Artykuły w czasopismach: „Income inequality”

1

Gangl, Markus. "Income Inequality, Permanent Incomes, and Income Dynamics". Work and Occupations 32, nr 2 (maj 2005): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888404274354.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

2

Baron, Robert Alan. "Income inequality". Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 6, nr 1 (10.04.2017): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-07-2016-0028.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain why (based on an extensive body of research findings) efforts to reduce income inequality may have negative effects on motivation and the desire to excel. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents the author’s personal perspective on income inequality and efforts to reduce it. However, these views are grounded in extensive literature concerning the nature of “fairness,” and the harmful effects of weakening the link between performance or effort on the one hand, and rewards on the other. Breaking this connection may be especially harmful for entrepreneurs, who have strong beliefs that the hard they work in building their new ventures, the more likely are these companies to be successful. Findings The paper presents what, it is hoped, provides a broadened framework within which to examine the causes and income inequality, definitions of “fairness,” and the potential effects of efforts to reduce such inequality. Practical implications By weakening the relationship between performance and rewards, efforts to reduce income inequality involving large tax increases may weaken the relationship between performance (accomplishment) and rewards, thus reducing motivation to work hard and achieve excellence. Social implications Understanding the negative implications of government-funded programs designed to reduce income inequality helps to clarify the potentially detrimental effects of such programs – effects that are neither intended not expected by proponents of such efforts. Originality/value The effects of efforts to reduce income inequality have not previously been examined in the context of their negative implications for human motivation to work hard and attain excellence in any endeavor – implications suggested by a large body of relevant research.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

3

Kricheli-Katz, Tamar. "Income Inequality". Sociological Forum 31, nr 2 (czerwiec 2016): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/socf.12257.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

4

Keun Ryu, Hang, i Daniel J. Slottje. "Income inequality versus utility inequality". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 46, nr 8 (25.04.2016): 3631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2015.1069348.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

5

Wright, Simon, i Emil O. W. Kirkegaard. "Intelligence Inequality and Income Inequality". Comparative Sociology 22, nr 2 (19.04.2023): 298–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10077.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Abstract This article evaluates the relationship between inequality in cognitive test scores across countries and income inequality. By meta-analyzing the standard deviations in PISA results from 2000 to 2018, the authors construct a measure of intelligence inequalities across countries. They then test this measure to investigate if it has any association with income inequality as measured by the gini index. Across all models and subsamples, the authors do not find a positive association between intelligence inequality and income inequality. In models where the coefficient is statistically significant, the direction is unexpectedly negative, implying greater intelligence inequality is associated with lower income inequality. This is contrary to theoretical predictions of a positive association between these variables. Finally, the authors also find some evidence that greater mean intelligence is associated with lower levels of income inequality.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

6

Kartseva, M., i P. Kuznetsova. "Is income inequality fair in Russia? Inequality of opportunity and income inequality". Applied Econometrics 58 (2020): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1993-7601-2020-58-5-31.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

7

Reardon, Sean F., i Kendra Bischoff. "Income Inequality and Income Segregation". American Journal of Sociology 116, nr 4 (styczeń 2011): 1092–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657114.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

8

Yitzhaki, Shlomo, i Robert I. Lerman. "INCOME STRATIFICATION AND INCOME INEQUALITY". Review of Income and Wealth 37, nr 3 (wrzesień 1991): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00374.x.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

9

Poterba, James M. "Income inequality and income taxation". Journal of Policy Modeling 29, nr 4 (lipiec 2007): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.05.010.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

10

Beeghley, Leonard, i Jeffrey W. Dwyer. "Income transfers and income inequality". Population Research and Policy Review 8, nr 2 (maj 1989): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00126729.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

11

Wildman, John. "Modelling health, income and income inequality: the impact of income inequality on health and health inequality". Journal of Health Economics 22, nr 4 (lipiec 2003): 521–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6296(03)00003-1.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

12

Roberts, Anthony J., i Brendan Brundage. "The Decline of International Income Inequality? Cross-National Income Convergence Revisited". Sociology of Development 9, nr 4 (2023): 408–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2023.9.4.408.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Prior research shows global income inequality declined over the last few decades because of a reduction in income disparities between countries. However, concerns over the sustainability of this trend have grown with increases in income disparities within countries. Yet, despite these contrasting trends, few studies examine the extent to which the latter affects the former. Based on dynamic panel models of 108 countries from 1981 to 2017, we find that the rate of convergence in incomes between countries is moderated by the income inequality within countries. The national incomes of egalitarian countries are converging, while the national incomes of inegalitarian countries tableare diverging. Overall, this study calls into question the sustainability of decreasing international income inequality amid increasing national income inequality. More importantly, it shows that national redistribution policies are increasingly important in the twenty-first century, not only to reduce income disparities within countries but also to potentially reduce income disparities between countries.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

13

Saiful Nathan, Siti Badariah, i M. Mohd Rosli. "Distributional effects of non-farm incomes in a Malaysian rice bowl". International Journal of Social Economics 43, nr 2 (8.02.2016): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2013-0200.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the structure of household income and examine the effects of non-farm incomes on the income distribution of farm households in a relatively developed rural area of the Malaysian rice bowl. Design/methodology/approach – The non-farm incomes were disaggregated into different components to determine the contribution of each income source to total household income and overall inequality. The income distribution and decomposition was examined using the Gini decomposition method. Findings – It was found that almost 71 percent of the households in the sample had at least one source of non-farm income. On average, non-farm incomes contributed about 33 percent to total household income. Non-farm wage employment was the dominant source of non-farm income, accounting for almost 26 percent of overall household income. The farm incomes, especially the paddy incomes were found to be the inequality-decreasing income source. The study also confirmed the proposition that the non-farm incomes were the inequality-increasing income source as they contributed up to 35 percent of the overall income inequality. Originality/value – Previous studies have found that non-farm incomes have different effects on income inequality of rural communities, especially those in the rice granary areas situated in less developed states of Malaysia, where poverty is still a problem. This study is significant because it identifies the effect of certain incomes on the overall income inequality among farm households in the granary areas located in a relatively developed rural area. The studied areas are characterized by an intensive paddy production and a rapid development in business and industrial activities, and hence, providing non-farm employment opportunities to the rural farmers. Therefore, this study shows the income structure and how farm and non-farm incomes affect the overall income distribution of the paddy farmers.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

14

Joumard, Isabelle, Debbie Bloch i Mauro Pisu. "Tackling income inequality". OECD Journal: Economic Studies 2012, nr 1 (4.01.2013): 37–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-2012-5k95xd6l65lt.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

15

Milanovic, Branko. "Global income inequality". Soundings 37, nr 37 (1.11.2007): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/136266207820465516.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

16

Fellman, Johan. "Income Inequality Measures". Theoretical Economics Letters 08, nr 03 (2018): 557–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2018.83039.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

17

Abbott, Brant, i Giovanni Gallipoli. "Permanent‐income inequality". Quantitative Economics 13, nr 3 (2022): 1023–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1851.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Through certainty equivalent consumption (CE) measures, we show that dispersion of current earnings, expenditures, and net worth overstate welfare inequality. This is largely due to the unaccounted value of future earnings, which we call human wealth. The latter mitigates permanent‐income inequality, though its influence is diminished by the growing importance of assets in lifetime wealth. Average expenditures and CE inequality roughly doubled between 1983 and 2016 and, to weigh these offsetting forces, we decompose aggregate welfare changes into contributions from the level and dispersion of consumption, as well as uncertainty and demographic composition. Rising inequality has offset about 1/4 of the welfare gains from higher consumption, with most of the losses accruing after 2000.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

18

Butler, Richard J., i James B. McDonald. "Interdistributional Income Inequality". Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 5, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1391210.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

19

De Maio, F. G. "Income inequality measures". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 61, nr 10 (1.10.2007): 849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.052969.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

20

Butler, Richard J., i James B. McDonald. "Interdistributional Income Inequality". Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 5, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1987.10509555.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

21

Creedy, John. "Measuring Income Inequality". Australian Economic Review 29, nr 2 (kwiecień 1996): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1996.tb00928.x.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

22

JOHNSON, PAUL, i GARY STEARS. "Pensioner Income Inequality". Fiscal Studies 16, nr 4 (listopad 1995): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1995.tb00233.x.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

23

Tilly, Chris. "Understanding income inequality". Sociological Forum 6, nr 4 (grudzień 1991): 739–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01114412.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

24

Persky, Joseph. "Suburban income inequality". Regional Science and Urban Economics 20, nr 1 (czerwiec 1990): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(90)90029-3.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

25

Vikse, Juliann, Shuang Lu i Chien-Chung Huang. "Reducing Income Inequality". China Nonprofit Review 9, nr 1 (20.06.2017): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341324.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Income inequality is a growing area of concern in both China and the United States, the world’s two largest economies today. Alongside the traditional social welfare system, taxation and philanthropy are two alternative mechanisms to reduce inequality that have received increasing attention worldwide. This paper explores the roles of taxation and philanthropy in reducing inequality. In analyzing policies relating to taxation and philanthropy across several countries, this paper concludes that despite limitations and unintended consequences, under the current systems in China and the United States, taxation and philanthropy can and should be more effectively used to reduce income inequality.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

26

Charpentier, Arthur, i Stéphane Mussard. "Income inequality games". Journal of Economic Inequality 9, nr 4 (25.05.2011): 529–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10888-011-9184-1.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

27

O'Neill, June Ellenoff. "Discrimination and Income Inequality". Social Philosophy and Policy 5, nr 1 (1987): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001308.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Discrimination against particular groups has existed throughout history and in all types of societies. Few would challenge the idea that inequality of income based on discrimination is unjust. The more problematic issues are the extent to which discrimination is in fact a significant source of inequality and whether such discrimination-based inequality is inherent in a capitalist system.There is little doubt that discrimination can affect a group's income. But the link is by no means automatic or certain. Thus, the incomes of blacks, particularly in past decades, seem surely to have been lowered by discrimination. Yet other examples are less clear. Jewish and Japanese Americans, for instance, have had incomes substantially above those of white non-Jewish groups, despite evidence of discrimination against them.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

28

Sen, Amartya K. "From Income Inequality to Economic Inequality". Southern Economic Journal 64, nr 2 (październik 1997): 384–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2325-8012.1997.tb00063.x.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

29

Sen, Amartya K. "From Income Inequality to Economic Inequality". Southern Economic Journal 64, nr 2 (październik 1997): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1060857.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

30

Aguiar, Mark, i Mark Bils. "Has Consumption Inequality Mirrored Income Inequality?" American Economic Review 105, nr 9 (1.09.2015): 2725–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120599.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

We revisit to what extent the increase in income inequality since 1980 was mirrored by consumption inequality. We do so by constructing an alternative measure of consumption expenditure using a demand system to correct for systematic measurement error in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. Our estimation exploits the relative expenditure of high- and low-income households on luxuries versus necessities. This double differencing corrects for measurement error that can vary over time by good and income. We find consumption inequality tracked income inequality much more closely than estimated by direct responses on expenditures. (JEL D31, D63, E21)

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

31

Xu, Yun, Xiaoping Qiu, Xueting Yang i Guojie Chen. "Factor Decomposition of the Changes in the Rural Regional Income Inequality in Southwestern Mountainous Area of China". Sustainability 10, nr 9 (5.09.2018): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093171.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This study aimed to determine factors of rural income inequality changes in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China, to help formulate measures to reduce regional inequality and alleviate poverty in the southwestern mountainous area of China, which experiences frequent natural disasters and poor living conditions. Changes in rural income inequality are examined, which are then decomposed into different component factors based on the Gini index. Income inequality is comprised of four types of income source: wages, household operations, properties, and transfers. This analysis focuses on the period of 2003 to 2011—a special transitional stage during which the Wenchuan earthquake intervened. The results indicate that income from household operations plays a dominant role in income inequality. Its contribution to the overall inequality fluctuates from 36.40 to 50.39% and had a positive effect on reducing inequality after the earthquake. Wage income contributed the second-most to income inequality and had positive and negative effects on reducing inequality before and after the earthquake, respectively. Transfer and property incomes are important forces in income inequality that have different influencing mechanisms. Transfer income positively helps reduce income inequality. Exclusive favors or preferences should be granted to such areas.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

32

Jędrzejczak, Alina. "Income inequality and income stratification in Poland". Statistics in Transition new series 15, nr 2 (2.06.2014): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.59170/stattrans-2014-018.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Income inequality refers to the degree of income differences among various individuals or segments of a population. When the population has been partitioned into subgroups, according to some criterion, one common application of inequality measures is evaluation of the relationship between inequality in the whole population and inequality in its constituent subgroups in order to work out the within and the between subgroups contributions to the overall inequality. In the paper selected decomposition methods of the well-known Gini concentration ratio were discussed and applied to the analysis of income distribution in Poland. The aim of the analysis was to verify to what extent the inequality in different subpopulations contributes to the overall income inequality in Poland and to what extent their members form distinct segments or strata. To provide the decomposition of the Gini index the population of households was partitioned into several socio-economic groups on the basis of the exclusive or primary source of maintenance. Moreover, the households were divided by economic regions using the Eurostat classification units NUTS 1 as well as by family type defined by the number of children.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

33

Armour, Philip, Richard V. Burkhauser i Jeff Larrimore. "Deconstructing Income and Income Inequality Measures: A Crosswalk from Market Income to Comprehensive Income". American Economic Review 103, nr 3 (1.05.2013): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.173.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Recent research on levels and trends in the United States in income inequality vary substantially in how they measure income. We show the sensitivity of alternative income measures in capturing income trends using a unified data set. Focusing solely on market income or including realized taxable capital gains based on IRS tax return data in more comprehensive household income measures will dramatically increase inequality growth compared to capital gains measures more in keeping with Haig-Simons principles. Using a measure of yearly accrued capital gains dramatically reduces observed growth in income inequality across the distribution, but also equalizes income growth since 1989.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

34

Makarenko, Elena, Lyudmila Nivorozhkina, Alexandra Tregubova, Tatiana Toropova i Elmira Nazarova. "Risk of Increasing Income Inequality and Poverty: Analysis by Income Source". Sustainability 14, nr 3 (29.01.2022): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031610.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The high and persistent level of income inequality limits the opportunities for economic growth and contributes to the persistence of a high poverty rate in Russia. Reducing inequality is integral to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-10); thus, greater focus is needed to reduce income inequality. We assess income inequality based on a representative income and expenditure data collected at the micro level to determine the risk of increasing inequality and poverty in the context of specific socio-demographic groups and income sources. We look at the contribution of various household income sources to total income inequality, taking into account the differences in the weighting of income components, the unevenness of their distribution, and their correlation with the total distribution of income. The main data source is the project “The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey-Higher School of Economics” (RLMS-HSE) for 2000–2018. Calculation of the elasticity of the Gini index by sources of total income for poor and non-poor households revealed their multidirectional impact on overall inequality. We show that social transfers in poor households do not help to reduce inequality. This indicates the need for closer attention to this phenomenon when making policy decisions connected with social policy. Moreover, the “hidden incomes” appear to be a factor reducing inequality for poor households within the framework of the accepted definitions and the formed sample of households.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

35

Roope, Laurence S. J. "First estimates of inequality benchmark incomes for a range of countries". PLOS ONE 16, nr 3 (17.03.2021): e0248178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248178.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

It is known that virtually all inequality measures imply the existence of a ‘benchmark income’, above which adding incremental income increases inequality, and below which it decreases inequality. Benchmark incomes can be interpreted as social reference levels that identify the richest individual for whom it would be just to subsidize their income. Despite the intuitive appeal of benchmark incomes, there have been hardly any empirical applications to date. This paper provides the first estimates of benchmark incomes for a range of contrasting countries and different inequality measures. All benchmark incomes lie far above official national poverty lines. The results suggest that economic growth together with falling inequality need not necessarily be poverty reducing.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

36

Vachadze, George. "Financial development, income and income inequality". Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 16, nr 3 (13.04.2021): 589–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11403-021-00321-w.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

37

Van Velthoven, Adriaan, Jakob De Haan i Jan-Egbert Sturm. "Finance, income inequality and income redistribution". Applied Economics Letters 26, nr 14 (2.11.2018): 1202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2018.1542483.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

38

Trump, Kris-Stella. "Income Inequality Influences Perceptions of Legitimate Income Differences". British Journal of Political Science 48, nr 4 (20.02.2017): 929–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000326.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This article argues that public opinion regarding the legitimacy of income differences is influenced by actual income inequality. When income differences are perceived to be high, the public thinks of larger income inequality as legitimate. The phenomenon is explained by the system justification motivation and other psychological processes that favor existing social arrangements. Three experiments show that personal experiences of inequality as well as information regarding national-level income inequality can affect which income differences are thought of as legitimate. A fourth experiment shows that the system justification motivation is a cause of this effect. These results can provide an empirical basis for future studies to assume that the public reacts to inequality with adapted expectations, not increased demands for redistribution.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

39

Gerdtham, Ulf-G., i Magnus Johannesson. "Absolute Income, Relative Income, Income Inequality, and Mortality". Journal of Human Resources XXXIX, nr 1 (2004): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.xxxix.1.228.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

40

Gerdtham, Ulf-G., i Magnus Johannesson. "Absolute Income, Relative Income, Income Inequality, and Mortality". Journal of Human Resources 39, nr 1 (2004): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3559011.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

41

Osman, Omar. "Income Inequality and Financial Disturbances: Does Income Inequality Engender Financial Crises?" Social Indicators Research 157, nr 2 (30.03.2021): 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02535-0.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

42

Moore, Spencer. "Peripherality, income inequality, and life expectancy: revisiting the income inequality hypothesis". International Journal of Epidemiology 35, nr 3 (28.02.2006): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl026.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

43

Bojnec, Štefan, i Imre Fertő. "Farm household income inequality in Slovenia". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, nr 4 (13.02.2020): e0112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019174-13996.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Aim of study: To investigate the structure and evolution of farm household income and examine the contribution of different sources of farm household income, particularly the impact of Common Agricultural Policy reform on farm household income inequality in Slovenia.Area of study: Slovenia, one of the European Union member states.Material and methods: A panel data set was compiled using Slovenian Farm Accountancy Data Network data at farm level for the period 2007-2013. Total farm household income was disaggregated into two different components: 1) income components, which can contain market income and off-farm income, and 2) subsidy components, which can contain subsidies from Pillars 1 and 2. Pillar 2 support included subsidies related to agri-environmental measures, less favoured areas and other rural development measures. The income distribution and decomposition were examined using the Gini decomposition method to determine the contribution of each income source and the policy shift from market to government support on farm household income and overall inequality.Main results: A shift in Common Agricultural Policy and related measures determined the structure and evolution of farm household incomes. Off-farm income had a lesser and rather stable impact on farm household income inequality, while the major change involved an increase in the importance of subsidies from Pillar 2 which is consistent with a policy of targeting farms in less favoured areas. Subsidies from Pillar 1 reduced, while market income increased farm household income inequality.Research highlights: Subsidies in farm incomes increased. They could reduce farm household income inequality.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

44

Scarpa, Simone. "The impact of income inequality on economic residential segregation: The case of Malmö, 1991–2010". Urban Studies 52, nr 5 (7.04.2014): 906–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098014529347.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

As in other Western countries, in Sweden there is a widespread conviction that residential segregation influences the opportunities for residents’ social mobility and therefore is a cause of income inequality. But the opposite direction of causality, from income inequality to residential segregation, is often ignored. The paper fills this gap and analyses income inequality and economic residential segregation developments in Malmö in the years 1991–2010. During this period, changes in population composition owing to increased immigration had a negligible impact on income inequality, while the latter was primarily influenced by changes in the distribution of labour market earnings and capital incomes. At the same time, neighbourhood income inequality was predominantly driven by overall household income inequality and only to a much lower extent by the increase in residential sorting by income. Policy influencing income distribution rather than area-based strategies should thus be at the centre of current debates on residential segregation in Sweden.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

45

Tanchev, S. "How the proportional income taxation increases inequality in Bulgaria". Journal of Tax Reform 7, nr 3 (2021): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2021.7.3.101.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The proportional income tax is popular in countries of Central and East Europe and 14 CEE countries adopted it with different tax rates from 1994 till 2008 year. But four of them have replaced it with the progressive tax yet. The main criticisms towards the proportional income tax is that it leads to an increase of the inequality after taxation. The article aims to evaluate the impact of the proportional income tax without non-taxable minimum on inequality in Bulgaria, measured by the Gini index. The relationship between the Gini index and the growth rates of GDP per capita, the gross average income and net average income was studied. The methods of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and correlation were applied to determine the impact of proportional income tax on income inequality in Bulgaria. The research covers the period from 2008 till 2019. National statistical institute of Bulgaria data (12 observations) has been used. The empirical results confirm positive relationship between Gini index and the growth rates of GDP per capita, the gross average income and net average income in system of proportional income tax. Inequality in Bulgaria had increased by 22% after introducing the proportional income tax in 2008, the highest incomes have increased by 113% and the lowest only by 85%. The results of the study show that the increase of the gross average income and net average income leads to increase of the inequality measured with Gini index. Therefore, after taxation of incomes with proportional income tax the inequality does not decrease, but continues to increase. It may be inferred that the proportional taxation increase inequality in Bulgaria.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

46

Lu, Siyuan. "Correlation between Educational Inequality and Income Inequality". BCP Education & Psychology 7 (7.11.2022): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v7i.2694.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The study of the relationship between education and income inequality is not a new topic, and scholars have been concerned with this issue for a long time. For the sake of social equity and poverty alleviation, governments should strengthen education for the poor. In recent years, with new advances in theories of economic growth and economic development and the emergence of new data, academic interest in the issue of income distribution has begun to grow again, focusing mainly on the determinants and dynamics of income distribution. Among them, the relationship between education and income inequality, which is an important form of human capital accumulation, has naturally become a hot issue in economics. This paper summarizes and reviews the recent studies on the relationship between education and income inequality from both theoretical and empirical perspectives.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

47

Aslan, Goksu, Corinne Deléchat, Monique Newiak i Fan Yang. "Inequality in Financial Inclusion and Income Inequality". IMF Working Papers 17, nr 236 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484324905.001.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

48

Spiegel, Uriel. "Income Inequality VS. Standard of Living Inequality". American Economist 52, nr 1 (marzec 2008): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943450805200104.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

49

Mathews, Timothy, i Jesse A. Schwartz. "Comparisons of utility inequality and income inequality". Economics Letters 178 (maj 2019): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.02.015.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

50

Sulistyaningrum, Eny, i Alexander Michael Tjahjadi. "Income Inequality in Indonesia: Which Aspects Cause the Most?" Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business 37, nr 3 (27.09.2022): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jieb.v37i3.2015.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Introduction/Main Objectives: This study discusses the three main aspects of inequality: the level of education attained, urban-rural area, and gender. Background Problems: Inequality is one of the fundamental economic problems in Indonesia that has the potential to cause the non-optimal distribution of resources, economic instability, and may even lead to an economic crisis. Novelty: This study provide a new perspective on the differences in findings for the aspects of gender, education, and geographic factors on income inequality Research Methods: This study uses the Theil index for decomposition analysis and quantile regression analysis to analyze each class of income, particularly in the context of income inequality factors. Finding/Results: The findings show that, male workers in the lower class have a greater income than female workers. In addition, workers with an elementary school level experience higher inequality than workers with other levels of education do. Moreover, higher inequality occurs for urban workers in both the upper and lower classes, compared to workers in rural areas. From quantile regression analysis, the results show that, income inequality between men and women is reducing. The number of completed years has less influence compared to that in earlier periods, because more and more people enter education to increase their income. Lastly, urban workers have different incomes from rural workers, though the gap is reducing. It means both urban and rural workers have greater opportunities to earn a better income. Conclusion: Gender plays an important role in income inequality. The length of education has constantly affected income inequality as well. In the context of the area, urban workers normally have higher incomes.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Income inequality”

Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych