Artykuły w czasopismach: „Income”

1

Gangl, Markus. "Income Inequality, Permanent Incomes, and Income Dynamics". Work and Occupations 32, nr 2 (maj 2005): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888404274354.

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Kalleitner, Fabian, i Sandra Bohmann. "The Inequity Z: Income Fairness Perceptions in Europe across the Income Distribution". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 9 (styczeń 2023): 237802312311671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231231167138.

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Using data from the European Social Survey, we examine income fairness evaluations of 17,605 respondents from 28 countries. Respondents evaluated the fairness of their own incomes as well as the fairness of the incomes of the top and bottom income deciles in their countries. Depicted on a single graph, these income fairness evaluations take on a Z-shaped form, which we call the “inequity Z”. The inequity Z reveals an extensive level of consensus within each country regarding the degree of unfairness of top and bottom incomes. With rising income, respondents consistently judge their own incomes to be less unfair. Across countries, the gap in fairness ratings between top and bottom incomes rises with income inequality. Perceived underreward of bottom incomes is more pronounced in countries where bottom incomes are objectively lower. Thus, this visualization suggests that, when people are confronted with information about actual income levels, perceived inequity increases with inequality.

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3

Mishra, Aswini Kumar. "Household Income Inequality and Income Mobility: Implications Towards Equalizing Longer-Term Incomes in India". International Economic Journal 32, nr 2 (3.04.2018): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2018.1480640.

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4

Feenberg, Daniel R., i James M. Poterba. "Income Inequality and the Incomes of Very High-Income Taxpayers: Evidence from Tax Returns". Tax Policy and the Economy 7 (styczeń 1993): 145–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/tpe.7.20060632.

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5

Schmidheiny, Kurt. "Income segregation from local income taxation when households differ in both preferences and incomes". Regional Science and Urban Economics 36, nr 2 (marzec 2006): 270–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2005.10.003.

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6

Saiful Nathan, Siti Badariah, i M. Mohd Rosli. "Distributional effects of non-farm incomes in a Malaysian rice bowl". International Journal of Social Economics 43, nr 2 (8.02.2016): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2013-0200.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the structure of household income and examine the effects of non-farm incomes on the income distribution of farm households in a relatively developed rural area of the Malaysian rice bowl. Design/methodology/approach – The non-farm incomes were disaggregated into different components to determine the contribution of each income source to total household income and overall inequality. The income distribution and decomposition was examined using the Gini decomposition method. Findings – It was found that almost 71 percent of the households in the sample had at least one source of non-farm income. On average, non-farm incomes contributed about 33 percent to total household income. Non-farm wage employment was the dominant source of non-farm income, accounting for almost 26 percent of overall household income. The farm incomes, especially the paddy incomes were found to be the inequality-decreasing income source. The study also confirmed the proposition that the non-farm incomes were the inequality-increasing income source as they contributed up to 35 percent of the overall income inequality. Originality/value – Previous studies have found that non-farm incomes have different effects on income inequality of rural communities, especially those in the rice granary areas situated in less developed states of Malaysia, where poverty is still a problem. This study is significant because it identifies the effect of certain incomes on the overall income inequality among farm households in the granary areas located in a relatively developed rural area. The studied areas are characterized by an intensive paddy production and a rapid development in business and industrial activities, and hence, providing non-farm employment opportunities to the rural farmers. Therefore, this study shows the income structure and how farm and non-farm incomes affect the overall income distribution of the paddy farmers.

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7

Rossignolo, Dario. "El Impuesto sobre la Renta Personal y los altos ingresos en América Latina". Revista Hacienda Pública Espñola 214, nr 4 (wrzesień 2015): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.15.3.5.

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8

蔡宗佩, 蔡宗佩. "各類所得的推計標準，公平嗎？". 月旦會計實務研究 52, nr 52 (kwiecień 2022): 072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/252260962022040052008.

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9

Gerdtham, Ulf-G., i Magnus Johannesson. "Absolute Income, Relative Income, Income Inequality, and Mortality". Journal of Human Resources XXXIX, nr 1 (2004): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.xxxix.1.228.

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Gerdtham, Ulf-G., i Magnus Johannesson. "Absolute Income, Relative Income, Income Inequality, and Mortality". Journal of Human Resources 39, nr 1 (2004): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3559011.

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11

Roberts, Anthony J., i Brendan Brundage. "The Decline of International Income Inequality? Cross-National Income Convergence Revisited". Sociology of Development 9, nr 4 (2023): 408–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2023.9.4.408.

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Prior research shows global income inequality declined over the last few decades because of a reduction in income disparities between countries. However, concerns over the sustainability of this trend have grown with increases in income disparities within countries. Yet, despite these contrasting trends, few studies examine the extent to which the latter affects the former. Based on dynamic panel models of 108 countries from 1981 to 2017, we find that the rate of convergence in incomes between countries is moderated by the income inequality within countries. The national incomes of egalitarian countries are converging, while the national incomes of inegalitarian countries tableare diverging. Overall, this study calls into question the sustainability of decreasing international income inequality amid increasing national income inequality. More importantly, it shows that national redistribution policies are increasingly important in the twenty-first century, not only to reduce income disparities within countries but also to potentially reduce income disparities between countries.

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12

Delestre, Isaac, Wojciech Kopczuk, Helen Miller i Kate Smith. "Top income inequality and tax policy". Oxford Open Economics 3, Supplement_1 (2024): i1086—i1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ooec/odad068.

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Abstract The share of pre-tax income flowing to the top of the UK income distribution increased continually and substantially in the three decades leading up to the financial crisis, but has changed little since 2013. Using microdata sampled from UK tax records, we describe the nature of top incomes in the UK and how they are taxed. We show that wage income is the dominant source of pre-tax income, even for highest-income 0.1% of UK adults. However, ‘active’ business income—derived from self-employment or closely-held incorporated businesses—is considerably more important for the top 1% than for those with lower incomes. High-income wage earners work disproportionately in financial services. The high-income self-employed are predominately working in partnerships in professions such as accountancy and legal services. Overall, UK income taxes are progressive: average tax rates rise with income. Taxes on top incomes have been increased since 2010, with the result that the post-tax share of income flowing to the top has fallen. But average tax rates vary significantly within the top and depend on how income is received. Incomes from business ownership and investment are taxed at lower rates than employment income. We discuss options for reforming the taxation of top incomes.

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13

Michalos, Alex C. "Discrepancies between perceived income needs and actual incomes". Social Indicators Research 21, nr 3 (czerwiec 1989): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00303788.

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14

Reardon, Sean F., i Kendra Bischoff. "Income Inequality and Income Segregation". American Journal of Sociology 116, nr 4 (styczeń 2011): 1092–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657114.

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15

Selin, Håkan, i Laurent Simula. "Income shifting as income creation?" Journal of Public Economics 182 (luty 2020): 104081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104081.

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16

Yitzhaki, Shlomo, i Robert I. Lerman. "INCOME STRATIFICATION AND INCOME INEQUALITY". Review of Income and Wealth 37, nr 3 (wrzesień 1991): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00374.x.

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17

Poterba, James M. "Income inequality and income taxation". Journal of Policy Modeling 29, nr 4 (lipiec 2007): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.05.010.

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18

Tung, Samuel. "Economic Income Versus Accounting Income". Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 01, nr 04 (grudzień 1998): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091598000326.

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There is a growing belief that historical-cost accounting is no longer a relevant or reliable means of valuing a firm's assets and liabilities. Economists consider economic income relevant for measuring profit and performance, while they consider accounting income misleading for these purposes. The critical issue of measuring economic income has received little attention. The purpose of this paper is to point out some of the problems involved in computing economic income and to present ways in which accounting income can be adjusted to make it a more viable measurement.

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19

Beeghley, Leonard, i Jeffrey W. Dwyer. "Income transfers and income inequality". Population Research and Policy Review 8, nr 2 (maj 1989): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00126729.

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20

Armour, Philip, Richard V. Burkhauser i Jeff Larrimore. "Deconstructing Income and Income Inequality Measures: A Crosswalk from Market Income to Comprehensive Income". American Economic Review 103, nr 3 (1.05.2013): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.173.

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Recent research on levels and trends in the United States in income inequality vary substantially in how they measure income. We show the sensitivity of alternative income measures in capturing income trends using a unified data set. Focusing solely on market income or including realized taxable capital gains based on IRS tax return data in more comprehensive household income measures will dramatically increase inequality growth compared to capital gains measures more in keeping with Haig-Simons principles. Using a measure of yearly accrued capital gains dramatically reduces observed growth in income inequality across the distribution, but also equalizes income growth since 1989.

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21

Thompson, Jeffrey P., i Elias Leight. "Do Rising Top Income Shares Affect the Incomes Or Earnings of Low and Middle-Income Families?" Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2012, nr 76 (2012): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2012.76.

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22

Krebs, Tom, Pravin Krishna i William F. Maloney. "Income Mobility, Income Risk, and Welfare". World Bank Economic Review 33, nr 2 (11.04.2018): 375–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhx022.

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Abstract This paper presents a framework for the quantitative analysis of individual income dynamics, mobility, and welfare, with ex ante identical individuals facing a stochastic income process and market incompleteness, implying that they are unable to insure against persistent shocks to income. We show how the parameters of the income process can be estimated using repeated cross-sectional data with a short panel dimension and use a simple consumption-saving model for quantitative analysis of mobility and welfare. Our empirical application, using data on individual incomes from Mexico, provides striking results. Most of the measured income mobility is driven by measurement error or transitory income shocks and is therefore (almost) welfare neutral. Only a small part of measured income mobility is due to either welfare-reducing income risk or welfare-enhancing catching-up of low-income individuals with high-income individuals, both of which, nevertheless, have economically significant effects on social welfare. Strikingly, roughly half of the mobility that cannot be attributed to measurement error or transitory income shocks is driven by welfare-reducing persistent income shocks. Decomposing mobility into its fundamental components is thus crucial from the standpoint of welfare evaluation.

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23

Urchik, Gаlina. "FEATURES OF FORMATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INCOMES OF THE POPULATION: THEORETICAL ASPECT AND REALITIES IN UKRAINE". 64, nr 64 (30.12.2022): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2524-2547-2022-64-04.

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This article is devoted to the theoretical and analytical study of the peculiarities of the formation and distribution of incomes of the population. Based on the synthesis of existing scientific achievements, we have determined the order of formation of primary and secondary incomes by stages of GDP distribution. We provе that the first stage of distribution of the created GDP is formed by factor primary incomes (from labor activity, property and productive capital). Thereafter, the redistribution of income occurs through the use of the fiscal mechanism and the accumulation of funds in public financial funds, from which secondary incomes such as wages of public sector employees, military salaries, scholarships, social benefits, pensions, social insurance payments and other social transfers are paid. Based on the analysis, we find that the share of primary income in Ukraine prevails over secondary income (57% vs. 43% in 2020). It is substantiated that the formation and distribution of personal income in Ukraine is characterized by the following main patterns: the growth of primary income is significantly higher than secondary income (the exception was only in 2020); the share of primary income tends to increase, and the share of secondary income decreases. We state that wages and salaries account for more than 60% of primary income, while social benefits and current transfers account for almost 80% of secondary income. Important sources of secondary incomes in Ukraine are the consolidated state budget and the Pension Fund (in their total expenditures, almost half and more than two-thirds, respectively, are the basis for the formation of secondary incomes). The author’s calculations showed that in Ukraine, almost half of all secondary incomes of the population are redistributed through the consolidated state budget and the Pension Fund (with a corresponding distribution of 30% and 13-23% during 2014-2020). At the same time, the level of redistribution of total income through these public financial funds is significantly lower (24.8-29.3% during 2014-2020). We prove that not only primary incomes are a factor in the formation of secondary incomes, but also secondary incomes determine the growth of factor incomes through the so-called multiplier effect, which is manifested in the following pattern: formation of secondary incomes → formation / growth of consumer demand → GDP growth → growth of primary incomes in terms of those employed in the production of relevant goods and services. During 2014-2020, secondary income in Ukraine led to expanded GDP growth, as the multiplier of social expenditures in Ukraine ranged from UAH 1.19 to UAH 1.65. Finally, the paper calculates the increase in primary income due to the multiplier effect of secondary income (the corresponding increase ranged from UAH 318 billion in 2014 to UAH 922 billion in 2020).

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24

Tsui, Hsiao-Chien. "What affects happiness: Absolute income, relative income or expected income?" Journal of Policy Modeling 36, nr 6 (listopad 2014): 994–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2014.09.005.

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Sarkar, Somwrita, Peter Phibbs, Roderick Simpson i Sachin Wasnik. "The scaling of income distribution in Australia: Possible relationships between urban allometry, city size, and economic inequality". Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, nr 4 (15.11.2016): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516676488.

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Developing a scientific understanding of cities in a fast urbanizing world is essential for planning sustainable urban systems. Recently, it was shown that income and wealth creation follow increasing returns, scaling superlinearly with city size. We study scaling of per capita incomes for separate census defined income categories against population size for the whole of Australia. Across several urban area definitions, we find that lowest incomes grow just linearly or sublinearly (β = 0.94 to 1.00), whereas highest incomes grow superlinearly (β = 1.00 to 1.21), with total income just superlinear (β = 1.03 to 1.05). These findings show that as long as total or aggregate income scaling is considered, the earlier finding is supported: the bigger the city, the richer the city, although the scaling exponents for Australia are lower than those previously reported for other countries. But, we find an emergent scaling behavior with regard to variation in income distribution that sheds light on socio-economic inequality: the larger the population size and densities of a city, while lower incomes grow proportionately or less than proportionately, higher incomes grow more quickly, suggesting a disproportionate agglomeration of incomes in the highest income categories in big cities. Because there are many more people on lower incomes that scale sublinearly as compared to the highest that scale superlinearly, these findings suggest an empirical observation on inequality: the larger the population, the greater the income agglomeration in the highest income categories. The implications of these findings are qualitatively discussed for various income categories, with respect to living costs and access to opportunities and services that big cities provide.

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26

Kusuma, Marhaendra, Diana Zuhroh, Prihat Assih i Grahita Chandrarin. "The Effect of Net Income and Other Comprehensive Income on Future’s Comprehensive Income With Attribution of Comprehensive Income as Moderating Variable". International Journal of Financial Research 12, nr 3 (21.01.2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n3p205.

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This study aims to examine the effect of net income and other comprehensive income on the total of future’s comprehensive income with attribution of earning as a moderating variable. It also tests whether comprehensive income is more persistent than Net Income and whether re-measurement of the defined program is the highest predictive power for future CIs. The dependent variable was Comprehensive Incomet+1, and the independent variables were Net Income and Other Comprehensive Income. Data sources were financial statements 2014-2018 of 367 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The empirical evidence were 1).Net income and other comprehensive income can predict future comprehensive income, 2). The CI attribution can improve the ability of NI and OCI in predicting future CI. 3). Net income is more persistent than other comprehensive income, 4). The defined program is the highest predictive power for future CIs.

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Galster, George, i Lena Magnusson Turner. "Status Aversion, Attraction and Discrepancy as Drivers of Neighborhood Selection". City & Community 18, nr 3 (wrzesień 2019): 937–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12435.

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Neighborhood income segregation is a widespread phenomenon. We explore its origins by modeling neighborhood selection by native Norwegian households making inter–neighborhood moves, distinguishing influences of shares of three income groups and the discrepancy between the individual household's income and neighborhood median. We conduct a conditional logit analysis employing 2013–2014 population register data from the Oslo, Norway, metropolitan area. We find that status composition (shares of low– and high–income households) and status discrepancy (difference between individual household's and neighborhood median disposable incomes) critically shapes neighborhood selection, though heterogeneously across income groups. All income groups sort into neighborhoods that have more of their own status group in residence. Middle– or high–income households avoid neighborhoods with above–average shares of low–status households and median incomes that are higher than their own. High–income households are more attracted to a place the greater the superiority of their incomes compared to the neighborhood median. Our findings suggest that although the drivers of residential income segregation are powerful, public policies aimed at neighborhood diversification have potential efficacy nevertheless.

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28

Atkinson, Anthony B., Thomas Piketty i Emmanuel Saez. "Top Incomes in the Long Run of History". Journal of Economic Literature 49, nr 1 (1.03.2011): 3–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.1.3.

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A recent literature has constructed top income shares time series over the long run for more than twenty countries using income tax statistics. Top incomes represent a small share of the population but a very significant share of total income and total taxes paid. Hence, aggregate economic growth per capita and Gini inequality indexes are sensitive to excluding or including top incomes. We discuss the estimation methods and issues that arise when constructing top income share series, including income definition and comparability over time and across countries, tax avoidance, and tax evasion. We provide a summary of the key empirical findings. Most countries experience a dramatic drop in top income shares in the first part of the twentieth century in general due to shocks to top capital incomes during the wars and depression shocks. Top income shares do not recover in the immediate postwar decades. However, over the last thirty years, top income shares have increased substantially in English speaking countries and in India and China but not in continental European countries or Japan. This increase is due in part to an unprecedented surge in top wage incomes. As a result, wage income comprises a larger fraction of top incomes than in the past. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and empirical models that have been proposed to account for the facts and the main questions that remain open. (JEL D31, D63, H26, N30)

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29

Runowski, Henryk. "THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL INCOME IN EUROPEAN UNION". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, nr 5 (30.11.2017): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6233.

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The aim of the study was to identify the problems of using different methods of measuring agricultural income and the resulting assessments. The system used by the European Union to measure farmers’ incomes is imperfect. The concept of measuring farm incomes is criticized. There are mentioned, among others no statistics on farm incomes, including both farm income and non-farm income. The Common Agricultural Policy strives to ensure an adequate standard of living for the rural population, i.e. the level of disposable income on the farm. The question is, what is the right level? This is largely determined by the level of social labor productivity attained in agriculture and the income derived from agriculture to the income generated outside of it by occupational groups attaining similar labor productivity. Only in this state makes sense to refer to the need to ensure income parity in agriculture and out of this sector.

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Yarema, Yaroslav. "The mechanism of personal income taxation and its prospects in Ukraine". Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej w Poznaniu 92, nr 1 (31.03.2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9158.

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The article analyses the current mechanism of personal income taxation in Ukraine, examining the impact of its individual elements on total revenues from personal income tax. The analysis of revenue contributions from personal income taxation to the consolidated state budget and local budgets indicates that the personal income tax remains the most important sources of revenue. In the structure of personal income tax revenues, wages are the main source of taxable income. The author analyses the mechanism of taxation for natural persons (businessmen) and tax receipts flowing to local budgets from incomes from business activity and highlights its shortcomings. In this context, he proposes introducing progressive tax rates, which will make it possible to shift the tax burden from individuals with low incomes to those who earn higher incomes.

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Kubicová, Ľ., i Z. Kádeková. "Comparison of the income development and the food demand elasticities of the private households in Slovakia". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 8 (23.08.2011): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/36/2010-agricecon.

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The paper deals with assessing the development of monetary incomes and expenditures of the Slovak households for food using the classification of households by income quartiles and by consumer spending. The analysis confirms the significant differences and unbalanced income distribution. Households in the fourth income quartile dispose of 2.8 times higher incomes than the families in the first quartile. There have been analyzed the food groups that in terms of expenditures represent the part in the food basket higher than 6%. The results confirm that income differentiation of households is also reflected in their different behavior in the food market. The demand changes most sensitive to income changes are those of the households with the lowest incomes. Demand for vegetables, potatoes and tuberous plants shows the highest value of the income elasticity, and in the households with the lowest incomes, the demand for potatoes and vegetables is elastic (E<sub>I</sub> = 1.165).

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Dallinger, Ursula. "The endangered middle class? A comparative analysis of the role played by income redistribution". Journal of European Social Policy 23, nr 1 (23.01.2013): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928712456573.

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Contributing to the debate on the decline of the middle class, this article provides a comparative and longitudinal analysis of changes to the relative position of middle income groups in 19 (post)industrial countries between 1985 and 2005. How much did the income position of the middle worsen compared with more vulnerable groups? To what extent did public policies mitigate the market position of different income groups? The analysis is based on microdata of the Luxembourg Income Study. It divides the broad category of ‘middle class’ into three groups. Results suggest little change in the income position of the middle classes with respect to both market and disposable incomes. In most countries market incomes in the top quintile increased remarkably while the bottom quintile group lost out. The scale of government income redistribution has improved the position of the lowest income group, while burdening the highest income group. But it failed to fully compensate for the growing gap between the top and bottom income groups. The distance between the middle and the top incomes grew significantly, which might be one reason for the current public debate about an endangered middle class.

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Beveridge, Scott, Sharon Heller Craddock, James Liesener, Mary Stapleton i David Hershenson. "Income". Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 45, nr 4 (lipiec 2002): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00343552020450040201.

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Vachadze, George. "Financial development, income and income inequality". Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 16, nr 3 (13.04.2021): 589–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11403-021-00321-w.

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Campbell, John Y., i N. Gregory Mankiw. "Permanent Income, Current Income, and Consumption". Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 8, nr 3 (lipiec 1990): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1391964.

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Campbell, John Y., i N. Gregory Mankiw. "Permanent Income, Current Income, and Consumption". Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 8, nr 3 (lipiec 1990): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1990.10509798.

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Van Velthoven, Adriaan, Jakob De Haan i Jan-Egbert Sturm. "Finance, income inequality and income redistribution". Applied Economics Letters 26, nr 14 (2.11.2018): 1202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2018.1542483.

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Palme, Mårten, i Sofia Sandgren. "Parental Income, Lifetime Income, and Mortality". Journal of the European Economic Association 6, nr 4 (czerwiec 2008): 890–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jeea.2008.6.4.890.

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CREEDY, JOHN. "NEGATIVE INCOME TAXES AND INCOME REDISTRIBUTION". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 40, nr 4 (1.05.2009): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1978.mp40004005.x.

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40

Liao, Junmin, i Wei Wang. "Income elasticity and international income differences". Economics Letters 169 (sierpień 2018): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.05.019.

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41

Ball, Richard, i Kateryna Chernova. "Absolute Income, Relative Income, and Happiness". Social Indicators Research 88, nr 3 (27.11.2007): 497–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9217-0.

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42

Ravi Kanbur, S. M., i Jan-Olov Stromberg. "Income transitions and income distribution dominance". Journal of Economic Theory 45, nr 2 (sierpień 1988): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(88)90278-5.

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43

Lerman, Robert I., i Donald L. Lerman. "Income Sources and Income Inequality: Measurements from Three U.S. Income Surveys". Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 15, nr 2 (1.04.1989): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jem-1989-15204.

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Jenkins, S. P. "Trends in income inequality, pro-poor income growth, and income mobility". Oxford Economic Papers 58, nr 3 (3.04.2006): 531–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpl014.

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45

Geyer, S. "Income, income, or income? The effects of different income measures on health in a national survey". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 65, nr 6 (11.11.2010): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.103390.

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Shao, Liang Frank, i Melanie Krause. "Rising mean incomes for whom?" PLOS ONE 15, nr 12 (16.12.2020): e0242803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242803.

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Not everybody is benefiting equally from rising mean incomes. We discuss the mean-income population share (MPS), the population percentage of earners below mean income, whose evolution can capture how representative rising mean values are for middle income households. Tracking MPS and its associated income share MIS over time indicates to what extent economic growth is inclusive of both the middle and the bottom of the income distribution. We characterize MPS and MIS analytically under different growth scenarios and compare their parametric estimation using micro-level and grouped income data. Our empirical application with panel data of 16 high- and middle-income countries shows that in the last decades rising mean incomes have mostly not favored middle income households in relative perspective, while the overall welfare effects of the changes in MPS and the correlation structure with the Gini coefficient are mixed.

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47

Cui, Xiaodong, i Ching-Ter Chang. "How Income Influences Health: Decomposition Based on Absolute Income and Relative Income Effects". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 20 (13.10.2021): 10738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010738.

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Previous research has confirmed a positive association between income and health, but there are still a lot of inconsistencies on how income affects health. Indeed, this impact is caused by overlaying of absolute income and relative income effects, and only by decomposing and comparing their relative importance within an integrated framework can suggestions be made for health inequalities and health intervention. To deal with this issue, using the panel data from the 2011, 2014, and 2017 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), a well-designed research model is established to decompose and explore the impact. Our results indicate that relative income, rather than absolute income, has a significant negative impact on health performance, and that these associations may be causal in nature. The health inequity persists throughout the life cycle, but it remains relatively stable, without significant expansion or convergence. To some extent, the research-proposed models enrich the related literature on associations between income and health, and the empirical results suggest that as China moves to the stage of higher incomes and accelerated aging, the Chinese government should pay more attention to income inequality and be alert to the risks of “income-healthy poverty” traps.

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Bjälkebring, Pär, i Ellen Peters. "Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments". PLOS ONE 16, nr 11 (24.11.2021): e0259331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259331.

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Objective numeracy, the ability to understand and use mathematical concepts, has been related to superior decisions and life outcomes. Unknown is whether it relates to greater satisfaction in life. We investigated numeracy’s relations with income satisfaction and overall life satisfaction in a diverse sample of 5,525 American adults. First, more numerate individuals had higher incomes; for every one point higher on the eight-item numeracy test, individuals reported $4,062 more in annual income, controlling for education and verbal intelligence. Combined, numeracy, education, and verbal intelligence explained 25% of the variance in income while Big-5 personality traits explained less than 4%. Further, the higher incomes associated with greater numeracy were related to more positive life evaluations (income and life satisfaction). Second, extant research also has indicated that the highly numerate compare numbers more than the less numerate. Consistent with numeracy-related income comparisons, numeracy moderated the relation between income and life evaluations, meaning that the same income was valued differently by those better and worse at math. Specifically, among those with lower incomes, the highly numerate were less satisfied than the less numerate; this effect reversed among those with higher incomes as if the highly numerate were aware of and made comparisons to others’ incomes. Further, no clear income satiation point was seen among those highest in numeracy, and satiation among the least numerate appeared to occur at a point below $50,000. Third, both education and verbal intelligence related to income evaluations in similar ways, and numeracy’s relations held when controlling for these other relations. Although causal claims cannot be made from cross-sectional data, these novel results indicate that numeracy may be an important factor underlying life evaluations and especially for evaluations concerning numbers such as incomes. Finally, this study adds to our understanding of education and intelligence effects in life satisfaction and happiness.

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Gaubert, Cecile, Patrick Kline, Damián Vergara i Danny Yagan. "Trends in US Spatial Inequality: Concentrating Affluence and a Democratization of Poverty". AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (1.05.2021): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211075.

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We use Bureau of Economic Analysis, census, and Current Population Survey data to study trends in income inequality across US states and counties from 1960-2019. Both states and counties have diverged in terms of per capita pretax incomes since the late1990s, with transfers serving to dampen this divergence. County incomes have been diverging since the late 1970s. These trends in mean income mask opposing patterns among top-and bottom-income quantiles. Top incomes have diverged markedly across states since the late 1970s. In contrast, bottom-income quantiles and poverty rates have converged across areas in recent decades.

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Sang Kwon Cha, Sang Kwon Cha. "Income Smoothing and Overvaluation". GLOBAL BUSINESS FINANCE REVIEW 29, nr 5 (30.06.2024): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2024.29.5.72.

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Purpose: This research evaluates two views of the effect of income smoothing on stock overvaluation. There is a view that income smoothing impairs the usefulness of profit information by distorting the economic substance of a company. While another view is income smoothing can serve as a means of conveying classified information within a company. With the two views, it is unclear to predict income smoothing's relevance to overvaluation of stocks. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the relationship between income smoothing and stock overvaluation in the capital market. Design/methodology/approach: The study conducted on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ markets from 2011 to 2020, and measured income smoothing using the methods suggested by Leuz et al. (2003), Park et al. (2011), and Tucker and Zarowin (2006). For stock overvaluation, the method of Rhodes-Kropf et al. (2005) used. Findings: This study provided empirical evidence that there is a negative relation of income smoothing with stock overvaluation, which may be interpret that income smoothing may lower stock overvaluation. In other words, priv-ileged information delivered by the manager through income smoothing may alleviate the overvaluation of stocks caused by excessive stock price relative to its intrinsic value. This result was more observable as the greater majority shareholder ownership interest, the greater the foreign investors share, and for companies listed on the KOSDAQ. Research limitations/implications: This study makes contribution to the literature by supplying other evidence on the effect of income smoothing on capital market and supplies meaningful guidance to capital market stakeholders. Originality/value: This study is valuable not only because it expands earlier research on income smoothing and stock overvaluation, but also because it empirically confirms the usefulness of income smoothing in the capital market.

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