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Srivastava, Gaurav 1974. "Indian streets outside India : the construction of identity in Southall and Jackson Heights". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70367.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-108).
This is a study of how street businesses owned by immigrant Indians in London and New York City construct an identity for themselves, and then lend that to the streets on which they operate. The research is conducted at Southall, a neighbourhood in West London, and at Jackson Heights in Queens, New York City. The former served as the original receiving area for rural Sikhs migrating from Punjab in the 1950s. The latter is a twenty-year-old congregation of Indian businesses in Queens. I pose two questions. First, how have street businesses owned by Indian immigrants adapted inherited physical environments? Second, are such adaptations a deliberate attempt at asserting ethnonationalist identities, while simultaneously or independently furthering economic self-interests? My research aims to establish that in the process of earning a livelihood, immigrant Indian businesspeople construct identities and aesthetics that primarily further economic self-interests, and that these are often then mistakenly believed to be their attempts at 'establishing culture'. When the unit of analysis is the individual business, economic self interest predominates all decisions of identity. There are different sets of circumstances in which Indian immigrant businesses advertise, surrender or disguise an Indian identity. I will also establish that the differing profiles of the Indian immigrants to the US and UK explains the contrasting births and growth trajectories of the businesses in Southall and Jackson Heights.
by Gaurav Srivastava.
M.C.P.
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Bendi, D. "Developing an offsite readiness framework for Indian construction organisations". Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/42599/.
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The rapid growth of the construction industry and rising demand in housing and infrastructure facilities in India are challenges to the efficiency of Indian construction organisations. In view of the poor quality and under-supply of present day construction practices, the emergence of alternative and new technologies in construction have drawn the attention of many organisations. With this background, the Off-Site Construction (OSC) method has evolved as an efficient alternative approach addressing time, cost and quality concerns of the existing practices. Several construction organisations in India have recognised the need to implement OSC methods to achieve competitive advantage. In order to achieve successful implementation of OSC methods, the construction organisations must be fully aware of the operations and processes involved in working with OSC products, while the organisation itself must be prepared to customise according to the requirements of OSC methods. The concept of Off-Site Construction has been drawing more attention from scholars. Various researchers have discussed about the existence of OSC practices in India. However, scholars have been less interested in exploring the status of OSC in India and factors affecting the uptake of OSC in the country. Therefore, the current research has aimed to develop the Off-Site Construction readiness framework to assess the preparedness of Indian construction organisations towards the application of OSC methods. The researcher has investigated the drivers and barriers for adoption of OSC techniques in India, and documented the results in this thesis. Current research has adopted the epistemological position of interpretivism and the ontological position of subjectivism as a research philosophy, issues that have been widely discussed in the chapter three “research design and methodology”. The research identified that cost and time certainty, minimising on-site duration and achieving high quality are some of the driving factors towards the adoption of OSC techniques. On the other hand, longer lead times, client resistance and scepticism, along with lack of guidance and information are the potential barriers for extensive implementation of OSC methods in India. The seventeen constructs of the Off-Site Construction readiness framework are divided into four groups, entitled Operational challenges, Broad execution strategy, Certainty in planning and Operational efficiency. These groups were developed from the literature, self-administered questionnaires and semi-structured interviews in the different phases. The researcher also validated the refined framework through conducting case studies in three OSC-practicing construction organisations in India. The proposed Off-Site Construction readiness framework will guide the practitioners in assessing the OSC readiness of the construction organisations in India. The assessment will enable the organisation to evaluate and to benchmark its process in strategic and operational phases. The framework will also identify the areas of concern and the scope for further development or change in order to get optimal advantage of OSC methods. Hence, the research recommends application of the proposed framework in the OSC-practicing construction organisations in India in order to evaluate their current OSC readiness and to achieve competitive advantage. Though this assessment framework was proposed for India, it has a potential to serve as a general guide for OSC practitioners, policy makers and other key stakeholders involved in improving quality of the construction industry globally. In the real world implementation, the contribution of this research will improve awareness, increase confidence and strength of organisations in the execution of OSC techniques in Architectural, Engineering and Construction domains.
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Page, Elspeth. "Gender and the construction of identities in Indian elementary education". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10006663/.
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This study is set in Madhya Pradesh, India, where development policy is inspired by the work of Amartya Sen, and education is valued as a mechanism for the equitable transformation of gender identities and relationships. The investigation is a mixed method case study focussing on two government elementary school classes. It explores the educational aspirations and practices of girls, their teachers and families; their formation; the achievements enabled by the intersection of these aspiration and practices and the factors shaping girls' different achievements. Sen's capability approach is used to access state pnonl1es and the foundational distributional, professional/institutional, knowledge and gender regimes of 'the social arrangements for education'. Connell's social embodiment paradigm frames deeper exploration of gender regimes and the construction of gender identities, focussing on power, production, emotional and symbolic relationships. Fieldwork was conducted over three phases, totalling thirteen months. Analysis of policy, statistics and textbooks provides the framework for ethnographic observations in schools, classrooms, offices and communities, supplemented by structured classroom observations, semi-structured interviews with teachers, pupils and families, and background data. The thesis focuses on Indian gender and education literature; state policy and programmes and their negotiations; schooling, gender, bureaucratic and professional regimes; families and family regimes; focus-school teachers and school regimes; focusclass teachers and classroom regimes and girls' aspirations and achievements. Dominant distributional, professional/institutional, knowledge and gender regimes discouraged any transformations, yet girls, families and teachers were dissatisfied with the status quo and inclined towards change. These fragile inclinations were undermined where teachers' de-professionalised positions compromised practice, school quality undermined family commitment and classroom regimes and curricula discouraged girls' success and persistence. When teachers, schooling and curricula enabled academic success and rendered girls' aspirations realistic, family commitment was encouraged and girls manipulated opportunities for greater autonomy. This 'virtuous circle' was significantly enhanced by one teacher's gender-sensitive practice.
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McClure, Clara. "Long-Term Recovery of South Indian Creek Following Interstate Construction". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2296.
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The expansion of Interstate 26 from Erwin, TN to the North Carolina border was a project that potentially adversely impacted South Indian Creek because of the steep landscapes and potential for erosion. Several studies have shown the short-term, negative effects of road construction on the water quality of nearby water bodies. Non-point source pollution is the major source of water pollution in the United States. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the long-term effects of the construction of Interstate 26 on South Indian Creek to see if there has been any ecological recovery. The Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory of East Tennessee State University was contracted by the Tennessee Department of Transportation to collect data from before construction (1991-1992), during construction (1993-1994), and postconstruction (1995-1996). Comparison of microbial enzyme activities and other parameters to present-day (2012-2013) water quality conditions indicate that South Indian Creek has not fully recovered from the effects of the construction of the interstate.
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Sinha, Cynthia B. "Dynamic Parenting: Ethnic Identity Construction in the Second-Generation Indian American Family". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/59.
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This study explores Indian culture in second-generation Indian American families. For the most part, this generation was not socialized to Indian culture in India, which raises the question, how do parents maintain and teach culture to their third-generation children? To answer this question, I interviewed 18 second-generation Indian American couples who had at least one child. Rather than focus on how assimilated or Americanized the families were, I examine the maintenance of Indian culture. Instead of envisioning culture as a binary between “Indian” and “American,” second-generation parents often experience “Indianness” and “Americanness” as interwoven in ways that were not always easily articulated. I also explore the co-ethnic matrimonial process of my participants to reveal the salience of Indian-American identity in their lives. A common experience among my participants was the tendency of mainstream American non-Indians to question Indian-Americans about India and Indian culture. My participants frequently were called upon to be “cultural ambassadors” to curious non-Indians. Religion served as a primary conduit for teaching Indian culture to third-generation children. Moreover, religion and ethnic identity were often conflated. Mothers and fathers share the responsibility of teaching religion to third-generation children. However, mothers tend to be the cultural keepers of the more visible cultural objects and experiences, such as, food, clothing, and language. Fathers were more likely to contribute to childcare than housework. The fathers in my study believe they father in a different social context than their fathers did. By negotiating Indian and American culture, fathers parent in a way that capitalizes on what they perceive as the “best of both worlds.” Links to the local and transnational community were critical to maintaining ties to other co-ethnics and raising children within the culture. Furthermore, most of the parents in my study said they would prefer that their children eventually marry co-ethnics in order to maintain the link to the Indian-American community. Ultimately, I found that Indian culture endures across first- and second-generation Indian Americans. However, “culture” is not a fixed or monolithic object; families continue to modify traditions to meet their emotional and cultural needs.
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Arvindkumar, Patel Dilipkumar. "Estimating the number of fatal accidents and investigating the determinants of safety performance in indian construction". Thesis, IIT Delhi, 2015. http://eprint.iitd.ac.in:80//handle/2074/8182.
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Valančiūnas, Deimantas. "Construction of Identity in British and Indian Cinema: a Postcolonial Approach". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20131129_114315-79626.
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The object of the dissertation is British and Indian popular (commercial) cinema and the construction of identity there. The problem of identity construction in Indian and British films was researched employing three approaches found in the postcolonial theory: the critique of colonial discourse, anticolonial nationalism and the construction of national identity and the problematics of diasporic identity. The comparative analysis of the films from the two industries of the countries which were bounded by colonial relationships in the past let us see the complex ways of how identity is articulated in the postcolonial period. It also shows that the colonial memory is not merely a historical relict, but one of the ways to construct identity, which is always brought up and rethought in contemporary popular culture.
The comparative analysis of British and Indian films leads us to the following conclusions: Nadion constructs itself through the constant employment of the resources of colonial memory – and does so depending on various goals: fantasy, nostalgia, fear etc. The ever-present use of colonial memory in the context of the present shows that postcoloniality is a process rather than achieved state, thus letting us observe the positions and functions of imperialism not only in the past, but present as well. British as well as Indian cinema includes the cultural “otherness” in the narratives, which is modeled and manipulated according to the historical period when the film was... [to full text]Disertacijos objektas yra komercinis Britanijos ir Indijos kinas bei jame konstruojamos tapatybės. Tapatybės konstravimo problematika Indijos ir Britanijos filmuose yra tiriama remiantis trimis tapatybės analizės pokolonijinėje teorijoje pjūviais: kolonijinio diskurso kritika, antikolonijiniu nacionalizmu ir tautinės tapatybės konstravimu bei diasporinės tapatybės problematika. Lyginamasis dviejų, praeityje kolonijiniais saitais susietų valstybių kino filmų tyrimas leido pažvelgti į kompleksines tapatybės artikuliavimo pokolonijiniame laikotarpyje galimybes ir parodė, kad kolonijinė praeitis nėra vien tik istorinis reliktas, bet viena iš tapatybės konstravimo priemonių, nuolat sugrąžinama ir permąstoma šiuolaikinėje populiariojoje kultūroje ir kinematografijoje. Išanalizavus medžiagą disertacijoje prieita prie šių išvadų: tauta konstruoja save per nuolatinį kolonijinės atminties resursų panaudojimą – ir atlieka tai vedina skirtingų tikslų: fantazijos, nostalgijos, baimės ir kt. Nuolatinis kolonijinės atminties eskalavimas dabarties kontekste rodo pokolonializmo procesualumą, bet ne substanciškumą, atverdamas kelius pažvelgti į imperializmą ir jo poziciją ne tik praeityje, bet ir dabartyje. Tokiame kontekste tiek Britanija, tiek Indija į filmų naratyvus įtraukia kultūrinės kitybės kategoriją, kuri yra modeliuojama priklausomai nuo filmo sukūrimo laikmečio ir išreiškia skirtingas ideologines sanklodas. Kalbėjimas apie „Kitą“ tampa susietas su „Savimi“, taip sukuriant reikšmių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Oberoi, Pia A. "Refugees on the Indian subcontinent : the construction of state refugee policy". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420436.
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Sailoganathan, Ananth. "Design, construction & validation of new Indian language visual acuity charts". Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408883.
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Kulkarni, Rohan, i Rohit Dahiya. "IMPLEMENTATION BARRIERS FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT : FOR SMEs IN INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY". Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231747.
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The construction industry is one of the largest industries in the world and its contribution to the Indian GDP is 7.74% and the Indian construction industry is worth $120 Billion. Though major part of the sector is governed by the small to medium enterprises. The SMEs work from small cities to larger metropolitans. With new technologies coming to front everywhere due to globalization and ease of communication through the media such as the internet, many companies have tried to adopt Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Managing the critical information has always been an issue in these sector, and any lessons learnt from the previous project or ongoing project goes in vain as they fail to use this information efficiently. Use of knowledge management systems (KMS) is uncommon but is known in the Indian industries but the construction sector is far behind in this area. Many large companies (mostly telecom, but some construction companies) are using KMS or similar systems; but there is no such evidence of use of a KMS by the SMEs in the sector. So, keeping this in mind, the purpose of this thesis is to identify the barriers in implementation of a Knowledge Management System of Small-to-Medium Scale Construction Companies in India. The work is based on a questionnaire survey from Indian cities Delhi, Pune and Ahmednagar. Using statistical analysis methods, we have investigated into the barriers that are hindering use of Knowledge Management in the SMEs in India. From the analysis and the findings, we have projected major issues in the sector such as information and communication technology, Human resources, Organization level and on Market level. A clear look at these showed that the organizations were facing issue with identifying relevant knowledge to store or they cannot figure out what they will need in the future. Other prevailing factor are lack of motivation and lack of the absorptive capacity which hinders the implementation of the Km effectively. Another concrete finding was rapid change in the IT tools which create time lag between the organization action and the response to it because of the time needed to get familiar with new technology.Byggindustrin är en av världens största industrier, och dess bidrag till indiens BNP är 7,74% och den indiska byggbranschen är värd 120 miljarder dollar. Även om den största delen av sektorn förvaltas av små och medelstora företag. Små och medelstora företag arbetar från små städer till stora metropolitiker. Med ny teknik som uppträder överallt på grund av globalisering och enkel kommunikation via media som internet har många företag försökt att anta informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT). Hantering av den kritiska informationen har alltid varit ett problem inom den här sektorn, och alla lektioner från det föregående projektet eller pågående projekt är förgäves, eftersom de misslyckas med att använda denna information effektivt. KMS är ovanligt men är känt inom den indiska industrin, men byggsektorn ligger långt ifrån detta område. Många stora företag (främst telekom, men vissa byggföretag) använder KMS eller liknande system; men det finns inga tecken på användningen av en KMS eller små och medelstora företag i branschen. Mot bakgrund av detta är syftet med denna avhandling att identifiera hinder för genomförandet av ett kunskapssystem för små och medelstora byggföretag i Indien. Arbetet är baserat på en undersökning av indiska städer Delhi, Pune och Ahmednagar. Med hjälp av statistiska analysmetoder undersökte vi de hinder som förhindrar användningen av kunskapshantering i små och medelstora företag i Indien. Från analysen och resultaten har vi identifierat stora problem inom sektorn som informations- och kommunikationsteknik, personal, organisationsnivå och marknadsnivå. Organisationerna visade tydligen problem med att identifiera relevant kunskap för att rädda eller de kan inte räkna ut vad de behöver i framtiden. En annan avgörande faktor är brist på motivation och brist på absorptionskapacitet som effektivt hindrar Km-prestanda. Ett annat konkret konstaterande var en snabb förändring av IT-verktyg som skapar tid mellan organisatoriska åtgärder och svaret på det på grund av den tid som behövs för att bekanta sig med ny teknik.
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Price, Gareth. "The Assam Movement and the construction of Assamese identity". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/c8b9f2a2-cd40-4d00-b86a-dcb41b2fe924.
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Serrott, Kyle Douglas. "Seeing Red: Settler Colonialism and the Construction of the “Indian Problem” in United States Federal Indian Law and Policy". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1618249252083926.
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Girier, Jean-Philippe. "De la déconstruction du mythe de la femme soumise à la construction de la femme agent dans la littérature et le cinéma indiens contemporains". Thesis, Antilles, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANTI0382.
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La littérature et le cinéma Indiens contemporains s’inscrivent dans une dynamique qui va de pair avec les profondes mutations socio-économiques qui touchent l’Inde depuis la fin des années mille neuf cent quatre vingt. En effet, de nombreux romans et films se caractérisent par une liberté d’expression qui aborde de nombreux sujets autrefois considérés comme tabous. Le vent du renouveau qui balaie l’Inde est également marqué par l’augmentation du nombre d’auteures et de réalisatrices qui placent la femme au coeur de leurs récits et de leurs intrigues. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette étude est de montrer d’une part, comment l’image de la femme Indienne passive et soumise a été construite pendant le long processus de colonisation, d’autre part, comment la littérature et le cinéma contemporains tentent de réhabiliter la place de la femme dans l’histoire afin de construire une représentation nouvelle et dynamique qui symbolise la femme Indienne des années deux mille. Les romans respectifs d’Anita Nair et de Githa Hariharan, Compartiment pour dames et Les Mille visages de la nuit, tout comme les films Fire, Water de Deepa Mehta ainsi que Le Mariage des moussons de Mira Nair s’inscrivent dans un mouvement de résistance où l’agentivité des héroïnes témoigne de la volonté et de la difficulté de s’affranchir de trois siècles de mise à la marge. Dans une première partie, nous proposons de parcourir l'histoire, celle qui a attribué à l'homme des capacités supérieures à celles de la femme, lui conférant par extension une autorité, un pouvoir de domination. Cette approche historique et sociologique permet de comprendre comment ont été construits les liens qui unissent l'humain et le divin en Inde. Notre regard se posera également sur les bouleversements conséquents engendrés par la colonisation britannique. Cette période de l'histoire de l’Inde sera analysée afin de mettre en évidence les modes opératoires par lesquels l’empire britannique est parvenu à imposer un mode de vie fidèle à sa vision du monde tout en excluant les femmes des sphères décisionnelles afin de les « consigner » dans l'espace domestique. La seconde partie de la thèse analyse l'espace familial, devenu le lieu par excellence de reproduction des postulats androcentriques. Cet espace privé sera observé de près et nous nous engagerons dans une démarche qui combine psychanalyse et sociologie afin de démontrer l’importance de la construction du féminin dans le processus de déconstruction identitaire. Nous porterons une attention particulière au rôle jouer par la mère dans le processus de reproduction. La position ambivalente qu’elle occupe conduit souvent à une fragmentation entre l’être physique, l’être social et l’être psychique. La psyché devient alors un espace habité par le doute et la peur tout en étant l'ultime refuge de réconfort. Ce décentrement entre le corps et l'esprit nous emmènera dans le domaine de la psychosomatique, là où le rêve est le lieu privilégié de la reconstruction psychique. Nous observerons également les stratégies utilisées par les romancières et les cinéastes afin d’entamer le processus de reconstruction identitaire de leurs héroïnes. La troisième partie s'intéresse au cinéma et à la littérature à travers leur complémentarité. Dans un premier temps, nous retracerons l’histoire du cinéma de la marge et nous soulignerons son caractère engagé qui le différencie de certains cinémas populaires tels que bollywood. Par la suite, nous effectuons un rapprochement entre le roman et son adaptation au cinéma afin de mettre en évidence la complémentarité des oeuvres ainsi que la notion de solidarité qui représente un point essentiel dans ce travail collaboratif. En effet, les cinéastes de la diaspora que sont Deepa Mehta et Mira Nair, ont développé une approche militante et solidaire que l’on retrouve aussi bien dans l’écriture du script que dans le choix des acteurs et des actricesContemporary Indian literature and cinema are part of a dynamic that goes hand in hand with the profound socio-economic changes that have affected India since the end of the nineteen eighties. Indeed, many novels and films are characterized by a freedom of expression that touches on many subjects that were once considered taboo. The wind of renewal sweeping India is also marked by the increase in the number of writers and directors who place women at the heart of their stories and intrigues. Thus, the objective of this study is to show, on the one hand, how the image of the passive and submissive Indian woman was constructed during the long process of colonization, on the other hand, how contemporary literature and cinema attempt to rehabilitate the place of women in history in order to build a new and dynamic representation which symbolizes the Indian woman of the 2000s. The respective novels of Anita Nair and Githa Hariharan, Ladies' Compartment and The Thousand Faces of the Night, as well as the films Fire, Water by Deepa Mehta as well as The Marriage of the monsoons by Mira Nair are part of a resistance movement. where the agency of the heroines testifies to the will and the difficulty of freeing oneself from three centuries of marginalization.In the first part, we propose to walk through the history, that which attributed to the man capacities superior to those of the woman, conferring upon him by extension an authority, a power of domination. This historical and sociological approach allows us to understand how the links which unite the human and the divine in India were built. Our gaze will also focus on the consequent upheavals engendered by British colonization. This period of Indian history will be analyzed in order to highlight the modus operandi by which the British Empire succeeded in imposing a lifestyle faithful to its vision of the world while excluding women from decision-making spheres in order to "consign" them in the domestic space.The second part of the thesis analyzes the family space, which has become the place par excellence for the reproduction of androcentric postulates. This private space will be closely observed and we will engage in an approach that combines psychoanalysis and sociology in order to demonstrate the importance of the construction of the feminine in the process of identity deconstruction. We will pay particular attention to the role played by the mother in the reproductive process. The ambivalent position it occupies often leads to a fragmentation between the physical being, the social being and the psychic being. The psyche then becomes a space inhabited by doubt and fear while being the ultimate refuge of comfort. This shift between body and mind will take us to the field of psychosomatics, where dreams are the privileged place for psychic reconstruction. We will also observe the strategies used by novelists and filmmakers to begin the process of rebuilding the identity of their heroines.The third part focuses on cinema and literature through their complementarity. First, we will retrace the history of cinema from the sidelines and highlight its committed character that sets it apart from some popular cinemas such as Bollywood. Subsequently, we make a connection between the novel and its adaptation to the cinema in order to highlight the complementarity of the works as well as the notion of solidarity which represents an essential point in this collaborative work. Indeed, diaspora filmmakers Deepa Mehta and Mira Nair have developed an activist and united approach that can be found both in the writing of the script and in the choice of actors and actresses. This activism will be illustrated by examples that highlight the many instances of agency staged in order to build a dynamic image of women in India
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Das, Ashidhara. "Asian Indian immigrant women in the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Area work, home, and the construction of the self /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3223029.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 21, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 382-389).
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Moll, Nicholas. "Kemo Sabe : Tonto as a developing construction of the Indian character type". Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2014. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/99985.
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At the opening of each episode of The Lone Ranger radio series, audiences are invited to “return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear”. From 1933 through to 2013 productions of The Lone Ranger media franchise have continued to extend this invitation. The evocation of the past through The Lone Ranger franchise includes Tonto: the masked man’s Indian sidekick. Tonto has remained an element of the franchise since the inception of The Lone Ranger and the development of Tonto presents an intriguing map of changing Indian characterization across the twentieth-century. This study argues that Tonto has developed as the masked man’s foil to incorporate colonial violence and Anglo-American culpability into The Lone Ranger narratives. In doing so, this thesis notes that Tonto’s assimilation within narratives of The Lone Ranger can be read like a parable, presenting a model of appropriate social responses for the interrelation of races through the masked man and Tonto’s partnership. The structure and style of Tonto’s assimilation develops gradually in the franchise over the course of the twentieth-century. Initially Tonto’s assimilation suggested a Romanticized future for the Indian following colonization. However, later productions of The Lone Ranger juxtapose assimilation with extermination. In analysing the development of Tonto, this thesis examines six features of the character. The first three are foundation concepts consisting of the idea of the Indian, the Western genre and franchise theory and development. The second three are constant facets of characterization comprised of Tonto’s status as an Indian, the recurring theme of Manifest Destiny in The Lone Ranger texts, and the growth of Tonto parallel to activism of the 1960s and 1970s. This thesis contributes to knowledge as the first study of Tonto as an ongoing development rather than a static characterization discussed in broad terms.Doctor of Philosophy
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Safadi, Alison. "The colonial construction of Hindustani 1800-1947". Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2012. http://research.gold.ac.uk/8026/.
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Considerable research has been done on the impact of English in India but despite the fact that, for a century and a half, almost all British civil and military officers had to learn Hindustani, almost nothing has been written on its importance to the colonial state. The small amount of literature has focused on a few particular aspects, either the very early Gilchrist years or specifically on the textbooks themselves. This study uses a wide range of archival materials relating to the British learning of the Hindustani, together with the textbooks and grammars they produced and memoirs of those who had to learn the language, both to tell the story of the British Hindustani ‘enterprise’ comprehensively, and to reveal its relationship to colonial state power. The initial premise was that Hindustani was the ‘cement’ which held the empire together. As to be expected, however, over such a long time frame the evidence revealed considerable changes in the perceived importance of Hindustani to the colonial state and links made by many scholars between language and colonial power are in this particular case, shown to be dubious. The study, in looking at an area hitherto unresearched, contributes to the knowledge and understanding of the role of an indigenous lingua franca in the colonial context and sheds new light on its ‘fate’ in the Indian context.
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Aich, Priyanka. "The construction and (re)presentation of Indian women in recent mainstream western cinema". Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2009/p_aich_112309.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in communication)--Washington State University, December 2009.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 12, 2010). "Edward R. Murrow College of Communication." Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-115).
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Mudgal, Vipul. "Media, state and political violence : the press construction of terrorism in the Indian Punjab". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/11029.
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For centuries India has been seen and portrayed as an enigma to the world. Its archetypal mysticism, its extreme diversity, and Gandhian 'Ahimsa' (non-violence) comply with the stereotype. Beneath the veneer of this fascinating image, there is another India, struggling to stay united and democratic. With scores of nationalities, sub-nationalities and ethnic, tribal and vernacular groups spread all over the subcontinent, social conflicts and political violence are major and recurring problems. The Indian state's reaction to violence and insurgency keeps changing with political situations. The official action is sometimes responsive to peoples' anxieties but mostly it is synonymous with the use of force and questionable methods. The country may seem to be breaking apart with the sheer magnitude of violence and social conflicts but in the process it seems to be learning to cope with political dissent and is arguably finding more civilised ways to deal with insurgency. India is also among very few developing countries with strong traditions of democracy and an independent press. Even the electronic media which worked under the control of the Information and Broadcasting Ministry since independence, is now being decontrolled and privatised. In Kashmir, in the extreme north of the country and in Assam, Manipur, Nagaland and Tripura, in the north-east, armed insurgency began several decades ago. In the relatively prosperous northern state of Punjab, where the Nehruvian dream of the Green Revolution became a success in the sixties, the first signs of political violence surfaced in the late seventies. In the next few years, the violent campaign of the Sikh rebels made news all over the world and stayed on in headlines for more than a decade, either for massacres and hijackings by insurgents or for violations of human rights by the security forces. India's Delhi-based national press and Punjab's own regional press in Punjabi, Hindi and English languages reported little else once' terrorism' became a daily occurrence. Most news items about India to appear in the international press in the mid eighties were on or about 'terrorism' in Punjab. The genesis of terrorism in Punjab calls for separate research? Opinion is divided over whether the last decade's violence, in which more than 20,000 people were killed, could be referred to as 'terrorism.' As a part of their struggle for freedom, armed supporters of the Khalistan movement used an extensively violent strategy, coupled with a nebulous religio-political ideology, which created an atmosphere of insecurity and terror all over North India. No walk of life seemed to be untouched by violence and insurgency. The victims included people of both Hindu and Sikh communities, state officials, security personnel, editors and journalists and even hawkers and distributors of certain newspapers. Most notable victims of this violence included the former Indian Prime Minister, Mrs Indira Gandhi, a former Chief of the Indian Army, General A S Vaidya, famous Sikh politician and former Akali Dal President, Harchand Singh Longowal and two successive editors of Punjab's biggest Hindi language paper, Punjab Kesari. The violent campaign for Khalistan was met with stern official violence by the security forces amid charges of human rights violations. Now the situation is said to be relatively calm and peaceful, even though India's Punjab problem is far from over. [Taken from the Introduction]
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Banerji, Mithu. "Crossing the threshold : three nineteenth century Indian women writers and the construction of modernity". Thesis, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540102.
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Leopold, Teresa Ingeborg, i n/a. "The construction of a disaster destination : rebuilding Koh Phi Phi, Thailand". University of Otago. Department of Tourism, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080430.100246.
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The popular tourist destination island of Koh Phi Phi Don, Thailand was heavily affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami in December 2004, which resulted in a destroyed tourism infrastructure and complete downturn of tourism. Extensive recovery and rebuilding work by emerging community groups, returned locals, international volunteers and Thai government units provided an efficient but hasty reconstruction of the destination. Ethnographic research conducted in the community provided insights into the complex stakeholder interactions and their roles and influences on the reconstruction of the community.
The community�s level of vulnerability on Koh Phi Phi Don was influenced by social processes and interactions during the destination�s recovery process as the various stakeholders (e.g. government vs. locals) had differing perceptions of the island�s economic, environmental and social vulnerability. These disputes are grounded in different social time processes, particularly illustrated through land law disputes among locals, landowners and the government. Other factors which influenced the reconstruction of Koh Phi Phi as a tourist destination were pre-tsunami conditions (past overdevelopment), the empowerment of the community, the reconstructed place identity, various anniversary celebrations and the early warning system.
A model is suggested to illustrate and discuss Koh Phi Phi Don as a disaster destination, which provides insights into the dynamics which govern a destination�s post-disaster recovery period. Thus, it illustrates how stakeholder interaction is influenced by distinct understandings of the multiple notions of vulnerability. Furthermore, this study establishes essential links between disaster and tourism theories and suggests an extended tourism disaster management framework, which calls for an inclusion of post-recovery processes.
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Bernier, Judith D. "A Phenomenological Exploration Of How West Indian Professionals In South Florida Perceive Their Career Construction". FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/299.
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This phenomenological study explored how West Indian professionals in South Florida perceive their career construction. The study used Savickas’s (2005) theory of career construction as its theoretical framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed for 15 West Indian professionals, who self-identified as West Indians and met all the criteria for this study. Interview data were analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative analyses. Five themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (a) vocational influences, (b) adjustment challenges, (c) employment patterns, (d) career mobility patterns, and (d) career success perceptions. The theory of career construction guided the deductive analysis. The deductive analysis revealed that both extrinsic and intrinsic influences were equally influential in shaping the participants’ vocational personalities. The deductive analysis also revealed that the participants used three of the career adaptive dimensions: career concern, control, and confidence. Career concern manifested as planning for the future through educational attainment and performing meaningful work. Career control manifested as continuous learning and maintaining secondary careers. Career confidence manifested as self-efficacy expectations, beliefs about one’s ability to perform a behavior that produces desired outcomes. The participants’ life themes or challenges included navigating their identity, starting over, and adjusting to their environment. The comparative analysis revealed that all five themes from the inductive analysis were evident in each of the three tenets of Savickas’s (2005) career construction theory (i.e., vocational personality, career adaptability, and life themes). Career compromises emerged as coping behavior to facilitate the participants’ social and occupational integration. The findings of this study imply that the participants constructed their sense of self in relation to those around them and that their vocational behaviors tend to mobilize and reinforce a mixture of personality and ability. The findings also imply that the participants’ decision-making style and habitual pattern of decision making, may be embedded in their culturally norms, producing a specific cognitive style. Finally, the findings imply that the participants’ career adaptive dimensions were grounded in their attitudes, beliefs, and competencies and overall self-concept. Recommendations for further research are given.
22
Ahuja, Vanita. "IT enhanced communication protocols for building project management by small and medium enterprises in the Indian construction industry". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16596/1/Vanita_Ahuja_Thesis.pdf.
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The Research has developed protocols for effective adoption of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) for Building Project Management by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Indian construction industry. Project Managers are required to facilitate the integration of work of all the agencies and project team organizations are geographically separated beyond national boundaries or in context of large countries like India, within the national boundaries. In doing so, there is a need to make better use of information and knowledge generated in all stages of development. The key to project information management is the information flow associated with inter-organizational communication and the effectiveness of the project manager to communicate with and feedback to the rest of the project team throughout the project life cycle. Better communication can be achieved by using computer tools for effective data processing and information management, through Information Communication Technologies (ICT). As the majority of the construction organizations are Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), the communication management research is required to address management and communication processes adopted by SMEs. These issues can be addressed by global research, but also require clear understanding of the management and communication processes followed by SMEs of each distinct regional area or country. The research was conducted through a sequential mixed methods approach focusing on collecting and analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data in the study in a sequential manner. To develop a balance check mechanism, the research was divided into four phases: Interpretive analysis of perceived benefits of use of ICT for building project management, conducted by Interpretive Structural Modeling analysis; Questionnaire survey data collection and empirical analysis of data including Structural Equation Modeling analysis (quantitative method); Semi-structured interview survey data collection and analysis including Data Envelopment Analysis (quantitative and qualitative method) and case studies analysis conducted by SAP-LAP analysis (qualitative method) leading to synthesis of the results of the four phases. The purpose of this four-phase, sequential mixed methods study was to start with the pragmatic assumptions; obtain statistical, quantitative results from a broad sample of organizations to analyze or study research variables at industry and organization levels and then follow up with a few organizations and projects to study the research variables at the level of the organization and people. Synthesis of the knowledge enhancement from the literature survey, data analysis results and their interpretation led to the proposed 'IT Enhanced Communication Protocols for Building Project Management'. The protocols are proposed as a 'Strategic Model for Enhancing ICT Diffusion in Building Projects'. The model is based on Everett Rogers's 'Diffusions of innovations theory' and is formulated at three levels of study i.e industry, organization and people. It is discussed as a generic framework of five stages of Roger's 'Diffusions of innovations theory' i.e Knowledge, Persuasion, Decision, Implementation and Confirmation.
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Ahuja, Vanita. "IT enhanced communication protocols for building project management by small and medium enterprises in the Indian construction industry". Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16596/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Research has developed protocols for effective adoption of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) for Building Project Management by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Indian construction industry. Project Managers are required to facilitate the integration of work of all the agencies and project team organizations are geographically separated beyond national boundaries or in context of large countries like India, within the national boundaries. In doing so, there is a need to make better use of information and knowledge generated in all stages of development. The key to project information management is the information flow associated with inter-organizational communication and the effectiveness of the project manager to communicate with and feedback to the rest of the project team throughout the project life cycle. Better communication can be achieved by using computer tools for effective data processing and information management, through Information Communication Technologies (ICT). As the majority of the construction organizations are Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), the communication management research is required to address management and communication processes adopted by SMEs. These issues can be addressed by global research, but also require clear understanding of the management and communication processes followed by SMEs of each distinct regional area or country. The research was conducted through a sequential mixed methods approach focusing on collecting and analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data in the study in a sequential manner. To develop a balance check mechanism, the research was divided into four phases: Interpretive analysis of perceived benefits of use of ICT for building project management, conducted by Interpretive Structural Modeling analysis; Questionnaire survey data collection and empirical analysis of data including Structural Equation Modeling analysis (quantitative method); Semi-structured interview survey data collection and analysis including Data Envelopment Analysis (quantitative and qualitative method) and case studies analysis conducted by SAP-LAP analysis (qualitative method) leading to synthesis of the results of the four phases. The purpose of this four-phase, sequential mixed methods study was to start with the pragmatic assumptions; obtain statistical, quantitative results from a broad sample of organizations to analyze or study research variables at industry and organization levels and then follow up with a few organizations and projects to study the research variables at the level of the organization and people. Synthesis of the knowledge enhancement from the literature survey, data analysis results and their interpretation led to the proposed 'IT Enhanced Communication Protocols for Building Project Management'. The protocols are proposed as a 'Strategic Model for Enhancing ICT Diffusion in Building Projects'. The model is based on Everett Rogers's 'Diffusions of innovations theory' and is formulated at three levels of study i.e industry, organization and people. It is discussed as a generic framework of five stages of Roger's 'Diffusions of innovations theory' i.e Knowledge, Persuasion, Decision, Implementation and Confirmation.
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Kenny, Megan. "“Can I be successful here?” Discursive construction of identity and identification in an Indian call center". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1307320371.
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Scheuerman, Phillip R., J. L. Farris, D. S. Cherry, R. J. Currie, C. D. Milam i J. D. Napier. "Roadway Construction Effects on South Indian Creek and Tributaries, Erwin TN to the North Carolina border". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1999. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2925.
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Mahashabde, Vedangi. "Comparison of Lean Construction in India and United States of America". TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1728.
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The concept of Lean Construction has been introduced successfully into the Construction Industry to increase efficiency and profit by elimination of non-value adding activities or ‘Waste’. Lean Construction is an adaptation of Lean manufacturing principles and is the future of the Construction Industry in developing as well as developed countries. There has been much study and documentation conducted on ‘Lean Construction’ in USA. Even though people have started practicing Lean in India, there is lack of documented information available about it. Professionals within the Industry could already be minimizing ‘Waste’ and/or following Lean principles without the knowledge of the term ‘Lean Construction’. This thesis has reviewed and compared Lean Construction practices and awareness in India and USA.
A questionnaire based study was used to examine practices and collect data about Construction for analysis. Descriptive statistics was primarily used to make inferences from the data. The Lean Construction characteristics of the construction professionals from both the countries were discussed and analyzed. It was inferred that the Construction Industry in both the countries could benefit further from the Lean practices and increase profitability by up to 25%. In general, personnel in the Construction Industry from both the countries need to receive regular knowledge and updates about Lean principles in order to optimize resources effectively.
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Kardynal, Kevin John. "The construction of identity in the life writing of Native Canadian women". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/MQ54716.pdf.
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Welch, Christina Ann Mary. "The role of popular visual representation in the construction of North American Indian and Western alternative spiritual identities". Thesis, University of Winchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502250.
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This thesis explores the role of popular visual representation in the construction of North American Indian and Western Alternative Spiritual identities predominantly within Britain. The thesis falls into two related sections. The first is an ethnographic survey of Western Alternative Spiritual practitioners in the form of spiritual seekers and their North American Indian and non-Native teachers. The second is an analysis of popular visual representation of North American Indian peoples from 1851 to the present, with a focus on the World's Fairs and Wild West shows, colonial era ethnographic portraiture, Western-movies, Native and non-Native web sites, and museum exhibitions. The ethnographic field-work, conducted using participant-observation and guesthood informed conversation, provided the database for the imases analysed in section two, where post-structuralist critique highlights visual representation as an instrument of social power, while post- and de-colonial intertextual analysis foreground both colonialism in visual representation and the role of indigenous agency in identity construction. In contrast with the pervasive negation of indigenous agency in visual representation and identity construction, this thesis demonstrates that the stereotypical Plains-style Indian is not entirely a Western construct, and highlights the value of de-colonial research methodologies in visual representation and identity construction.
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Hirji, Zulfikar A. "The co construction of space and relatedness amongst Swahili speaking Muslims of the Indian Ocean : Zanzibar, Mombasa and Muscat". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248924.
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Mendonça, Emilie. "Construction du système éducatif et émergence de l'identité nationale au Guatemala 1875-1928". Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR2008/document.
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Cette thèse aborde la question des liens entre système éducatif et émergence de l’identité nationale dans le Guatemala de la Réforme Libérale. Depuis les premières lois instaurant un appareil éducatif à la charge de l’Etat (1875), jusqu’à la première apparition de la nation parmi les objectifs de l’école publique (1927-1928), ce travail analyse les lois, discours, manuels scolaires et rapports d’activités du Secrétariat à l’instruction Publique pour en discerner les fondements idéologiques et saisir la construction progressive d’une identité nationale complexe. Après avoir étudié la fondation du système à la fin du XiXe siècle et ses objectifs affichés, ce travail aborde le « problème de l’indien », puis le centraméricanisme reflété par l’école,avant de détailler la politique éducative d’Estrada Cabrera puis les réformes de 1927-1 928, qui voient enfin la formation d’une identité nationale inscrite au rang des objectifs de l’école publiqueThis thesis deals with the links between the educational system and the birth of a national identity in the Guatemala of the Liberal Reform. From the first laws establishing a state-funded educational apparatus(1875) to the first occurrence of the nation as one of public school’s objectives (1927-1928), this study analyses the laws, speeches, school books and activity reports of the Public Instruction Secretary to examine their ideological significance and grasp the progressive construction of a complex national identity.After studying the foundation of the system and its declared objectives in the late 19 century, this analysis focuses on the “Indian issue”, then the “Central-americanism” mirrored by school, then the educational policy of Estrada Cabrera, and finally the reforms of 1927-1 928, which made the establishment of a national identity one of public school’s official objectives
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Boberg, Per. "The inflected genitive and the of-construction : A comparative corpus study of written East African, Indian, American and British English". Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1372.
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This quantitative corpus study discusses and compares the distribution of the inflected genitive (’s- or zero-genitive) with that of the of-construction in East African, Indian, American and British English using data collected from the ICE-EA, ICE-IND, Frown and FLOB corpora. This study also discusses the semantic categories of the inflected genitive in the varieties mentioned.
The first conclusion of the study is that the distribution of tokens according to semantic categories is similar in all varieties examined. Furthermore, it is concluded for the modifier classes that animateness-biased classes are more common with the inflected genitive, while inanimateness-biased classes are more common with the of-construction; this distribution is similar in all varieties.
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Jalia, Aftab. "Innovative masonry shell construction in India's evolving building crafts : a case for tile vaulting". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271686.
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This thesis uses the lens of building technology to examine cultural exchange and its relationship to the building crafts. By focusing on masonry vaulting in India, my research brings together two worlds – one that shines light on the variety of innovative masonry shell construction techniques that exist in the county and another that seeks to evaluate the scope of tile vaulting, an over 600-year old Mediterranean building technique, within India’s evolving building crafts culture. This thesis is organized in three parts: PART ONE Tile Vaulting and Relevance Today | A Brief History of Masonry Shells in India Part one introduces tile vaulting’s unique principles compared to other vaulting traditions while contextualizing its relevance to present day India. A survey of varied masonry vaulting techniques and modules, endemic and imported, practiced across India is presented against the backdrop of what is a predominantly reinforced concrete-based construction industry. PART TWO Modules, Methods and Motivations The second part of this research comprises case studies that include some of India’s most iconic buildings such as the Villa Sarabhai by Le Corbusier, the National Institute of Design by Gautam Sarabhai and Sangath by B.V. Doshi, each of which employed innovative construction techniques for its vaults. The production and use of the enigmatic ceramic fuses in India is examined for the first time alongside their indigenous cousins: burnt clay tubes. Together with Muzaffarnagar vaulting, the case studies reveal cultural motivations for architectural expression and production in postcolonial India. PART THREE Prototypes | Comparatives | Limitations & Extension of Research Part three presents five tile vaulting prototypes in India constructed with local artisans to gain understanding of its cultural reception, assess effective transfer of skills and potential internalisation. Recommendations for tile vaulting’s potential uptake into mainstream architectural production is evaluated by comparing findings against prevalent building methods and by contextualizing current architectural trends and social policy. Limitations and scope for extension of research are also discussed.
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Raj, Aditya. "Ethnographic study of the creation and usage of Diasporic Capital for education and identity construction of Indian Diasporic youth in Montreal". Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18683.
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People from India are the second fastest growing ethno-cultural group in Canada. There are more than fifteen thousand people of Indian origin in Montreal alone. I use “diaspora” as a heuristic tool to understand the social formation and cultural patterns of these international migrants. In this research I have focused on the role of the Indian diasporic community in Montreal, specifically on the educational experiences and identity negotiation processes of youth. I have situated this inquiry within the macro terrain of globalisation and transnationalism, while the micro facets focus on social education as manifested in the contemporary society, marked by different foci of influence and similarly diverse modes of resistance. My research is located within post-formalism, and I propose critical transnational ethnography synergized by the different loops of research bricolage to study people in the diaspora. Based on my analysis, I argue that people in the diaspora invest in and create certain social energy which can be comprehended as the diasporic capital. Diasporic capital must be understood as the combination of different social energies, including but not limited to social capital, cultural capital, human capital, and economic capital. It is my contention that the role of the community on the youth depends on the manner and process through which the diasporic capital is invested in, and is used by the parents as well as the youth themselves.Le groupe ethno-linguistique indienne connaît le deuxième plus haut taux de croissance au pays. A elle-seule, la région métropolitaine de Montréal compte plus de quinze mille personnes d'origine indienne. Comme outil heuristique, cette étude emploie concept de la diaspora afin d'analyser les dynamiques sociales et modèles culturels engendrés par les immigrants internationaux au Canada. Plus spécifiquement, cette recherche analyse les enjeux d'éducation et négotiations identitaires vecus par la communauté de jeunes indiens à Montréal. A l'échelle macro, les concepts de mondialisation et transnationalisme y sont discutés tandis qu' à l'échelle micro, l'éducation y est présentée comme le symbole d'une societé contemporaine déchirée par divers pôles d'infuences et forces de résistance. Dans une tradition post-formaliste, je propose une ethnographie a la fois transnationaliste et critique de la diaspora indienne a Montréal. Basé sur cette analyse, l'article souligne le fait que les immigrants hindous investissent tant à l'intérieur qu'à l'extérieur afin de créer une certaine énergie qui peut se concevoir comme 'capital de diaspora'. Cette forme de capital peut aussi être vu comme une combinaison de différentes formes d'énergies sociales qui incluent, mais ne se limitent pas au capital social, culturel, humain et économique. Ainsi, le rôle de la communauté sur les jeunes dépend donc de la manière à travers laquelle le capital de diaspora est investit et utilisé par les parents ainsi que la jeunesse hindou elle-même.
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Haroon, Sana. "Religious mobilisation and the construction of political space in the Indian North-West Frontier tribal areas in the early twentieth century". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415124.
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Esat, Fazila. "The social construction of "sexual knowledge" : exploring the narratives of southern African youth of Indian descent in the context of HIV/AIDS". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/226/.
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Arputham, Dominic K. "Towards An Indian Constructive Theology: Towards Making Indian Christians Genuinely Indians and Authentically Christians". Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2011. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/136.
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Farris, J. L., Phillip R. Scheuerman i D. Cherry. "Patterns of Macroinvertebrate Responses in South Indian Creek and Tributaries Receiving Mineral Contributions Throughout an Elaborate Interstate Construction Project for Tennessee and North Carolina". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2955.
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Konanahalli, Ashwini Prakash. "Critical factors influencing British expatriates' success on international architectural, engineering and construction assignments in Sub-Saharan Africa, China, Middle East and Indian Sub-Continent". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602555.
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The main aim of this study is to investigate critical factors influencing the success of British expatriates working on International Architectural, Engineering and Construction assignments in Sub-Saharan Africa, China, Middle East and Indian Sub-Continent. Adopting a multi-criteria perspective, the study measured cross-cultural adjustment, psychological adjustment, performance, assignment completion, job satisfaction and intention to return, to holistically assess the topic. Underpinned by critical realism epistemology, a sequential exploratory mixed methods design was adopted comprising of three empirical phases. Phase one is characterised by extensive review of literature to identify relevant factors. The second phase was a qualitative exploration of factors from • the British expatriate's perspective, here eighteen unstructured interviews were conducted which were further analysed through Banaxia decision explorer software to develop a ' theoretical framework. In final phase three, factors extracted from the first two phases were used to develop a questionnaire and survey 191 British expatriates. Along with various quantitative analyses, structural equation modelling was conducted to examine the relationships between various critical factors. The results revealed that Emotional and Cultural Intelligence collectively referred to as individual competencies significantly influenced cross-cultural adjustment. Here, cross-cultural adjustment emerged as a mediator, which established statistically significant relationships with performance; job satisfaction and psychological adjustment. Further, support offered by organisation predicted an expatriate's job satisfaction, psychological adjustment and adjustment of his/her family. On the job front, it was role clarity, discretion and conflict that influenced job satisfaction. Finally, family adjustment and job satisfaction determined an expatriate's intention to recommend and return back to the host country. The findings imply that effective expatriate management is a key determinant of • success in international business. British AEC firms could sustain their already established competitive advantage in the global marketplace by acknowledging the complexity of assignments, prioritising expatriate management and offering well rounded support to their professionals.
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Mukherjee, Madhumanti. "Women as vulnerable irrational heteronomous non-subjects of law : the construction of women as legal non-persons in Indian criminal laws regulating sexual conduct". Thesis, University of Kent, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.592678.
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My thesis investigates the concept of female personhood in Indian criminal laws regulating sexual conduct. 1 argue that these laws fail to safeguard women's interests in various ways and that the most significant basis for such varied range of failures is the construction of women as legal non-persons. Inherent within the Indian Constitution are notions of legal personhood that are meant to apply to all persons within its jurisdiction irrespective of sexual and other differences. , claim that conceptualisations of the woman in the criminal laws of sexual conduct do not conform to the constitutional ideal of the person. Women are sexually objectified, infantilised, their personal harms rarely validated unless those harms result in patriarchal male harms, and their sexual rights are more often not acknowledged in modern Indian legal discourse. There is a profound disconnection between the constitutional ideals and the concepts actually affirmed in the relevant criminal laws. This study adds to feminist legal scholarship on India in a number of ways:Firstly, it considers the laws of sexual violence within and as part of a broader group of laws that purport to designate what is acceptable sexual conduct _ generally. This helps to draw out common themes and exposes the basis of sexual violence laws as the need to safeguard male property in female sexuality, rather than to safeguard female sexua l autonomy. Secondly, this study offers an account of the diverse failures of the relevant criminal laws in terms of a failure to construct women as legal persons. This shifts the conceptualisation of these failures from one of distinct flaws that need to be addressed separately to one that sees them as multifarious symptoms of the same underlyingweakness. Thirdly, on the basis of the claim that the relevant criminal laws do not construct women as legal persons, the thesis argues that these laws are unconstitutional and could and should be declared void under the powers conferred to the I j i judiciary by the Constitution of India. last but not the least, this thesis incorporates a feminist judgment to showcase and emphasise t he theoretical claims I make about t he possibility of change in legal reasoning and judicial outcomes once women are constructed as legal persons with constitutional rights.
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Anderson, Gail M. "“A Me Dis”: Jamaican Adolescent Identity Construction and its Relations with Academic, Psychological, and Behavioral Functioning". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1122927371.
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Forest, Corinne. "Le rôle du patrimoine dans la construction nationale à l'île Maurice". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH149.
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Ce travail de thèse étudie la patrimonialisation dans le contexte mauricien afin d’examiner les enjeux liés à la constitution de l’identité nationale dans un cadre institutionnel qui privilégie une logique communautaire. Le cadre mauricien voit différents groupes coexister et interagir dans la tolérance, le respect et la paix tout en distinguant diverses unités sociales en fonction de leurs origines géographiques, culturelles, religieuses et ethniques. L’Etat met en œuvre une politique culturelle basée sur la reconnaissance officielle des unités culturelles dont l’union formerait la représentation nationale mauricienne. Au sein de cette diversité, le patrimoine est devenu un instrument de marquage de la différence et un moyen de symboliser la contribution de chacun à la fondation de la nation arc-en-ciel dans l’espace national. Dans ce cadre mémoriel fragmenté, notre approche est d’examiner l’émergence et la constitution du patrimoine à l’île Maurice de l’époque coloniale (1721-1968) à l’époque contemporaine afin d’en étudier les processus de reconnaissance et les usages comme instrument de la construction nationale. En cela, mon travail considère que l’étude de la patrimonialisation constitue un champ d’investigation sur la manière dont le passé est utilisé dans le présent pour légitimer et positionner les identités. Dans cette perspective, cette étude considère que le patrimoine est un instrument qui nourrit l’adhésion collective nécessaire à l’établissement d’une entité nationaleThis PhD thesis focuses on the heritage processes in the Mauritian context in order to examine the issues related to nation- building resulting from an institutional framework that recognizes communal identities. The Mauritian context comprises diverse groups coexisting and interacting in tolerance, respect and peace while distinguishing multiple communities based on their geographical, cultural, religious and ethnic origins. The state developed a cultural policy that officially recognizes the diverse cultural entities and considers that their combination would form the Mauritian national identity. Within this diversity, heritage is used to mark cultural differences and the contribution of each group to the foundation of the rainbow nation in the national space. In this fragmented memorial framework, our approach is to examine the emergence and the constitution of heritage in Mauritius from the colonial period (1721-1968) to nowadays in order to study the processes of recognition and the uses of heritage as an instrument for nation building. This study considers that heritage processes constitute a field of investigation on the way the past is used in the present to legitimate and position identities. In this perspective, this study considers that heritage is an instrument that supports collective adhesion required for the establishment of the national identity
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Robinson, Heather Lindsey. "Ours is the Kingdom of Heaven: Racial Construction of Early American Christian Identities". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849673/.
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This project interrogates how religious performance, either authentic or contrived, aids in the quest for freedom for oppressed peoples; how the rhetoric of the Enlightenment era pervades literatures delivered or written by Native Americans and African Americans; and how religious modes, such as evoking scripture, performing sacrifices, or relying upon providence, assist oppressed populations in their roles as early American authors and speakers. Even though the African American and Native American populations of early America before the eighteenth century were denied access to rights and freedom, they learned to manipulate these imposed constraints--renouncing the expectation that they should be subordinate and silent--to assert their independent bodies, voices, and spiritual identities through the use of literary expression. These performative strategies, such as self-fashioning, commanding language, destabilizing republican rhetoric, or revising narrative forms, become the tools used to present three significant strands of identity: the individual person, the racialized person, and the spiritual person. As each author resists the imposed restrictions of early American ideology and the resulting expectation of inferior behavior, he/she displays abilities within literature (oral and written forms) denied him/her by the political systems of the early republican and early national eras. Specifically, they each represent themselves in three ways: first, as a unique individual with differentiated abilities, exceptionalities, and personality; second, as a person with distinct value, regardless of skin color, cultural difference, or gender; and third, as a sanctified and redeemed Christian, guaranteed agency and inheritance through the family of God. Furthermore, the use of religion and spirituality allows these authors the opportunity to function as active agents who were adapting specific verbal and physical methods of self-fashioning through particular literary strategies. Doing so demonstrates that they were not the unrefined and unfeeling individuals that early American political and social restrictions had made them--that instead they were intellectually and morally capable of making both physical and spiritual contributions to society while reciprocally deserving to possess the liberties and freedoms denied them.
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Singh, Simboonath. "The social construction of a collective Indian ethno-religious identity in a context of ethnic diversity, a case study of an Indo-Caribbean Hindu temple in Toronto". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ28060.pdf.
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Mosman, Sarah A. "Evaluating a Sustainable Community Development Initiative Among the Lakota People on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc848222/.
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This thesis details my applied thesis project and experience in the evaluation of a workforce development through sustainable construction program. It describes the need of my client, Sweet Grass Consulting and their contractual partner, the Thunder Valley Community Development Corporation, in the evaluation of Thunder Valley CDC's Workforce Development through Sustainable Construction Program. My role involved the development of an extensive evaluation package for this program and data analysis of evaluation materials to support Thunder Valley CDC's grant-funded Workforce Development Program. I place the efforts of Thunder Valley CDC in the context of their community, the Pine Ridge Reservation of the Lakota People, and within an historical and contemporary context to highlight the implications of the efforts of Thunder Valley CDC. Using the theoretical frameworks of cultural revitalization and community economic development, I attempt to highlight two important components of Thunder Valley CDC's community development efforts - cultural revitalization for social healing, and development that emphasizes social, community and individual well-being. Thunder Valley CDC's Workforce Development through Sustainable Construction Program is still in its early stages, and so this first year of implementation very much represented a pilot phase. However, while specific successes are difficult to measure at this point, general successes are viewable in the daily operations of Thunder Valley CDC that exemplify their stated mision and goals. These successes include initiatives that holistically address community needs; relevancy in the eyes of the community they serve; support for the community and for Program participants' unique challenges; and a cultural restoration and revitalization emphasis that underlies and strengthens all of this. The program thus has the potential to provide a model for community development by challenging dominant "development" paradigms and utilizing community resources and assets for community development that reflects the community's values and worldviews.
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Cruz, Juliana Tassinari. "Uma linguagem de padrões indígena : o reflexo do seu modo de ser". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/25051.
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Sabe-se que as comunidades tradicionais lutam por viver em terras que compreendam as características do seu território original. Tais comunidades são consideradas profundas conhecedoras de estratégias de sustentabilidade dos ambientes onde vivem, sendo fortemente conectadas com ambientes naturais e com os recursos encontrados no local. No entanto, de acordo com a bibliografia, as áreas normalmente disponíveis para o assentamento das comunidades indígenas estão longe de possuir a capacidade de suporte à sua tradição. O presente estudo envolve uma reflexão a respeito da comunidade indígena Mbyá Guarani, localizada no município de Palmares do Sul / RS / Brasil, mais especificamente sobre seus padrões de construções e de ocupação dos espaços. O estudo, portanto, foi direcionado para questões práticas e estudos empíricos, onde a observação, expressão gráfica e entrevistas foram as principais fontes de evidência. A estratégia de pesquisa proposta foi a pesquisa-ação, visando identificar as reais necessidades da comunidade, assim como, avaliar o aprendizado e as mudanças decorrentes do processo de pesquisa. Parte do problema de pesquisa incluiu a participação da comunidade no desenvolvimento de projetos e construções na aldeia. Na etapa final foi proposta a utilização do estudo desenvolvido pelo arquiteto Christopher Alexander, The Pattern Language, como guia para construção de uma linguagem de padrões indígena para a comunidade Mbyá Guarani do Tekoá Yryapú. Espera-se que este estudo possibilite um melhor entendimento sobre a configuração das aldeias Mbyá Guarani, construídas de acordo com sua própria linguagem. Espera-se, também, que este estudo auxilie na compreensão da diversidade de etnias indígenas no Brasil, cada uma com diferentes características das avaliadas nesta pesquisa. Conseqüentemente, através desta atenção dada à comunidade indígena, busca-se compreender seus valores, presentes nos espaços que ocupam, nas suas construções e nos seus processos construtivos.It is known that traditional communities strive for living in a land that fulfils the characteristics of their original territory. Such communities are considered very knowledgeable regarding sustainable strategies for the environment they inhabit as they are strongly connected with the environment. However, according to the literature, the areas usually allocated to indigenous settlements are far from having the carrying capacity required by their traditional way of living. The present work performs an analysis on the behavior of a Mbyá Guarani indigenous community, living in the municipality of Palmares do Sul, Brazil, more specifically on its constructions and space occupancy patterns. The study was directed towards pragmatic questions and empirical studies in which observation, graphical expression and interviews were the main sources of evidence. The research strategy employed was an action research, aiming at identifying the community’s real needs and also tried to evaluate the community learning and behavior changes resulting from the research process. Part of the research problem included identification of the approach adopted by the community in the development of projects and constructions for their village. Christopher Alexander´s Pattern Language instructed the construction of a specific pattern language for the community. It is expected that this study will enable a better understanding of the configuration of the Mbyá Guarani villages, built according to their own language. It is expected that this study will help in the understanding of a diversity of other ethnic indigenous communities in Brazil, each having different characteristics from the one evaluated in this research, but having similar values applied in their relation with the environment, buildings and constructions.
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Fleury, Thibaut Charles. "La question du territoire aux Etats-Unis de 1789 à 1914 : apports pour la construction du droit international". Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020018/document.
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Cette étude repose sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle, de l’adoption de la constitution fédérale à la Première Guerre Mondiale, l’expansion territoriale des États-Unis d’Amérique, de même que le projet fédéral, ont appelé une « construction » des règles et principes du droit international au sein même des frontières américaines. Car, en 1789 déjà, tant les États-Unis,que les États membres de la Fédération ou les Nations indiennes, revendiquent sur tout ou partie de cet espace la souveraineté que reconnaît le droit international à tout « État ». C’est alors en définissant, en aménageant, en repensant, les notions d’ « État » ou de « souveraineté » sur un territoire, les conditions de détention et de formation d’un titre territorial, ou encore en fixant la valeur juridique interne du droit international, que ces revendications seront – ou non –satisfaites. Fondé sur l’analyse de la pratique, de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence américaines durant le « long XIXe siècle », ce travail a ainsi pour objet d’interroger la question du territoire telle qu’elle se pose au sein de cet « État fédéral » territorialement souverain que constitueraient les États-Unis. Il espère ce faisant mettre au jour des constructions du droit international dont l’actualité tient à leur objet : la question du territoire aux États-Unis entre 1789 et 1914interroge en effet les principales notions et problématiques de ce droit – au premier rang desquelles celle de l’articulation spatiale des compétencesThis study is based upon the hypothesis that, from the entry into force of the federal constitution to the First World War, the United States territorial expansion, as well as the federal project, called for a « construction » of international law’s rules and principles within the American boundaries. It is to be remembered that, in 1789, the United States, the member States and the Indian Nations claimed for themselves, on parts or the whole of that space, the sovereignty that every « State » is entitled to according to international law. It is therefore by defining, adapting, or rethinking the notions of « State » or « territorial sovereignty », the conditions required for a territorial title to be held or formed, and by setting the legal status of international law, that those claims have been enforced – or not. Grounded upon the analysis of the American doctrine, practice and case law, the purpose of this study is thus to inquire about territorial issues as raised within what is usually described as a « federal State », sovereign on its territory. Because those issues, and mainly jurisdictional ones, are fundamental to international law, this work hopes to bring to light constructions of international law which are still relevant today
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Voigt-Graf, Carmen 1970. "The construction of transnational spaces : travelling between India, Fiji and Australia / Carmen Voigt-Graf". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27931.
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This thesis examines the comparatively recent concept of transnationalism by undertaking an empirical study in a context that has so far not been systematically studied in this way. The transnationalism concept was pioneered in the early 19905 by scholars in the United States. The argument is that migrants and their kin construct transnational spaces which permeate various spheres of their daily life. Studies that fail to take these transnational spaces into
consideration, risk overlooking important aspects of the migrant adaptation process and the lives of migrants and their kin. This study underlines the importance of applying a transnational perspective to migration and migrant adaptation. While being credited with adding valuable new perspectives and insights, transnationalism scholars have overlooked
continuities with earlier migration concepts.
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Aiyer, Subramaniam. "From colonial segregation to postcolonial 'integration' - constructing ethnic difference through Singapore's Little India and the Singapore 'Indian'". Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Culture, Literature and Society, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2782.
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In Singapore the state defines the parameters of 'ethnic' identity on the basis of the ideology of multiracialism, in which any particular 'ethnic' identity is subsumed under national identity and permitted expression in cultural and economic, but not political, terms. Multiracialism's appeal for the state as well as for its citizens lies in its objective: social cohesion between and equality for the four officially recognized 'racial' groups. Nevertheless, from the viewpoint of the 'Indian' community, this thesis demonstrates how the multiple layers of meaning given to the doctrine and practice of multiracialism by various social actors and their interactions create tensions and contestations in reconciling 'ethnic' and national identity. Public expression of 'ethnic' politics is considered by the state as subversive towards the nation, although the state itself implements its ideology through a stringent regime of 'racial' management directed at every aspect of a Singaporean's social, cultural, economic and political life. The thesis addresses important issues involving 'racial' and 'ethnic' identity, modes of 'ethnic' interaction and nation building in the multiethnic and globalised context of Singapore in general and in 'Little India' in particular. This area, though theoretically democratic in nature, is embedded in state-civil society power relations, with the state setting the agenda for 'ethnic' maintenance and identity. My research interviews demonstrate the dominating and hegemonic power of the state, its paternalistic governance, and its wide network of social control mechanisms organizing 'ethnicity' in Singapore. The historical decision, made firstly by the British colonial administration and thereafter perpetuated by the nation state, to make 'race' the basis of all social classification has had far-reaching consequences. With the postcolonial state wishing to be the sole authority over 'ethnic' practices and discourse, Singaporeans' lives have been heavily conditioned by its impact, which I argue resembles to some extent the 'divide and rule' policy of the colonial regime. 'Race' as the structuring principle and accepted reality of Singapore society since colonial days is so entrenched that it has been essentialised and institutionalised by the state as well as by the people in contemporary Singapore. The terms 'race' and 'ethnicity' are used interchangeably and synonymously in daily usage, though "race" is preferred by political leaders, academics and the population at large. I will argue that with 'race' as the reference point ethnic communities that migrated from China, India and other places became socially, culturally and economically segregated and polarised from colonial days to such an extent that extensive stereotypes and prejudices have fed on their lives. Such perspectives have led to differing constructions of national identity discourses presented by the nation state based on its objectives of 'racial' integration, economic development and national identity. By way of interview and survey material I demonstrate that 'race', ethnicity and national identity as defined and managed by the state have not only been inextricably linked in the everyday lives of Singaporeans but more importantly they have resulted in a resurgence of ethnic consciousness in the last three decades or so, thereby undermining the state's attempts at national identity. My findings are based on responses by Singaporean Indians to various social engineering policies employed by the state as strategies for integrating the diverse ethnic groups and anchored on the ideologies of multiracialism, multiculturalism, multilingualism, multireligiosity and meritocracy. My respondents perceive that these policies are not proactive in fostering 'racial' integration because of growing social and economic inequalities brought about by the collision of ethnic and national identities with 'race'. They feel that the government has strayed from its declared goal of 'multiracialism', emphasized all along as critical to the strength, stability and growth of the nation. Such a situation, they argue, does not augur well for a common national identity that remains elusive in the eyes and minds of Singaporeans.
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Nixon, Andrew Mark. "The selection of architectural firms in Indiana school construction projects". Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1233207.
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The purpose of this research was to study the selection of architectural firms for 1997 and 1998 Indiana school construction projects of two million dollars or more. The study reported rankings for architectural selection criteria. Additionally, the study analyzed architectural selection procedures, architectural fees, the degree of respondent satisfaction with architectural services and the finished product, and the amount of inclusiveness in the selection.State records were used to identify the projects approved during the two-year period. Additional data were collected for 81% of the projects via surveys completed by superintendents or their designees.Major findings reported in the study include the following:1. Fees paid to architects ranged from 3.2% to 12.9% of construction costs, with the mean fee being 5.7%.2. In approximately 60% of the projects studied, respondents reported using an inclusive selection procedure for employing an architect.3. Slightly less than one-third of the projects (29%) used a direct selection procedure that precluded the use of a selection committee or the consideration of more than one firm.4. The two most frequently named selection criteria were experience in designing schools and reputation for completing projects within budget.5. The only variable found to have a significant association with the amount of fee paid was satisfaction with architectural services. Respondents in the low-fee category identified the highly satisfied response more than was expected.Outcomes suggest that a considerable number of school officials in the state did not adhere to the accepted best practices concerning competitive selection and the use of inclusive selection committees. The considerable variance in fees paid to architects was not explained by district size, district wealth, the nature of the construction project, or by the selection procedure used.Additional research was recommended in the following areas: (a) replication of the study in other states, (b) qualitative studies of superintendent attitudes about selection criteria and selection committee membership, (c) criteria for setting architectural fees, and (d) factors contributing to superintendent satisfaction. In addition, Indiana policymakers were encouraged to require local school districts to use competitive selection procedures.Department of Educational Leadership
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Gabriel, Paul G. "Characteristics and outcomes of advanced refunding of school construction bonds in Indiana". Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1117122.
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This study examined advanced refundings of Indiana school construction bonds from 1993 to 1996. Purposes were to: (a) add to the professional knowledge base about advanced refundings; (b) evaluate the financial consequences on taxpayers; (c) determine benefits as measured by interest rates, terms, and payment amounts; (d) determine whether selected financial conditions and demographic variables impacted refunding outcomes.The population was all instances of advanced refundings by Indiana public school districts in the period studied. Data were collected from the bond transcripts prepared by legal counsels and placed in tabulation forms developed for the project.Primary findings included:(a) Three quarters of the refunding occurred in the first 10 years of the paymentstream; 27% occurred in the first four years.(b) As the size of the issue increased, the cost (as a percentage of the issue)decreased.(c) Mean decrease in interest rate for the refizndings was .023915 or 239 basis points.(d) Net fiscal impact was generally positive, with a mean savings of $224,218. (e) A negative correlation existed between district wealth and annual paymentamount (i.e., districts with high assessed valuations had smaller changes inannual payments).(f) A positive correlation existed between interest rate change and refunding amount (i.e., large issues were more sensitive to slight changes in interest rates).Selected conclusions included:(a) The benefits of refunding diminished with time (i.e., greatest benefits are likely in the first quarter of the payment stream).(b) Some refundings occurred when the decline in basis points was below a standard level used for municipal bonds; this suggests that school officials may engage in refundings for reasons that extend beyond savings (e.g., political benefits).(c) An economy of scale between refunding size and costs supports existing research.(d) Costs for local school district counsel varied considerably, suggesting that no compensation standard was used.(e) Wealthier districts were less interested in lowering annual payments; their pursuit of refunding may have been motivated by flexibility (i.e., shortening the debt life, accessing fiscal resources).(f) Districts with large bond issues benefited from refunding even when the declines in interest rates were slight.Eight recommendations were formalized.Department of Educational Leadership