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Reading, Ivan, Konstantina Bika, Toby Drakesmith, Chris McNeill, Sarah Cheesbrough, Justin Byrne i Heiko Balzter. "Due Diligence for Deforestation-Free Supply Chains with Copernicus Sentinel-2 Imagery and Machine Learning". Forests 15, nr 4 (28.03.2024): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15040617.
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At COP26, the Glasgow Leaders Declaration committed to ending deforestation by 2030. Implementing deforestation-free supply chains is of growing importance to importers and exporters but challenging due to the complexity of supply chains for agricultural commodities which are driving tropical deforestation. Monitoring tools are needed that alert companies of forest losses around their source farms. ForestMind has developed compliance monitoring tools for deforestation-free supply chains. The system delivers reports to companies based on automated satellite image analysis of forest loss around farms. We describe an algorithm based on the Python for Earth Observation (PyEO) package to deliver near-real-time forest alerts from Sentinel-2 imagery and machine learning. A Forest Analyst interprets the multi-layer raster analyst report and creates company reports for monitoring supply chains. We conclude that the ForestMind extension of PyEO with its hybrid change detection from a random forest model and NDVI differencing produces actionable farm-scale reports in support of the EU Deforestation Regulation. The user accuracy of the random forest model was 96.5% in Guatemala and 93.5% in Brazil. The system provides operational insights into forest loss around source farms in countries from which commodities are imported.
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Bager, Simon L., U. Martin Persson i Tiago N. P. dos Reis. "Eighty-six EU policy options for reducing imported deforestation". One Earth 4, nr 2 (luty 2021): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.01.011.
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Molotoks, Amy, i Chris West. "Which forest-risk commodities imported to the UK have the highest overseas impacts? A rapid evidence synthesis". Emerald Open Research 3 (24.09.2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.14306.1.
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Background: Commodity-driven deforestation is a major driver of forest loss worldwide, and globalisation has increased the disconnect between producer and consumer countries. Recent due-diligence legislation aiming to improve supply chain sustainability covers major forest-risk commodities. However, the evidence base for specific commodities included within policy needs assessing to ensure effective reduction of embedded deforestation. Methods: We conducted a rapid evidence synthesis in October 2020 using three databases; Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus, to assess the literature and identify commodities with the highest deforestation risk linked to UK imports. Inclusion criteria include publication in the past 10 years and studies that didn’t link commodity consumption to impacts or to the UK were excluded. The development of a review protocol was used to minimise bias and critical appraisal of underlying data and methods in studies was conducted in order to assess the uncertainties around results. Results: From a total of 318 results, 17 studies were included in the final synthesis. These studies used various methodologies and input data, yet there is broad alignment on commodities, confirming that those included in due diligence legislation have a high deforestation risk. Soy, palm oil, and beef were identified as critical, with their production being concentrated in just a few global locations. However, there are also emerging commodities that have a high deforestation risk but are not included in legislation, such as sugar and coffee. These commodities are much less extensively studied in the literature and may warrant further research and consideration. Conclusion: Policy recommendations in the selected studies suggests further strengthening of the UK due diligence legislation is needed. In particular, the provision of incentives for uptake of policies and wider stakeholder engagement, as well as continual review of commodities included to ensure a reduction in the UK’s overseas deforestation footprint.
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Reis, Tiago N. P. dos, Vinicius Guidotti de Faria, Gabriela Russo Lopes, Gerd Sparovek, Chris West, Raoni Rajão, Mariana Napolitano Ferreira, Marcelo M. S. Elvira i Raul S. T. do Valle. "Trading deforestation—why the legality of forest-risk commodities is insufficient". Environmental Research Letters 16, nr 12 (23.11.2021): 124025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac358d.
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Abstract Consumer countries and blocs, including the UK and the EU, are defining legal measures to tackle deforestation linked to commodity imports, potentially requiring imported goods to comply with the relevant producer countries’ land-use laws. Nonetheless, this measure is insufficient to address global deforestation. Using Brazil’s example of a key exporter of forest-risk commodities, here we show that it has ∼3.25 Mha of natural habitat (storing ∼152.8 million tons of potential CO2 emissions) at a high risk of legal deforestation until 2025. Additionally, the country’s legal framework is going through modifications to legalize agricultural production in illegally deforested areas. What was illegal may become legal shortly. Hence, a legality criterion adopted by consumer countries is insufficient to protect forests and other ecosystems and may worsen deforestation and conversion risks by incentivizing the weakening of social-environmental protection by producer countries.
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Campbell, Leslie. "The Causes and Effects of Tropical Deforestation". AGRICA 4, nr 2 (22.07.2020): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v4i2.459.
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Tropical rainforest deforestation is a major problem in many tropical regions and can have major impacts on system ecology and long term soil productivity. This paper examines the trend of increased colonization of tropical rainforest regions and the resulting effects on long term natural system productivity in these areas. It also explores the impact of conventional agricultural practices, the majority of which were developed in temperate climates, when employed in a tropical context. International trends in the consumption of imported tropical wood and rainforest products are also suggested as a major culprit for increased tropical deforestation. Reduction in international rainforest product consumption and greater awareness on the part of Western consumers as to the impacts of tropical deforestation are suggested as potential solutions to reduce this problem.
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Pilorgé, Etienne, Bruno Kezeya, Wolfgang Stauss, Frédéric Muel i Marcus Mergenthaler. "Pea and rapeseed acreage and land use for plant-based meat alternatives in the EU". OCL 28 (2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2021037.
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Plant-based meat alternatives from grain legumes and oil crops are expected to play an increasing role in human nutrition. Several commercially available products use pea protein isolate as protein basis and rapeseed oil as lipid basis. The aim of the present study is to estimate the prospective area of peas and rapeseed for plant-based meat alternatives in the EU. A simple calculation model is employed to assess the impacts on land use and imported deforestation, in case plant-based meat alternatives substitute meat consumption in different shares. Various data sources and scenarios were used to estimate the cultivation potential. While pea acreage would increase considerably compared to current production, additional rapeseed acreage would be more limited. Even in an extreme scenario of 100% substitution only 12% of EU’s arable land would be used for pea and rapeseed as main ingredients for plant-based meat alternative. If pea protein isolate and rapeseed oil as main ingredients of plan-based meat alternatives increase, the land currently used for animal feed production would become partly available and imported deforestation could be decreased: a substitution of 25% of meat consumption would allow to provide the equivalent of food proteins without extending the cultivated areas in Europe, while avoiding soybean and maize imports for feed.
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Esteves, Ricardo Lopes. "A nova Diligência Devida Britânica para Commodities que contenham risco de desmatamento e a dependência do Reino Unido da soja amazônica". Revista Videre 16, nr 34 (12.07.2024): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30612/videre.v16i34.17453.
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This article analyses how the United Kingdom’s Due Diligence Regulations on Forest Risk Commodities (UKDR) relate to the bilateral soybean trade between Brazil and the UK. The findings strongly suggest that soybeans from Brazil are one of the main targets of the UK's new legislation. The crossing of literature, NGO reports, trade data, and open governmental and institutional documents showed that the UK highly relies on soybeans from South America to fulfil its internal animal protein food industry, with soybeans from Brazil being the second major case of the UK’s ‘imported deforestation’. Between 2020 and 2022, soybeans were also the second most exported product from Brazil to the UK, after gold, reinstating the Brazilian traditional place as an exporter of raw and essential commodities to developed countries. This article advocates that even though the new UKDR will affect Brazil disproportionally, compared to other agri-exporter countries, the legislation is not designed to challenge the soybeans economic model or deforestation on a broader aspect but to ‘clean’ UK’s agricultural supply chain from illegal tropical forest deforestation. The article's findings show that in the last five years (2017 -2022), the annual percentage of Brazilian soybean exports from states that comprise the Amazon biome, in part or wholly, to the UK was above 70% every year, a trend that does not follow Brazilian general soybean exports, suggesting that the UK may be more exposed to deforestation than other importing countries. The UK food industry could be financing an agricultural production model contributing to Amazon forest deforestation.
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Bastos Lima, Mairon G., Toby A. Gardner, Constance L. McDermott i André A. Vasconcelos. "Prospects and challenges for policy convergence between the EU and China to address imported deforestation". Forest Policy and Economics 162 (maj 2024): 103183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103183.
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Langerwisch, Fanny, Ariane Walz, Anja Rammig, Britta Tietjen, Kirsten Thonicke i Wolfgang Cramer. "Deforestation in Amazonia impacts riverine carbon dynamics". Earth System Dynamics 7, nr 4 (9.12.2016): 953–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-953-2016.
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Abstract. Fluxes of organic and inorganic carbon within the Amazon basin are considerably controlled by annual flooding, which triggers the export of terrigenous organic material to the river and ultimately to the Atlantic Ocean. The amount of carbon imported to the river and the further conversion, transport and export of it depend on temperature, atmospheric CO2, terrestrial productivity and carbon storage, as well as discharge. Both terrestrial productivity and discharge are influenced by climate and land use change. The coupled LPJmL and RivCM model system (Langerwisch et al., 2016) has been applied to assess the combined impacts of climate and land use change on the Amazon riverine carbon dynamics. Vegetation dynamics (in LPJmL) as well as export and conversion of terrigenous carbon to and within the river (RivCM) are included. The model system has been applied for the years 1901 to 2099 under two deforestation scenarios and with climate forcing of three SRES emission scenarios, each for five climate models. We find that high deforestation (business-as-usual scenario) will strongly decrease (locally by up to 90 %) riverine particulate and dissolved organic carbon amount until the end of the current century. At the same time, increase in discharge leaves net carbon transport during the first decades of the century roughly unchanged only if a sufficient area is still forested. After 2050 the amount of transported carbon will decrease drastically. In contrast to that, increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration determine the amount of riverine inorganic carbon stored in the Amazon basin. Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase riverine inorganic carbon amount by up to 20 % (SRES A2). The changes in riverine carbon fluxes have direct effects on carbon export, either to the atmosphere via outgassing or to the Atlantic Ocean via discharge. The outgassed carbon will increase slightly in the Amazon basin, but can be regionally reduced by up to 60 % due to deforestation. The discharge of organic carbon to the ocean will be reduced by about 40 % under the most severe deforestation and climate change scenario. These changes would have local and regional consequences on the carbon balance and habitat characteristics in the Amazon basin itself as well as in the adjacent Atlantic Ocean.
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Langerwisch, F., A. Walz, A. Rammig, B. Tietjen, K. Thonicke i W. Cramer. "Deforestation in Amazonia impacts riverine carbon dynamics". Earth System Dynamics Discussions 6, nr 2 (22.10.2015): 2101–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-6-2101-2015.
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Abstract. Fluxes of organic and inorganic carbon within the Amazon basin are considerably controlled by annual flooding, which triggers the export of terrigenous organic material to the river and ultimately to the Atlantic Ocean. The amount of carbon imported to the river and the further conversion, transport and export of it, depend on terrestrial productivity and discharge, as well as temperature and atmospheric CO2. Both terrestrial productivity and discharge are influenced by climate and land use change. To assess the impact of these changes on the riverine carbon dynamics, the coupled model system of LPJmL and RivCM (Langerwisch et al., 2015) has been used. Vegetation dynamics (in LPJmL) as well as export and conversion of terrigenous carbon to and within the river (RivCM) are included. The model system has been applied for the years 1901 to 2099 under two deforestation scenarios and with climate forcing of three SRES emission scenarios, each for five climate models. The results suggest that, following deforestation, riverine particulate and dissolved organic carbon will strongly decrease by up to 90 % until the end of the current century. In parallel, discharge increases, leading to roughly unchanged net carbon transport during the first decades of the century, as long as a sufficient area is still forested. During the following decades the amount of transported carbon will decrease drastically. In contrast to the riverine organic carbon, the amount of riverine inorganic carbon is only determined by climate change forcing, namely increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Mainly due to the higher atmospheric CO2 it leads to an increase in riverine inorganic carbon by up to 20 % (SRES A2). The changes in riverine carbon fluxes have direct effects on the export of carbon, either to the atmosphere via outgassing, or to the Atlantic Ocean via discharge. Basin-wide the outgassed carbon will increase slightly, but can be regionally reduced by up to 60 % due to deforestation. The discharge of organic carbon to the ocean will be reduced by about 40 % under the most severe deforestation and climate change scenario. The changes would have local and regional consequences on the carbon balance and habitat characteristics in the Amazon basin itself but also in the adjacent Atlantic Ocean.
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Arshad, A., NA Nurrochmat, U. Arshad, S. Sudarsono, U. Bashir i M. Ayyaz. "Exploring sustainable cooking oil consumption patterns in Punjab, Pakistan: A comprehensive scientific study". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1379, nr 1 (1.08.2024): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1379/1/012031.
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Abstract Palm oil is the world’s most widely traded vegetable oil, with total trade amounting to 77.22 million metric tons of total vegetable oil production in 2023. Palm oil is usually used as the material of cooking oil and food products, biofuel, cosmetics, and other derivates. Pakistan imported $3.36B in Palm Oil, becoming the third largest importer of Palm Oil in the world. However, palm oil has faced deforestation in the last few years. To solve that, the palm oil plantation must be sustainably certified (RSPO), and the impact will increase the palm oil price. Therefore, this research aims to explore Pakistan’s sustainable cooking oil consumption patterns. This research uses purposive sampling from diverse socio-economic backgrounds and geographical locations within Pakistan. The total respondents are 52 respondents from Punjab, Pakistan. The data analysis uses descriptive statistical analysis. The results show that palm oil was the most used cooking oil (68%), followed by sunflower (22%). Over half of the participants (56%) were willing to pay a premium for environmentally friendly cooking oils. Most participants (84%) were familiar with sustainable certification labels like RSPO, and most participants (82%) believed that adopting sustainable palm oil production practices could alleviate environmental and ethical concerns.
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Ortega-Ramos, Patricia. "EU Policies Led to Collapse of Major Biofuel Crop in UK and Europe, Says Report". Outlooks on Pest Management 33, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v33_feb_04.
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Contradictory EU policies first encouraged and then undermined the farming of a major biofuel in Europe, according to a new analysis. Climate change polices initially rewarded the widespread planting of oilseed rape – the world's most important vegetable oil after soybean – but subsequent pesticide laws have ultimately led to very large yield losses across the continent in recent years. This collapse of oilseed rape farming in the UK and Europe had led to a reliance on imported oils – including palm oil, the growing of which is often responsible for tropical deforestation, and oilseed rape from countries still using pesticides banned by the EU. The findings of the report were presented at a meeting of the British Crop Protection Council by lead author, Dr Patricia Ortega-Ramos from Rothamsted Research. Speaking ahead of the meeting, she said the series of EU policy decisions essentially 'created a serious crop pest. It is a great example of how a better understanding of pests and joined up decision making are going to be vital if we are to reform farming. Contradictory EU policies first encouraged and then undermined the farming of a major biofuel in Europe, according to this new analysis. Climate change polices initially rewarded the widespread planting of oilseed rape – the world's most important vegetable oil after soybean – but subsequent pesticide laws have ultimately led to very large yield losses across the continent in recent years. This collapse of oilseed rape farming in the UK and Europe had led to a reliance on imported oils – including palm oil, the growing of which is often responsible for tropical deforestation, and oilseed rape from countries still using pesticides banned by the EU. The EU'S 2009 Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive was not well implemented, and as a result of that and subsequent decisions, the cabbage stem flea beetle has now become a serious pest. The area of oilseed rape being grown is now falling sharply, with huge financial consequences for farmers and major environmental consequences for all of us.
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Gomes, Dênis José Cardoso, Max Miler Menezes Nascimento, Fabianne Mesquita Pereira, Gustavo Francesco de Morais Dias, Rafael Ribeiro Meireles, Luis Gelisson Nascimento de Souza, Ailson Renan Santos Picanço i Hebe Morganne Campos Ribeiro. "Flow variability in the Araguaia River Hydrographic Basin influenced by precipitation in extreme years and deforestation". Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais 57, nr 3 (2022): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z2176-94781358.
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The climatic extremes and the dynamics of land use and cover can cause changes in river flow. The objective of this work was to analyze the flow of the Araguaia River under the effects of extreme years associated with the dynamics of land use in the Araguaia Watershed (AW) from 1981 to 2019. The land use and land cover product were based on the MapBiomas Project classification, imported from the Google Earth Engine. The measured rainfall and flow data were obtained from the National Water Agency. In contrast, the estimated rainfall was based on the data Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations. The precipitation climatology showed the lowest values (1,464.9–1,720.4 mm) in the south-central sector, and the highest (1,720.4–2,014.6 mm) rainfall amounts were observed in the north sector. However, it was identified in the five pluviometric stations with a high variability of precipitation, with an emphasis on the extreme years. Such wet and dry years were marked by a large difference in water availability. There was an intense reduction of the Amazon and Cerrado biomes by 31,641.8 and 42,618.9 km², respectively, mainly due to the expansion of 18,936.1 km² of agricultural activities and 47,494 km² of pasture. The fluviometric variability showed a decreasing trend, mainly in the past 15 years. Public actions, such as the intensification of environmental policies, monitoring focusing on the most compromised and strategic areas such as the headwaters of the Araguaia River, can minimize the impacts caused by climate extremes and deforestation.
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Karmacharya, Janak Lal. "Maximizing Benefits from Hydropower: A Nepal Case". Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 1 (20.02.2008): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v1i0.882.
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Hydropower development is the only development activity that yields multiple benefits and, in many cases, can be an effective agent for poverty alleviation. Apart from being a source of renewable and clean energy, to stabilize the supply of electricity, it helps provide year round irrigation resulting in the increase in the cropping intensity and changing cropping pattern, and it reduces both deforestation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nepal has adopted a policy of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), by which hydropower projects are developed in conjunction with irrigation, flood control, water supply and navigation components whenever feasible. As an agriculture dependent country, Nepal should maximize the irrigation benefit, by providing year round irrigation through storage projects developed for peak energy generation. Nepal has planned to provide year round irrigation to 67% of the total irrigated area by 2027. Electricity from hydropower projects currently contributes only 1% of energy need, whereas fuelwood contributes 68%, and fossil fuels 8%. Development of hydropower not only helps reduce deforestation, reported at the rate of 0.7% per annum, but also helps reduce GHG emission by substitution of imported fossil fuels. The annual fossil fuel import bill for Nepal 2004/05 was about 310 million USD. Nepal could benefit substantially if consumption of petroleum products were replaced by hydropower. Where the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is effectively used to address the impact on climate change, hydropower gains significance in contributing positively to climate change.
Key words: Hydropower, IWRM, maximization of benefit, poverty alleviation, growth, Nepal
Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Vol. I, Issue No. 1 (2007) pp. 29-34
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Dolle, Tobias. "How to Properly Account for Sustainable Production and Supply Chains in Modern Tariff Schedules and Trade Rules". Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 11/12 (1.12.2017): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017063.
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A recent Resolution adopted by the European Parliament on ‘palm oil and deforestation of rainforests’ included, among its Recommendations, a call to reform the tariff classifications maintained by the World Customs Organization (WCO), so as to recognize sustainable versus unsustainable palm oil. Furthermore, the Resolution called for such a differentiation, at least for products imported into the EU, to be based on yet-to-be-developed sustainability criteria, which the Resolution also outlined and called for. This article explores the potential feasibility of distinguishing tariff classifications based on process-characteristics rather than product-characteristics, while contrasting such approach to non-tariff related measures implemented by major economies (e.g., tying biofuel subsidies to ‘renewability’ in the United States, or to ‘sustainability’ in the European Union). The article also discusses the sustainability criteria outlined and proposed by the European Parliament, as well as their relation to other sustainability criteria present on the world stage, trying to identify the scope, tools and legal ambits through which tariff advantages could be provided to sustainable products in a WTO consistent and non-discriminatory manner.
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Deckers, Katleen, i Hugues Pessin. "Vegetation development in the Middle Euphrates and Upper Jazirah (Syria/Turkey) during the Bronze Age". Quaternary Research 74, nr 2 (wrzesień 2010): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.007.
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AbstractVegetation changes are reconstructed based on more than 51,000 charcoal fragments of more than 380 samples from nine Bronze Age sites in northern Syria and southern Turkey. In addition to fragment proportions, special attention was paid to the frequency of Pistacia relative to Quercus and Populus/Salix relative to Tamarix, fruit-tree ubiquity, and riverine diversity in order to gain an improved understanding of the human versus climatic impact on the vegetation. The results indicate that human impacts first took place within the riverine forest. This phase was followed by land clearing within the woodland steppe, especially in the northern portion of the study area. In the south near Emar, the woodland steppe probably disappeared by the Late Bronze Age. It is uncertain whether this was caused by aridification and/or human clearing. The northward shift of the Pistacia-woodland steppe is very likely a result of climatic drying that occurred throughout the entire period under investigation. Although increased deforestation is evident through time, the small proportions of imported wood indicate that local resources were still available.
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Weerakkody, G., F. L. Mould, E. Owen i E. A. Butler. "The degradation characteristics of three Sri Lankan rice straw cultivars, following treatment with urea, assessed using three in vitro techniques". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008061.
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In 1999 85 % of the milk and milk products consumed in Sri Lanka were imported at a cost of over 7000 m rupees. While this appears to offer a major opportunity for the national herd to improve production, indiscriminate deforestation, reduction of farm size and increased use of agricultural land for crop production has tended to depress both cattle numbers and production. Poor nutritional status of the animals is the major limiting constraint, caused by the inadequate supply of quality feedstuffs and confounded by the lack of advice from the poorly supported agricultural extension service. In addition little detailed information exists concerning the nutritive value of the majority of Sri Lankan feeds. Three in vitro techniques – the Minson and McLeod (1972) version of Tilley and Terry (T&T), the modified ANKOM (ANK) batch culture technique (Mould and Nordheim, 1998) and the RPT methodology (Mauricio et al., 1999) were compared in an effort to identify a suitable system to investigate Sri Lankan feeds. The degradation characteristics of rice straw were investigated in this study as, while nearly three-quarters of Sri Lankan cattle and buffaloes are reared in arid zone where rice straw is the major crop residue, only a small proportion is offered as feed.
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Böck, Felix. "Green gold of Africa – Can growing native bamboo in Ethiopia become a commercially viable business?" Forestry Chronicle 90, nr 05 (październik 2014): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2014-127.
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With concerns about climate change and the search for sustainable construction materials, significant attention is now being paid to Africa's natural resources. Ethiopia, known as Africa's political capital, has a rapidly expanding economy with increasing demand for new construction materials. Through public private partnerships projects the country is developing a sustainable business model to promote bamboo as a raw material. The subtropical zone of Ethiopia is home to approximately 65% of Africa's bamboo resources, an area of over 1 million hectares. Bamboo is potentially an ideal source of local, sustainable purpose-engineered building materials for growing cities not only in Ethiopia but across Africa. Production of conventional construction materials such as steel and concrete is expensive, highly energy intensive and unsustainable, requiring large quantities of water and is strongly dependent on imported raw materials. Bamboo is a renewable building material widely cultivated in Ethiopia but not yet utilized in modern construction. Structural Bamboo Products (SBP), similar to engineered wood products, have excellent potential to partially replace the use of more energy-intensive materials. Projects such as African Bamboo are taking steps in managing, cultivating and using Ethiopian bamboo species to help mitigate rapid deforestation in East Africa by creating alternative “wood” sources and sustainable business opportunities.
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Osiolo, Helen Hoka, Hanaan Marwah i Matthew Leach. "The Emergence of Large-Scale Bioethanol Utilities: Accelerating Energy Transitions for Cooking". Energies 16, nr 17 (28.08.2023): 6242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16176242.
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Expansion in access to clean cooking in Sub-Saharan Africa remains well below the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal objectives. In particular, clean and modern forms of cooking have struggled to attract commercial funding at scale. The use of bioethanol in cooking is not new, but until recently, its application has been confined exclusively to small-scale projects. However, a new bioethanol cooking utility in Kenya has now reached mass-market adoption, serving more than 950,000 households with cooking fuel since its launch in late 2019. Its success was made possible by a significant investment in technology to facilitate safe, convenient, and affordable fuel distribution. It is funded by climate finance, which is based on bioethanol fuel replacing the charcoal normally used for cooking; a leading cause of African deforestation. This development is so recent that it has not been widely discussed in the academic literature. More broadly, the health, environmental, and economic impacts of bioethanol for cooking have not been systematically assembled in one place. The main aim of this study is to identify how KOKO Networks has managed to overcome the traditional barriers to scalability, achieving impacts with bioethanol for accelerating energy transitions for cooking. The results show that bioethanol for cooking supports 13 out of 17 SDGs and has significant positive impacts on health, the environment, and the wider economy. The affordability of bioethanol has been made possible because of KOKO Investments in high-tech electronic fuel dispensing machines and through the use of climate financing. KOKO relies both on local and imported fuel to offer reliability and security of supply, as well as to grow commercial bioethanol demand to support the growth of the local bioethanol industry. Bioethanol for cooking also suffers from unfavorable tax regimes. This is because historically, in many countries, ethanol has been imported for use in the beverage industry. In addition, an appropriate commercial supply chain and delivery model which boosts the scalability of business and offers customer convenience is essential. For these conditions to take place, an enabling policy environment is key.
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Ugwu, Chinyere Nneoma, i Michael Ben Okon. "Fostering Food Security through Enhanced Fertilizer Production: Examining Policy Frameworks". INOSR EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES 13, nr 1 (24.02.2024): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/inosres/2024/1.31.3710.
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Agriculture is an important tool in poverty alleviation especially in rural areas whose economy mainly relies on agriculture as a source of income. Nevertheless, Nigeria is to face the food security crisis due to its agriculture sector which it heavily depends, but food consumption is imported rather than self-produced. Projections indicate that by 2030 Nigeria’s population will double the 2006 estimation which necessitates increased food production to meet the growing and urbanizing population needs and to open possibilities of exports. Apart from this, the country is faced with soil degradation as a result of inappropriate agricultural practices; erosion and gully, deforestation as well as climate change. It endangers the once dominant subsistent farm economy. The problems rose above show that there is an urgent need to review the role of fertilizers in food production for better food security. Proper execution of fertilizer policies becomes a powerful tool towards increasing agricultural production, malnutrition reduction and poverty alleviation through lowering food prices. Nevertheless, demand and supply factors like low farmers’ incomes, high market prices due the limited availability of fertilizer and public policy response also known as price incentives influence the low usage of fertilizers in Nigeria. In view of above problems, there is an urgent need to have a more holistic approach to sustainably raise agricultural productivity in Nigeria with a view to averting food shortage. Keywords: Food security, Fertilizer production, Agricultural productivity, Poverty alleviation, Policy frameworks
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Limenta, Michelle. "Palm Oil for Fuels: WTO Rules and Environmental Protection". Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 7 (1.07.2020): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020073.
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Biofuels are one of the renewable energy sources that present an alternative ‘clean’ energy to fossil fuels. However, their increased demand and use has led to concerns about their impacts on sustainability and climate change. Regulators worldwide attempt to regulate biofuels and their impacts in their domestic policies. In 2018, the European Union revised its original Renewable Energy Directive (RED) to integrate both sustainability criteria and the so-called indirect land use change (ILUC) for biofuels. The crux of the matter is that the EU Commission classified palm oil as the only biofuel feedstock crop with a high ILUC-risk. Consequently, it cannot be counted by the EU Members in attaining their specific targets of renewables transport and it will have to phased out by 2030. Palm oil is one of the most effective source materials used to produce biofuels, but the industry has attracted criticism as their activities are linked to widespread deforestation and the loss of biodiversity. As palm oil is not produced in the EU but imported, this policy measure is likely to have a significant impact on trade. This article seeks to analyse whether the ILUC policy as an environmental process and production method (PPM) measure with extraterritorial reach can be contested as breaching World Trade Organization (WTO) rules of non-discrimination under Article III of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT), and whether the measure can be justified under the general exceptions in Article XX of the GATT. palm oil, biofuels, indirect land-use change (ILUC), high ILUC-risk fuels, GATT, process and production method (PPM)
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Muntean, George-Cătălin, Dorina Simedru, Paul Uiuiu, Claudiu Tanaselia, Oana Cadar, Anca Becze i Aurelia Coroian. "Evaluation of Alternative Sources of Proteins and Other Nutrients with Potential Applications in Fish Nutrition". Molecules 29, nr 10 (15.05.2024): 2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102332.
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The European Union’s (EU) agricultural self-sufficiency is challenged by its reliance on imported plant proteins, particularly soy from the Americas, contributing to deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing the EU’s protein deficit, this study evaluates alternative protein sources for aquaculture, focusing on their nutritional value, elemental content, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Protein flours from gastropods (Helix pomatia, Arion lusitanicus, Arion vulgaris) and their hepatopancreas, along with plant-based proteins from food industry by-products (oilcakes, coffee grounds, spent brewer’s yeast), were analyzed. Results revealed that snail flour contained the highest protein content at 59.09%, significantly outperforming hepatopancreas flour at 42.26%. Plant-based proteins demonstrated substantial nutritional value, with coffee grounds flour exhibiting a remarkable protein content of 71.8% and spent brewer’s yeast flour at 57.9%. Elemental analysis indicated high levels of essential minerals such as magnesium in hepatopancreas flour (5719.10 mg/kg) and calcium in slug flour (48,640.11 mg/kg). However, cadmium levels in hepatopancreas flour (11.45 mg/kg) necessitate caution due to potential health risks. PAH concentrations were low across all samples, with the highest total PAH content observed in hepatopancreas flour at 0.0353 µg/kg, suggesting minimal risk of PAH-related toxicity. The analysis of plant-based protein sources, particularly oilcakes derived from sunflower, hemp, flax, and pumpkin seeds, revealed that these by-products not only exhibit high protein contents but present a promising avenue for enhancing the nutritional quality of feed. This study underscores the potential of utilizing gastropod and plant-based by-products as sustainable and nutritionally adequate alternatives to conventional feeds in aquaculture, contributing to the EU’s environmental sustainability goals.
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Notari, Márcio Bonini. "O princípio da sustentabilidade sob a ótica do transconstitucionalismo: uma análise no âmbito do recurso extraordinário nº 627.189 (STF)". Cadernos de Direito 20, nr 39 (19.12.2021): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15600/2238-1228/cd.v20n39p151-169.
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RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar o principio da sustentabilidade na jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a partir da perspectiva do transconstitucionalismo. O meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado vem objeto de inúmeros debates, em nível internacional, inclusive no campo econômico, acerca da necessidade de adoção de medidas internacionais que levem em considerações as questões ecológicas e sociais, a ponto de realizar o enquadramento legal dos países que lucram com a poluição e o desmatamento. No campo da exportação, a comunidade européia também vem avançando na restrição ambiental aos produtos importos fruto de desmatamento. No Brasil os retrocessos a questão ambiental são sentidos na exploração de madeira ilegal e na destruição e queimadas realizadas na Amazônia. Sendo assim, a hipótese a ser desenvolvida engloba o meio ambiente como direito humano e consituticional, previstos nas normativas de direitos humanos e nas constituições modernas, mas requer uma abertura de um dialgo constitucional, levando em consideração, entrelaçamento de novas ordens jurídicas multiplas (local, supranacional, internacional, extraestatal), na construção de novas pontes transconstitucionais. O trabalho desenvolveu, na primeira parte, o aporte teórico do transconstitucionalismo, a partir da metáfora grega de Cilas e Caribdis; buscou, delimitar os conceito e noções elementares da perspectiv transconstitucional. Buscou-se no segundo momento, analisar o princípio da sustentabilidade nas convenções internacionais de direitos humanos. Por fim, constatou-se que a ideia de sustentabilidade, a partir dos postulados do tranconstitucionalismo, ainda que de forma indireta vem ganhando presença no âmbito do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a partir da análise do Recurso Extraordinário (RE)nº 627.189/SP, em que foram aplicadas diversas normativas de ordem jurídicas diversas, num caso que envolveu ato de concessionária de energia elétrica na redução de eletromagnéticos prejudiciais a sáude e ambiente de trabalho. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito Ambiental, desenvolvimento sustentável e transconstitucionalismo. ABSTRACT:The objective of the present work is to analyze the principle of sustainability in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Federal Court, from the perspective of transconstitucionalismo. The ecologically balanced environment has been the subject of numerous debates, internationally, including in the economic field, about the need to adopt international measures that take into account ecological and social issues, to the point of achieving the legal framework of countries that profit from pollution and deforestation. In the field of exports, the European community has also been advancing in the environmental restriction on imported products resulting from deforestation. In Brazil, the setbacks to the environmental issue are felt in the exploitation of illegal wood and in the destruction and burning carried out in the Amazon. Therefore, the hypothesis to be developed encompasses the environment as a human and constitutional right, as provided for in human rights regulations and in modern constitutions, but requires an opening of a constitutional dialogue, taking into account the interweaving of new multiple legal orders (local , supranational, international, extra-state), in the construction of new transconstitutional bridges. The work developed, in the first part, the theoretical contribution of transconstitutionalism, based on the Greek metaphor of Cilas and Caribdis; sought to delimit the concepts and elementary notions of the transconstitutional perspective. The second step was to analyze the principle of sustainability in international human rights conventions. Finally, it was found that the idea of sustainability, based on the postulates of tranconstitutionalism, albeit indirectly, has been gaining presence within the scope of the Supreme Federal Court, based on the analysis of Extraordinary Appeal (RE) No. 627.189 / SP, in that several different legal rules have been applied, in a case that involved an act of electric utility in the reduction of electromagnetic harmful to health and work environment. KEYWORDS: Environmental Law, sustainable development and transconstitutionalism
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ASHORO Collins Ovwigho, EMAZIYE Peter Otunaruke i OVHARHE Oghenero Joseph. "Efficiency of oil palm production in Nigeria: A review-pathway". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, nr 1 (30.01.2024): 2558–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.2736.
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The study reviewed the efficiency of oil palm production in Nigeria. Efficiency plays a major role in productivity in developing economies like Nigeria, where resources are limited and new technology must be adopted quickly to boost output. The research gaps addressed were: provision of reasonable data backing the efficiency of oil palm production, inquiry into the technical efficiency dynamics of the oil palm making, appraising the dynamics disturbing the oil palm making, addressing the sustainability of oil palm making, reviewing the problems and prospects connected with the oil palm commerce. The factors affecting the technical efficiency of oil palm fruit processing which includes a decline in production and yields, limited availability of specific fertilizers, scarcity of quality palm seedlings, aging palm plantations, limited access to suitable credit options, marketing challenges, including stiff competition from imported oils, inefficient palm oil extraction using traditional methods due to the prevalence of a poorly mechanized artisanal sector and limited access to credit tailored for palm nut processing. It was discovered that Oil palm making has a significant impact on employment in Nigeria. The problems associated with the efficiency of oil palm production include deforestation and habitat loss, environmental impact, social and labour issues, land tenure and conflict. Among the prospects of oil palm efficiency, alternative oil sources, technology and yield improvement, restoration and reforestation, consumer awareness and demand for sustainable products were optimal. It was concluded that the pathway of oil palm-making efficiency in Nigeria from 1980 to 2023 reflects a dynamic industry resulting by economic growth, environmental stability, technological and social compatibility. It is recommended that to enhance efficiency in oil palm, farmers ought to allocate greater resources to their production endeavours to align with the rising market demand and to enhance their profit margins.
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Subba, Bharat Raj. "Impact of climate change on food value of molluscs in Nepal". Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 2 (24.01.2013): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v2i0.7496.
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The questionnaires and interviews were taken randomly with ethnic people, the molluscs consumers of different districts of Tarai regions. Regarding other information about the impact of climate change in the context of Nepal, literature survey was done. Edible molluscs are cheap non-conventional source of protein for huge population of poor ethnic peoples (53 castes living in twenty districts of Tarai in Nepal), from time immemorial. Up to, nearly four and half decades back, there were virgin forests in Tarai region, water sources were in better condition but because of rapid population explosion, encroachment of wetlands and deforestation the water sources began to dry up early in the year. Gradual increase in atmospheric temperature due to imbalanced amount of CO2 and precipitation, is worsening the environment. The climate change is not only destroying the suitable aquatic environment of the molluscs habitats but their foods of plant and animal origins as well. Several changes in water chemistry might have taken place threatening aquatic lives including molluscs. As a result, annual production of mollusc also has decreased. The climate change is enforcing molluscs to change their original habitats and habits. While their production of molluscs is decreasing, demand is increasing due to rapid human population growth. The price of molluscs meat also has increased 100% as compared to one decade back (Bellamya Rs 20-25/kg with shell, Pila without shell Rs 48-60/kg, similarly bivalves (Lamellidens and Parreysia) Rs 20-30/kg with shell whereas Rs 50-60/kg without shell; Brotia Rs 10-12/kg with shell). Local production of Nepal covers hardly 30-40% demand of molluscs. The rest 60% demand is met imported from India. The only solution of the problem is to initiate molluscs culture which will also help conserve water sources and other aquatic organisms as well. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v2i0.7496 Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 2 : 98-108 (2012)
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Sheng, Jiping, Xiaoge Gao i Zhao Zhang. "Sustainability of Forest Development in China from the Perspective of the Illegal Logging Trade". Sustainability 15, nr 16 (10.08.2023): 12250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612250.
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The illegal logging trade (ILT) is considered one of the major causes of global deforestation and ecological unsustainability. To prevent the price-suppressing damage caused by ILT to the local wood market and global ecological environment, the Chinese government and non-governmental organizations have taken many actions to deal with it. This study used wood trade data to analyze the current status of ILT in China, summarized the efforts and shortcomings of ILT response actions taken by China, and discussed the possible strategies and sustainable development prospects for combating ILT in China’s future. After studying China’s situation in the field of ILT and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of China’s measures to deal with ILT, this study found that the volume of ILT gradually increased in China from 2013 to 2020, which might also be one of the reasons for the slowdown in global ecological sustainability. The Chinese government and non-governmental organizations have taken many actions to deal with ILT through legislation, industry supervision, and international cooperation; to date, these response actions have achieved some positive results. Therefore, on this basis, this study proposed that China needs to further limit and manage ILT to achieve sustainable development of forest resources in the future. Strengthening the legislation, especially the restriction of ILT clauses, as a mandatory policy is the most important means to solve the ILT problem, which can provide the legal basis and a reference for other actions. Using economic means to encourage the import of legal wood is also a viable action to crowd out the trade of illegal wood. It is also necessary to promote an international certification system for wood and the standardization and systematization of logging is also a good way to mitigate ILT. Improving the management of wood being imported into China will fill a critical gap at the global scale in dealing with ILT and have positive impacts on combating global ILT.
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Munhoz, Leonardo. "New Environmental Restrictions and Its Impacts in International Trade: Evolution of Environmental principles as sources of International Law". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 33, Issue 3 (1.06.2024): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2024008.
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The relationship between environment and trade is gradually regaining prominence on the international scene, but this relationship is not a trivial one. The environment originated in international law initially in non-binding declarations, and treaties, producing effects for the signatory parties only. Today, it is discussed whether the environmental concern would also be evolving into a custom widely accepted by the international community. The World Trade Organization (WTO) rules allow environmental requirements to be used as exceptions to trade rules if they do not consist of arbitrary and discriminatory measures. However, these exceptions are not always clear, and may camouflage protectionist measures, raising questions, especially now with many trade initiatives under discussion in the European Union (EU), such as the recent restrictions on products from deforestation, carbon taxes for imported products and anti-green washing methods. The WTO dispute body has ways of interpreting trade agreements, considering trade treaties, as well as other sources of international law, including customs. Additionally, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has a central role in approaching these pressing new issues. Therefore, the evolution of environmental principles into a custom of international law is key and can help to incorporate the environment into the commercial agenda, which is gaining increasing momentum. (See MUNHOZ, L; SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF LIVING MODIFIED ORGANISMS AND IMPACTS ON TRADE – EVOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTES AT THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. Elisabeth Haub School of Law, Pace University (2023). Available at, https:// digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawdissertations/34/). The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between how environmental issues are addressed in the WTO, and how the environment is evolving from a range of non-binding principles to a custom widely accepted by the international community. (This work is based on the study MUNHOZ, L.; VARGAS, D.; VALENTE, F.; (2023). COMÉRCIO INTERNACIONAL E MEIO AMBIENTE – EVOLUÇÃO DOS PRINCÍPIOS AMBIENTAIS NAS DISPUTAS COMERCIAIS. Observatório de Conhecimento e Inovação em Bioeconomia, Fundação Getúlio Vargas – FGV-EESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Available at, https://agro.fgv.br/sites/default/files/ 2023-09/eesp_relatorio_ambientais_eng-ap1.pdf).
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Mammadova, Aynur, Mauro Masiero i Davide Pettenella. "Embedded Deforestation: The Case Study of the Brazilian–Italian Bovine Leather Trade". Forests 11, nr 4 (22.04.2020): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040472.
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Deforestation and forest degradation driven by Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) are important sources of carbon emissions. Market globalization and trade liberalization policies reinforce this trend and risk deforestation to be embedded in global value chains. Due to the complexity of global production and trade systems, deforestation risk is also embedded in the supply chains of the products and sectors that are not direct deforestation drivers. Bovine leather is a commodity closely entangled in the debates about deforestation as it is a by-product of cattle. This research focuses on leather trade between Brazil and Italy to demonstrate the channels through which Italian imports of Brazilian leather could possess embedded Amazonian deforestation and related risks. The data employed for the analysis was searched at three different levels for the leather trade between Brazil and Italy: (a) the country level annual leather trade statistics for the years 2014–2018 taken from the Comtrade database; (b) the state level leather trade data, for the years 2014–2018 taken from the Comexstat database; and (c) the exporter–importer level leather trade data for the period of August 2017–August 2018, based on customs declarations. The analysis helps to demonstrate that the Italian leather trade with Brazil possesses the risk of deforestation unless the proper traceability and due diligence systems are in place to claim the opposite. The European and Italian leather industry need to be more proactive in acknowledging the existence of the risk at different levels, putting full traceability systems in place and sending out clear market signals that deforestation is not tolerated, and that sustainability is valued.
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Rojas Hernández, Dairon, Suselis Díaz García, Estela Gertudis Espinosa Martínez i Arístides Pelegrín Mesa. "Indicadores de sostenibilidad ambiental en la cadena de valor de paneles fotovoltaicos en Cuba". Revista Estudios Ambientales - Environmental Studies Journal 10, nr 2 (31.12.2022): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47069/estudios-ambientales.v2i2.1580.
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El uso de tecnologías altamente contaminantes por los países industrializados y la ineficiencia en el uso de los recursos brindados por la naturaleza, ha traído como consecuencia su agotamiento, que se refleja en la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero causantes del calentamiento global, la deforestación de los bosques, la sobreexplotación de suelos, la contaminación del agua, la acelerada extinción de los combustibles fósiles, imponiendo mayores retos para la formulación e implementación de las estrategias empresariales.
Cuba que no queda ajena a estos problemas ambientales, se posiciona en la urgencia de la transformación de su matriz energética, para disminuir el consumo de combustibles importados para la generación y aumentar la eficiencia en su utilización.
La presente investigación propone un procedimiento para la definición de indicadores de sostenibilidad ambiental en la cadena de valor de paneles fotovoltaicos. En el cual se sistematiza el marco teórico - conceptual relacionado con la cadena de valor en las organizaciones y sus particularidades en la sostenibilidad ambiental, después se procede a diagnosticar la situación existente en la empresa de Componentes Electrónicos, respecto a la sostenibilidad ambiental de la cadena de valor en la fabricación de paneles fotovoltaicos, para finalmente diseñar el procedimiento en la empresa.
El procedimiento propuesto permite calcular y evaluar los indicadores de sostenibilidad ambiental en la cadena de valor de paneles fotovoltaicos que produce la organización, para estar en condiciones de formular fuentes de ventajas competitivas.
Abstract
The use of highly polluting technologies by industrialized countries and the inefficient use of resources provided by nature has resulted in their depletion, which is reflected in the emission of greenhouse gases that cause global warming, deforestation, overexploitation of soils, water pollution, and the accelerated extinction of fossil fuels, all of which impose great challenges for the formulation and implementation of business strategies.
No unconnected to these environmental problems, Cuba is in the urgency of transforming its energy matrix so as to reduce the consumption of imported fuels for generation and to increase its use efficiency.
The present investigation proposes a procedure for the definition of environmental sustainability indicators in the photovoltaic panel value chain. First, the theoretical-conceptual framework related to the value chain in organizations and its particularities in environmental sustainability are systematized. Then, the existing situation regarding the environmental sustainability of the value chain in the manufacture of photovoltaic panels is diagnosed in the Electronic Components Company. Finally, a procedure for the company is designed.
The proposed procedure allows for the calculation and evaluation of environmental sustainability indicators in the photovoltaic panels value chain produced by the organization so that it can formulate sources of competitive advantages.
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Swenson, Jennifer J., Catherine E. Carter, Jean-Christophe Domec i Cesar I. Delgado. "Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: Global Prices, Deforestation, and Mercury Imports". PLoS ONE 6, nr 4 (19.04.2011): e18875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018875.
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Hamid, Salsabilah, i Paramitaningrum. "Indonesian Economic Diplomacy toward Palm Oil: Indonesia’s Respond to the EU Resolution on Palm Oil and Deforestation of Rainforest (2016/2222(INI))". E3S Web of Conferences 388 (2023): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338804006.
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Palm Oil becomes one of Indonesian major trade commodity, besides oil and gas. It has comparable quality with palm oil from Malaysia, Netherland, Papua New Guinea, and Guatemala. Therefore, an accessible and good prospect of the global market is essential for the sustainability of Indonesian palm oil production and marketing. European Union (EU) is a major importer of Indonesian palm oil because the consumption of palm oil among EU member countries is considered high. However, in the past few years, there were some international reports, including European media, that Indonesian palm oil is environmentally unfriendly, because the operation of palm oil plantation leads to deforestation and the greenhouse emission issue, abandoning the local people's, rights and decreasing the population of orangutan and other animals. EU then produced EU Resolution on Palm Oil and Deforestation of Rainforest (2016/2222(INI)) in 2017 to ban the import of Indonesian palm oil. Furthermore, different views among both sides and competition over similar products from Europe contribute to Indonesian efforts to conduct economic diplomacy, to protect the Indonesian economy.
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Wang, Y., X. Sun i C. Zhu. "China's wood-based forest product imports and exports: trends and implications". International Forestry Review 25, nr 4 (1.12.2023): 503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554823838028184.
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This paper presents trends in China's forest product imports and exports during 1998–2019, by analyzing trade data from China's General Customs Administration (GCA). It was found that over the past two decades both imports and exports of forest products have experienced huge growth, making China an important player in the global forest products market. China's imports are dominated by raw materials such as logs and lumber, while exports are dominated by processed wood products like plywood and furniture. Sources of imports are diverse among different products. While softwood logs and lumber have been largely from the global north, where forests have mostly been sustainably managed, tropical hardwood have been dominated by unsustainable sources. Changes in the structure of trading products, import sources and export markets, which have been impacted by policies both at home and from the trade partners, have great implications for sustainable forest management and global actions in halting and reversing deforestation.
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Gan, Jianbang. "Forest certification costs and global forest product markets and trade: a general equilibrium analysis". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, nr 7 (1.07.2005): 1731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-100.
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The impacts of forest certification costs on the output, price, and trade of forest products were assessed via computable general equilibrium modeling under various scenarios representing tropical, temperate, and global forest certification. Despite causing more severe and extensive impacts, global certification seems more acceptable than regional certification to major timber-producing countries. The regions that would suffer the most from global certification would not be major timber-producing regions, but major net importers of forest products like East Asia. With 5%25% increases in forestry production costs resulting from certification, the world's forestry output would decline by 0.3%5.1%, while the world price would rise by 1.6%34.6%; impacts on global lumber and pulp and paper markets would be much more moderate. In general, forest certification would have larger impacts on trade and price than on output. While causing trade diversion and substitutions between tropical and temperate forest products and affecting regional forest product markets, forest certification would not substantially induce substitutions between wood and nonwood products at the global aggregate level. Because of the possible leakages (deforestation elsewhere) associated with regional certification and the land-use shifts resulting from sectoral production shifts at the regional level, forest certification may not necessarily curb tropical deforestation.
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Taheripour, Farzad, Thomas W. Hertel i Navin Ramankutty. "Market-mediated responses confound policies to limit deforestation from oil palm expansion in Malaysia and Indonesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, nr 38 (3.09.2019): 19193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903476116.
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The global demand for palm oil has grown rapidly over the past several decades. Much of the output expansion has occurred in carbon- and biodiversity-rich forest lands of Malaysia and Indonesia (M&I), contributing to record levels of terrestrial carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. This has led to a variety of voluntary and mandatory regulatory actions, as well as calls for limits on palm oil imports from M&I. This paper offers a comprehensive, global assessment of the economic and environmental consequences of alternative policies aimed at limiting deforestation from oil palm expansion in M&I. It highlights the challenges of limiting forest and biodiversity loss in the presence of market-mediated spillovers into related oilseed and agricultural commodity and factor markets, both in M&I and overseas. Indeed, limiting palm oil production or consumption is unlikely to halt deforestation in M&I in the absence of active forest conservation incentives. Policies aimed at restricting palm oil production in M&I also have broader consequences for the economy, including significant impacts on consumer prices, real wages, and welfare, that vary among different global regions. A crucial distinction is whether the initiative is undertaken domestically, in which case the M&I region could benefit, or by major palm oil importers, in which case M&I loses income. Nonetheless, all policies considered here pass the social welfare test of global carbon dioxide mitigation benefits exceeding their costs.
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Vincent, Jeffrey R., David J. Brooks i Alamgir K. Gandapur. "Substitution Between Tropical and Temperate Sawlogs". Forest Science 37, nr 5 (1.11.1991): 1484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/37.5.1484.
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Abstract Japan is the world's most important log importer. This paper develops a multi-output profit function framework to quantify the impacts of economic factors on Japan's imports of sawlogs from two temperate regions, North America and the Soviet Union, and one tropical region, the South Seas. Econometric results indicate that sawlogs from the three regions were substitutes for each other during 1970-87. Imports from each region were significantly affected by relative net prices (lumber price minus log input cost per unit of lumber), with cross-net-price elasticities between temperate and tropical categories increasing over time. Technical change (the residual trend after controlling for price effects) was significant and biased against imports from the South Seas. These findings suggest that scarcity of tropical hardwood sawlogs induced by deforestation or restrictive trade policies will lead to increased demand for temperate softwood sawlogs. Current forest-sector models, which do not treat hardwoods as substitutes for softwoods, fail to capture this emerging feature of global trade in forest products. For. Sci. 37(5):1484-1491.
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Egenolf, Vincent, Gibran Vita, Martin Distelkamp, Franziska Schier, Rebekka Hüfner i Stefan Bringezu. "The Timber Footprint of the German Bioeconomy—State of the Art and Past Development". Sustainability 13, nr 7 (1.04.2021): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073878.
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The article gives a comprehensive overview of the roundwood equivalents (RE) consumed in the German bioeconomy from Germany and abroad between 1995 and 2015, i.e., the Timber Footprint of final Consumption (TFPcon). The calculation is based on an adapted version of Exiobase 3.4. The sustainability of roundwood procurement for the TFPcon is assessed. A systematic embedding of the tree compartments considered in the TFP in the context of national forest inventories and material flow analysis is presented. The results show that, in 2015, the total volume of the TFPcon of Germany is 90 Mm3 (slightly above the 1995 level) and is composed of 61% coniferous and 39% non-coniferous wood. Germany is strongly dependent on roundwood sourced from abroad and thus was a net importer of RE in 2015. Among the 17 countries with the largest supply of RE for the TFPcon, around one third very likely include large shares of roundwood procured from deforestation or clear-cutting. The self-sufficiency rate in 2015 was only 76%. It would be possible to increase domestic roundwood production by 8–41% (mainly in the hardwood sector) without exceeding the sustainability limits as defined in the WEHAM scenarios.
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Moral-Pajares, Encarnación, Concepción Martínez-Alcalá, Leticia Gallego-Valero i Ángela Andrea Caviedes-Conde. "Transparency Index of the Supplying Countries’ Institutions and Tree Cover Loss: Determining Factors of EU Timber Imports?" Forests 11, nr 9 (19.09.2020): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11091009.
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Illegal logging and the associated deforestation have serious consequences for biodiversity, the climate, the economy and society. The EU Timber Regulation (EUTR) prohibits the placing of illegally harvested timber or timber products on the market. The objective of this paper is to analyse the recent evolution of EU imports of these products from the international market, in order to check how the transparency index of the supplying countries’ institutions and tree cover loss have influenced this trajectory. To that end, a panel data model is estimated with 228 observations from 38 exporting countries between 2012 and 2017. The results show that EU timber imports have a direct association with the transparency index and an inverse relationship with tree cover loss; both these relationships are highly significant at the one-percent level. Other significant factors are the performance of the EU construction sector (as a proxy for timber demand) and timber supply. In the short and medium-term, Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) signed between the EU and non-EU timber-producing countries have a negative influence on the supply to EU member states. This study presents an analysis of EU timber imports after the implementation of the EUTR, providing specific conclusions that can inform policymakers’ efforts to foster sustainable forest management.
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Hoffmeister, Frank. "The European Regulatory Approach on Supply Chain Responsibility". Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 25, nr 2 (2022): 221–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2022-2-221.
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The article presents four categories of EU approaches on regulating supply chain responsibility. Sometimes, like in the case of the Kimberley process for conflict diamonds or with respect to illegally fished fishery products, the EU enacts restrictions or prohibitions that are specifically targeted at the import of foreign products. These import regimes are distinguished from marketing prohibitions for unethically produced goods. The prime examples are the European bans on cat and dog fur and seals products, as well as a possible future ban on goods made from forced labour. While these categories impose negative duties for EU importers and producers, the author also looks at EU regulations imposing positive obligations of EU companies. They may either be required to report about supply chain responsibility or need to entertain due diligence with respect to their import activities. For the latter category, the author discusses the EU regulations on tropical timber, conflict minerals, deforestation and general due diligence. Hoffmeister shows how these regimes fit into the normative framework of the European Union’s foreign policy objectives and argues that they are WTO compatible. He also provides a short comparative assessment about their effectiveness.
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Estrada, Alejandro, Paul A. Garber i Abhishek Chaudhary. "Expanding global commodities trade and consumption place the world’s primates at risk of extinction". PeerJ 7 (17.06.2019): e7068. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7068.
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As a consequence of recent human activities. populations of approximately 75% of the world’s primates are in decline, and more than 60% of species (n = 512) are threatened with extinction. Major anthropogenic pressures on primate persistence include the widespread loss and degradation of natural habitats caused by the expansion of industrial agriculture, pastureland for cattle, logging, mining, and fossil fuel extraction. This is the result of growing global market demands for agricultural and nonagricultural commodities. Here, we profile the effects of international trade of forest-risk agricultural and nonagricultural commodities, namely soybean, oil palm, natural rubber, beef, forestry products, fossil fuels, metals, minerals, and gemstones on habitat conversion in the Neotropics, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. Total estimated forest loss for these regions between 2001 and 2017 was ca 179 million ha. The average percent of commodity-driven permanent deforestation for the period 2001–2015 was highest in Southeast Asia (47%) followed by the Neotropics (26%), South Asia (26%), and Africa (7%). Commodities exports increased significantly between 2000 and 2016 in all primate range regions leading to the widespread conversion of forested land to agricultural fields and an increase in natural resource extraction. In 2016, US $1.1 trillion of natural-resource commodities were traded by countries in primate range regions. The Neotropics accounted for 41% of the total value of these exports, Southeast Asia for 27%, Africa 21%, and South Asia 11%. Major commodity exporters in 2016 were Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and South Africa, countries of high primate diversity and endemism. Among the top 10 importers were China, the US, Japan, and Switzerland. Primate range countries lag far behind importer nations in food security and gross domestic product per capita, suggesting that trade and commodity-driven land-use have done little to generate wealth and well-being in primate habitat countries. Modeling of land-use and projected extinction of primate species by 2050 and 2100 under a business as usual scenario for 61 primate range countries indicate that each country is expected to see a significant increase in the number of species threatened with extinction. To mitigate this impending crisis, we advocate the “greening” of trade, a global shift toward a low-meat diet, reduced consumption of oil seed, diminished use of tropical timber, fossil fuels, metals, minerals, and gemstones from the tropics, accompanied by a stronger and sustained global resolve to regulate and reverse the negative impacts of growing unsustainable global demands and commodity trade on income inequality, and the destruction of primates and their habitats.
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Nabukalu, Catherine, i Reto Gieré. "Charcoal as an Energy Resource: Global Trade, Production and Socioeconomic Practices Observed in Uganda". Resources 8, nr 4 (16.12.2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8040183.
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Around the world, charcoal has persisted as an energy resource and retained unequivocal dominance in the energy consumption mix of some nations many years on since modern alternatives were invented. Furthermore, it has secured unyielding significance as a commodity on local and international markets and remained an aggressive competitor to electricity and gas for cooking. Here, we analyze the charcoal supply chain and highlight the rudimentary production techniques common within the sub-Saharan region, using Uganda as an example. Top global producers, importers, and exporters are discussed and, based on fieldwork from ten locations in Uganda, we describe common trade practices, economic contributions and the realities of charcoal consumption in areas with concentrated grid and electricity coverage. Indeed, forest degradation and deforestation in the charcoal trade is indiscriminate and the world’s top producers and exporters of charcoal do not necessarily have vast forest resources. Pyrolysis, the process used to produce charcoal from wood, exacerbates risks of wild fires and deteriorates air quality. Our fieldwork indicates that little to no innovation exists to manage waste materials such as ash and polluting gases along the supply chain. Recommendations for the future include better forest conservation practices and more innovation at the cooking level, because effects of localized environmental degradation inevitably lead to negative impacts beyond geographical borders.
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de Hoop, Evelien, i Erik van der Vleuten. "Sustainability Knowledge Politics: Southeast Asia, Europe and the Transregional History of Palm Oil Sustainability Research". Global Environment 15, nr 2 (1.06.2022): 209–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2022.150202.
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So far, the field of sustainability history has insufficiently addressed the tricky politics of academic sustainability knowledge making. In response, this paper studies how scientific research on palm oil sustainability, when defining sustainability problems and solutions, enacted a postcolonial politics of difference between Southeast Asia and Europe. Iterating between quantitative database queries (2,500+ sources) and close reading, we found that voices of scientists from both regions were amply represented in palm oil sustainability research, but presented different types of narratives. Research originating from Southeast Asia predominantly foregrounded situated problems originating, experienced and to be redressed within the region itself. By contrast, diverse strands of research led by scholars from Europe addressed universalised global sustainability problems for humanity, notably global deforestation and climate change. This research framed palm oil farmers in Southeast Asia as responsible for causing and solving such problems while attributing to European actors the responsibility of ensuring Southeast Asian actors' compliance with global sustainability standards through certification schemes. Critically, European actors were thereby acquitted of their own historical and future responsibilities, even though the latter had long deforested their own territories and contributed significantly more to climate change, played a pivotal role in establishing palm oil cultivation and trade, and constituted leading importers of soy in the twentieth century. To open up for more equitable and inclusive future sustainability imaginaries, we encourage historical research that studies, situates and unpacks diverse sustainability knowledges and narratives across the globe in a symmetrical manner.
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Haryono, Adi, Mohamad Syamsul Maarif, Arif Imam Suroso i Siti Jahroh. "The Design of a Contract Farming Model for Coffee Tree Replanting". Economies 11, nr 7 (7.07.2023): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11070185.
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Coffee tree replanting is needed in Indonesia, yet a financing scheme is not available at the moment due to its economic feasibility and farmers’ reluctance to reinvest. This research aims to design contract farming for coffee tree replanting in Indonesia to support coffee farmer welfare. The method used in this study is Soft System Methodology (SSM), including interviews with several coffee cultivation respondents, with case studies in the Lampung region. The initial study indicates that the replanting program must integrate coffee farmers with banks or investors and coffee processing companies. The study of one farmer community successful in profiting from a new coffee production method enables the possibility of a new model of replanting through contract farming. Aside from banks, institutions that will have an essential role in the development of successful replanting are land owners and exporters or processing companies as offtakers. The implementation of the European Union Deforestation Regulation on traceability will impact Indonesia’s replanting effort, as exporters or importers will be accountable for the compliance of their supply chain. The five main factors that need to be evaluated consist of (1) financing as an initial investment, (2) farmer competencies as the farmer’s skill to implement the coffee tree replanting, (3) technology to ensure the successful implementation of coffee tree replanting, (4) production to maintain the income flow, and (5) synergy between actors to ensure the role in contract farming development.
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Molotoks, Amy, i Chris West. "Which forest-risk commodities imported to the UK have the highest overseas impacts? A rapid evidence synthesis". Emerald Open Research 1, nr 10 (24.09.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eor-10-2023-0010.
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Background: Commodity-driven deforestation is a major driver of forest loss worldwide, and globalisation has increased the disconnect between producer and consumer countries. Recent due-diligence legislation aiming to improve supply chain sustainability covers major forest-risk commodities. However, the evidence base for specific commodities included within policy needs assessing to ensure effective reduction of embedded deforestation. Methods: We conducted a rapid evidence synthesis in October 2020 using three databases; Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus, to assess the literature and identify commodities with the highest deforestation risk linked to UK imports. Inclusion criteria include publication in the past 10 years and studies that didn't link commodity consumption to impacts or to the UK were excluded. The development of a review protocol was used to minimise bias and critical appraisal of underlying data and methods in studies was conducted in order to assess the uncertainties around results. Results: From a total of 318 results, 17 studies were included in the final synthesis. These studies used various methodologies and input data, yet there is broad alignment on commodities, confirming that those included in due diligence legislation have a high deforestation risk. Soy, palm oil, and beef were identified as critical, with their production being concentrated in just a few global locations. However, there are also emerging commodities that have a high deforestation risk but are not included in legislation, such as sugar and coffee. These commodities are much less extensively studied in the literature and may warrant further research and consideration. Conclusion: Policy recommendations in the selected studies suggests further strengthening of the UK due diligence legislation is needed. In particular, the provision of incentives for uptake of policies and wider stakeholder engagement, as well as continual review of commodities included to ensure a reduction in the UK's overseas deforestation footprint.
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Dabare E.T.D., Udawattha C.D. i Udawattha C.D. "Alternative Timber Applications for Sri Lankan House Construction during the Economic Crisis". Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium 27 (15.02.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v27.7155.
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A crucial component of civilization, housing construction has evolved in a variety of ways based on new technology and materials. However, due to Sri Lanka's economic crisis, house building is now one of the most in-danger industries there. Subjectively, the cost of imported base building materials has grown due to the danger of inflation, and this increase is dependent on the US dollar exchange rate. The reason is that more than 50% of the building and raw materials are imported, and a rise in the US dollar value will raise the price of construction supplies. In order to find the best materials to reduce the cost of building a house based on imported materials, this study compares the life cycle quality of imported and local alternatives for imported materials made of timber. There are many various kinds of materials that have been utilized in house construction, but the focus of this study is on timber-based alternatives. The study is mainly focused on aluminum and glass as imported materials and timber as an alternative material. Based on life cycle cost analysis, these materials were compared using material costs and data gathered through interviews. Additionally, weighted analysis has been utilized to choose the optimum material based on consumer preferences, appearance and aesthetics, durability, and local availability of resources. Even though local materials are more affordable and score higher on other metrics, it was discovered that they may no longer be comparable to imported materials. People also rapidly switch back to imported materials when they are affordable after the economic crisis. It also found that local timber consumption increased during the economic crisis leading to deforestation.
Keywords: Alternative materials, Appearance, Durability of materials, Finishing materials, House construction, Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Timber
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de Carvalho Cabral, Diogo. "Creatures of the Clearings: Deforestation, Grass-Cutting Ants and Multispecies Landscape Change in Postcolonial Brazil". Environment and History, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734022x16384451127294.
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Without denying its striking destructiveness, deforestation can be seen as a socio-ecological process through which humans negotiate their place-making with the earth and its nonhuman inhabitants. In this article I combine qualitative and geospatial methods to document and analyse how forest clearing drove the range expansion of Atta ants in southeast Brazil over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. First, I outline the main deforestation drivers and dynamics, focusing on the connections between clearing practices and Atta habitat formation. Then, using Historical GIS methods, I examine the regional process of ‘savannisation’ and how it fuelled the expansion of two grass-cutting species. Imported African grasses such as Melinis minutiflora played a key role in the historical assemblage that both produced and was produced by the savannised landscapes. I conclude by highlighting the multispecies agential character of the Anthropocene as a product not only of human doings but of what humans enable other living beings to do (or prevent them from doing).
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Soisontes, Sakson, Florian Freund i Verena Laquai. "The future of protein feed: a case study of sustainable substitutes in the German livestock industry". Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1.08.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03676-1.
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AbstractThe use of imported soybean/soybean meal is criticized in the context of the sustainability discussion in Germany. Imported soybean is often associated with deforestation and genetic modification, which is largely viewed critically by consumers. This study aims to forecast changes in future demand for imported soybean/soybean meal and its possible substitutes in the German livestock industry. The two-round Delphi method was used in the study by sending questionnaires to 28 experts from four groups: food retailers, livestock associations, animal nutrition manufacturers and research institutes. Our main result is that the total use of soybeans in German livestock farming will decrease from almost 4 million tons of soybean equivalents in 2018/19 to approximately 3.4 million tons by 2030/31. In contrast, the share of non-GM soybean is forecast to increase from 26 to 53%. Factors that influence the increased use of non-GM protein feeds most are “specifications from downstream processors” and “demand from the feed industry.” Experts forecast that about 36% of imported soybean/soybean meal (from non-EU countries) for German livestock farming could be replaced by protein feed produced in the EU. Rapeseed was considered to have a particularly high potential for production in the EU, followed by soybean and sunflower. Experts considered the factors: “requirements by the food retailers,” “reasonable price,” “political regulation” and “better profitability for the producer” as the most influential for extended use of regional protein feeds.
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Elshamy, Mohamed, i Christine Rösch. "Animal Feed from Microalgae Grown on Biogas Digestate as Sustainable Alternative to Imported Soybean Meal". BioEnergy Research, 4.02.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-022-10397-2.
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Abstract This work investigates microalgae’s potential to reduce North-Western Europe environmental burden from excess nitrogen polluting groundwater and provide an environmental replacement for current animal feed. Algae uptake nutrients from nutrient-rich digestate from biogas plants and turn them into high-value feedstock, which can substitute soybean meal imported from overseas and avoid deforestation of rainforests. Life cycle assessments were conducted based on novel and original data from engineers in academia and industry, acquired through pilot-scale research facilities in the UK, France, and Belgium. The findings of this study highlight the environmental impacts of three different technologies with varying scales of production. Mixotrophic algal feed production shows higher productivities and fewer energy demands than the phototrophic systems. Still, the process is less favourable due to higher impacts on human health and ecosystems than imported soybean meal, whereas the impact on resources is more negligible. Sensitive analysis indicates that further technological development, increased productivities, and renewable energy use can improve the environmental competitiveness of algal feedstock. Since this process is a promising solution for making feedstock out of excess nutrients and having an alternative source for imported soybean meal with a comparable, efforts to realize these improvements and successfully upscaling algal feedstock production in combination with biogas plants are justified and can improve the environmental footprint of algal biomass production.
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Pauwelyn, Joost. "Twenty-first century customs fraud: how to effectively enforce EU sustainability requirements on imports". Journal of International Economic Law, 7.05.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgae013.
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Abstract Countries increasingly adopt measures to make their economy more sustainable. These measures range from pricing carbon and protecting forests to promoting renewable energy and banning forced labour. This article examines how countries can effectively enforce such sustainability requirements on imports. Based on two case studies—the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)—and other developments in EU customs law and practice, this article shows that customs inspection of elements that cannot be physically detected in the imported product as such is neither unique nor new. Similar challenges arise when dealing with massive inflows of small e-commerce consignments or having to check the origin or value of products. Indeed, for customs enforcement more generally, the trend is one away from physical inspection of products on a transaction basis at the point of entry, toward verification and control of firms before and especially after release of the goods. To implement this ‘product-to-firm’ shift, four back-up features are, however, crucial, focusing on data, penalties/circumvention, cooperation, and resources.
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Hentschl, Moritz, Amelie Michalke, Maximilian Pieper, Tobias Gaugler i Susanne Stoll-Kleemann. "Dietary change and land use change: assessing preventable climate and biodiversity damage due to meat consumption in Germany". Sustainability Science, 11.05.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-023-01326-z.
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AbstractLand use change (LUC) is responsible for a large share of the emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) and is a major driver of global biodiversity loss. Although much of the global LUC-related CO2 emissions and biodiversity loss occur in tropical countries, the actual drivers of this LUC can be located in the global North, particularly through the import of large quantities of agricultural commodities. The aim of this study is to quantify and monetize the LUC-related impacts of the consumption of animal-based food products in Germany and subsequently explore the potential benefits of transitioning to diets with lower dependence on animal-based products. We calculate the LUC-related impacts of consumption of animal-based products in Germany through a modeling approach that combines models for land balance, emissions, and physical trade. We determine the LUC-related CO2 emissions of this consumption, as well as the deforested area and associated impacts on biodiversity loss. Following the true cost accounting approach (TCA), the LUC-related impacts are monetized to estimate the external costs of the German consumption of animal-based products. Our results show that the consumption of these products is responsible for the deforestation of 16.4 kha annually in the period between 2013 and 2016. Out of the six analyzed animal-based product groups, the largest shares of deforestation are associated with milk (35%) and pork (33%) consumption. However, beef meat consumption has the highest relative LUC-related CO2 emissions at 0.75 tCO2 per ton. The LUC-related externalities of the German meat-based product consumption incur annually societal costs of EUR 1.1 billion (plus EUR 0.5 billion for biodiversity loss). The results also show that the animal-based products imported in Germany have only slightly higher LUC-related CO2 emissions than those produced within Germany. Overall, there is a great urgency for policy measures and shifts in consumer behavior to ensure that the consumption of animal-based products in Germany does not have unacceptably high negative sustainability impacts.
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Komárková, Martina, Jiří Čáp, Olga Trčková, Jaroslav Dostál i Pavlína Máchová. "Comparison of population genetic structure of Pinus mugo Turra forest stands in the Giant Mountains by analysis of nSSR molecular marker data". Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 5.08.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpae042.
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Abstract Pinus mugo (dwarf mountain pine) communities in the protected area of Krkonoše National Park are extremely valuable. After extensive deforestation during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, P. mugo recovered naturally in some parts of the Giant Mountains, and in some places imported seeds were likely used for reforestation. To distinguish between native and possibly introduced local P. mugo populations, genetic variations between 12 populations from the Czech Sudeten part of the Giant Mountains and between the two populations from the Tatra Mountains were analysed using 12 nuclear microsatellite markers (nuclear simple sequence repeats). Based on the simple sequence repeat data, 146 alleles were found, and Shannon’s information index, number of private alleles, and expected heterozygosity (HE) of populations averaged 1.12, 0.16, and 0.53, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that most of the variation was detected within populations. Low levels of genetic differentiation were also observed (average FST = 0.023). The population structure was examined by Bayesian clustering. The results of STRUCTURE analysis confirmed that the introduced populations were different from the autochthonous populations. Some of the introduced Czech Sudeten populations had similar genetic structure as the more distant native populations from the Tatra Mountains. Our results provide important genetic information for the reconstruction of natural communities in the Giant Mountains.