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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Improved Accumulation Area Ratio method"
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Yang, Shengying, Huibin Qin, Xiaolin Liang i Thomas Gulliver. "An Improved Unauthorized Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Detection Algorithm Using Radiofrequency-Based Statistical Fingerprint Analysis". Sensors 19, nr 2 (11.01.2019): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020274.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are now readily available worldwide and users can easily fly them remotely using smart controllers. This has created the problem of keeping unauthorized UAVs away from private or sensitive areas where they can be a personal or public threat. This paper proposes an improved radio frequency (RF)-based method to detect UAVs. The clutter (interference) is eliminated using a background filtering method. Then singular value decomposition (SVD) and average filtering are used to reduce the noise and improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR). Spectrum accumulation (SA) and statistical fingerprint analysis (SFA) are employed to provide two frequency estimates. These estimates are used to determine if a UAV is present in the detection environment. The data size is reduced using a region of interest (ROI), and this improves the system efficiency and improves azimuth estimation accuracy. Detection results are obtained using real UAV RF signals obtained experimentally which show that the proposed method is more effective than other well-known detection algorithms. The recognition rate with this method is close to 100% within a distance of 2.4 km and greater than 90% within a distance of 3 km. Further, multiple UAVs can be detected accurately using the proposed method.
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Ma, Qinghua, Lin Chen, Manyi Du, Yongan Zhang i Yaoxiang Zhang. "Localized and Moderate Phosphorus Application Improves Plant Growth and Phosphorus Accumulation in Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. via Efficient Root System Development". Forests 11, nr 5 (19.05.2020): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050570.
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Roots have high plasticity with the ability to adapt to heterogeneous nutrient distribution, but little is known about the effects of phosphorus (P) supply methods and levels on Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. root growth and nutrient accumulation. A pot study was conducted with two P supply methods (mixed and localized application) and three levels (P-deficient, P-moderate and P-adequate). The results showed that with localized application, P-deficient and P-moderate treatments significantly improved total root length, total surface area, total length of fine roots, shoot DW and total P accumulation in Rosa multiflora compared with their respective mixed application at 45 days after being transplanted (DAT) and 92 DAT; for P-adequate supply, the same trends were observed at 45 DAT, but not at 92 DAT. At 92 DAT, with localized application, when P levels increased from P-deficient to P-moderate, total P accumulation increased by 43.3%; but when P levels increased from P-moderate to P-adequate, no effect was observed. Furthermore, higher P accumulation in leaves was observed in localized P-moderate condition; decreased P uptake per root dry weight and greater root/shoot ratio were observed in localized P-adequate at 92 DAT. Total P accumulation was positively correlated with total root length and root surface area (R2: 0.68~0.94). There was a significant interaction effect among treatment days, P supply methods and levels (p ≤ 0.05) on shoot DW, root DW, root/shoot ratio and total P accumulation. These findings indicated that localized and moderate P supply appear efficient for improving R. multiflora growth and P accumulation via efficient root system development.
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Chatterjee, Kaushik, C. S. Singh, A. K. Singh, Ashok Kr Singh i S. K. Singh. "Performance of wheat cultivars at varying fertility levels under system of wheat intensification and conventional method of wheat production system". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, nr 3 (1.09.2016): 1427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.977.
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A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2009-10 at Ranchi, Jharkhand to evaluate the performance of wheat cultivars at varying fertility levels under system of wheat intensification and conventional method of cultivation. The morpho-physiological analysis of growth and yield in wheat revealed that system of wheatintensification manifested higher total tillers m-2, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of spikes m-2, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight resulting in higher grain and straw yield over conventional method of cultivation. The net return and benefit: cost ratio as well as the nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash was also recorded significantly higher under system of wheat intensification. Higher fertility level of 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 also significantly improved the plant height, total tillers m-2, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of spikes m-2, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, net return, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. Among the wheat cultivars, K 9107 manifested significant improvement in growth attributes at all the growth stages resulting in significantly higher yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield, net return, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash than Birsa Gehu 3, HUW 468 and K 0307. Thus it can be concluded that the wheat variety K 9107 fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 under System of Wheat Intensification may able to boost up the wheat productivity under irrigated ecosystem of Chhotanagpur plateau region, India.
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He, Z. H., J. Parajka, F. Q. Tian i G. Blöschl. "Estimating degree day factors from MODIS for snowmelt runoff modeling". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, nr 7 (25.07.2014): 8697–735. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-8697-2014.
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Abstract. Degree-day factors are widely used to estimate snowmelt runoff in operational hydrological models. Usually, they are calibrated on observed runoff, and sometimes on satellite snow cover data. In this paper, we propose a new method for estimating the snowmelt degree-day factor (DDFS) directly from MODIS snow covered area (SCA) and ground based snow depth data without calibration. Subcatchment snow volume is estimated by combining SCA and snow depths. Snow density is estimated as the ratio of observed precipitation and changes in the snow volume for days with snow accumulation. Finally, DDFS values are estimated as the ratio of changes in the snow water equivalent and degree-day temperatures for days with snow melt. We compare simulations of basin runoff and snow cover patterns using spatially variable DDFS estimated from snow data with those using spatially uniform DDFS calibrated on runoff. The runoff performances using estimated DDFS are slightly improved, and the simulated snow cover patterns are significantly more plausible. The new method may help reduce some of the runoff model parameter uncertainty by reducing the total number of calibration parameters.
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He, Z. H., J. Parajka, F. Q. Tian i G. Blöschl. "Estimating degree-day factors from MODIS for snowmelt runoff modeling". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, nr 12 (3.12.2014): 4773–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4773-2014.
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Abstract. Degree-day factors are widely used to estimate snowmelt runoff in operational hydrological models. Usually, they are calibrated on observed runoff, and sometimes on satellite snow cover data. In this paper, we propose a new method for estimating the snowmelt degree-day factor (DDFS) directly from MODIS snow covered area (SCA) and ground-based snow depth data without calibration. Subcatchment snow volume is estimated by combining SCA and snow depths. Snow density is estimated to be the ratio between observed precipitation and changes in the snow volume for days with snow accumulation. Finally, DDFS values are estimated to be the ratio between changes in the snow water equivalent and difference between the daily temperature and the melt threshold value for days with snow melt. We compare simulations of basin runoff and snow cover patterns using spatially variable DDFS estimated from snow data with those using spatially uniform DDFS calibrated on runoff. The runoff performances using estimated DDFS are slightly improved, and the simulated snow cover patterns are significantly more plausible. The new method may help reduce some of the runoff model parameter uncertainty by reducing the total number of calibration parameters. This method is applied to the Lienz catchment in East Tyrol, Austria, which covers an area of 1198 km2. Approximately 70% of the basin is covered by snow in the early spring season.
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Zhu, Zijuan, Zengxiang Zhang, Lijun Zuo, Tianshi Pan, Xiaoli Zhao, Xiao Wang, Feifei Sun, Jinyong Xu i Ziyuan Liu. "Study on the Classification and Change Detection Methods of Drylands in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions". Remote Sensing 14, nr 5 (4.03.2022): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051256.
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The aim of this study was to clarify the distribution of irrigated drylands in arid and semi-arid areas, where complex terrain, diverse crops and staggered cultivated lands exist. This paper studied the classification methods of irrigated drylands based on temperature, precipitation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) from Landsat data in the one-harvest area of the northern Loess Plateau of China by using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. An extraction method was proposed for irrigated drylands in arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China. In addition, the change types of irrigated and rainfed drylands in the two periods were classified, and a method was also put forward to directly classify the change types by using the image differences between the two periods combined with the classification results of each period. It was found that combining the ratio of NDVI and NDWI with the accumulated values of temperature and precipitation of the 30 days before imaging could effectively improve the classification accuracy. Moreover, directly classifying the gaps of remote sensing factors in the time dimension before combining spatial clustering information could yield a more accurate type of change, because the accumulation of errors in the change maps obtained from the overlay analysis of distribution maps of the two periods could be avoided. The accuracy of classification could be improved by introducing the dynamic information of time dimension into the classification of historical periods. This study complements the extraction method for this type of irrigated dryland, and the classification results can improve the accuracy of existing products in terms of spatial resolution, which can fill the shortage of detailed distribution data for irrigated and rainfed drylands in this region.
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Wang, Zhi, Jiajia Zhou, Linjian Song i Long Li. "Experimental Study of Low Cycle Fatigue Properties for Epoxy Resins with Dibutyl Phthalate (Dbp)". Archives of Civil Engineering 64, nr 2 (31.12.2018): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0021.
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AbstractIn order to improve the toughness of traditional epoxy resin, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was introduced into the epoxy resin. The static mechanical performance of plasticized and unplasticized epoxy resin was evaluated. The test results showed that the DBP modified epoxy resin can obtain a higher toughness than conventional epoxy resin, but the elastic modulus and the tensile strength were slightly reduced. The low cycle fatigue test results indicated that the stress ratio and the stress level were two critical factors of fatigue life, which was increased with the growth of stress ratio. It was also found that the fatigue life of plasticized specimen was much less than that of the unplasticized specimen because of the plastic deformation. A logarithmic linear relationship was then established to predict the fatigue life for plasticized epoxy resin. The strain energy density was also applied to demonstrate the accumulation of energy loss. In addition, the fatigue toughness can be obtained by the hysteresis loop area method.
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Tawde, Sayli Atul, Anil V. Kulkarni i Govindasamy Bala. "An estimate of glacier mass balance for the Chandra basin, western Himalaya, for the period 1984–2012". Annals of Glaciology 58, nr 75pt2 (lipiec 2017): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.18.
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ABSTRACTAn improved understanding of fresh water stored in the Himalaya is crucial for water resource management in South Asia and can be inferred from glacier mass-balance estimates. However, field investigations in the rugged Himalaya are limited to a few individual glaciers and short duration. Therefore, we have recently developed an approach that combines satellite-derived snowlines, a temperature-index melt model and the accumulation-area ratio method to estimate annual mass balance of glaciers at basin scale and for a long period. In this investigation, the mass balance of 146 glaciers in the Chandra basin, western Himalaya, is estimated from 1984 to 2012. We estimate the trend in equilibrium line altitude of the basin as +113 m decade−1and the mean mass balance as −0.61 ± 0.46 m w.e. a−1. Our basin-wide mass-balance estimates are in agreement with the geodetic method during 1999–2012. Sensitivity analysis suggests that a 20% increase in precipitation can offset changes in mass balance for a 1 °C temperature rise. A water loss of 18% of the total basin volume is estimated, and 67% for small and low-altitude glaciers during 1984–2012, indicating a looming water scarcity crisis for villages in this valley.
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Sun, Yongshuai, Xinyan Zhong, Jianguo Lv i Guihe Wang. "Experimental Study on Silt Soil Improved by Microbial Solidification with the Use of Lignin". Microorganisms 11, nr 2 (20.01.2023): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020281.
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At present, in the field of geotechnical engineering and agricultural production, with increasingly serious pollution an environmentally friendly and efficient means is urgently needed to improve the soil mass. This paper mainly studied the microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology and the combined effect of MICP technology and lignin on the improvement of silt in the Beijing area. Through unconfined compressive strength and dynamic triaxial test methods, samples improved by microorganisms were studied to obtain the optimal values of cement concentration and lignin under these two test schemes. The results show that after the incubation time of Sporosarcina pasteurii reached 24 h, the OD600 value was 1.7–2.0 and the activity value (U) was 930–1000 mM ms/min. In the unconfined static pressure strength test, after MICP treatment the optimal concentration of cementitious solution for constant temperature and humidity samples and constant-temperature immersion samples was 1.25 mol/L. The compressive strength of the constant temperature and humidity sample was 1.73 MPa, and the compressive strength of the constant-temperature immersion sample was 3.62 Mpa. At the concentration of 1.25 mol/L of cement solution, MICP technology combined with lignin could improve the constant temperature and humidity silt sample. The optimal addition ratio of lignin was 4%, and its compressive strength was 1.9 MPa. The optimal lignin addition ratio of the sample soaked at a constant temperature was 3%, and the compressive strength was 4.84 MPa. In the dynamic triaxial multi-stage cyclic load test, the optimal concentration of cementation solution for the constant temperature and humidity sample after MICP treatment was 1.0 mol/L, and the failure was mainly inclined cracks. However, in the condition of joint improvement of MICP and lignin, the sample mainly had a drum-shaped deformation, the optimal lignin addition ratio was 4%, and the maximum axial load that the sample could bear was 306.08 N. When the axial dynamic load reached 300 N, the strain accumulation of the 4% group was only 2.3 mm. In this paper, lignin, an ecofriendly material, was introduced on the basis of MICP technology. According to the failure shape and relevant results of the sample, the addition of lignin was beneficial for the improvement of the compressive strength of the sample.
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Yao, Lili, Qing Wang, Jinbo Yang, Yu Zhang, Yan Zhu, Weixing Cao i Jun Ni. "UAV-Borne Dual-Band Sensor Method for Monitoring Physiological Crop Status". Sensors 19, nr 4 (17.02.2019): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040816.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with dual-band crop-growth sensors can achieve high-throughput acquisition of crop-growth information. However, the downwash airflow field of the UAV disturbs the crop canopy during sensor measurements. To resolve this issue, we used computational fluid dynamics (CFD), numerical simulation, and three-dimensional airflow field testers to study the UAV-borne multispectral-sensor method for monitoring crop growth. The results show that when the flying height of the UAV is 1 m from the crop canopy, the generated airflow field on the surface of the crop canopy is elliptical, with a long semiaxis length of about 0.45 m and a short semiaxis of about 0.4 m. The flow-field distribution results, combined with the sensor’s field of view, indicated that the support length of the UAV-borne multispectral sensor should be 0.6 m. Wheat test results showed that the ratio vegetation index (RVI) output of the UAV-borne spectral sensor had a linear fit coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.81, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.38 compared with the ASD Fieldspec2 spectrometer. Our method improves the accuracy and stability of measurement results of the UAV-borne dual-band crop-growth sensor. Rice test results showed that the RVI value measured by the UAV-borne multispectral sensor had good linearity with leaf nitrogen accumulation (LNA), leaf area index (LAI), and leaf dry weight (LDW); R2 was 0.62, 0.76, and 0.60, and RMSE was 2.28, 1.03, and 10.73, respectively. Our monitoring method could be well-applied to UAV-borne dual-band crop growth sensors.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Improved Accumulation Area Ratio method"
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Chakwizira, Emmanuel. "Growth and development of 'Pasja' and kale crops grown with two methods and four rates of phosphorus (P) application : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters [i.e. Master] of Agricultural Science at Lincoln University /". Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/929.
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*‘Pasja’ (Brassica campestris x napus) and kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) were grown at Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand in 2008 with different levels of phosphorus (P) fertiliser. Banded or broadcast P fertiliser was applied at 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P/ha at establishment. Total dry matter (DM) production, the proportion of the leaf and stem and leaf area development were measured over time and related to the biophysical environment. For ‘Pasja’, final DM increased with P rate from 3730 kg DM/ha to ~4900 kg DM/ha at 60 kg P/ha. For kale the increase was from 8710 kg DM/ha for the control to ~11000 kg DM/ha for all P treatments. The leaf to stem ratio declined from 22-31 at 17 days after emergence to 10.4 at the final harvest for ‘Pasja’, which meant the crop was effectively made up mainly of leaf (~90%). The ratio for kale declined from 2.7 at 24 days after emergence to 0.64 at the final harvest. The leaf to stem ratio for both species did not respond to either the method of application or rate of P. Seedling DM accumulation increased with applied P over the first 10 to 17 DAE for ‘Pasja’ and kale respectively. The crops went from shoot growth priority to root growth. The phyllochron of both species was unaffected by P application but responded linearly to the temperature above 0°C. For ‘Pasja’ the phyllochron was 60°Cd compared with 109°Cd for kale. As a consequence ‘Pasja’ developed its canopy and reached critical leaf area index (LAIcrit) earlier than kale. Leaf area index (LAI) for the control crops of both species was lower than for P fertiliser treatments with a maximum of 3.6 for ‘Pasja’ and 3.8 for kale. There was no difference in leaf area indices among the P fertiliser treatments for ‘Pasja’, while kale LAI differed with the rate of P application up to 40 kg P/ha. Total accumulated intercepted solar radiation (RIcum) was 8 and 11% greater for ‘Pasja’ and kale crops respectively when P was applied compared with the control. Thus, the difference in total dry matter yield due to P application was attributed to the difference in RIcum. Neither the method of application or rate of P applied affected the radiation use efficiency (RUE) of either crop. For ‘Pasja’ the RUE was 1.1 g DM/MJ PAR and for kale 1.33 g DM/MJ PAR. Based on this research, it was concluded that P application increased RIcum as a result of increased LAI. The difference in total DM yield was attributed to differences in RIcum. It is recommended that farmers growing ‘Pasja’ and kale under similar conditions to this experiment should apply 40 kg P/ha for ‘Pasja’ and band 20 kg P/ha for kale. *‘Pasja’ is considered both as a species and cultivar in this document as it marketed as such in New Zealand. Technically ‘Pasja’ is a leaf turnip.
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Tawde, Sayli Atul. "Estimation of Glacier Mass Balance at Basin Scale in the Himalaya for Recent Decades and Future". Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5497.
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The Himalayan glaciers are a major source of perennial river systems which support the livelihood of millions of people in south Asia. Therefore, it is important to understand changes in water resources due to changes in glacier-stored water. In order to understand long-term changes in glacier-stored water, mass balance studies at larger spatial scale are needed. Therefore, in this dissertation annual mass balance of glaciers at basin scale in the current and projected future climate is assessed. In this dissertation, for the first time, the long-term investigations of glacier mass balance for a period of 1980s to 2090s in the Chandra basin, western Himalaya are analysed. The mass balance of 146 glaciers in the basin, occupying an area of ~654.29 km2 and the total water volume of ~62.1 ± 16 Gt are analysed. Results of this study suggest that mass loss in the Chandra basin has accelerated from mid-1990‘s to the current decade and could persist till the end of century. Sensitivity analysis suggests that a 20% increase in precipitation can offset changes in mass balance from a 1°C temperature rise. The basin has lost ~19% of its volume during 1984-2013 and the volume loss is ~67% if only the twenty-nine low elevation glaciers are considered.
The ensemble mean of climate models considered in this dissertation project a temperature rise of 2.2- 2.9°C (RCP 4.5, the moderate emission scenario) and 4.3- 6°C (RCP 8.5; the high emission scenario) by 2090‘s near the basin with a steady or decreasing trend in snowfall. In response to the projected climate change, the basin will retain only 40-43% (RCP 4.5) and 29-34% (RCP 8.5) of the current glacier stored water volume stored by the end of century. However, the volume loss is very large (~97% of the present volume) for low altitude
glaciers indicating a need for effective water management strategies in mountain communities in the future. To calculate the annual mass balance of glaciers at larger spatial and temporal scales, the Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR) method is used in this analysis. However, a new approach is proposed to the conventional methods of equilibrium line altitude (ELA) estimation in AAR method. Satellite-derived transient snowlines, in-situ meteorological observations and a snow-melt model are combined to model the position of ELA. When the field estimates are used for validation, the improved AAR method reduces the biases in mass balance estimates by 46% compared to the traditional technique. Results from the improved method are also in the good agreement with the geodetic estimates for recent decades. The possible climate change impacts on glaciers during 21st century are quantified using the improved AAR method and the glacier geometry model driven by climate projections from fine resolution multiple climate models. The projected future values of mass balance, area and volume (along with uncertainties) in the present dissertation are within the range of results from previous studies at different spatial scales and resolutions. Overall, this study highlights the likely severe impacts to water resources in the Himalaya if CO2 emissions follow the high-emission scenario of RCP8.5.
Części książek na temat "Improved Accumulation Area Ratio method"
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Li, Zixiang, Jiayi Xu, Yanfu Li i Changhai Han. "Analysis of Piano Key Weir Drainage Characteristics". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 281–93. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_25.
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AbstractThe piano key weir is a new type of labyrinth weir structure form, its advantages such as stable structure, upstream and downstream inverted overhang and small base area greatly improve the scope of application, and it has high discharge capacity and overflow efficiency, which is considered as a very effective method to solve the shortage of reservoir and dam discharge flow, and has more applications abroad. In this paper, the experimental observation of the hydraulic characteristics of the discharge from the hydraulic physics model of the piano key weir confirms its good overflow capacity, but also limits the study of its complex flow. Combined with the numerical simulation software, the three-dimensional flow field of the piano key weir is numerically simulated based on the RNG k-ɛ turbulence model and the free-surface VOF technique to analyze the changes of hydraulic characteristics such as flow patterns, flow lines and flow velocities, and to clarify the hydraulic characteristics of the spillway and the mechanism of the improved spillway capacity by combining the experimental results of the physical model. In addition, a comparative analysis of the overflow capacity and flood discharge efficiency between the piano key weir and the traditional thin-walled weir is carried out to better reflect the advantages of the piano key weir in flood discharge by using the over-discharge ratio, and to discuss the application of the piano key weir in actual diseased reservoir and dam projects.
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Taubøll, Steinar, i Kim H. Paus. "Overvann som naturfare – faktagrunnlag og rettslig håndtering". W Vann, juss og samfunn – RETTIGHETER OG REGULERING I UTVIKLING, 95–117. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.176.ch4.
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Through spatial planning and building regulation, municipalities are responsible for avoiding development that increases the risk of damage to buildings and infrastructure. This paper focuses on the dangers caused by surface runoff during heavy rainfall, which will happen more often as a result of climate change. Based on the Planning and Building Act § 28-1, the paper seeks to clarify the legislation concerning natural hazards regarding such situations. Efficient legal regulation of runoff hazards also presupposes a manageable factual basis for legal decisions. The paper therefore discusses, from a technical viewpoint, methods used to map the phenomena the rules are to be applied to, including terrain-based analyzes and variants of so-called rainfall-runoff models. In anticipation of improved methods, and based on available data, the models’ handling of uncertainty and necessary resource use, terrain-based analyzes are considered a suitable method. If the method is to be used to identify a potential runoff hazard, it is appropriate to strive for a standardization of, among other things, the threshold value for presenting a flow accumulation line and the spatial risk at this and flood area, as well as the upper validity area and possible limit against potential flood risk in waterbodies.
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Wang, Yanjin, Rongchang Guo i Xiaochun Wu. "Severity Analysis of Debris Flow Hazards in Chengkang Railway Based on G1-ANP and Improved Radar Chart". W Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde200227.
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Debris flow causes huge casualties and economic losses to railway construction and transportation every year, so it is of great significance to analyze the severity of debris flow to reduce the loss. For the debris flow hazards severity analysis, an integrated approach based on G1-ANP was proposed. Firstly, under the condition of the environmental risk, induced conditional risk, and vulnerability risk, the 16 index factors have been selected, for example, the degree of slope, land use type, flow accumulation, and annual mean rainfall. Then, considering the interaction among risk factors, a multi-level G1-ANP risk factor structure model has been established based on the criteria of buried capacity, impact velocity, and scouring distance (or area) of debris flow and the solution process of the model was described. Finally, the risk severity and the proportion of the various risks for each section were calculated using the weighted method. The analysis results are shown in the improved radar chart. The results show that the overall severity of debris flow in the Chengkang railway is not very high. The results can provide a reference for the management of debris flow hazards prevention and reduce the losses caused by hazards in railway operation.
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Arjaria, Siddhartha Kumar, Vikas Raj, Sunil Kumar, Priyanshu Shrivastava, Monu Kumar i Jincy S. Cherian. "Prediction of Skin Diseases Using Machine Learning". W Ethical Implications of Reshaping Healthcare With Emerging Technologies, 154–78. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7888-9.ch008.
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Skin disease rates have been increasing over the past few decades. It has led to both fatal and non-fatal disabilities all around the world, especially in those areas where medical resources are not good enough. Early diagnosis of skin diseases increases the chances of cure significantly. Therefore, this work is comparing six machine learning algorithms, namely KNN, random forest, neural network, naïve bayes, logistic regression, and SVM, for the prediction of the skin diseases. The information gain, gain ratio, gini decrease, chi-square, and relieff are used to rank the features. This work comprises the introduction, literature review, and proposed methodology parts. In this research paper, a new method of analyzing skin disease has been proposed in which six different data mining techniques are used to develop an ensemble method that integrates all the six data mining techniques as a single one. The ensemble method used on the dermatology dataset gives improved result with 94% accuracy in comparison to other classifier algorithms and hence is more effective in this area.
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N. Ramos-Bernal, Rocío, René Vázquez-Jiménez, Sulpicio Sánchez Tizapa i Roberto Arroyo Matus. "Characterization of Susceptible Landslide Zones by an Accumulated Index". W Landslides - Investigation and Monitoring. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89828.
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In order to characterize the landslide susceptibility in the central zone of Guerrero State in Mexico, a spatial model has been designed and implemented, which automatically generates cartography. Conditioning factors as geomorphological, geological, and anthropic variables were considered, and as a detonating factor, the effect of the accumulated rain. The use of an inventory map of landslides that occurred in the past (IL) was also necessary, which was produced by an unsupervised detection method. Before the design of the model, an analysis of the contribution of each factor, related to the landslide inventory map, was performed by the Jackknife test. The designed model consists of a susceptibility index (SI) calculated pixel by pixel by the accumulation of the individual contribution of each factor, and the final index allows the susceptibility cartography to slide in the study area. The evaluation of the obtained map was performed by applying an analysis of the frequency ratio (FR) graphic, and an analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was developed. Studies like this can help different safeguarding institutions, locating the areas where there is a greater vulnerability according to the considered factors, and integrating disaster attention management or prevention plans.
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Chyzhma, Ruslana, i Roman Moskalenko. "PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF PATHOLOGICAL BIOMINERALIZATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF OVARIAN CANCER". W The scientific paradigm in the context of technological development and social change. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-297-5-27.
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Ovarian cancer is one of the most common causes of death in the female population. Among malignant tumors, ovarian cancer ranks fourth after neoplasms of the body, cervix, and mammary gland. High mortality rates in malignant ovarian neoplasms are primarily due to the asymptomatic course, the ineffectiveness of screening diagnostic methods, and the progression of the tumor process. One of the clinical and morphological features of ovarian cancer is pathological biomineralization. The purpose of the work is to establish the morphological features and phase composition of pathological biominerals. Also to investigate the potential diagnostic value of mineral formations of ovarian cancer. We have analyzed 60 samples of ovarian cancer by histopathology (hematoxylin-eosin and von Kossa staining), immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy with EDX and transmission electron microscopy. Results. We detected hyperechoic formations of a rounded shape with smooth edges and precise contours during the ultrasound diagnosis of ovarian cancer. The size ranged from 2 to 5 mm. Histological analysis demonstrated the presence of psammoma bodies (Pbs) in the tumor tissue of the ovary with a variation in the amount from 1 to 200 units. PBs were mainly localized at the base of papillary growths of ovarian serous carcinoma and tumor tissue detritus. The sizes of these formations varied from 12.6 to 493.7 μm. Psammoma bodies and their fragments in the tumor tissue were stained black with von Kossa staining. This indicates the presence of calcium phosphate salts in the composition of these bodies. Immunohistochemical examination of ovarian cancer tissue demonstrated the accumulation of OPN and OC on the surface of mineral formations. This indicates the presence of hydroxyapatite and proteins in the structural composition of PBs. Scanning electron microscopy established that the calcifications have different sizes, rounded shapes, and fragile structures. The main lines of Ca and P were present in the EDX spectra. Their intensity ratio reflects the characteristic features of hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the poly- and monodispersity of apatite crystals. The electron diffraction (ED) pattern indicates the polycrystalline nature of these mineral inclusions. Crystalline particles ranged in size from 5 to 15 nm to 40 to 50 nm, which illustrates the polydisperse morphology of nanosized crystals of the pathological deposit. Therefore, studying the structure, physicochemical, and phase composition of ovarian cancer calcifications, and their imaging features is essential because of the possible practical application of this pathological phenomenon for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer and other malignant neoplasms with biomineralization. The structural properties of biomineral deposits of tumor tissue make it possible to increase the accuracy of early diagnosis, and the informativeness of the final result at the pre-and postoperative stages, which can improve the prognosis and preserve the quality of life of patients.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Improved Accumulation Area Ratio method"
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Ueda, Kimi, Kohei Yumura, Hirotake Ishii, Hiroshi Shimoda i Fumiaki Obayashi. "Effect of the intermittent aroma stimuli on work performance: analysis using the drop point of time-series intellectual concentration". W Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2023) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002890.
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With the rapid development of information society, the importance of knowledge work is increasing. Such knowledge work performance has been evaluated in various ways. The authors have developed and used CTR (Concentration Time Ratio), which is a performance evaluation index based on the ratio of time spent concentrating on a cognitive task for a total task conducted time. Although work concentration changes from moment to moment due to fatigue accumulation, distraction, and other factors, CTR ignored the time-series changes in performance while conducting the task.In this study, a new analysis method was applied to evaluate the effect of intermittent aroma stimuli on work performance, which was evaluated previously by CTR [1]. Totally 88 answering time data of the comparison task [2] that 22 participants performed 2 sets each in 2 conditions, with-aroma and without-aroma were included. Comparison task is a cognitive task developed to evaluate the workers’ intellectual concentration during conducting the task, which requires numerical and language processing, comparison and judgement [2]. Time series data of concentration were generated using the method used in our previous study [3]. In the with-aroma condition, aroma stimuli were presented for 10 seconds every 5 minutes. Therefore, the time window was decided to be relatively shorter to capture short-term temporal variation in concentration on task. We focused on the drop points of concentration. The drop points represent the timing at which the participants restarted concentrating and solving the cognitive task after slowing down due to fatigue accumulation or other factors while conducting the task. In other words, it is expected that there are more drop points when they were unable to maintain their concentration during the task time.When comparing sets conducted at the same time in two aroma conditions, in the group in which the average concentration value improved in the with-aroma condition (n=26), the average number of drop points was higher in the without-aroma condition. On the other hand, in the group in which the average concentration value decreased in the with-aroma condition (n=18), the average number of drop points was higher in with-aroma condition. It was suggested that for the participants whose concentration were improved by the intermittent aroma-stimuli, the occurrence of drop points was suppressed in with-aroma condition.[1] Kimi Ueda, et al.: An Objective and Quantitative Evaluation of Intermittent Aroma Stimuli on Intellectual Concentration. AHFE 2020 International Conference, pp.245-251, 2020.[2] Kimi Ueda, et al.: Development of a new cognitive task to measure intellectual concentration affected by room environment, ICHES2016 Nagoya, 2016.[3] Kimi Ueda, et al.: An Analysis of the Effect of Integrated Thermal Control on Cognitive Task Performance Using Time-Series Changes in Intellectual Concentration. AHFE 2022 International Conference. vol 56. pp. 205–210.
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Akle, Barbar J., Mathew D. Bennett i Donald J. Leo. "High-Strain Ionomeric-Ionic Liquid Composites via Electrode Tailoring". W ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61246.
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Ionomeric polymers are a class of electromechanical transducer consisting of an ionomeric substrate with metal-plated electrodes. Application of a low voltage (< 5 V) across the thickness of the membrane produces controllable strain. The advantage of ionomeric polymers compared to other types of electromechanical transducers (e.g. piezoelectric polymers) is low-voltage operation, high strain capability, and high sensitivity in charge mode. Two of the primary limitations of ionomeric polymers for electromechanical transducers are unstable operation in air and solvent breakdown at low voltage. This work focuses on overcoming these limitations through the development of an ionic liquid-ionomeric composite with a tailored electrode composition that maximizes strain output. It is becoming clear that charge accumulation at the polymer-electrode interface is the key to producing high strain in ionomeric polymer transducers. In this work we combine a previously developed process for incorporating ionic liquids into ionomer membranes with a new method for tailoring the electrode composition. The electrode composition is studied as a function of the surface-to-volume ratio and conductivity of the metal particulates. Results demonstrate that the surface-to-volume ratio of the metal particulate is critical to increasing the capacitance of the transducer. Increased conductivity of the metal particulates produces improved response at higher frequencies (> 10 Hz) but this effect is small compared to the increase in strain produced by maximizing the capacitance. Increasing capacitance produces a transducer that is able to achieve > 2% strain at voltage levels of +/- 3 V.
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Ayorinde, Emmanuel O., i Lin Yu. "Towards an Improved General Vibration-Based Method for Elastic Identification of Materials". W ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1052.
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Abstract Refinements and generalizations are made to a method developed by the first author and associates to obtain the elastic constants of composite materials using data from vibration tests on freely-supported plates. Elastic constants identified from different sets of vibration model data varied in accuracy. In this work, sensitivity analysis is automatically integrated into the procedure. The flexibility of using diagonally symmetric modes (in the case of isotropic, square panels), omitted from previous models, is also provided. Accurate identification of Poisson ratio values has been one of the main challenges in this area of research. Attempt is made to refine the search procedure for these values. Different example cases are considered.
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HUANG, XUAN-NING, WEI-BING LI, WEN-BIN LI, XIAO-MING WANG i TENG-FEI GUO. "RESEARCH ON DISTRIBUTION OF BEHIND-ARMOR DEBRIS FROM PENETRATION OF TARGET BY EFP WITH DIFFERENT LENGTH-DIAMETER RATIO". W 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36159.
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To research the distribution of behind-armor debris (BAD) of explosively formed penetrator (EFP) more comprehensively, three EFPs with different length-diameter ratio (L/D) were designed, and experimental study on the dispersion characteristics of BAD from EFP penetrating 45# steel target was carried out. The morphology and scattering characteristics of debris cloud after EFP penetrating steel target were observed by X-ray photography and high-speed photography, and BAD were recovered by the method of stacking fiber plates and polystyrene plates. The mass spatial distribution law of projectile material and target material fragments was obtained. Results indicate that the increase in EFP L/D has a greater increase on the normalized axial expansion velocity of debris cloud than the radial expansion velocity. The average mass and perforation area of fragment corresponding to the relative accumulation value of 1/2 both decrease with the increase of the EFP L/D. The increase of EFP L/D mainly enhances the concentration of the EFP fragment mass towards the residual penetrator axis, but has little effect on the target fragment mass, which is basically uniformly distributed along the scattering angle.
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Baummer, Thomas B., Ebrahim Al-Hajri, Michael M. Ohadi i Serguei V. Dessiatoun. "Forced Convection Boiling in Microchannels for Improved Heat Transfer". W ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96215.
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This paper presents experimental results from research investigating the heat transfer capabilities of microchannel surfaces using a novel force-fed boiling and evaporation technique. The evaporative surfaces being investigated consist of a series of parallel, high-aspect ratio, open topped microchannels. The different sample surfaces vary in channel density, channel aspect ratio, and channel width and have heat transfer surface areas up to ten times their nominal surface areas. Liquid enters the channels of the evaporative surface from above through a developed system of feed channels. This method organizes a liquid-vapor circulation at the boiling surface that results in dissipation of very high heat fluxes in the boiling/thin film evaporation mode. By using the force-fed boiling technique, nominal area heat transfer rates of 100,000 W/m2-K have been achieved with HFE-7100 as the working fluid [1]. In force-fed boiling, the many very short microchannels are working in parallel; therefore the feed pressure and pumping power are very low. This technique may prove valuable to a wide range of heat transfer applications, particularly for heat removal at high heat flux surfaces.
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Zielke, Mark A., Andrew Morrill, Barry Demartini, Martin Moskovits i Kimberly Turner. "Polymer Coated Tin Oxide Nanowires for Improved Sensitivity of MEMS Chemical Sensors Based on Microbeams". W ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49843.
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MEMS mass sensors are an important field of study for chemical and biological sensing. We utilize the massive surface area to volume ratio of tin oxide nanowires to improve the sensing characteristics of resonant cantilever gas sensors. The nanowires are grown onto released silicon cantilevers via the vapor liquid solid method, a type of chemical vapor deposition. Through intelligent catalyst placement the nanowires are grown selectively onto predefined surfaces of the cantilever. The increased surface area of our nanowire coatings provides greatly increased active binding area for analytes, while high quality factors are still achieved with this method. Our experiments actively monitor the removal of a silane self assembled monolayer from the sensor surface. Current nanowire coated sensors show a tenfold increase in sensitivity when compared to the bare sensors. We have functionalized the nanowires with a variety of polymer coatings. These functionalized sensors also show a substantial increase in sensitivity to the analytes. By varying the polymer coating applied to the nanowires, a sensor array can be generated that achieves gas recognition while having incorporated the increased sensitivity of the nanowire coatings.
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Ji, Tianyuan, Wuli Chu, Zhengtao Guo i Jibo Yang. "Mechanism Analysis of the Influence of Blade Thickness Deviation on The Performance of Axial Flow Compressor". W ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58823.
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Abstract The deviation between the actual processed blade and the designed blade shape inevitably occurs in the process of compressor blade manufacturing. Rotor37 was used as the research object and a three-dimensional steady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulation method was adopted in order to study the influence mechanism of blade thickness deviation on blade performance. The blade was parameterized and the blade thicknesses were increased or decreased uniformly, with changes of 0.06mm and 0.1mm respectively. Results illustrate that the blade thickness deviation affects the total pressure ratio, isentropic efficiency and stability margin of the single-stage rotor. Increasing the blade thickness will inhibit the transport of low speed airflow from blade root area to blade tip area along the radial direction. In the peak efficiency condition, this inhibit will cause low speed airflow to converge in the middle of the blade and increase the flow separation loss; while in the reference near stall condition, the inhibition of low speed airflow transport will weaken the accumulation of low energy airflow in the tip area, reduce the loss in the corner area, and expand the stable working range of the blade. Further, increasing the blade thickness causes the shock wave position to move backward and the shock wave intensity will decrease.
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Frehlich, Rod, Stephen M. Hannon i Sammy W. Henderson. "Coherent Doppler Lidar Performance in the Weak Signal Regime". W Coherent Laser Radar. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/clr.1995.wa3.
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Coherent Doppler lidar has become a mature method of remote measurements of wind fields[l, 2, 3]. The development of the eyesafe 2µm coherent Doppler lidar has permitted regular observations of boundary layer winds. Coherent Doppler lidar permits measurements of the radial component of the velocity v as a function of range for every transmitted pulse. As the target range increases, the signal level decreases until the quality of the estimates degrade due to many random outliers. The quality of the velocity estimates can be improved by accumulating the signal from many consecutive pulses[4, 5, 6] provided the wind field is not changing over the accumulation time. Rye and Hardesty investigated the effects of pulse accumulation by comparing the standard deviation of the velocity estimates to Levin’s approximation to the Cramer Rao Bound (CRB), the theoretical best performance. It has been shown that Levin’s approximation to the exact CRB is a good approximation[7]. For very weak signals, the pulse accumulation is insufficient and the standard deviation is dominated by the random outliers. As the number of accumulated pulses increases, the random outliers decrease and the standard deviation approaches the CRB. Rye and Hardesty defined n CR as the number of accumulated pulses that were required to first approach the CRB. An approximate expression for n CR was produced, i.e., n CR M = 64/SNR3/4 where M is the number of complex data points per estimate and SNR is the wide band Signal to Noise Ratio for one shot.
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Kentfield, J. A. C., i L. C. V. Fernandes. "Further Development of an Improved Pulse, Pressure Gain, Gas-Turbine Combustor". W ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-084.
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Further development work is described, which included both theoretical analysis and experimental testing, of an improved prototype, valveless, pulse, pressure gain, combustor for gas turbines. The analytical work involved the application to the non-steady flow in the combustor secondary flow duct of the method-of-characteristics as used for one-space dimensional, time dependent, compressible flows. Gas temperatures in the secondary flow duct were measured experimentally as were the pressure gain, due to the pulse combustor, and the overall efficiencies of the gas generator type gas-turbine with both the conventional steady flow combustor and the alternative pulse, pressure gain, combustor. It was concluded that the analytical work confirmed earlier experimental findings showing the benefits of restricting the secondary flow duct exit area. It was also concluded that the use of the pulse combustor resulted in a maximum improvement of 27% in the thermal efficiency of the small, low pressure-ratio, educational, gas generator turbo-machine.
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Castillo-Dura´n, Rogelio, Javier Ortiz-Villafuerte, Jose´ Ramo´n Rami´rez-Sa´nchez, Javier C. Palacios-Herna´ndez, Gabriel Calleros-Micheland i Carlos Filio-Lo´pez. "Prony’s Method for BWR Stability Analysis". W 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75723.
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Power uprates are becoming a quite viable option both for improved performance and safety of nuclear power plants. Part of the success in power uprates are new designs of fuel assemblies. Nevertheless, power uprates in BWRs has made mandatory new stability analyses since operational and startup maneuvers are not necessarily independent of the performance of such new fuel assembly designs. For example, it has been inferred that certain operational areas, within the before-to-uprate power-flow map, could be reached for the new expected operational conditions, especially during startup, because certain fuel assembly designs have shown faster response to certain neutronic perturbations and their lower coolant flow area. As a consequence, stability monitors are being taken into account as a great help for operation in such special maneuvering conditions. Currently, power oscillations during startup are of not of much concern since boiling boundary length, decay ratio, and other similar parameters are continuously followed by power stability monitors. However, there still exist certain transients, as a recirculation pump trip suddenly occurring at rated operation, in which the instability range can be difficult to determine in real time. One alternative, for a fast analysis of fast events, is Prony’s Method, which is mostly employed in power and energy transport systems problems. This analysis method provides information about stability through a short-time series, in quasi-steady conditions, which may be expected in certain BWR transients. The method computes the complex dampening coefficient, which is the most instable pole in an autoregressive analysis of the time series. However, not many applications in BWR operation have reported and supported to establish the scope of using such analysis for actual events. This work presents the response method to the impulse of an autoregressive model and its relation to the damping coefficient of Prony’s method. It is found a second order behavior with respect to the decay ratio. To support such result, three different noise signals are analyzed where BWR transient events in which low coolant flow and high power conditions are assumed.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Improved Accumulation Area Ratio method"
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Hovav, Ran, Peggy Ozias-Akins i Scott A. Jackson. The genetics of pod-filling in peanut under water-limiting conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597923.bard.
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Pod-filling, an important yield-determining stage is strongly influenced by water stress. This is particularly true for peanut (Arachishypogaea), wherein pods are developed underground and are directly affected by the water condition. Pod-filling in peanut has a significant genetic component as well, since genotypes are considerably varied in their pod-fill (PF) and seed-fill (SF) potential. The goals of this research were to: Examine the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Detect global changes in mRNA and metabolites levels that accompany PF and SF. Explore the response of the duplicate peanut pod transcriptome to drought stress. Study how entire duplicated PF regulatory processes are networked within a polyploid organism. Discover locus-specific SNP markers and map pod quality traits under different environments. The research included genotypes and segregating populations from Israel and US that are varied in PF, SF and their tolerance to water deficit. Initially, an extensive field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Significant irrigation and genotypic effect was observed for the two main PF related traits, "seed ratio" and "dead-end ratio", demonstrating that reduction in irrigation directly influences the developing pods as a result of low water potential. Although the Irrigation × Genotype interaction was not statistically significant, one genotype (line 53) was found to be more sensitive to low irrigation treatments. Two RNAseq studies were simultaneously conducted in IL and the USA to characterize expression changes that accompany shell ("source") and seed ("sink") biogenesis in peanut. Both studies showed that SF and PF processes are very dynamic and undergo very rapid change in the accumulation of RNA, nutrients, and oil. Some genotypes differ in transcript accumulation rates, which can explain their difference in SF and PF potential; like cvHanoch that was found to be more enriched than line 53 in processes involving the generation of metabolites and energy at the beginning of seed development. Interestingly, an opposite situation was found in pericarp development, wherein rapid cell wall maturation processes were up-regulated in line 53. Although no significant effect was found for the irrigation level on seed transcriptome in general, and particularly on subgenomic assignment (that was found almost comparable to a 1:1 for A- and B- subgenomes), more specific homoeologous expression changes associated with particular biosynthesis pathways were found. For example, some significant A- and B- biases were observed in particular parts of the oil related gene expression network and several candidate genes with potential influence on oil content and SF were further examined. Substation achievement of the current program was the development and application of new SNP detection and mapping methods for peanut. Two major efforts on this direction were performed. In IL, a GBS approach was developed to map pod quality traits on Hanoch X 53 F2/F3 generations. Although the GBS approach was found to be less effective for our genetic system, it still succeeded to find significant mapping locations for several traits like testa color (linkage A10), number of seeds/pods (A5) and pod wart resistance (B7). In the USA, a SNP array was developed and applied for peanut, which is based on whole genome re-sequencing of 20 genotypes. This chip was used to map pod quality related traits in a Tifrunner x NC3033 RIL population. It was phenotyped for three years, including a new x-ray method to phenotype seed-fill and seed density. The total map size was 1229.7 cM with 1320 markers assigned. Based on this linkage map, 21 QTLs were identified for the traits 16/64 weight, kernel percentage, seed and pod weight, double pod and pod area. Collectively, this research serves as the first fundamental effort in peanut for understanding the PF and SF components, as a whole, and as influenced by the irrigation level. Results of the proposed study will also generate information and materials that will benefit peanut breeding by facilitating selection for reduced linkage drag during introgression of disease resistance traits into elite cultivars. BARD Report - Project4540 Page 2 of 10
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs i Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, październik 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,