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Pongjit, Chompunuch, i Rian Beise-Zee. "The effects of word-of-mouth incentivization on consumer brand attitude". Journal of Product & Brand Management 24, nr 7 (16.11.2015): 720–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-11-2014-0752.
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Purpose This study aims to conceptualize and test the effect of monetary and non-monetary incentives for word-of-mouth (WOM) campaigns on the brand attitude of those receiving an incentivized brand recommendation. It also studied whether or not the type of relationship between the recommender and the person who receives the recommendation and the expertise of the recommender moderate the impact of incentivization on brand attitude. The results should enable brand management to improve the design of WOM campaigns. Design/methodology/approach An experiment was conducted utilizing a sample of about 645 respondents in Thailand. In a 3 × 3 experimental design, three levels of incentivization and three types of social relationships were manipulated. All other variables were measured through a respondent-administered questionnaire. For incentivization of WOM, monetary reward and non-monetary reward are compared to a non-incentivized control state. The three types of social relationships are an authority relationship, a kinship relationship and a market pricing relationship between strangers as the control state. Findings The results of the experiment show that the introduction of rewards for recommendations harms the attitude of the receiver of a recommendation toward the brand. The attitude of potential buyers toward the brand can be tainted by the impression that a brand has enticed friends and relatives into profiting from their relationship. The negative effects increase further with the introduction of cash rewards. Contrary to expectations, however, the social relationship between the recommender and the new customer did not moderate the effect of incentivization. Source expertise has a direct as well as moderating effect on brand attitude. Practical implications The findings suggest that companies should use referral rewards with caution. Brand managers need to be aware that there is a trade-off between the advantages and the disadvantages of incentivized WOM campaigns. Recommendations have been derived about how to improve the design of incentivized WOM campaigns. Whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages probably depend to some extent on brand-specific factors such as brand strength and market- or industry-specific factors, such as a credence good quality within the industry. It also emphasized that WOM campaigns need to be carefully monitored by measuring customer attitudes toward the brand. Originality/value Although past research provides valuable conceptual and empirical insights into consumer responses in incentivized WOM situations, most research has focused on the immediate effectiveness of WOM by measuring purchasing intentions. There is still a lack of information about how different kinds of incentivization affect customer attitudes toward a brand that incentivizes WOM, and how various relationship types moderate the effects; in particular, authority relationships have not yet been studied in this context.
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Razi, Muhammad, J. Michael Tarn i Alhassan G. Mumuni. "Effectiveness of incentivized social media campaigns for a Fortune 500 company’s brand". American Journal of Business 34, nr 1 (9.04.2019): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajb-07-2017-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine how best to build online advocates for a food company’s brand based on data available from the brand’s Facebook pages. Specific research objectives are to study examine whether incentivizing actions such as “liking,” sharing or commenting on a brand’s Facebook impacts the brand community’s sentiment and engagement with the brand, and whether such engagement is different for different actions (e.g. liking vs sharing). Design/methodology/approach To achieve the objectives of this research, sentiment analysis is performed on Facebook insight data from a Fortune 500 company, consisting of fans’ comments, shares and “likes” for promotional and fan posts pertaining to one of its brands. Paired samples t-tests are performed to assess differences in sentiment and engagement before and after each promotional post. Findings The results do not support a strong impact of promotional posts on overall sentiment. However, there is evidence in support of a positive impact of the campaigns on overall wall-level engagement with the brand. Moreover, the levels of engagement are not the same for all promotional posts. Rather, some posts resulted in much higher engagement levels than others, suggesting that not all incentivized campaigns are created equal. Research limitations/implications The study used the data from only one of company’s many brands. Therefore, similar studies on other brands are warranted. Practical implications Social networking sites are increasing in numbers, and more and more businesses are embracing social networks and/or blogs as part of their marketing platforms. Many companies offer coupons and incentives on social media to entice customers to engage with their social media platforms as well as buy products. The study results provide valuable insight into the effectiveness of different kinds of social media promotional campaigns, and can help managers decide which campaigns to implement to achieve specific objectives. Originality/value This research adds to the literature in two ways. First, it contributes to the limited literature on the effectiveness of incentivized social media campaign. Second, it contributes to the social media analytics literature by demonstrating how sentiment analysis can be used along with other statistical procedures to make sense of qualitative social media data.
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Gogate, Dr Uttara, Amey Bhoite i Meet Bhanushali. "Decentralized Crowd-funding Ecosystem For Start-Ups". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 8 (31.08.2022): 536–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46164.
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Abstract: Crowd-funding platforms running on centralized servers earn off commissions on funds raised by projects on their platforms. Also, donors lose power over their funds once invested. There is lack of transparency on spending of the funds. Donors are not guaranteed any incentives it solely depends on the campaign hosts to do so. Decentralized Crowdfunding helps us achieve complete transparency by having all transaction data on the blockchain. Furthermore, we distribute power to donors by having a voting mechanism to make any spending requests from the campaigns through our contracts. Hosts are free from any underlying commission and donors are incentivized through our integrated marketplace.
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Cahill, Christine, i Andrey Tomashevskiy. "Private Donations and Policy Ambiguity". Comparative Political Studies 52, nr 5 (9.09.2018): 754–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414018797932.
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An important dimension of party positioning remains largely unexamined—that is, the clarity with which parties present policies to the electorate. Moreover, the effects of private campaign contributions on party positions are also vastly understudied. We address these gaps using a unique new data set on private contributions to political parties in eight Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from the early 1990s to the present. We argue that parties are incentivized to present increasingly ambiguous, or broad appeal, policy positions as a result of increased private campaign contributions. Broad appeal campaigns allow parties to appease their donors with more extreme policy preferences while maintaining the support of their more moderate base supporters. We find support for this argument and show that increasing donations are associated with increased policy ambiguity. Using new data, this article is the first to examine an important connection between political finance and party positioning on a cross-national and time-series basis.
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Waddimba, Anthony C., Howard B. Beckman, Thomas L. Mahoney i James F. Burgess. "The Moderating Effect of Job Satisfaction on Physicians’ Motivation to Adhere to Financially Incentivized Clinical Practice Guidelines". Medical Care Research and Review 74, nr 2 (3.08.2016): 148–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077558716628354.
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We examined moderating effects of professional satisfaction on physicians’ motivation to adhere to diabetes guidelines associated with pay-for-performance incentives. We merged cross-sectional survey data on attitudes, from 156 primary physicians, with prospective medical record-sourced data on guideline adherence and census data on ambulatory-care population characteristics. We examined moderating effects by testing theory-driven models for satisfied versus discontented physicians, using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results show that attitudes motivated, while norms suppressed, adherence to guidelines among discontented physicians. Separate models for satisfied versus discontented physicians revealed motivational differences. Satisfied physicians disregarded intrinsic and extrinsic influences and biases. Discontented physicians, alienated by social pressure, favored personal inclinations. To improve adherence to guidelines among discontented physicians, incentives should align with personal attitudes and incorporate promotional campaigns countering resentment of peer and organizational pressure.
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Rulisa, Alexis, Luuk van Kempen, Leon Mutesa, Emmanuel Hakizimana, Chantal M. Ingabire, Fredrick Kateera, Constantianus J. M. Koenraadt, Michèle van Vugt i Bart van den Borne. "Willingness to Contribute to Bio-Larviciding in the Fight against Malaria: A Contingent Valuation Study among Rice Farmers in Rwanda". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 21 (4.11.2021): 11575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111575.
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There is broad consensus that successful and sustained larval source management (LSM) interventions, including bio-larviciding campaigns, require embeddedness in local community institutions. Ideally, these community structures should also be capable of mobilizing local resources to (co-)finance interventions. To date, farmer cooperatives, especially cooperatives of rice growers whose economic activity facilitates mosquito breeding, have remained under the radar in designing community-based bio-larviciding campaigns. This study explores the potential of rice farmer cooperatives in Bugesera district, Rwanda, to take up the aforementioned roles. To this purpose, we surveyed 320 randomly selected rice farmers who belonged to one of four rice cooperatives in the area and elicited their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for application of Bti, a popular bio-larvicide, in their rice paddies. Results from a (non-incentivized) bidding game procedure, which tested two alternative contribution schemes showed that financial contributions would be significantly different from zero and sufficient to carry a co-financing share of 15–25 per cent. A strong heterogeneity in mean WTP is revealed across cooperatives, in addition to variation among individual farmers, which needs to be anticipated when engaging farmer cooperatives in LSM.
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Hilsabeck, Robin C., Laura H. Lacritz, Mary K. Colvin, Patricia Espe-Pfeifer, Scott A. Sperling, Peter A. Arnett i William Perry. "Cognition is a Critical Vital Sign for Older Adults: The Need for Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment is Now". Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, nr 2 (10.09.2022): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23727322221110261.
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The number of older adults in America is increasing every year, and in just over one decade, people aged 65 and older will surpass the number of children under age 18 for the first time in history. Along with the aging of America comes increase in the prevalence of cognitive impairment because age is the primary risk factor for neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer disease and related disorders. There is an urgent need to identify cognitive impairment as early as possible so interventions can be deployed to reduce the associated medical, behavioral, and economic burden on patients, families, and society in general. Launching public health campaigns, investing in a workforce that is trained and incentivized to detect and manage cognitive impairment, and leveraging technology to facilitate and improve early detection are a few strategies that may help address this growing healthcare crisis.
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Lee, Soohyun Christine. "Democratization, Political Parties and Korean Welfare Politics: Korean Family Policy Reforms in Comparative Perspective". Government and Opposition 53, nr 3 (9.01.2017): 518–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.44.
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Recent reforms of family policy signal a turning point in the Korean welfare state, as they undermine the welfare developmentalism that is commonly ascribed to Korean social policy. Drawing on the East Asian as well as Western welfare state literatures, this research seeks to understand the politics behind family policy reforms. In doing so, this research argues that political parties were the driver of these reforms, contrary to the conventional ‘parties do not matter’ perspective that dominates the East Asian welfare state literature. Utilizing the party competition thesis from the study of Western welfare states, this article demonstrates that political parties, the unlikely reform agency due to their perceived non-policy orientation, moved family policy to centre stage in election campaigns. Far-reaching changes in the electorate, namely the diminishing effect of regionalism and the increasing importance of young voters, incentivized parties to promote family policy. Thus, this research calls for bringing political parties into the analysis of East Asian welfare politics.
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Kang, Woo Chang, i Ji Yeon Hong. "UNEXPLORED CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST CIVILIANS DURING THE KOREAN WAR". Journal of East Asian Studies 17, nr 3 (19.09.2017): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2017.16.
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AbstractIn this paper, we examine the extent to which wartime violence against civilians during the Korean War affects people's current attitudes toward South Korea and other involved countries. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach that compares the cohorts born before and after the war, we find that direct exposure to wartime violence induces negative perceptions regarding perpetrator countries. As many of the civilian massacres were committed by the South Korean armed forces, prewar cohorts living in violence-ridden areas during the war demonstrate significantly less pride in South Korea today. In contrast, postwar cohorts from those violent areas, who were exposed to intensive anti-communist campaigns and were incentivized to differentiate themselves from the victims, show significantly greater pride in South Korea, and greater hospitality toward the United States than toward North Korea, compared to prewar cohorts in the same areas and to the same cohorts born in non-violent areas.
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Nik Masdek, Nik Rozana, Kelly Kai Seng Wong, Nolila Mohd Nawi, Juwaidah Sharifuddin i Wang Li Wong. "Antecedents of sustainable food waste management behaviour: Empirical evidence from urban households in Malaysia". Management & Marketing 18, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2023-0004.
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Abstract Under the sustainability domain, food waste is a significant global challenge receiving growing attention. The management of household food waste which relies heavily on landfilling, is predominantly ineffective and unsustainable. To implement sustainable food waste management, an understanding of the individual behaviour is needed since psychological effects often undermine technological solutions. This study direct its investigation on urban households’ sustainable food waste management behaviour by extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour. An online survey was utilized for data collection. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling, assessments were made on the determinants of intention and behaviour of 520 households in the Klang Valley. The analysis support two factors that influence attitude positively, while five factors positively influence intention to implement best practices of reusing leftovers, separating household waste, and doing home composting. However, although the households have positive intentions, yet their composting practices seem to be the least adopted compared to the other sustainable elements. Addressing the lack of participation requires a holistic approach via dissemination of educational materials, social media coverage, and awareness campaigns. It is also suggested that composting be incentivized and be included in reward schemes similar to recycling. This study paves the way to enhance understanding of the factors to adopt sustainable food waste management among households in the urban areas. The findings provide insights for policy makers and other stakeholders on what type of information to consider when designing effective food waste management campaigns and urban development strategies, supporting the opportunity for consumer behavioural change.
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Wilson, Bradley. "Delivering the Goods: Fair Trade, Solidarity, and the Moral Economy of the Coffee Contract in Nicaragua". Human Organization 72, nr 3 (14.08.2013): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.72.3.f678404745007011.
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This paper explores a deceptively simple question: why do peasant farmers participate in Fair Trade coffee networks? Campaigns touting Fair Trade often suggest that farmers are incentivized to participate due to price premiums and social development benefits. However, a growing literature documenting development outcomes in coffee farming communities suggests that farmers do not reap the benefits of Fair Trade in the way they are presented in the global North. I draw upon ethnographic research in a community that is one the earliest suppliers of Fair Trade in Nicaragua. Combining participant observation, political economic analysis, and oral history interviews, I explore a conflict over out-of-network coffee sales in 2005 that threatened to undermine supplies of high quality coffee critical to the growth of the producer organization and by extension the Fair Trade network. The conflict and its aftermath reveal place-based moral economic entanglements between farmers and producer organizations in Nicaragua that shape whether farmers deliver the goods. I argue that farmers participate in Fair Trade networks in spite of low household incomes and cycles of indebtedness because of the ability of the producer organization to maintain a sense of solidarity linking coffee contracts to a longer agrarian struggle.
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Weisskircher, Manès. "The European Citizens’ Initiative: Mobilization Strategies and Consequences". Political Studies 68, nr 3 (30.07.2019): 797–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321719859792.
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Research on the European Citizens’ Initiative has neglected the crucial role of social movements. This article contributes to the study of mobilization strategies and campaign consequences through two novel arguments: First, in explaining successful mobilization, I argue that the European Citizens’ Initiative as a political opportunity structure incentivizes the organization of nationally focused campaigns centred in at least one large, that is, populous state, instead of Europe-wide activism. Second, in explaining the multiple consequences of European Citizens’ Initiative mobilization, I show that a campaign may have important, often unintended, effects beyond (the failure to achieve) policy change, including disappointment with the democratic process leading to European Citizens’ Initiative reform and a renewed focus on national politics. This article provides an in-depth analysis of one of the only five European Citizens’ Initiative campaigns that have been able to collect the required one million signatures, while referring to other campaigns as shadow cases. The findings have important implications for debates on EU democracy.
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Uchechi Emeasoba, Gabriel. "The Fallacy of the Rational Apathy Theory". Journal of corporate governance, insurance and risk management 9, nr 1 (17.08.2022): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51410/jcgirm.9.1.16.
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Purpose: The appeal of the Rational Apathy Theory lies in the fact that it is not only a descriptive theory of shareholder behaviour in the modern public firm but also a powerful normative tool which recommends itself to corporate legislators and policymakers. True to their normative logic, proponents of apathy contend that since shareholders of modern public firms will never find it cost-efficient or incentivized to perform their monitoring responsibilities over corporate management, insisting on a shareholder-oriented corporate governance model is undesirable. This article rejects the determinism and immutability of the above thesis and argues that firm investors will embrace activism where the cost of corporate monitoring is reduced, and the benefits of doing so are increased. Given the ability of the internet to reduce monitoring costs for shareholders (predominantly minority shareholders) in public companies, the article campaigns for minority shareholder electronic participation in corporate governance and proposes a careful reform of corporate law and governance in post-covid Nigeria, drawing inspiration from similar reforms on electronic governance in Canada, UK, and the State of Delaware in the US. In a society where digitalization has been identified as a major catalyst for the economic revival of commercial and corporate life, this article recommends itself to policy and lawmakers, corporate boards, corporate law experts, legislators, regulators, and other relevant stakeholders.Methodology: The article adopts doctrinal and comparative methods of legal analysis.Results/Findings: The article finds that while the Rational Apathy Theory may have served the analogue world, it is unsuitable for a digital generation, where issues of cost, communication and participation could be liberalized, through the use of the internet, to serve the interest of shareholder democracy in public companies.
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Sudulich, Laura, i Siim Trumm. "A Comparative Study of the Effects of Electoral Institutions on Campaigns". British Journal of Political Science 49, nr 1 (6.02.2017): 381–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000570.
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A long tradition of studies in political science has unveiled the effects of electoral institutions on party systems and parliamentary representation. Yet their effects on campaign activities remain overlooked. Research in this tradition still lacks a strong comparative element able to explore the nuanced role of electoral institutions in shaping individual-level campaigns during first-order parliamentary elections. This study uses data from a variety of national candidate studies to address this lacuna, and shows that the structure of electoral institutions affects the electoral mobilization efforts put in place by candidates. Candidate-centred electoral systems incentivize more intense and complex mobilization efforts, and shift the campaign focus towards individuals rather than parties. By directly addressing the effects of electoral institutions on campaign behaviour, this study contributes to the wider debate on their role in promoting political engagement and mobilization. These results indicate that electoral institutions affect political competition much more than previously thought.
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Wylie, Kristin. "Taking bread off the table: race, gender, resources and political ambition in Brazil". European Journal of Politics and Gender 3, nr 1 (1.02.2020): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251510819x15719917787141.
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Traditional gender roles, gendered political institutions and resource inequities disincentivise women’s participation in formal politics. This article analyses the Brazilian case – where women comprise 9.2 per cent of federal legislators elected since 1994 – to illustrate the centrality of resources in shaping candidate emergence. I examine how entrepreneurial elections, which incentivise intra-party competition and expensive campaigns, have sustained white men’s dominance in Brazilian political institutions and deterred white and Afro-Brazilian women’s political ambition. Using the latest data on campaign finance in Brazilian legislative elections, I explain how recent campaign finance reforms and a series of injustices provoking women’s emotive power yielded important resources catalysing the candidacies of women, especially Black women. The findings suggest that defraying campaign costs offers a potent mechanism for levelling the playing field, and remind us that women’s political ambition is shaped by their ‘relationally embedded’ risk assessment, constrained in no small part by the masculinised ethos of party politics.
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MARTIN, GREGORY J., i ZACHARY PESKOWITZ. "Agency Problems in Political Campaigns: Media Buying and Consulting". American Political Science Review 112, nr 2 (20.12.2017): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055417000594.
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Advertising expenditures in congressional campaigns are made not directly by campaigns themselves but indirectly though intermediary firms. Using a new dataset of revenues and costs of these firms, we study the markups that these firms charge candidates. We find that markups are higher for inexperienced candidates relative to experienced candidates, and PACs relative to candidates. We also find significant differences across the major parties: firms working for Republicans charge higher prices, exert less effort, and induce less responsiveness in their clients’ advertising expenditures to electoral circumstances than do their Democratic counterparts. We connect this observation to the distribution of ideology among individual consulting firm employees, arguing that these higher rents incentivize consultants to work against their intrinsic ideological motivations. The internal organization of firms reflects an attempt to mitigate this conflict of interest; firms are composed of ideologically homogeneous employees, and are more likely to work for ideologically proximate clients.
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Sonderholm, Jorn. "Wild-Card Patent Extensions as a Means to Incentivize Research and Development of Antibiotics". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, nr 2 (2009): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00368.x.
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Antibiotic resistance is a serious public health problem on a global scale. In both developed and developing countries, the unpleasant consequences of the phenomenon are being felt. Bacterial diseases that in prior years were relatively easy and cheap to cure are now proving exceedingly difficult and expensive to treat because resistant strains have developed. A number of measures can be implemented in order to minimize the problem of antibiotic resistance. Conservation efforts on the use of antibiotics, educational campaigns about hygienic behavior, “cycling efforts” of antibiotics, efforts to stamp out misuse of antibiotics (of both the over- and under-use kind), and efforts to monitor and share information about the spread of resistant strains are examples of such measures. It is instructive to think of these measures as belonging to the “demand-side conservation response” to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Luo, Yawen. "The Mechanism of DIF’s Effect on Economic Growth: Evidence from Seven Countries". Advances in Economics and Management Research 5, nr 1 (6.05.2023): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.5.1.379.2023.
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Digital Financial Inclusion (DIF) gains growing momentum as digitalization accelerates and financial technologies burgeon in recent years. This study finds some causes of DIF's impact on economic growth with multiple linear regression analyses under mediating variables. Based on data from seven global countries from 2011-2021, the empirical result finds that innovation, coverage, literacy, and attitude play essential roles in driving economic growth in DIF, respectively, and cooperatively. Future implications derived from the results are that policymakers should incentivize investments in R&D, network infrastructure, financial education programs, and financial awareness campaigns, enhance consumer protection against malpractice and fraud, and foster trust by strengthening regulations on corporate responsibility.
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Reyes-Housholder, Catherine, i Gwynn Thomas. "Gendered Incentives, Party Support, and Viable Female Presidential Candidates in Latin America". Comparative Politics 53, nr 2 (1.01.2021): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5129/001041521x15934682940546.
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Women hold less than 10 percent of chief executive positions worldwide. Understanding how women democratically access these posts requires theorizing how they gain resources from established parties to mount viable electoral campaigns. We argue that in stable regimes marked by representational malaise parties respond to gendered incentives and nominate female candidates. Drawing on Latin American cases, we show how diverse parties nominated women in order to signal change or novelty, to credibly commit to "feminine" leadership and issues, and to mobilize female voters. A negative case depicts how a lack of representational critiques can fail to incentivize parties to back women instead of men. Our focus on gendered incentives provides a new framework that places political parties at the center of questions about women's electoral opportunities.
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Liu, Xiang, Weiwei Wu, Minming Li i Wanyuan Wang. "Budget Feasible Mechanisms Over Graphs". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, nr 6 (18.05.2021): 5549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i6.16698.
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This paper studies the budget-feasible mechanism design over graphs, where a buyer wishes to procure items from sellers, and all participants (the buyer and sellers) can only directly interact with their neighbors during the auction campaign. The problem for the buyer is to use the limited budget to incentivize sellers to propagate auction information to their neighbors, thereby more sellers will be informed of the auction and more item value will be procured. An impossibility result shows that the large-market assumption is necessary. We propose efficient budget-feasible diffusion mechanisms for large markets that simultaneously guarantee individual rationality, budget-feasibility, strong budget-balance, incentive-compatibility to report private costs and diffuse auction information. Moreover, the proposed mechanisms achieve logarithmic approximation that the total procured value is within a logarithmic factor of the optimal solution. Compared to most related budget-feasible mechanisms, which do not take the individual interactions among sellers into account, our mechanisms can incentivize sellers to further propagate auction information to other potential sellers. Meanwhile, existing related diffusion mechanisms only focus on seller-centric auctions and fail to satisfy the budget-feasibility of the buyer.
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Barrage, Lint, Eric Chyn i Justine Hastings. "Advertising and Environmental Stewardship: Evidence from the BP Oil Spill". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 12, nr 1 (1.02.2020): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20160555.
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This paper explores whether private markets can incentivize environmental stewardship. We examine the consumer response to the 2010 BP oil spill and test how BP’s investment in the 2000–2008 “Beyond Petroleum” green advertising campaign affected this response. We find evidence consistent with consumer punishment: BP station margins and volumes declined by 2.9 cents per gallon and 4.2 percent, respectively, in the month after the spill. However, pre-spill advertising significantly dampened the price response, and may have reduced brand switching by BP stations. These results indicate that firms may have incentives to engage in green advertising without investments in environmental stewardship. (JEL D12, D83, G31, L71, M37, Q53, Q56)
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e Castro, Luciano Thomé, Marcos Fava Neves, W. Scott Downey i Manami Kawagushi Torres. "The Brazilian cotton marketing initiative: ‘Sou de Algodão’ case". International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, nr 5 (15.06.2018): 669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0025.
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This case shares the experience of Arlindo Moura, president of ABRAPA (Brazilian Association of Cotton Producers), who led the implementation of a plan to incentivize the use of cotton in Brazil. The plan was built after analyzing the relevant cotton value chain, which includes producers, spinners, textile manufacturers, clothing manufacturers, fashion influencers, universities and consumers. A network of service providers and supporters were aligned around the objective of growing the volume of cotton used throughout the chain. The case shows the strategy behind the campaigns and several promotional actions. Students are presented with challenges related to moving the effort forward following a successful program launch and are asked to consider what ABRAPA should consider in order to establish a continuous, long term and self-sustained effort of increasing cotton demand. Marketing, finance and governance issues are included.
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Sirpal, Sanjeev, i Natasha Chandok. "Barriers to hepatitis C diagnosis and treatment in the DAA era: Preliminary results of a community-based survey of primary care practitioners". Canadian Liver Journal 5, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/canlivj-2021-0032.
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Notwithstanding the groundbreaking achievement of hepatitis C curative treatment with direct-acting antiviral therapies, Canada faces an uphill battle in reaching the 2030 goal of viral elimination set forth by the World Health Organization, a goal made more difficult by the COVID-19 pandemic. There is limited understanding of the diagnostic and treatment barriers, and challenges in linkage to care in Canada, especially as it pertains to primary care providers in a community context. Therefore, in this article, the authors conducted a survey study to evaluate the following factors: primary care providers’ knowledge of specialist treatment options and the importance of screening and treatment; and patient factors, including transportation, linguistic barriers, and other socio-economic status indicators that impact the screening and management of hepatitis C. The results suggest that public health campaigns that protocolize and/or incentivize screening and referrals may provide solutions to addressing such barriers.
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Carnalla, Martha, Ana Basto-Abreu, Dalia Stern, Sergio Bautista-Arredondo, Teresa Shamah-Levy, Celia M. Alpuche-Aranda, Juan Rivera-Dommarco i Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez. "Acceptance, refusal and hesitancy of Covid-19 vaccination in Mexico: Ensanut 2020 Covid-19". Salud Pública de México 63, nr 5 (3.09.2021): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/12696.
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Objective. To estimate the willingness to vaccinate against Covid-19 (acceptance) in the Mexican population and to identify socioeconomic factors associated with vaccine hesitancy and refusal. Materials and methods. We estimated the acceptance, refusal and hesitancy proportions using data from the Covid-19 National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted from August to November 2020. Factors associated with refusal and hesitancy were explored using multinomial logistic regression. Results. Covid-19 vaccination acceptance was 62.3%, refusal 28.2% and hesitancy 9.5%. Refusal and hesitancy were associated with being female, having older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status and working in the informal sector. Conclusion. National campaigns to incentivize vaccine acceptance need to consider specific subgroups were the likelihood of hesitancy and refusal is high. In Mexico, refusal and hesitancy were higher in vulnerable groups, and people at a higher risk of Covid-19 complications and death.
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Kalinin, Kirill. "Linking Preference Falsification and Election Fraud in Electoral Autocracies: The Case of Russia". Political Studies 66, nr 1 (22.09.2017): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321717706013.
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This study sheds new light on whether responses to public opinion polls, namely, preference falsification, can affect the level of election fraud by employing Kuran’s model of preference falsification, which is empirically tested on the data collected from the most recent presidential campaign in Russia (2012). My research findings reveal the presence of a statistically significant effect of preference falsification on election fraud, thus enabling me to conclude that preference falsification is, indeed, conducive to election fraud. My findings can be generalised to a broad set of electoral autocracies, enabling scholars to get a better understanding of the mechanism by which survey polls can incentivise officials to commit election fraud.
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Rada, Elena Cristina, Elena Romenovna Magaril, Marco Schiavon, Anzhelika Karaeva, Maxim Chashchin i Vincenzo Torretta. "MSW Management in Universities: Sharing Best Practices". Sustainability 12, nr 12 (22.06.2020): 5084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125084.
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The optimization of municipal solid waste management requires the re-organization of niche sectors too. The sector of the university is not fully explored from the scientific point of view. The creation of networks among universities in order to face this issue allows an exchange of expertise also at an international level as demonstrated in this article, by three case studies: two Italian (University of Trento and University of Insubria) and one Russian (Ural Federal University) universities. This study highlights the pros and cons of each university in terms of waste management. Specifically, setting up communication campaigns, standard procedures, monitoring actions, pricing strategies that incentivize selective collection, and improving the collaboration within the university community are identified as crucial initiatives. The margins of improvement of the three universities analyzed are favored by the composition of the generated waste. The implementation of good practices can give economic advantages to the universities, besides improving their level of sustainability.
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Moore, Matthew D., Shabana Ali, Danielle Burnich-Line, Whitney Gonzales i Michael V. Stanton. "Stigma, Opioids, and Public Health Messaging: The Need to Disentangle Behavior From Identity". American Journal of Public Health 110, nr 6 (czerwiec 2020): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305628.
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Stigma plays an important role in understanding successful interventions to control the opioid epidemic in the United States. Stigma has been described both as an agent to incentivize positive health behavior and as an agent of marginalization contributing to poorer health. Past scholarship has argued that stigma has positively motivated public health changes, for example, among tobacco users; it has also been associated with discrimination against vulnerable individuals, resulting in increasingly poorer health behaviors, for example in relation to HIV-prevention messaging. The discourse on stigma may conflate the denormalization of unhealthy behaviors with wholesale rejection of individual identities. More effective interventions would counter stigma against people who use opioids in general and specifically denormalize opioid misuse. These interventions might alter the effect of public health messaging and ultimately improve outcomes. We argue that public health educators and communication campaigns can contribute to positive social norm change and motivate healthy behaviors by incorporating strategies that attempt to disentangle unhealthy behaviors from identity.
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R. George, Daniel, Jennifer L. Kraschnewski, Liza S. Rovniak, Lindsay Vaughn i Judy Dillon. "Barriers to sustaining customer participation in hospital-based farmers’ markets: insights from employees". Journal of Hospital Administration 4, nr 3 (30.03.2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v4n3p20.
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92 farmers’ markets are located on hospital campuses in the United States but no known studies have evaluated factors influencing employee use of on-site markets. We examine modifiable barriers that reduced employee participation in a hospital-based market at Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center. 360 employees of Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center who used a weekly on-site seasonal market less than twice annually were sent an online survey, and frequency of response data were analyzed. Most frequently referenced barriers to participation were: location/access to the market, personal work schedules, cost of market products, and hours of operation, while top perceived benefits were support of local agriculture, health benefits, atmosphere/environment, and affordability. Hospital markets using value-based marketing campaigns to promote local economic and individual health benefits of participation, maximize convenience and access, and incentivize attendance are likely to sustain employee participation. These modifiable features may be relevant to worksite markets in diverse regions.
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Malone, Iris. "Economic shocks and militant formation". Research & Politics 9, nr 2 (kwiecień 2022): 205316802210914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20531680221091436.
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A prominent debate in the civil war literature asks whether commodity price shocks incentivize fighting, but existing analyses find inconsistent results. This paper shows these results arise, in part, because research conflates the decision to form a militant campaign with the start of civil conflict. Using original data on 973 militant groups, I sequentially disaggregate between civil conflict onset and the earlier stage of militant mobilization. I use fixed effect regression methods to test for indirect and interaction effects that could obscure the shock-civil conflict relationship. First, I estimate the effect of export commodity price shocks on mobilization onset. Second, I re-examine the shock-civil conflict relationship conditioning on the number of militant groups mobilizing at the time of the shock. The results show economic shocks indirectly increase the risk of civil conflict by driving militant formation. Disaggregating these stages of militant activity advances research about two-stage conflict processes as well as the indirect causes of violence.
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Lohse, Barbara, Kathryn Faulring i Claire Cook. "Facebook Is a Useful Recruitment Strategy for a Randomized Clinical Trial of a Lifestyle Approach to Reverse Metabolic Syndrome". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29.05.2020): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa056_020.
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Abstract Objectives Design and evaluate a Facebook (FB) campaign to recruit a select sample with metabolic syndrome (MetS) to participate in a telephone screening for inclusion in a randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of a lifestyle medicine intervention to reverse MetS. Methods Inclusion and exclusion criteria for participation in the Enhanced Lifestyles for Metabolic Syndrome (ELM) study informed development of a FB ad, utilizing FB guidelines. After clicking a FB ad, co-morbidity and contact information to schedule a screening call were captured via survey using a Qualtrics platform. Phone screen eligibility was defined as having no listed co-morbidities. Providing contact information in addition was deemed to be complete and phone screen-ready. Phone screen eligibility and readiness frequencies were compared to FB campaign performance data on reach, link clicks, demographics and costing using the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES) system. Participation was not incentivized. Results The 14-day FB campaign, driven by 11 phrases pertinent to MetS, had a potential reach of 690,000 with ad impressions on 33,243 unique FB accounts resulting in 1160 ad clicks. Ad impressions appeared mostly in female accounts; 90% of ad clickers were female from 18 to 65y or higher; the majority were >45y. Costs ranged from $.47 to $.83/click (averaged $0.61). Total campaign costs were $708.57. Of the 1160 ad clicks, 422 moved past survey page 1, 114 were eligible for phone screening and 85 were phone screen-ready. Of the 85 that provided contact details, 51 completed the phone screen and 21 were deemed eligible for the ELM baseline assessment. CHERRIES response rates were: View 3.5%; Survey participation 36.4%; Phone screen eligible 27% and Completion 74.6%. Of those who clicked on the ad, 7.3% were Phone screen-ready and 20.1% starting the survey were Phone screen-ready. Costs were $6.216 to recruit a phone screen eligible person; $8.336/phone screen-ready person; $13.894/phone screen completion and $33.741/ELM baseline screen eligible subject. Personnel time was <4 h for the FB campaign. Conclusions FB was a cost-effective strategy, requiring minimal personnel investment, to recruit subjects to a MetS clinical trial with demanding inclusion/exclusion criteria. Funding Sources William G. McGowan Charitable Fund, Wegmans School of Health & Nutrition, RIT.
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Lee, Yi-Shin, Michael Chia i John Komar. "A Systematic Review of Physical Activity Intervention Programs in ASEAN Countries: Efficacy and Future Directions". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 9 (28.04.2022): 5357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095357.
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A systematic review was conducted on the efficacy of interventions to improve physical activity. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were scanned for eligible studies published from 1978 to August 2021, resulting in a total of 52 relevant studies for review. The Downs and Black checklist was used as a quality assessment ool for a risk of bias assessment. The 52 studies were then broadly categorised into three major approach types: informational, behavioural and/or social, as well as direct. Within each major approach, studies were further sub-categorised into more specific intervention types before being assessed for their efficacy and applicability. Overall, the intervention types that seemed to be the most efficacious in increasing physical activity levels were those that involved home-based information provision, community-wide campaigns, incentivised change, individually adapted health behaviour programs, family-based social support interventions and the provision of self-monitoring tools. However, the results must be interpreted holistically, as many of the successful interventions included more than one approach type and success is likely contingent on effectively addressing several concurrent facets. The systematic review is registered on PROSPERO. Registration number: 282752.
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Luo, Yuan, i Nicholas R. Jennings. "A Differential Privacy Mechanism that Accounts for Network Effects for Crowdsourcing Systems". Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 69 (3.12.2020): 1127–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12158.
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In crowdsourcing systems, it is important for the crowdsource campaign initiator to incentivize users to share their data to produce results of the desired computational accuracy. This problem becomes especially challenging when users are concerned about the privacy of their data. To overcome this challenge, existing work often aims to provide users with differential privacy guarantees to incentivize privacy-sensitive users to share their data. However, this work neglects the network effect that a user enjoys greater privacy protection when he aligns his participation behaviour with that of other users. To explore this network effect, we formulate the interaction among users regarding their participation decisions as a population game, because a user’s welfare from the interaction depends not only on his own participation decision but also the distribution of others’ decisions. We show that the Nash equilibrium of this game consists of a threshold strategy, where all users whose privacy sensitivity is below a certain threshold will participate and the remaining users will not. We characterize the existence and uniqueness of this equilibrium, which depends on the privacy guarantee, the reward provided by the initiator and the population size. Based on this equilibria analysis, we design the PINE (Privacy Incentivization with Network Effects) mechanism and prove that it maximizes the initiator’s payoff while providing participating users with a guaranteed degree of privacy protection. Numerical simulations, on both real and synthetic data, show that (i) PINE improves the initiator’s expected payoff by up to 75%, compared to state of the art mechanisms that do not consider this effect; (ii) the performance gain by exploiting the network effect is particularly good when the majority of users are flexible over their privacy attitudes and when there are a large number of low quality task performers.
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Sreeramoju, Pranavi, Karla Voy-Hatter, Calvin White, Rosechelle Ruggiero, Carlos Girod, Joseph Minei, Karen Garvey i in. "Results and lessons from a hospital-wide initiative incentivised by delivery system reform to improve infection prevention and sepsis care". BMJ Open Quality 10, nr 1 (luty 2021): e001189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2020-001189.
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BackgroundAn academic safety-net hospital leveraged the federally funded state Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment programme to implement a hospital-wide initiative to reduce healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and improve sepsis care.MethodsThe study period was from 2013 to 2017. The setting is a 770-bed urban hospital with six intensive care units and a large emergency department. Key interventions implemented were (1) awareness campaign and clinician engagement, (2) implementation of HAI and sepsis bundles, (3) education of clinical personnel using standardised curriculum on bundles, (4) training of key managers, leaders and personnel in quality improvement methods, and (5) electronic medical record-based clinical decision support. Throughout the 5-year period, staff received frequent, clear, visible and consistent messages from leadership regarding the importance of their participation in this initiative, performing hand hygiene and preventing potential regulatory failures. Several process measures including bundle compliance, hand hygiene and culture of safety were monitored. The primary outcomes were rates of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), surgical site infection (SSI) and sepsis mortality.ResultsFrom 2013 to 2017, the hospital-wide rates of HAI reduced: CLABSI from 1.6 to 0.8 per 1000 catheter-days (Poisson regression estimate: −0.19; 95% CI −0.29 to −0.09; p=0.0002), CAUTI from 4.7 to 1.3 per 1000 catheter-days (−0.34; −0.43 to −0.26; p<0.0001) and SSI after 18 types of procedures from 3.4% to 1.3% (−0.29; −0.34 to −0.24; p<0.0001). Mortality of patients presenting to emergency department with sepsis reduced from 9.4% to 2.9% (−0.42; −0.49 to −0.36; p<0.0001). Adherence to bundles of care and hand hygiene and the hospital culture of patient safety improved. Results were sustained through 2019.ConclusionA hospital-wide initiative incentivised by the Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment programme succeeded in reducing HAI and sepsis mortality over 5 years in a sustainable manner.
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Guess, Andrew M., Pablo Barberá, Simon Munzert i JungHwan Yang. "The consequences of online partisan media". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, nr 14 (29.03.2021): e2013464118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013464118.
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What role do ideologically extreme media play in the polarization of society? Here we report results from a randomized longitudinal field experiment embedded in a nationally representative online panel survey (N = 1,037) in which participants were incentivized to change their browser default settings and social media following patterns, boosting the likelihood of encountering news with either a left-leaning (HuffPost) or right-leaning (Fox News) slant during the 2018 US midterm election campaign. Data on ≈ 19 million web visits by respondents indicate that resulting changes in news consumption persisted for at least 8 wk. Greater exposure to partisan news can cause immediate but short-lived increases in website visits and knowledge of recent events. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, however, we find little evidence of a direct impact on opinions or affect. Still, results from later survey waves suggest that both treatments produce a lasting and meaningful decrease in trust in the mainstream media up to 1 y later. Consistent with the minimal-effects tradition, direct consequences of online partisan media are limited, although our findings raise questions about the possibility of subtle, cumulative dynamics. The combination of experimentation and computational social science techniques illustrates a powerful approach for studying the long-term consequences of exposure to partisan news.
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Krause, Peter. "The Structure of Success: How the Internal Distribution of Power Drives Armed Group Behavior and National Movement Effectiveness". International Security 38, nr 3 (styczeń 2014): 72–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00148.
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When and why do national movements succeed? What explains variation in the use and effectiveness of political violence employed by nationalist groups? Groups pursue common strategic goals against external enemies, such as the founding of a new state, while engaging in zero-sum competition for organizational dominance with internal rivals in their national movement. The distribution of power within a national movement provides its structure, which serves as the key variable for both the internal and external struggle. The hierarchical position of groups within the movement drives their actions, while the number of significant groups in the movement drives its effectiveness. Contrary to existing scholarship that treats nonstate coercers as unitary or suggests that united or fragmented movements perform best, hegemonic movements with one significant group are most likely to succeed. Hegemonic movement structure incentivizes the pursuit of shared strategic goals; reduces counterproductive violent mechanisms and foreign meddling; and improves the movement's coherence in strategy, clarity in signaling, and credibility in threats and assurances to yield strategic success. Analysis of seventeen campaigns involving sixteen groups within the Palestinian and Algerian national movements reveals that the power distribution theory explains greater variation in the effectiveness of national movements than previous scholarship.
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Seaton, Donna, Diane Ashiru-Oredope, Jordan Charlesworth, Isla Gemmell i Roger Harrison. "Evaluating UK Pharmacy Workers’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour towards Antimicrobial Stewardship and Assessing the Impact of Training in Community Pharmacy". Pharmacy 10, nr 4 (16.08.2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10040098.
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The Antibiotic Guardian (AG) campaign, developed in 2014 is an online ‘pledge’ approach to engage health workers and the public about antimicrobial resistance. It is underpinned by models of science communication and behaviour change. Since its launch until the end of 2021, more than 140,000 individuals pledged. A service evaluation was conducted to determine the impact of the campaign upon UK pharmacy workers, in response to national training introduced in 2020. Pledged pharmacy workers were sent an online questionnaire collating demographics, self-reported behaviour and opportunity to support prudent antibiotic use. It also investigated respondents’ daily practice and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) efforts, and motivations for pledging. Capability was measured with a set of knowledge questions. Awareness of changes to the Community Pharmacy Quality Scheme in England to include incentivized training on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was explored. Of the 5344 pharmacy workers invited to participate, 783 (14.6%) responded to the survey. There was a statistically significant difference between job roles and capability score. Pharmacists, including Academic and Hospital Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians reported higher confidence and capability scores than Dispensers and Pharmacy Assistants (F = 13.776, p = 0.0002). Respondents reported strong knowledge on antimicrobial resistance and high confidence in fulfilling their AG stewardship pledge within daily practices (92.7% of all respondents answered all capability questions, as measured by knowledge, correctly). Two thirds of respondents (61.6% (423/693)) agreed or strongly agreed that they had access to and were able to utilise local antibiotic prescribing guidance and a similar proportion of responding community pharmacists (60%) were aware of the content of their workplace AMS plans. No statistically significant relationships were found between motivations for pledging and subsequent behaviour; pledging due to mandatory requirements of work-place training was the most common answer in both 2019 (42%) and 2020 (54%) cohorts. This evaluation supports the value of the AG pledge-based approach to engage and educate pharmacy workers. Reflections show its impact on increasing evidence-based stewardship for pharmacy workers and their response to mandatory training requirement by employers highlights the effectiveness of the AG campaign to promote AMS within pharmacy teams.
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Maarman, G. J. G. "Pulmonary hypertension in developing countries: Limiting factors in time to diagnosis, specialised medications and contextualised recommendations". African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine 28, nr 1 (1.05.2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/ajtccm.2022.v28i1.176.
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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease with no cure. Combination therapy that includes several specialised medications can improve survival and quality of life. However, there are many challenges, and these include a lack of effective screening tools, misdiagnosis and late diagnosis, a lack of awareness among clinicians and patients, expensive PH medication and the unavailability of these medications in many developing countries. Based on the literature, this paper provides helpful approaches and ‘out of the box’ ideas to try to surmount these challenges. We make the following recommendations: develop better (contextually fitting) screening tools, investigate novel therapeutics or novel drug targets, implement incentivised and accredited training for clinicians and implement awareness campaigns (by using traditional and social media and promoting awareness at healthcare or educational institutions). Other recommendations include greater advocacy that engages public and private funders, combine scarce skills and networks of social sciences and implementation sciences and invite nonprofit organisations to the fight against PH in conjunction with researchers. Furthermore, the implementation of breathlessness clinics in rural areas can be helpful, as well as the investigation of the biomarker potential of genetic mutations or unique gene signatures of patients during research. We hope that healthcare professionals, researchers, scientists and regulatory authorities or research bodies, can use our recommendations in a practical setting, especially in developing countries where resources are limited and the healthcare burden is high.
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Naroditskiy, Victor, Sebastian Stein, Mirco Tonin, Long Tran-Thanh, Michael Vlassopoulos i Nicholas Jennings. "Referral Incentives in Crowdfunding". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 2 (5.09.2014): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v2i1.13147.
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Word-of-mouth, referral, or viral marketing is a highly sought-after way of advertising. In this paper, we investigate whether such marketing can be encouraged through incentive mechanisms, thus allowing an organisation to effectively crowdsource their marketing. Specifically, we undertake a field experiment that compares several mechanisms for incentivising social media shares in support of a charitable cause. Our experiment takes place on a website promoting a fundraising drive by a large cancer research charity. Site visitors who sign up to support the cause are asked to spread the word about it on Facebook, Twitter or other channels. They are randomly assigned to one of four treatments that differ in the way social sharing activities are incentivised. Under the control treatment, no extra incentive is provided. Under two of the other mechanisms, the sharers are offered a fixed number of points that help take the campaign further. We compare low and high levels of such incentives for direct referrals. In the final treatment, we adopt a multi-level incentive mechanism that rewards direct as well as indirect referrals (where referred contacts refer others). We find that providing a high level of incentives results in a statistically significant increase in sharing behaviour and resulting signups. Our data does not indicate a statistically significant increase for the low and multi-level incentive mechanisms.
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Sridharan, Vamsi Krishna, Saurav Kumar i Swetha Madhur Kumar. "Can Remote Sensing Fill the United States’ Monitoring Gap for Watershed Management?" Water 14, nr 13 (21.06.2022): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14131985.
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Remote sensing has been heralded as the silver bullet in water quality modeling and watershed management, and yet a quantitative mapping of where its applicability is likely and most useful has not been undertaken so far. Here, we combine geospatial models of cloud cover as a proxy for the likelihood of acquiring remote scenes and the shortest time of travel to population centers as a proxy for accessibility to ground-truth remote sensing data for water quality monitoring and produce maps of the potential of remote sensing in watershed management in the United States. We generate several maps with different cost-payoff relationships to help stakeholders plan and incentivize remote sensing-based monitoring campaigns. Additionally, we combine these remote sensing potential maps with spatial indices of population, water demand, ecosystem services, pollution risk, and monitoring coverage deficits to identify where remote sensing likely has the greatest role to play. We find that the Southwestern United States and the Central plains regions are generally suitable for remote sensing for watershed management even under the most stringent costing projections, but that the potential for using remote sensing can extend further North and East as constraints are relaxed. We also find large areas in the Southern United States and sporadic watersheds in the Northeast and Northwest seaboards and the Midwest would likely benefit most from using remote sensing for watershed monitoring. Although developed herein for watershed decision support in the United States, our approach is readily generalizable to other environmental domains and across the world.
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Del Maestro, Adrian, i Craig Stevens. "Turning the tide: the transformation of the North Sea". APPEA Journal 60, nr 2 (2020): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19115.
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As part of the Sea Change campaign, we looked at the evolution of the UK North Sea, interviewing over 20 senior stakeholders across the value chain ranging from operators, oil services and regulators, to academia, private equity and banks. We collected their views across three themes: (1) Competitiveness of the basin – Recognition that the supply chain in the basin has been exposed to enough pressure and was not sustainable going forward. New business models were required to incentivise collaboration between operators and oil services. (2) Investment in the basin – Respondents confirmed that private equity and smaller operators would continue to play a major role. However, in a post private equity world, the emergence of private capital from developing countries might proliferate in the North Sea. (3) Energy transition and impact on the basin – For investors it was increasingly challenging to justify investments in oil and gas due to commodity price volatility and growing concerns around environmental, social and governance themes. Nevertheless, the sector had a need to articulate the value it brought and the importance of hydrocarbons in facilitating the energy transition. The basin has the potential to become a ‘test laboratory’ for the energy transition – from low carbon solutions to decommissioning. All these themes are extremely relevant to the Australian upstream sector. We explore the emergence of new partnership models between operators and oil field services and how a mature basin continues to attract investment and adapt to a lower carbon world.
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Charters, Ben, i Troy Heffernan. "A conceptual model identifying apartment owners' attitude formation towards solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption". Property Management 39, nr 3 (15.03.2021): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-08-2020-0049.
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PurposeThis paper addresses the current lack of solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption by Australian apartment dwellers by proposing a conceptual model that identifies and integrates the factors influencing owners' attitudes towards PV adoption.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual model, which this paper terms the apartment-based solar adoption (ASA) model, is developed by applying motivation–opportunity–ability (MOA) theory to relevant findings in property development, green energy and strata governance literature.FindingsThe ASA model demonstrates the process by which an apartment-owning consumer may progress from considering solar PV adoption to recommending the action to their strata property's Owners' Committee (OC). It incorporates three motivational drivers (pragmatic considerations, perceived values and perceived social norms), three conditional mediators (location accessibility, resource availability and decision-making conditions) and three requirements from the consumer (actual and perceived knowledge, the ability to participate in decision-making and social connections and status).Research limitations/implicationsThis article contributes originality to research on two counts. Firstly, it provides a conceptual framework of specific relevance to issues concerning solar PV adoption, and secondly, it offers a systematic means for research into strata governance decision-making. Further research is required to develop the means with which to utilise the model prescriptively and measure longitudinal effects, such as ongoing trends in apartment owners' motivations. Further research is also recommended into how the ASA model may be utilised to identify generalisable consumer typologies among apartment owners.Practical implicationsThe ASA model may assist building maintenance providers in developing and marketing solar PV services tailored to apartment residents' requirements and enhance strata managers' ability to inform and guide apartment owners. In turn, property developers would be able to review apartment-based solar projects, measure their increased value and decreased energy costs and incorporate this information when planning future developments.Social implicationsThe ASA model may provide a template for apartment owners and owners' corporations considering solar PV for their property. Public policymakers could also refer to the model to incentivise apartment-based solar PV adoption, whether through designing local information campaigns, developing financial incentives or mitigating identified regulatory barriers. By facilitating solar PV adoption in Australian apartment housing, the model may ensure sustainable post-carbon energy consumption for Australia's housing stock and act as an example for high-density housing development internationally.Originality/valueThe ASA model addresses the many drivers and barriers known to affect solar PV adoption by apartment owners, presenting a framework on which to arrange these factors and outline their causal relationships. This framework may inform strata properties' future solar PV adoption initiatives by incorporating their specific physical characteristics, stakeholder dynamics and institutional structure. It also consolidates and provides generalisability to the concepts established in current literature.
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KÖBIS, NILS C., MARLEEN TROOST, CYRIL O. BRANDT i IVAN SORAPERRA. "Social norms of corruption in the field: social nudges on posters can help to reduce bribery". Behavioural Public Policy, 20.12.2019, 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2019.37.
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Abstract Corruption in the form of bribery continues to be a major societal challenge around the world. The current lab-in-the-field study tested whether dynamic descriptive norms messages on posters can help to reduce bribery. Before, during and after placing posters throughout a medium-sized South African town, incentivized measures of social norms and bribery were assessed in a mobile lab. A total of 311 participants stemming from the general population took part. In line with the pre-registered predictions, the results reveal that people: (1) perceive bribery to be less common; and (b) engage in bribery in a corruption game less frequently when the posters were displayed. The discussion outlines how social norms nudging campaigns can be leveraged to spur collective action against corruption.
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Doherty, Brendan J. "Presidential Party Fundraising in Hopes of Not Having to Govern by Himself". Forum 12, nr 1 (1.01.2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/for-2014-0016.
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AbstractThe extent to which presidents embrace the role of electoral leader of their party is important but relatively understudied. Each of the past three presidents devoted substantial time to the role of chief party fundraiser during his first 2 years in office, hoping to avoid having to govern by himself in the final 2 years of his first term. Key institutional and contextual factors drive these dynamics. Presidents are incentivized to spend time fundraising for their co-partisans because of the interaction of the high costs of campaigns and the contribution limits mandated by campaign finance laws in an era of intense partisan competition. While even unpopular presidents are in demand as fundraisers, popularity does relate to fundraising dynamics. An unpopular Bill Clinton aggressively embraced fundraising efforts behind closed doors in his first 2 years in office, supporting his fellow Democrats with a kind of hidden-hand leadership, while over 90% of George W. Bush’s fundraisers were open to the media in 2001 and 2002, as his popularity surged following 9/11. Popularity makes a difference in terms of where presidents raise money for their fellow party members as well. While Clinton and Barack Obama largely confined their efforts to states in which they had found electoral support, the more popular Bush headlined fundraisers for fellow Republicans in states across the political spectrum. Presidents’ efforts can win them more political allies in elected office, but also expose them to criticism and may make it more difficult for presidents to work across the aisle on questions of public policy.
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Liou, Ryan Yu-Lin, Amanda Murdie i Dursun Peksen. "Pressures From Home and Abroad: Economic Sanctions and Target Government Response to Domestic Campaigns". Journal of Conflict Resolution, 12.08.2022, 002200272211182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220027221118249.
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What effect do economic sanctions have on target governments’ response to citizen campaigns? We assert that sanctions as a signal of international support for campaigners alter the bargaining environment between a target state and the campaign in ways that will likely draw more support from citizens and defections from the ruling base. This will in turn incentivize target leaders to be more conciliatory toward domestic campaigns with maximalist goals, especially when such campaigns are nonviolent. Results from a time-series, cross-national data analysis indicate that sanctions, particularly when they are enforced by multiple senders or with high cost, are effective in increasing the success rate of nonviolent campaigns. Given the plethora of sanctions research that points to their inefficacy and adverse effects, we show that sanctions could be an effective tool to extract concessions from governments facing nonviolent campaigns.
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Rulisa, Alexis, Luuk van Kempen i Dirk-Jan Koch. "Exploring willingness-to-pay for ‘malaria-free’ rice among rural consumers in Rwanda: examining the potential for a local voluntary standard". Agricultural and Food Economics 11, nr 1 (17.08.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40100-023-00271-w.
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AbstractRice cultivation in Sub-Saharan Africa produces a negative externality in the form of higher malaria risk. Larval source management, such as the application of bio-larvicides in rice fields, is available to mitigate the problem. However, the cost of larvicide and the corresponding spraying campaigns is such that rice farmers are unable to carry all of the financial burden themselves. This study explores in a rice-growing area of Rwanda whether, and to what extent, local consumers are willing to share this burden through their consumption choices. In a non-incentivized format, we elicit willingness-to-pay from 290 respondents for locally produced rice that is cultivated in either sprayed or non-sprayed fields. Price premium estimates are extracted to discuss the prospects of a voluntary sustainability standard for ‘malaria-free’ rice. We observe robust support among local consumers to re-align food production and public health through the marketplace. The results thus warrant a critical reflection on the assumption in the ethical consumption literature that consumers in the Global South, especially those on low incomes in rural areas, cannot play their part.
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Robbins-Kanter, Jacob. "Undisciplined Constituency Campaign Behaviour in Canadian Federal Elections". Canadian Journal of Political Science, 13.05.2022, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423922000282.
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Abstract Scholarly research suggests that Canadian election campaigns are centralized affairs, with party headquarters managing a disciplined campaign organization across 338 federal constituencies. At the same time, local realities can incentivize constituency campaigns to deviate from their parties. This article examines the extent of local campaign discipline, given these tensions between parties’ centralizing compulsions and countervailing forces that militate against party cohesion. The article relies on original data to identify and explain the extent of local campaign behaviour that defies central party preferences and directives. It draws from interviews with 87 former candidates and eight party strategists, as well as observational data gathered from 10 constituency campaigns during the 2019 federal election. The findings indicate a relatively high level of undisciplined constituency campaign behaviour during the 2015 and 2019 elections. The article contends that this behaviour stems from insubordination, innovation and incompetence within constituency campaigns.
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Gupta, Meghna, Vitull Kumar Gupta, Navjot Kaur, Pranav Singla i Meenakshi Singla. "Effect of Non Incentivised and Incentivised Free COVID-19 Vaccination Camps in Augmentation of State’s Efforts in Achieving Vaccination Targets Necessary for Herd Immunity". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2022/52333.15929.
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Introduction: Most effective way to defeat the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is mass vaccination to achieve herd immunity which requires vaccination of about 80% of the population. Aim: To compare the effect of non incentivised and incentivised free COVID-19 vaccination camps on augmentation of state's efforts in achieving vaccination targets of covering 80% of population. Materials and Methods: Free COVID-19 vaccination camps, both non incentivised (8 days) and incentivised (8 days), were organised in month of June and July, 2021 at a hospital in association with an NGO under the supervision of District Immunisation Officer. The retrospective observational study was done and data of all vaccinations done was compared to document the effect of incentivised free vaccination camp as compared to non incentivised camps. Data was represented as frequency, percentage and Chi-square test was used. Results: Total of 4111 vaccinations were done during the free vaccination camps, including 1406 during non incentivised and 2705 during incentivised camps. During non incentivised camps 1114 people were given 1st dose and 292 were given 2nd dose, while during incentivised camps 2334 people were given 1st dose and 371 were given 2nd dose. Analysis of the data showed that the difference in number of 1st dose and 2nd dose vaccinations done during the incentivised vaccination camps was statistically significantly higher as compared to the number of 1st dose and 2nd dose vaccinations done during non incentivised vaccination camps. Similar results showed that the difference in number of vaccination done among the age groups of 18-44 years and >44 years during the incentivised vaccination camps was statistically significantly higher as compared to the number of vaccination among the age groups of 18-44 years and >44 years done during the non incentivised vaccination camps. Conclusion: The present study documented statistically significantly higher number of 1st dose of vaccinations, 2nd dose of vaccinations, vaccinations among 18-44 years age group and >44 years age group done during incentivised vaccination camps as compared to non incentivised vaccination camps. Results of the present study suggest that incentivised vaccination campaigns should be incorporated as an important component of COVID-19 vaccination campaign strategy to vaccinate enough Indian population and achieve herd immunity for protection from COVID-19 pandemic.
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Lagneaux, Elisabeth, Federico Andreotti i Charlotte M. Neher. "Cacao, copoazu and macambo: Exploring Theobroma diversity in smallholder agroforestry systems of the Peruvian Amazon". Agroforestry Systems, 1.04.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00610-0.
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AbstractOver the past decades, the general trend towards shade reduction and intensification of cacao management has led to biodiversity losses. In the Peruvian Amazon, the regional government is heavily promoting crop conversion to shift from regionally marketed foods towards cacao (Theobroma cacao) and copoazu (Theobroma grandiflorum). While this shift is already visibly impacting the farming landscape and the lives of many smallholder farmers, little is known about the reasons that drive farmers to choose certain types of Theobroma species or cacao varieties over others. In this paper, we addressed how cacao farmers perceive and manage specific and varietal Theobroma diversity. We interviewed cacao farmers (n = 20) during a seed-exchange fair and adapted a version of the four-square analysis to explore which Theobromas are currently adopted by farmers and why. The native cacao variety (cacao chuncho) was the one cultivated by most farmers, followed by the more industrial clonal varieties. The source of seeds and seedlings for the most cultivated varieties was a mix of donations by public institutions (for clonal varieties) and informal exchange among farmers (mainly for native and criollo varieties, and species i.e. macambo (Theobroma bicolor) and cacauillo (Theobroma speciosum)). The cacao varieties incentivized by public institutions were the least desired for future investment. The motivations for farmers to plant Theobromas was mainly based on the perceived current and potential market, but their desire to invest in a given species or variety was also based on pest resistance, traditional use, farm diversification and taste. Copoazu and CCN cacao varieties are produced by many households in large areas, while macambo, cacauillo and the cacao varieties TSH and porcelana are produced by few households in small areas. Our study suggests that agroforestry systems that include alternative Theobroma species are multi-strata and more diverse than cacao-based systems. It highlights the risks of agrobiodiversity loss associated with the promotion of industrial cacao varieties, and the importance of seed and seedling access for the development of diverse farming systems. We recommend the expansion of local seed-sharing networks and the extension of public cacao-donation campaigns to neglected and underutilized Theobromas with socio-economic and environmental benefits, in order to make the local farming systems more diverse and resilient.
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Artiga González, Tanja, Georg D. Granic, Franziska Heinicke, Stephanie Rosenkranz i Utz Weitzel. "Incentivized choice in large-scale voting experiments". Political Science Research and Methods, 29.08.2023, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2023.39.
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Abstract Survey experiments that investigate how voting procedures affect voting behavior and election outcomes use hypothetical questions and non-representative samples. We present here the results of a novel survey experiment that addresses both concerns. First, the winning party in our experiment receives a donation to its campaign funds inducing real consequences for voting. Second, we run an online experiment with a Dutch national representative sample (N = 1240). Our results validate previous findings using a representative sample, in particular that approval voting leads to a higher concentration in votes for smaller parties and strengthens centrist parties in comparison to plurality voting. Importantly, our results suggest that voting behavior is not affected by voting incentives and can be equally reliably elicited with hypothetical questions.
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Ahmed, Rehab. "P04 Solution fundamentals are lacking: time to seek practical ways to tackle the AMR crisis in Sudan and other similar settings". JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance 4, Supplement_2 (31.05.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlac053.004.
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Abstract Background A flood of data is showing that the silent pandemic is no longer silent. It is already here and impacting the entire world and is particularly severe in low- and middle-income countries. Objectives To highlight the scarcity of data about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Sudan, which is now devastated by the political unrest. Simultaneously the review is calling attention to the day-to-day deterioration in the infrastructural foundation necessary to combat AMR. Methods The review spans different topics related to AMR. It includes data and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance, awareness and education about AMR, awareness about immunization, healthcare infrastructure, pharmacists’ viewpoints of their current roles in the healthcare. Results Few data about AMR are published. Resistance is reported mostly based on phenotypic data. Huge gaps in the knowledge, awareness and the curricula are evidenced to be present even among medical and veterinary students. Inefficiency of regulatory bodies and lack of coordination between them is reported. Published data reflect a wide acceptance of immunization in children under 5 years old. Pharmacists are unsatisfied by their current jobs and are ready to participate better in healthcare. Conclusions The radical solutions to AMR entail building robust infrastructure for healthcare and acquiring political will, which are currently and in the foreseeable future impractical and unattainable. However, solution opportunities still exist. I see three main opportunities represented in pharmacists, immunization programmes and non-profit organizations, mainly WHO. A great deal of potential lies in the sector of pharmacists. There is a substantial number of them who are willing to contribute better to healthcare. One example is the effective engagement of pharmacists who are graduating in high qualifications and education while doing minor roles. Their engagement could be incentivized by considering the participation part of their professional growth. Contrary to the case of adults, immunization of children under 5 years is accepted and implemented largely in Sudan even in remote areas. This is the second potential solution that is worthy of investment and would pay off. WHO and similar organizations at the very least could play the role of the missing coordinator, or even better they could devise pioneering know-how programmes ready to be implemented in these countries. In these programmes, WHO will be able to attract a lot of qualified volunteers to participate in awareness and education campaigns. They also could engage higher education institutions and ministries of health.