies implications for research which will be useful for society. The gap discussed by authors needs to be addressed by future researchers. Originality/value – This implementation strategy can help to save huge amounts of time, money and other useful resources in dealing with reliability, availability, maintainability and performance issues. On the basis of available literature, it can be understood that SMEs should change their maintenance strategies to cope up with global competition so that a lot of resources can be utilized in a better direction.

With its enormous potential in terms of employment, growth, and exports, the footwear industry is an important player in the Indian context, and can contribute to the nation's economic development. It is worth noting here that leather footwear in Kolhapuri style has a distinguished history spanning hundreds of years. This craft style is a labor-intensive production process in which the primitive nature of the tools and equipment are used. In the present context, this craft style is about to go extinct because of artisans' declining interest. The present study reports an attempt to improve the manufacturing procedure and productivity without changing the fundamental nature of the craft (its actual essence). The study reports on the local craft cluster's efforts to rethink the craft style in terms of technological interventions, skill development, product diversification, commercial opportunities, etc. Further, the study reports the necessity of conducting social workshops on design innovations. The study advocates the revitalization of Kolhapur's identity and the need for acceleration of this dying craft.

The case study paper is based on the 4Ps strategy of the Elgi Equipment’s limited, is an Indian agency as an air compressor and depot gear manufacturing company, manufactures Reciprocating & Screw Air - Compressors, Car Washers Hydraulic Hoist, Lubricating Equipment, Pneumatic Horns, Power brakes, & Automatic Pasteurizing Plants. The four P’s of marketing and advertising and marketing are a really helpful mannequin for businesses to use, but they don’t cowl all of the complexities of doing commercial enterprise today. Companies must assume about what products to grant and how they will promote them at a realistic price. They additionally need to reflect on consideration on where their merchandise is disbursed and whether or now not that vicinity is handy for shoppers who live in special areas of the country. The four P’s framework has now not changed a good deal from when it used to be created. From the study it is interpreted that the 4Ps strategy throughout all industries must be used so that companies focused more over quality. The future scope of the study is that despite the changing landscape, advertising principles nevertheless apply. The four core concepts are product differentiation, pricing flexibility, advertising of brand awareness, and positioning in the market. These have been tested to be great thru time due to the fact they work on a psychological diploma that groups can’t resist. For the air compressor industry more, exploration is needs to do in the areas of Industrial Product service System.

Training is important for the development of skills and knowledge. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of post- safety training on the supervisors learning process, behaviour towards safety and development of safe work environment in the automotive original equipment manufacturing (OEM) companies. In the present study, a total of 129 supervisor level employees from different Indian automotive OEMs units, who have undergone a minimum of one-day safety training in the past three years, were a part of the survey. The survey was administered with the aid of a pre-validated designed questionnaire (developed in consultation with industry experts) to collect responses from the supervisor’s level employees during the period of January- August 2019. The 63 different manufacturing OEM automotive units from the Delhi- NCR and Pune- Nashik - Kolhapur from Western region agreed to participate in the survey. The results obtained were tested using multiple hierarchical regression analysis in a stepwise method, along with the correlation coefficient analysis. The results indicated that knowledge acquisition, learning process, and employee involvement regarding risks and hazards identification were positively related to the perceived effectiveness of post- safety training by the supervisors. It was further found that the post- safety training has no significant contribution towards the perceived self- behavior change and development of safe work environment. The effectiveness of safety training and development of safe environment along with the change in behavior towards the safety is related to factors such as related education in safety and health, working experience in the field of safety or EHS domain and knowledge of the supervisors gained through their career which play a significant role. A safety culture can be created by the organization by harnessing the safety-related work experience of the supervisors and periodically conducting the skill development program.

Subject area The subject areas are strategic management, international marketing business-to-business marketing. Study level/applicability The study is applicable to undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Case overview Dalmec Industries Manipulators India Pvt. Ltd. was incorporated in 2011 as a private limited company under the Companies Act, 1956. The company was formed to carry on importing machinery and distributing it to the clients. This case focuses on the dilemma faced by the company: whether it should establish a manufacturing unit in India or continue with the current operation procedures. Dalmec has faced various problems in India regarding local players, low-cost material handling equipment and the nascent stage of material handling industry. In Europe and the Middle East, the industries are more focused on safety standards and provide high quality material handling products to their workers, compared to the Indian industries. As local players in material handling sectors price their product very low, to compete with them with quality products is a major challenge for foreign companies. The company needed to build a strong and unique brand for non-European markets. In India, the material handling equipment market is crowded with local players. So, Dalmec needs to establish its reputation as a reliable partner and create a distinct identity. It has to create brand awareness among Indian companies and influence the decision makers of the corporates. The case discusses the impact of Make in India campaign on Dalmec and examines whether the Make in India initiative will prove helpful to Dalmec. Expected learning outcomes This study enables to familiarize students with the expansion strategy of a company; help students understand the international market entry strategies frequently used by multinationals to expand their business.; examine the feasibility of entering into emerging markets like India; and make students understand the relevance of the Make in India campaign for foreign corporate players. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

It is a pleasure and admiration to welcome you to the Volume 2 Issue 1 of Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance. In this Issue 1, the emphasis is placed on forensic accounting, accounting, auditing and corporate governance. In the first paper captioned “Mitigating Corruption Using Forensic Accounting Investigation Techniques: The Watchdog Perspectives”, Mr. Naziru Suleiman (Department of Accounting, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria) and Dr. Aidi Ahmi (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia) adopt qualitative research methodology based on in-depth interviews with experts from two prominent anti-corruption agencies to examine the efficacy of the technique. Data collected were manually coded and analysed using thematic analysis. Through rigorous within the case and cross-case analyses of the 24 interviews conducted, two themes emerged as the findings to the study. Forensic accounting is considered an appropriate technique for adequately investigating public sector corruption and at the same is suitable for court purposes in the prosecution and conviction of corrupt officers. Finally, the study recognises the need to enhance the capacity of the investigators through training and retraining as well as through the provision of the latest equipment for fighting corruption. In the second paper with a title “Internal Audit Functions: An empirical study of Public and Private Sectors in Nigeria”, Mr. Abdulkadir Madawaki (Department of Accounting, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Nigeria), Dr. Aidi Ahmi (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia) and Dr. Halimah @ Nasibah Ahmad (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia) examine the similarities and differences between the public and private sectors internal audit functions in Nigeria. The features examined include the hierarchical position of the internal audit functions, outsourcing of internal audit activities, reporting relationship of the internal auditor, and the coordination between internal and external auditors. A survey of internal audit managers of both sectors was undertaken to establish their current practices. The results revealed that there are no much differences in the hierarchical positioning of the internal audit function in both sectors. A substantial difference was found in the reporting lines of internal auditors in both sectors. The results further showed that private sector outsources internal audit activities more than the public sector and a slight difference exists between the two sectors about the level of coordination between internal and external auditors. Finally, the result indicated that private sector experience a reduction in external audit fees compares to its counterpart in the public sector. In the third paper entitled “The moderating effect of working capital management on the relationship between working capital determinants and firm performance”, Dr. Ahmad Rizal Mazlan (School of Economics, Finance and Banking, Universiti Utara Malaysia) and Dr. Choong Yuen Leng (Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia) examine working capital management moderating role on the relationship between the critical determinants of working capital and firm performance among 282 public-listed manufacturing firms in Malaysia for the period of 2010 to 2014. In this study, working capital management components are categorized into working capital requirement and net liquid balance. The evidence suggests that the relationship between critical determinants of working capital and firm performance is moderated by both working capital requirement and net liquid balance. Further, the results show that the research framework does form a contemporary working capital management model. In the fourth paper captioned “Firm Performance, Ownership Structure, and CEO Selection: The Case of Nigeria”, Yahya Uthman Abdullahi (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia), Dr. Rokiah Ishak (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia), and Dr. Norfaiezah Sawandi (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia) examine the effect of ownership structures, corporate performance and board political connectedness on CEO selection. The sample of the study is all Nigerian non-financial firms from the year 2011 to 2015, and consisting of 72 CEO selection events. This study uses logistic regression analysis to provide evidence that firms dominated with blockholder ownership favour external successors while managerial ownership-controlled firms are inclined to select internal candidates as successors. However, this study fails to support the argument that corporate performance and board political connectedness do influence the choice of CEO selection in the Nigerian public listed companies. In sum, the findings suggest that blockholders and managerial ownership significantly influence the choice of the origin of the successor CEOs in the Nigerian corporate landscape. This paper enriches the literature about CEO selection choices in developing economies with weak corporate governance structure like Nigeria. In addition, the findings from this study could be of immense benefit to the shareholders and corporate board members in deciding on recruiting their CEOs; and the regulatory agencies in the formulation and enforcement of reforms that guarantee good corporate practices by the boards In the fifth paper with the title “The impact of Audit Committee, Firm Size, Profitability, and Leverage on Income Smoothing”, Dr. Veronica Indrawan (Tarumanagara University, Tanjung Duren Utara, Indonesia), Prof. Dr. Sukrisno Agoes (Tarumanagara University, Tanjung Duren Utara, Indonesia), Dr. Hisar Pangaribuan (Adventist University of Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia), and Dr. Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson Popoola (Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz School of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia) examine the impact of the audit committee, firm size, profitability, and leverage on income smoothing in manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia stock exchange for the period of 2013-2015. Regression statistics are employed to analyse the secondary source of data collected from the annual report of the companies. Measurement of income smoothing is proxied by discretionary accruals. The results reveal that the firm size has a direct positive influence on income smoothing in the listed manufacturing companies in Indonesia. In essence, the more significant a firm size, the more actively performed income smoothing practices. In contrast, profitability indicates an adverse effect on income smoothing in the listed manufacturing companies. The adverse effect indicates that the higher the profit generated, the lesser the income smoothing practices performed. Similarly, leverage posits an adverse effect on income smoothing in the manufacturing sector. This indicates the smaller the risk of companies debt, the more exceptional the practice of income smoothing occurs. The audit committee size similarly shows a negative influence on income smoothing in the listed manufacturing companies. This finding indicates the larger audit committee size, the smaller practice of income smoothing. This occurs because the audit committee oversight function on financial reporting is more efficiently performed. The result of this research shows the contribution to theory, practice, and method, especially in developing countries As you read through this Volume 2 Issue 1, the success of IPJAF depends on your active participation and those of your colleagues and friends through submission of high-quality articles within the journal scope for review and publication. I cherish your continuous support in our quest to make IPJAF the most authoritative journal on accounting and finance for the community of academic, professional, industry, society and government.

At present, developed economies like Germany, Japan, the USA, and Singapore have embraced Industry 4.0 to increase their manufacturing competitiveness. At present, India lags behind its global peers in Industry 4.0 adoption. However it has been started to implement these technologies into its industrial process and it also has created lots of positive impacts also. From the beginning of civilization, human beings have tried to increase their capacity and power. At first they were using equipment made of wood or rocks but with the advancement of science they explored modern and efficient equipment, and this process is going on. Machines are one of the inventions of humans. Use of machines was the cause of first industrial revolution. It was termed as a revolution because it not only increased production but also brought significant social and economic changes. For example, in 1790s the French revolution took place, which coined new ideas like Equality, Liberty and Brotherhood, the first industrial revolution, which came to pass a few years after the French revolution, infused those ideas. It means industrial revolutions have a huge impact on our society, not only society but it also affects the world economy. With this backdrop the present paper has made attempt to explain the impact of industry 4.0 on Indian industry KEY WORDS: Industry 4.0; Manufacturing Sector; Indian Economy; Economic Growth; Industrial Development

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of theory of constraints (TOC) and total productive maintenance (TPM) practices on operational performance, and their interlinkage between each other. Constructs that are critical to auto manufacturer’s operational performance have been identified with the help of literature and experts from industry. The impact of TOC and TPM on operational performance has been evaluated. Similarly, impact of competitiveness on operational performance has been evaluated. Further, alternate models are tested and evaluated through structural equation model. It was observed during testing of alternate models that TOC and TPM have a direct impact on operational performance. However, TOC and TPM practices also directly impact overall operational performance, which in turn, influences competitiveness. In comparison of alternate models, the model in which TOC and TPM affect overall equipment efficiency (OEE), human total participation and commitment (HTPC), throughput (T), inventory (I), and operating expense (OE) practices and these further affect the operational performance, is found most appropriate. This study provides some useful implications from industry point of view. TOC and TPM practices are crucial to auto manufacturing industries. TOC and TPM are the core of attaining sustenance in crucial factors, which will have greater impact to achieve operational performance. Overall equipment efficiency, Human total participation, T, I, and operating expense practices are driven by TOC and TPM practices. This crucial factor linkage helps to achieve the desired operation performance. There are very limited studies that have considered both the continuous improvement practices together to achieve better operational performance. In auto manufacturing industry, both TOC and TPM are crucial continuous improvement practices for any organization to drive its growth.

PurposeThe present environmental concern has enforced manufacturing firms to re-evaluate their business practices to reduce the adverse impact on the environment with optimum production. Therefore, the present study aims to deal with the implementation of the environmental lean six sigma (ELSS) framework in an Indian medical equipment manufacturing industry to obtain operational and environmental sustainability.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed ELSS framework is based on the DMAIC (Define–Measure–Analyze–Improve–Control) methodology, sustainability and lean tools. The efficacy of the developed framework is tested through a case study in an Indian medical equipment manufacturing unit.FindingsIn the case company, four major issues were reported, i.e. improper material handling, non-productive movement of men and material, poor indoor air quality and rework. The ELSS project facilitates the case organization to enhance their capacity utilization from 59.25% to 74.3%, defects per million opportunities reduce from 309,523 to 48,951.44 and indoor air quality levels decrease from 156.87 to 86.85 µgm3.Research limitations/implicationsThe efficacy of the developed ELSS framework is evaluated through a case study conducted only in one Indian manufacturing environment.Practical implicationsThe present study facilitates industrial managers and practitioners to achieve sustainability and process excellence through ELSS implementation. Organizations that intend to simultaneously improve operational and environmental performance can benefit from this paper as it can be used as a guide to conduct similar projects with both operational and environmental benefits.Originality/valueThis paper presents a successful implementation of the ELSS framework in the healthcare industry to achieve operational and environmental sustainability.

The traditional way of coal production and management is still predominant in the Indian coal mining industry which has led to a widespread waste of resources both materials and humans. Operational loss of the mining machinery and equipment is one of the key factors for the low performance and productivity of mines. This research presents an application of the integrated approach of the Mine Production Index and Ishikawa Diagram in an Indian coal mine to study the bottleneck equipment in the mining operation among the fleet of the shovel, dumper, and dozer. Mine Production Index (MPI) identifies the bottleneck equipment in the mining operation, and Ishikawa Diagram presents the Root Cause Analysis of bottleneck equipment. The fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is used to determine weights for MPI calculation using information gathered from a group of 11 experts through Structured interviews. The study found that the dozer fleet is the bottleneck equipment and the ineffectiveness of the dozer fleet can be grouped into 4 categories as enumerated on the Ishikawa diagram. The study proposes that the ineffectiveness of the dozer fleet can be improved with an increase in its performance rate. The study is based on the judgments of the experts for the case mine, which may limit the external validity. This paper is an original contribution to the analysis of mining equipment using the Mine Production Index and Ishikawa Diagram in an Indian coal mine.

Background: Dairy industry is one of the largest and fastest growing industry in the world. This industry faces challenges regarding lack of quality and low productivity. Large amount of fresh water is consumed and wastewater is generated in this industry. Methods: To study about the functioning, operations, management and consumption of resources in the Indian dairy industry, three dairies situated in major cities of Maharashtra, India- Dairy A in Jalgaon, Dairy B in Pune and Dairy C in Mumbai are selected. Site visits and interviews are done to collect the extensive and holistic in-time data. Result: Large quantity of milk is processed and various milk products are manufactured in each of these dairies. Fresh water consumed by different dairies varies between 5-6 LLPD. Enormous amount of wastewater is generated at the different stages in the milk processing and at various sources such as at milk receiving stations, in manufacturing of milk products and in cleaning and washing of equipment, tankers and floors. Average 900 KW/ day of energy is spent for the effluent treatment in these dairies. Dairy A and B uses briquettes as an alternative energy source for the boiler while dairy C adapts solar as alternative technology. Minimisation of waste and utilisation and recovery from the waste can certainly help to improve productivity and reduce environmental footprint along with the growth and progress of this industry as well as country’s economy.

Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is the foundation for the growth of the process industries as it ensures maintenance, performance and productivity updation. Through its usefulness to integrate with miscellaneous performance-enhancing strategies such as Total Productivity Maintenance (TPM), 5S, lean manufacturing (LM), total quality management (TQM) six sigma etcetera, OEE has now become a vital tool for necessary implementation. This study has analyzed the factors and sub-factors associated with OEE in the sugar industries of India. The study reveals the implication of general input/output, direct/indirect and associated indicating factors through a structured questionnaire. These factors accumulate information such as utilization of raw materials and the production environment, processing systems, labor effectiveness and circumstances under which these organizations work. The structured questionnaire was formulated after the discussions and suggestions of consultants, officials of the sugar industry, senior executives, whereas some questions were developed directly from the available literature. This study utilizes a survey-based research approach with a sample size of 104 process industries.The study supports the empirical research to get the benefits of this performance-enhancing approach. The response was recorded by the prominent 104 sugar mill industries of the country. 36 sugar industries were covered by multiple visits in person and 68 industries through official emails and prepaid envelopes.

For decades, digital systems have been designed based on assumptions that the underlying hardware, though not perfectly reliable, is free of malicious elements. The demand for IC’s is greatly increasing due to tremendous technological development. Without appropriate resources the companies are hard pressed to produce trusted IC’s. This is driving the companies into the ‘fabless’ trend predominant in semiconductor industry, where the companies are depending on cheaper foundries for the IC fabrication instead of depending on their own resources. This growth brings with it a big rise in threat level in terms of Hardware Trojans that hits the manufacturing companies which make use of Integrated Circuits. This transcends many industries, including strategic organizations and telecommunication companies, mobile phones and computers, embedded systems used in domestic applications and health care equipment. These adversarial inclusions are generally triggered to do malicious modifications in the end user system by the intruder, which is difficult to detect in their quiescent state. This paper focuses on understanding Hardware Trojans, their implications and detection methodologies. It is extremely important for all industries and more so for defense organizations, who are involved in developing systems to protect the nation’s boundaries.

Heat sinks with fins are generally used to enhance the heat transfer rate in many industrial applications such as cooling of electronic, power electronic, telecommunication and automotive components. In many situations where heat transfer is by natural convection fins offer economical and trouble free solutions. The weight and volume of the equipment are the most important parameters of design. Now days the general trend is to use compact systems especially in electronic field which leads to higher packing density of systems causing higher heat generation. It affects the performance of system and may cause the system failure. The most preferred method for cooling electronic and telecommunications devices is passive cooling since it is cost effective and reliable solution. It doesn’t require costly enhancing devices. This features leads to focus on development of efficient fin heat sink. The important element that defines the geometry of the heat sink is its fins. The fins generally used in industry are straight, circular and pin shaped. The objective of this work is review on the heat transfer rate by different shaped fins in different systems. The proper selection of the interruption length increases the heat transfer rate and in addition providing fin interruptions results in considerable weight reduction that can lead to lower manufacturing cost.

Indo China trade names for last 3-4 years mainly because of three reasons one; China has become the robust trading partner of India outpacing USA, second; the balance of trade deficit of India is very high almost 60 Billion dollar, three; India and China are face to face on boundary issue and army skirmishes which has led to a boycott China slogan in India. But the issue do not end here. In fact China has become a manufacturing hub of all kind of industries in India. The inputs assembles spares as well as sophisticated machinery in India all Imported from China. In pandemic Covid-19 found that even dominant pharmaceutical companies of India are dependent on Chinese support. The whole consumer durable market of India is in fact only an assembly market. All parts of refrigerator, AC, cameras, microwave and what not are imported and then only assembly is done by Indian companies. Same is true for Electric gadgets, Telecommunication instruments, plastic industry and even handicrafts and handloom sector. Economics call it dependency of development. A Metropolis satellite like relationship in which India’s economic development at present is been conditioned by China. In fact this is an extension of Prebisch singer Centre periphery model where in the International division of labour is such that some group of countries (periphery) output, raw material, agro and mineral-based product to while the other group of countries (Centre) add value and exports them back to periphery. This leads to exploitation of resources of periphery and analogous development of the developed countries. In this research paper the researcher is trying to analyse the Indochina trade through the lens of dependency theory. KEYWORDS: Centre periphery relationship, manufacturing, exports, BOT, Indo China trade

According to Micro, Small and medium enterprises Act 2006, the MSME are classified into two categories viz, Manufacturing Enterprises which are engaged in the manufacturing of production of goods or employing plant and machinery in the process of value addition to the final product having a distinct name or character or use. Service Enterprises: The enterprises engaged in providing or rendering of services are defined in terms of investment in equipment. Now, MSMEs is defined on the basis of ‘Annual Turnover’ instead of investment in plant and machinery /Equipment . Incase of manufacturing sector, the enterprises whose annual turnover is less than Rs. 5 Crores are considered as ‘Micro Enterprises’ The enterprises whose annual turnover is between Rs. 5 crores to Rs. 75 crores are considered as ‘Small Enterprises’ and the enterprises whose annual turnover is between Rs. 75 crores to Rs. 250 crores are considered as Medium Enterprises. A similar criteria are applied to define service sector enterprises as Micro, Small and Medium enterprises. At present approximately 36.1 million units of micro, small and medium enterprises are engaged in production in India. This sector provides employment to around 120 million people , These units represent around more than 45% of India’s total export . The contribution of this sector to the country’s Gross Domestic Product is about 8%. A study carried out by the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) on the Indian MSMEs reveals that the MSME’s contribution to the India’s GDP will be around 50% by 2024 . Many units of MSME’s are located in rural areas which are checking the migration from rural areas to urban areas. Goa was liberated from the Portuguese regime yoke on 19th December 1961 , and remained union territory along with Daman and Diu for several years; Goa was elevated to the status of 25th state in the Indian Union on 30th May 1987. It has a geographical area of 3702 Sq. Kms. and a population of 14.58 lakhs (2011 Census). The state is divided into two districts (North and South Goa) and Twelve talukas. This state has the highest per capita income in the country and the second lowest with respect to poverty ratio. Tourism, agriculture, industry, mining, construction, banking, trade and fishery are the main stay of the Goan economy. Goa with its unique natural beauty has emerged as one of the best and the most attractive tourist destinations in the world. With a spread network of banking and financial institutions, the state is in the ideal position to attract investment. Goa today has over 8000 small scale industries employing over 60000 employees. The state has developed / established 20 industrial estates; some of them are among the best in the country. The industrial activities encompass about 50 sub sectors which include tourism, pharmaceuticals, electrical and automobile accessories etc. In spite of this, we are yet to achieve lot in the industrialization process. Goa has done fairly well in last two decades on the industrial front in spite of various handicaps. The explanation for this does not lie in any planned development strategy that the state

When George Orwell encountered ideas of a technological utopia sixty-five years ago, he acted the grumpy middle-aged man Reading recently a batch of rather shallowly optimistic “progressive” books, I was struck by the automatic way in which people go on repeating certain phrases which were fashionable before 1914. Two great favourites are “the abolition of distance” and “the disappearance of frontiers”. I do not know how often I have met with the statements that “the aeroplane and the radio have abolished distance” and “all parts of the world are now interdependent” (1944). It is worth revisiting the old boy’s grumpiness, because the rhetoric he so niftily skewers continues in our own time. Facebook features “Peace on Facebook” and even claims that it can “decrease world conflict” through inter-cultural communication. Twitter has announced itself as “a triumph of humanity” (“A Cyber-House” 61). Queue George. In between Orwell and latter-day hoody cybertarians, a whole host of excitable public intellectuals announced the impending end of materiality through emergent media forms. Marshall McLuhan, Neil Postman, Daniel Bell, Ithiel de Sola Pool, George Gilder, Alvin Toffler—the list of 1960s futurists goes on and on. And this wasn’t just a matter of punditry: the OECD decreed the coming of the “information society” in 1975 and the European Union (EU) followed suit in 1979, while IBM merrily declared an “information age” in 1977. Bell theorized this technological utopia as post-ideological, because class would cease to matter (Mattelart). Polluting industries seemingly no longer represented the dynamic core of industrial capitalism; instead, market dynamism radiated from a networked, intellectual core of creative and informational activities. The new information and knowledge-based economies would rescue First World hegemony from an “insurgent world” that lurked within as well as beyond itself (Schiller). Orwell’s others and the Cold-War futurists propagated one of the most destructive myths shaping both public debate and scholarly studies of the media, culture, and communication. They convinced generations of analysts, activists, and arrivistes that the promises and problems of the media could be understood via metaphors of the environment, and that the media were weightless and virtual. The famous medium they wished us to see as the message —a substance as vital to our wellbeing as air, water, and soil—turned out to be no such thing. Today’s cybertarians inherit their anti-Marxist, anti-materialist positions, as a casual glance at any new media journal, culture-industry magazine, or bourgeois press outlet discloses. The media are undoubtedly important instruments of social cohesion and fragmentation, political power and dissent, democracy and demagoguery, and other fraught extensions of human consciousness. But talk of media systems as equivalent to physical ecosystems—fashionable among marketers and media scholars alike—is predicated on the notion that they are environmentally benign technologies. This has never been true, from the beginnings of print to today’s cloud-covered computing. Our new book Greening the Media focuses on the environmental impact of the media—the myriad ways that media technology consumes, despoils, and wastes natural resources. We introduce ideas, stories, and facts that have been marginal or absent from popular, academic, and professional histories of media technology. Throughout, ecological issues have been at the core of our work and we immodestly think the same should apply to media communications, and cultural studies more generally. We recognize that those fields have contributed valuable research and teaching that address environmental questions. For instance, there is an abundant literature on representations of the environment in cinema, how to communicate environmental messages successfully, and press coverage of climate change. That’s not enough. You may already know that media technologies contain toxic substances. You may have signed an on-line petition protesting the hazardous and oppressive conditions under which workers assemble cell phones and computers. But you may be startled, as we were, by the scale and pervasiveness of these environmental risks. They are present in and around every site where electronic and electric devices are manufactured, used, and thrown away, poisoning humans, animals, vegetation, soil, air and water. We are using the term “media” as a portmanteau word to cover a multitude of cultural and communications machines and processes—print, film, radio, television, information and communications technologies (ICT), and consumer electronics (CE). This is not only for analytical convenience, but because there is increasing overlap between the sectors. CE connect to ICT and vice versa; televisions resemble computers; books are read on telephones; newspapers are written through clouds; and so on. Cultural forms and gadgets that were once separate are now linked. The currently fashionable notion of convergence doesn’t quite capture the vastness of this integration, which includes any object with a circuit board, scores of accessories that plug into it, and a global nexus of labor and environmental inputs and effects that produce and flow from it. In 2007, a combination of ICT/CE and media production accounted for between 2 and 3 percent of all greenhouse gases emitted around the world (“Gartner Estimates,”; International Telecommunication Union; Malmodin et al.). Between twenty and fifty million tonnes of electronic waste (e-waste) are generated annually, much of it via discarded cell phones and computers, which affluent populations throw out regularly in order to buy replacements. (Presumably this fits the narcissism of small differences that distinguishes them from their own past.) E-waste is historically produced in the Global North—Australasia, Western Europe, Japan, and the US—and dumped in the Global South—Latin America, Africa, Eastern Europe, Southern and Southeast Asia, and China. It takes the form of a thousand different, often deadly, materials for each electrical and electronic gadget. This trend is changing as India and China generate their own media detritus (Robinson; Herat). Enclosed hard drives, backlit screens, cathode ray tubes, wiring, capacitors, and heavy metals pose few risks while these materials remain encased. But once discarded and dismantled, ICT/CE have the potential to expose workers and ecosystems to a morass of toxic components. Theoretically, “outmoded” parts could be reused or swapped for newer parts to refurbish devices. But items that are defined as waste undergo further destruction in order to collect remaining parts and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, copper, and rare-earth elements. This process causes serious health risks to bones, brains, stomachs, lungs, and other vital organs, in addition to birth defects and disrupted biological development in children. Medical catastrophes can result from lead, cadmium, mercury, other heavy metals, poisonous fumes emitted in search of precious metals, and such carcinogenic compounds as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin, polyvinyl chloride, and flame retardants (Maxwell and Miller 13). The United States’ Environmental Protection Agency estimates that by 2007 US residents owned approximately three billion electronic devices, with an annual turnover rate of 400 million units, and well over half such purchases made by women. Overall CE ownership varied with age—adults under 45 typically boasted four gadgets; those over 65 made do with one. The Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) says US$145 billion was expended in the sector in 2006 in the US alone, up 13% on the previous year. The CEA refers joyously to a “consumer love affair with technology continuing at a healthy clip.” In the midst of a recession, 2009 saw $165 billion in sales, and households owned between fifteen and twenty-four gadgets on average. By 2010, US$233 billion was spent on electronic products, three-quarters of the population owned a computer, nearly half of all US adults owned an MP3 player, and 85% had a cell phone. By all measures, the amount of ICT/CE on the planet is staggering. As investigative science journalist, Elizabeth Grossman put it: “no industry pushes products into the global market on the scale that high-tech electronics does” (Maxwell and Miller 2). In 2007, “of the 2.25 million tons of TVs, cell phones and computer products ready for end-of-life management, 18% (414,000 tons) was collected for recycling and 82% (1.84 million tons) was disposed of, primarily in landfill” (Environmental Protection Agency 1). Twenty million computers fell obsolete across the US in 1998, and the rate was 130,000 a day by 2005. It has been estimated that the five hundred million personal computers discarded in the US between 1997 and 2007 contained 6.32 billion pounds of plastics, 1.58 billion pounds of lead, three million pounds of cadmium, 1.9 million pounds of chromium, and 632000 pounds of mercury (Environmental Protection Agency; Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition 6). The European Union is expected to generate upwards of twelve million tons annually by 2020 (Commission of the European Communities 17). While refrigerators and dangerous refrigerants account for the bulk of EU e-waste, about 44% of the most toxic e-waste measured in 2005 came from medium-to-small ICT/CE: computer monitors, TVs, printers, ink cartridges, telecommunications equipment, toys, tools, and anything with a circuit board (Commission of the European Communities 31-34). Understanding the enormity of the environmental problems caused by making, using, and disposing of media technologies should arrest our enthusiasm for them. But intellectual correctives to the “love affair” with technology, or technophilia, have come and gone without establishing much of a foothold against the breathtaking flood of gadgets and the propaganda that proclaims their awe-inspiring capabilities.[i] There is a peculiar enchantment with the seeming magic of wireless communication, touch-screen phones and tablets, flat-screen high-definition televisions, 3-D IMAX cinema, mobile computing, and so on—a totemic, quasi-sacred power that the historian of technology David Nye has named the technological sublime (Nye Technological Sublime 297).[ii] We demonstrate in our book why there is no place for the technological sublime in projects to green the media. But first we should explain why such symbolic power does not accrue to more mundane technologies; after all, for the time-strapped cook, a pressure cooker does truly magical things. Three important qualities endow ICT/CE with unique symbolic potency—virtuality, volume, and novelty. The technological sublime of media technology is reinforced by the “virtual nature of much of the industry’s content,” which “tends to obscure their responsibility for a vast proliferation of hardware, all with high levels of built-in obsolescence and decreasing levels of efficiency” (Boyce and Lewis 5). Planned obsolescence entered the lexicon as a new “ethics” for electrical engineering in the 1920s and ’30s, when marketers, eager to “habituate people to buying new products,” called for designs to become quickly obsolete “in efficiency, economy, style, or taste” (Grossman 7-8).[iii] This defines the short lifespan deliberately constructed for computer systems (drives, interfaces, operating systems, batteries, etc.) by making tiny improvements incompatible with existing hardware (Science and Technology Council of the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 33-50; Boyce and Lewis). With planned obsolescence leading to “dizzying new heights” of product replacement (Rogers 202), there is an overstated sense of the novelty and preeminence of “new” media—a “cult of the present” is particularly dazzled by the spread of electronic gadgets through globalization (Mattelart and Constantinou 22). References to the symbolic power of media technology can be found in hymnals across the internet and the halls of academe: technologies change us, the media will solve social problems or create new ones, ICTs transform work, monopoly ownership no longer matters, journalism is dead, social networking enables social revolution, and the media deliver a cleaner, post-industrial, capitalism. Here is a typical example from the twilight zone of the technological sublime (actually, the OECD): A major feature of the knowledge-based economy is the impact that ICTs have had on industrial structure, with a rapid growth of services and a relative decline of manufacturing. Services are typically less energy intensive and less polluting, so among those countries with a high and increasing share of services, we often see a declining energy intensity of production … with the emergence of the Knowledge Economy ending the old linear relationship between output and energy use (i.e. partially de-coupling growth and energy use) (Houghton 1) This statement mixes half-truths and nonsense. In reality, old-time, toxic manufacturing has moved to the Global South, where it is ascendant; pollution levels are rising worldwide; and energy consumption is accelerating in residential and institutional sectors, due almost entirely to ICT/CE usage, despite advances in energy conservation technology (a neat instance of the age-old Jevons Paradox). In our book we show how these are all outcomes of growth in ICT/CE, the foundation of the so-called knowledge-based economy. ICT/CE are misleadingly presented as having little or no material ecological impact. In the realm of everyday life, the sublime experience of electronic machinery conceals the physical work and material resources that go into them, while the technological sublime makes the idea that more-is-better palatable, axiomatic; even sexy. In this sense, the technological sublime relates to what Marx called “the Fetishism which attaches itself to the products of labour” once they are in the hands of the consumer, who lusts after them as if they were “independent beings” (77). There is a direct but unseen relationship between technology’s symbolic power and the scale of its environmental impact, which the economist Juliet Schor refers to as a “materiality paradox” —the greater the frenzy to buy goods for their transcendent or nonmaterial cultural meaning, the greater the use of material resources (40-41). We wrote Greening the Media knowing that a study of the media’s effect on the environment must work especially hard to break the enchantment that inflames popular and elite passions for media technologies. We understand that the mere mention of the political-economic arrangements that make shiny gadgets possible, or the environmental consequences of their appearance and disappearance, is bad medicine. It’s an unwelcome buzz kill—not a cool way to converse about cool stuff. But we didn’t write the book expecting to win many allies among high-tech enthusiasts and ICT/CE industry leaders. We do not dispute the importance of information and communication media in our lives and modern social systems. We are media people by profession and personal choice, and deeply immersed in the study and use of emerging media technologies. But we think it’s time for a balanced assessment with less hype and more practical understanding of the relationship of media technologies to the biosphere they inhabit. Media consumers, designers, producers, activists, researchers, and policy makers must find new and effective ways to move ICT/CE production and consumption toward ecologically sound practices. In the course of this project, we found in casual conversation, lecture halls, classroom discussions, and correspondence, consistent and increasing concern with the environmental impact of media technology, especially the deleterious effects of e-waste toxins on workers, air, water, and soil. We have learned that the grip of the technological sublime is not ironclad. Its instability provides a point of departure for investigating and criticizing the relationship between the media and the environment. The media are, and have been for a long time, intimate environmental participants. Media technologies are yesterday’s, today’s, and tomorrow’s news, but rarely in the way they should be. The prevailing myth is that the printing press, telegraph, phonograph, photograph, cinema, telephone, wireless radio, television, and internet changed the world without changing the Earth. In reality, each technology has emerged by despoiling ecosystems and exposing workers to harmful environments, a truth obscured by symbolic power and the power of moguls to set the terms by which such technologies are designed and deployed. Those who benefit from ideas of growth, progress, and convergence, who profit from high-tech innovation, monopoly, and state collusion—the military-industrial-entertainment-academic complex and multinational commandants of labor—have for too long ripped off the Earth and workers. As the current celebration of media technology inevitably winds down, perhaps it will become easier to comprehend that digital wonders come at the expense of employees and ecosystems. This will return us to Max Weber’s insistence that we understand technology in a mundane way as a “mode of processing material goods” (27). Further to understanding that ordinariness, we can turn to the pioneering conversation analyst Harvey Sacks, who noted three decades ago “the failures of technocratic dreams [:] that if only we introduced some fantastic new communication machine the world will be transformed.” Such fantasies derived from the very banality of these introductions—that every time they took place, one more “technical apparatus” was simply “being made at home with the rest of our world’ (548). Media studies can join in this repetitive banality. Or it can withdraw the welcome mat for media technologies that despoil the Earth and wreck the lives of those who make them. In our view, it’s time to green the media by greening media studies. References “A Cyber-House Divided.” Economist 4 Sep. 2010: 61-62. “Gartner Estimates ICT Industry Accounts for 2 Percent of Global CO2 Emissions.” Gartner press release. 6 April 2007. ‹http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=503867›. Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia. Seattle: Basel Action Network, 25 Feb. 2002. Benjamin, Walter. “Central Park.” Trans. Lloyd Spencer with Mark Harrington. New German Critique 34 (1985): 32-58. Biagioli, Mario. “Postdisciplinary Liaisons: Science Studies and the Humanities.” Critical Inquiry 35.4 (2009): 816-33. Boyce, Tammy and Justin Lewis, eds. Climate Change and the Media. New York: Peter Lang, 2009. Commission of the European Communities. “Impact Assessment.” Commission Staff Working Paper accompanying the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) (recast). COM (2008) 810 Final. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 3 Dec. 2008. Environmental Protection Agency. Management of Electronic Waste in the United States. Washington, DC: EPA, 2007 Environmental Protection Agency. Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life Electronics. Washington, DC: EPA, 2008 Grossman, Elizabeth. Tackling High-Tech Trash: The E-Waste Explosion & What We Can Do about It. New York: Demos, 2008. ‹http://www.demos.org/pubs/e-waste_FINAL.pdf› Herat, Sunil. “Review: Sustainable Management of Electronic Waste (e-Waste).” Clean 35.4 (2007): 305-10. Houghton, J. “ICT and the Environment in Developing Countries: Opportunities and Developments.” Paper prepared for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2009. International Telecommunication Union. ICTs for Environment: Guidelines for Developing Countries, with a Focus on Climate Change. Geneva: ICT Applications and Cybersecurity Division Policies and Strategies Department ITU Telecommunication Development Sector, 2008. Malmodin, Jens, Åsa Moberg, Dag Lundén, Göran Finnveden, and Nina Lövehagen. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Operational Electricity Use in the ICT and Entertainment & Media Sectors.” Journal of Industrial Ecology 14.5 (2010): 770-90. Marx, Karl. Capital: Vol. 1: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production, 3rd ed. Trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, Ed. Frederick Engels. New York: International Publishers, 1987. Mattelart, Armand and Costas M. Constantinou. “Communications/Excommunications: An Interview with Armand Mattelart.” Trans. Amandine Bled, Jacques Guot, and Costas Constantinou. Review of International Studies 34.1 (2008): 21-42. Mattelart, Armand. “Cómo nació el mito de Internet.” Trans. Yanina Guthman. El mito internet. Ed. Victor Hugo de la Fuente. Santiago: Editorial aún creemos en los sueños, 2002. 25-32. Maxwell, Richard and Toby Miller. Greening the Media. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Nye, David E. American Technological Sublime. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994. Nye, David E. Technology Matters: Questions to Live With. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 2007. Orwell, George. “As I Please.” Tribune. 12 May 1944. Richtel, Matt. “Consumers Hold on to Products Longer.” New York Times: B1, 26 Feb. 2011. Robinson, Brett H. “E-Waste: An Assessment of Global Production and Environmental Impacts.” Science of the Total Environment 408.2 (2009): 183-91. Rogers, Heather. Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage. New York: New Press, 2005. Sacks, Harvey. Lectures on Conversation. Vols. I and II. Ed. Gail Jefferson. Malden: Blackwell, 1995. Schiller, Herbert I. Information and the Crisis Economy. Norwood: Ablex Publishing, 1984. Schor, Juliet B. Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth. New York: Penguin, 2010. Science and Technology Council of the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The Digital Dilemma: Strategic Issues in Archiving and Accessing Digital Motion Picture Materials. Los Angeles: Academy Imprints, 2007. Weber, Max. “Remarks on Technology and Culture.” Trans. Beatrix Zumsteg and Thomas M. Kemple. Ed. Thomas M. Kemple. Theory, Culture [i] The global recession that began in 2007 has been the main reason for some declines in Global North energy consumption, slower turnover in gadget upgrades, and longer periods of consumer maintenance of electronic goods (Richtel). [ii] The emergence of the technological sublime has been attributed to the Western triumphs in the post-Second World War period, when technological power supposedly supplanted the power of nature to inspire fear and astonishment (Nye Technology Matters 28). Historian Mario Biagioli explains how the sublime permeates everyday life through technoscience: "If around 1950 the popular imaginary placed science close to the military and away from the home, today’s technoscience frames our everyday life at all levels, down to our notion of the self" (818). [iii] This compulsory repetition is seemingly undertaken each time as a novelty, governed by what German cultural critic Walter Benjamin called, in his awkward but occasionally illuminating prose, "the ever-always-the-same" of "mass-production" cloaked in "a hitherto unheard-of significance" (48).

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A customer’s choice refers to the types of service. If you are selling or providing a service knowing your customer’s preference however you can only fulfill your customers desires if u learn as much as you can about them. Anticipate their requirements and exceed their standard. Customer satisfaction is a metric that measures a customer’s level of satisfaction with company’s services. India's telecommunication network is 2nd biggest in number of Mobilepatrons as of January 31st, 2021, with 1179.49 million customers. It’s about every global smart phone rate, made it possible beyond large tele companies, flighty-conflict amongst its Bharat possesses every sphere has every second-biggest Internet user base. Dominant part of the Indian telecommunication business is Mobile phone, industry of internet and television broadcasting in India which is currently undergoing transformation into a to come-cohort lattice, hireling a comprehensive complex of current lattice constitute comparatively Modern phone transfer, polarize, At the core, media portal winking are interrelated beyond an extensive range of conveyance apparatus based on tendril perceiving either fryer Marconi impart lattice. Every way in lattice that links to every patron to every basic is hugely diverse, utilizing various russet-twain, ocular-fibril, also cellular mechanics. DTH is a newer podcasting mechanics gained considerable fame via every small screen fragment every incorporation about non- government FM own stated Marconi podcasting in India a boost. Telecommunications in India evolved powerfully the country's INSAT system, where world's biggest domiciliary sputnik complex has provided support. India has diverse network that connects every duchy via phone, net, Marconi, small screen, also spacecraft. Ago every 1990s, every Indian telecom enterprise familiar hasty trade broadens along widening, also it is at International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM) Volume: 06 Issue: 12 | December - 2022 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930 © 2022, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM17020 | Page 2 present every sphere identical merciless also one of the rapid spreading telecom markets. Telecom network services own succor India's retrench improvement it backed to bridge every rural- urban cybernetic cleave to a certain extent Using the introduction about e-governance to a certain extent Using the also contributed to increased transparency in governance. The government has used modern technology. Telecommunications infrastructure to deliver mass education programmers to agricultural Indians. Technological modernization is widely recognized as a predicted requirement for all countries in today's age of progress and affluence. Thanks to enhanced technology and increased competition via initiated enterprises, Tele communications have invaded a phase of improvement. The telecoms sector's technological developments are tied to the mobile industry's continued expansion. Providers of services major intention are to establish a devoted client base by monitoring their efficiency and retaining existing customers so that they can Profit from their devotion. The purpose of this paper is to address these concerns. Every introduction of the telegraph in India marked the beginning of telecommunications. The postal service and telecommunications India's industries are among the oldest on the planet. The first trial electric telegraph cable was constructed from Calcutta to Diamond Harbor mod 1850. It had been opened in 1851 for the British East India Company's use. At every time, the Department of Posts and Telegraphs washoused in a nook in the Public Works Department Development of Broadcaster: Radio transmission began in 1927 however did not become a state obligation until 1930. All India Radio was granted to it. In 1937, also, it's been known as Akash Vani since 1957. Television programming with limited duration began in 1959, with full broadcasting following in 1965. Prior to the 1991 economic reforms, the owned and operated by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting country's equipment for audio-visual communication, such as a televisionDoor Darshan. Under the Prasad Bharti Act, an autonomous body called Prasar Bhartiwas established in 1997 to oversee public service broadcasting. All India Radio and Door Darshan are two services that previously working with the Ministry of I&B as media organizations, they turn into members the bodies. Stats from before liberalization: During every British occupation, all of the country's significant towns and cities were wired utilizing telephones, but there were only about 80,000 telephones in 1948. Because the telephone was viewed as a prestige symbol rather than a useful tool after independence, expansion was modest. The number of telephones steadily increased from 980,000 in 1971 - 1981, 2.15 million to 5.07 million was the number in 1991. That’s when country's economic reforms began.