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Firestone, Karen. "Wildlife Tourism: Impacts, Management, and Planning". Pacific Conservation Biology 11, nr 3 (2005): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050226.
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The publishers of this edited volume rightly claim that it should be required reading for a varied audience interested in wildlife tourism including tourism professionals, wildlife managers, recreation managers, researchers, and general readers with an interest in the role of wildlife tourism. I volunteered to review this book, since I readily confess to being a wildlife tourist at times, and I was curious as to the inner workings of the industry. This volume provides an eye-opening viewpoint on wildlife tourism to someone outside the field
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Carter, Tracy S. "Wildlife Tourism: impacts, management, and planning". Wildlife Society Bulletin 33, nr 3 (wrzesień 2005): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[1188:wtimap]2.0.co;2.
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Shackley, Myra. "Wildlife Tourism: Impacts, Management, and Planning". Annals of Tourism Research 33, nr 3 (lipiec 2006): 868–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.01.001.
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Mutanga, Chiedza, Edson Gandiwa, Never Muboko i Oliver Chikuta. "Sustainability of Wildlife Tourism: Tourist Perceptions on Threats to Wildlife Tourism in Two State Protected Areas in Zimbabwe". African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, nr 10(3) (30.06.2021): 895–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-139.
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The study sought to determine tourist perceptions on the threats to the sustainability of wildlife tourism using a case study of two state protected areas in Zimbabwe. Using close-ended questionnaires, we collected data from 128 tourists in December 2015. Results show respondents generally perceived all the seven tested threats as serious, i.e., illegal hunting, destruction of wildlife habitats, human-wildlife conflict, lack of involvement of local people in national park tourism, lack of benefits from the national park to local communities, negative attitudes towards tourism by local residents, and poor local community and national park relationships. Moreover, respondents generally had similar perceptions on the impacts of the threats on the sustainability of wildlife tourism regardless of their gender, age, level of education and income. We conclude tourists are more environmentally conscious and well informed of the threats to wildlife tourism in Zimbabwe, which may indicate willingness to support conservation. It is thus necessary for park management to promote local people participation in ecotourism, enhance innovative law enforcement measures as well as motivate tourists to participate in conservation. Results could help broaden policy decision-makers' knowledge base in response to sustainable wildlife tourism development challenges.
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Dou, Xueting, i Jonathon Day. "Human-wildlife interactions for tourism: a systematic review". Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights 3, nr 5 (2.07.2020): 529–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhti-01-2020-0007.
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PurposeThis paper aims to synthesize the key findings of prior research on the topic of human-wildlife interactions (HWI) in natural places for tourism.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of systematic review was used to search for, appraise and analyze the relevant research evidence. A total of 47 English-language academic journal articles, published between 2003 and 2018, with free online access to full texts in the database of Hospitality and Tourism Complete have been reviewed. Thematic analysis was adopted to synthesize the textual data.FindingsThe reviewed articles cover a wide geographical spread, diverse wildlife species and interaction types, and various research focuses including ecological impacts, human dimensions and management issues of wildlife tourism. The interactions between wildlife and human systems in the context of tourism constitute a complicated social-ecological system, in which both the humans and animals can be affected positively and negatively. Management and scientific research provide the nexus between the ecological and human dimensions of wildlife tourism. While opportunities for sustainable development abound, challenges are not to be neglected.Originality/valueDue to the complexity of wildlife encounters for tourist purposes, the extant literature indicates a diverse and fragmented view from which integrated implications are difficult to obtain. This paper presents the first overarching review in English of the literature on human-wildlife interactions for tourism and provides a big picture understanding of what has been and what is needed to be done in terms of both wildlife tourism research and practices.
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Lekgau, Refiloe Julia, i Tembi Tichaawa. "Community Perceptions on the Socio-economic Impacts of Wildlife Tourism from the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in Botswana: The Case of Tsabong". African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, nr 9(6) (15.12.2020): 1044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-67.
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The overall purpose of the current study was to investigate the socio-economic contributions made by wildlife tourism in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park to a community living adjacent to the Park. Following a mixed methods approach, the study used Tsabong, a community in Botswana, as the case study area. Interviews were conducted with key tourism stakeholders and semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to the residents involved. The study found that (i) wildlife tourism has contributed to employment creation and economic development in Tsabong, (ii) wildlife tourism has increased the community’s sense of pride in their culture and preservation of local culture because of wildlife tourism, however, also revealed that (iii) local community participation in wildlife tourism and conservation projects of the KTP is generally low and (iv) positive economic benefits of wildlife tourism are not seen by the entire community. The main recommendations of the study centre on facilitating community participation in the collaborative management of the Park.
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Priyanto, Sabda Elisa. "DAMPAK PERKEMBANGAN PARIWISATA MINAT KHUSUS SNORKELING TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN: KASUS DESTINASI WISATA KARIMUNJAWA". Kepariwisataan: Jurnal Ilmiah 10, nr 03 (30.09.2016): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47256/kepariwisataan.v10i03.117.
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The study will analyze the impact of tourism by the type of special interest tourism to the environment. Impact on the coast and islands, the impact on vegetation, the impact wildlife, and the impact on urban areas and rural areas. Positive impact on the coast and the island is the effort for preservation and conservation of coral reefs, reef fish, giant clams and turtles, and encouraged to make environmentallyfriendly tourism activities. The negative impact is a damage to coral reefs from snorkeling activities, and the loss of traditional land allotment to the beach. The positive impact on vegetation is their attempt to biodiversity and conservation of vegetation typical of Publications, and reforestation activities is to replant mangrove. Negative impacts on vegetation is illegal logging and the clearing of trees to increase tourist attraction as supporters of the main activities. commercialization of the plant for souvenirs. Positive impact on wildlife is their conservation, preservation, and biodiversity, the breeding of animals and relocating the animals to their natural habitat. The negative impact is going hunting animals as souvenirs and tourist consumption, harassment of wildlife photography, animal exploitation for pertujukan, changes in animal instincts, and the migration of animals. Positive impact on urban areas and rural areas is happening arrangement karimunjawa towns and villages, and their empowerment. The negative impact of pressure on the land for the opening of a new tourist attraction, there are exchange in the function of residential land into commercial land, and the occurrence of traffic congestion, noise pollution, air pollution, and pollution aesthetics.
Keywords: Environmental Impact, Tourism, Snorkeling
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Puri, Janak. "Socio-Economic Impacts of Wildlife Tourism in Kasara, Chitwan". Journal of APF Command and Staff College 2, nr 1 (16.12.2019): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v2i1.26746.
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Tourism is considered as one of the largest and fastest developing sectors of the world. Its high growth and development rates bring considerable volumes of foreign currency inflows, infrastructure development, employment generation, regional development, economic multiplier effects and introduction between host and guest peoples experience actively affect various sectors of society, which can positively affected to the social and economic development. However the tourism also generates a number of other negative socio-economic impacts on local communities. This study considers the mainly socio-economic impacts on local community trough tourism development in Kasara. The study is focused to identify the social and economic impacts on local community and their perception towards the tourism. The study is adapted the qualitative methodology and the data is generated through primary and secondary source, personal interviews, discussions and social interaction. The study identified that community has developed positive attitudes about the tourism development and the community is accepted tourism as a major income source through active and passive participations. As usually the tourism has generated both positive and negative impacts in the society. However, the negative impacts are at a minimum level when compare with the positive impacts. The social tradition, culture and human behaviour exchange between host guest interactions. The tourism revitalizes the culture and sometime declines the culture of the host country. The tourism helps to develop the livelihood of the people and can earn money from the different business and cultural activities. Community empowerment and their capacity building are highly important in this context.
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Belicia, Teo, i Md Islam. "Towards a Decommodified Wildlife Tourism: Why Market Environmentalism Is Not Enough for Conservation". Societies 8, nr 3 (26.07.2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc8030059.
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Wildlife tourism is frequently touted as a solution to the problems of increased poaching, habitat destruction, and species extinction. When wildlife is able to pay for its right to survive through attracting tourists, there is an incentive to conserve wildlife populations and the habitats that support them. However, numerous reports in recent years have drawn attention to the potential negative impacts of wildlife tourism attractions. This paper examines whether market environmentalism diminishes the potential of wildlife tourism to contribute to conservation and the welfare of individual animals. Market environmentalism commodifies the animals involved in wildlife tourism attractions and fuels an anthropocentric worldview where animals are resources to be used by humans for entertainment or economic gain, potentially presenting a threat to long-term conservation. Instead, we call for a decommodified experience of wildlife tourism based on more than just economic value.
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Higginbottom, Karen, Ronda Green i Chelsea Northrope. "A Framework for Managing the Negative Impacts of Wildlife Tourism on Wildlife". Human Dimensions of Wildlife 8, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871200390180118.
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Kideghesho, Jafari R., Houssein S. Kimaro, Gabriel Mayengo i Alex W. Kisingo. "Will Tanzania’s Wildlife Sector Survive the COVID-19 Pandemic?" Tropical Conservation Science 14 (styczeń 2021): 194008292110126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19400829211012682.
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The COVID-19 pandemic presents a potential threat to wildlife resources in Africa. In this review, using Tanzania as a case, we examine the impacts and risks that wildlife sectors in Africa are facing or are likely to face as a result of this pandemic. We recognize loss of revenues from tourism as a major impact that could negatively influence the management of wildlife species and habitats. Loss of tourism revenues reduces capacity of the conservation agencies to fund conservation operations and support the benefit sharing schemes. Furthermore, it undermines the efficacy of conservation to compete with alternative economic activities which are ecologically damaging. Increased unemployment and household poverty due to closure of businesses may exacerbate wildlife crime and unsustainable activities. Additionally, contributions from donor-funding organizations and development partners cannot be guaranteed as revenues may be diverted to support other sectors including health. In order to address and minimize the impacts and reduce the risks to the wildlife sector, the following policy measures are recommended: ensure adequate budget for conservation; develop a crisis management plan; reconsider protocols for conducting wildlife trade; develop a comprehensive tourism recovery plan; promote scientific studies focusing on zoonoses and adopt a One-Health Approach as a matter of urgency in dealing with COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Cheung, Hubert. "Tourism in Kenya's national parks: A cost-benefit analysis". SURG Journal 6, nr 1 (21.12.2012): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v6i1.2019.
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East Africa is home to some of the most stunning wildlife in the world. With tourism in the region’s wildlife parks growing in popularity, it is imperative to evaluate the socioeconomic and environmental costs and benefits of this expanding industry. This study conducted a cost-benefit analysis of the various impacts that tourism has brought to Kenya’s national parks by monetarily valuating each impact. While the results of this cost-benefit analysis suggest that the benefits far outweigh the costs, even when non-measurable costs are considered, a number of fundamental issues must be addressed in order to improve the cost-benefit balance. The results are likely to be representative of the overall state of tourism in Kenya’s national parks and expose key areas where improvements can be made. Improvements to tourism in Kenya’s national parks can have positive implications for local people, the environment, wildlife species, tourists, and biodiversity conservation.
Keywords: tourism; national parks; Kenya; cost-benefit analysis
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Dubey, Ashwani Kumar. "3rd International Research conference on Ecotourism & Environment (Souvenier)". International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews 5, nr 2 (26.07.2018): 01–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2018/july.ews.
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Object: To provide a platform to Vice Chancellors, Educational Administrators, College Principals, Deans, Professors, Readers, Associate Professors, Assistant Professors, Scientists, Environmentalist, Researchers, Young scientists and Post Graduate Students to disseminate knowledge related to Ecotourism & Environment.
Theme: To take some positive steps towards improving our Ecotourism & Environment for future generation.
Goal: The moral obligation to act sustainably as an obligation to protect the natural processes that form the context of human life and culture, emphasizing those large biotic and abiotic systems essential to human life, health, and flourishing culture. Ecotourism and Environment, which are understood as dynamic, self-organizing systems humans have evolved within, must remain 'healthy' if humans are to thrive. The principal goal of this conference will be to present some of the latest outstanding breakthroughs in Ecotourism and Environment, to bring together both young and experienced scientists from all regions of the world, and to open up avenues for research collaborations at regional and global level.
The general topics covered in conference will be as under:
Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism. Ecosystem: Aquatic, Terrestrial and Areal ecosystem, Ecology, Ecosystem and its conservation measure. Wildlife: Animal Behavior and Wildlife Conservation, Endangered, Threatened and Endemic Species Conservation, Strategy for wildlife conservation.
National and World Heritage: Heritage and Tourism, Importance of tourist, Tourist need, Eco-Tourism.
Technological Approach for sustainable development: Method and Technique for Ecotourism and Environment management, Bio-indicator, Application of bio-technology, Rural bio-technology, Tools and technique, Bio-markers, Climate change and Ecosystem management. Role of N.G.O. for Ecotourism, Environment, Wildlife and Heritage conservation
The general topics covered in the conference: Research Needs in Ecotourism, Research Needs in Environment conservation, Action plane for Ecotourism and Environment, Policy in Ecotourism and Environment conservation, Sustainable Ecotourism Development, Guide and Ecotourism, Role of NGO in Ecotourism, Community based Ecotourism, Role of Biodiversity in Ecotourism, Needs of Stakeholders for Ecotourism, International and National Heritage conservation, Assessment of Environmental impacts of Ecotourism, The Existing Knowledge of Ecotourism, Biological and Ecological Impact of Tourism, Pollution in Tourism area, Environmental study of Tourism area, Natural resource management, Wildlife and Forest conservation, Technological Approach Lab to Land.
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Rotich, Laban. "Perceptions around climate change impacts on natural resources and tourism sustainability in protected areas: A case study of Maasai Mara national reserve, Kenya". Zbornik radova Departmana za geografiju, turizam i hotelijerstvo, nr 51-1 (2022): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zbdght2201011r.
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Kenya' tourism industry is predominantly based on nature and founded on protected areas (PAs) model. However, climatic changes through unstable temperature as well as rainfall patterns have the potential to cause declines in wildlife populations in these PAs. Climate change poses exceptional social, cultural as well as environmental challenges. In Kenya's Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR), a combined number of factors including climate change, human population pressure on wildlife dispersal areas including human wildlife conflict has resulted in catastrophic declines in wildlife populations. The study investigated MMNR host community perceptions oaround climate change impacts of on natural resources and sustainability of tourism. This is because regional knowledge gaps exist in research on climate change impacts on tourism. Exploratory research design was adopted. This research used quantitative data and hence exploratory approach was considered suitable. Simple random sampling was adopted to sample 399 heads of households who filled the questionnaires. Using SPSS V.23, descriptive as well as inferential statistics was adopted to analyze quantitative data. The relationship between the variables was determined using linear regression. The study findings indicate a positive as well as significant relationship on the two variables of natural resources and tourism sustainability as evidenced by the values (b=0.393 and p=0.000). Also, the coefficient of determination (R squared) shows 39.5% variation in sustainability of tourism can be attributed to climate change as indicated in Table 3. The study findings raises the need for strategic initiatives and considerations for developing alternative wildlife based tourism products in the advent of declines in wildlife populations as a result of erratic rainfall and temperature patterns.
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Wang, Chih-Yung, i Paul S. Miko. "Environmental Impacts of Tourism on U.S. National Parks". Journal of Travel Research 35, nr 4 (kwiecień 1997): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759703500405.
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The purpose of this study was to identify perceived tourism impacts on the natural environment within national parks. Responses from 44 of 51 U.S. national park superintendents to a mailed survey questionnaire indicated that 24 parks had water quality problems, 27 had air quality problems, 37 had vegetation (flora) or wildlife (fauna) problems, and 22 had coastline/shoreline problems relating to tourism. Implications for travel research and policies concerning the development and promotion of park tourism are discussed.
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Grossberg, Rebecca, Adrian Treves i Lisa Naughton-Treves. "The incidental ecotourist: measuring visitor impacts on endangered howler monkeys at a Belizean archaeological site". Environmental Conservation 30, nr 1 (marzec 2003): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000031.
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Conservationists are missing opportunities to protect species at mass tourism sites where wildlife itself is not the main tourist attraction. At such locations are ‘incidental ecotourists’, i.e. tourists with multiple interests who encounter wildlife or fragile ecosystems inadvertently. A case study from Lamanai Archaeological Reserve, Belize, reveals the motivations of incidental ecotourists and their impact on an endangered primate species, the black howler monkey, Alouatta pigra. Four hundred and seventy-one visitors were surveyed to assess their travel goals, conservation commitments, and reactions to viewing howler monkeys. Data were also collected on the behaviour of tourists and monkeys during encounters. More intense tourist interactions with howler monkeys were correlated with the number of tourists and the duration of the encounter; guided parties interacted more intensely than unguided parties. Tourists were largely unaware that these interactions may harm the howler monkeys. Qualitative observations of howler response to tourists suggest short- and long-term negative impacts. These impacts could be mitigated through more effective guide training, limiting tourist group size, and increasing entrance fees at the Reserve. Improving environmental education may reduce impacts and motivate some tourists to become advocates for conservation of endangered species.
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Devney, Carol A., i Bradley C. Congdon. "Testing the efficacy of a boundary fence at an important tropical seabird breeding colony and key tourist destination". Wildlife Research 36, nr 4 (2009): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08143.
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Tourists have the potential to detrimentally impact breeding seabirds, particularly at popular destinations such as on the Great Barrier Reef. Michaelmas Cay is a significant seabird rookery and prime tourist destination on the reef. In 1990, Queensland Parks & Wildlife Service erected a fence to separate tourists from fragile nesting habitat. We used two independent assessments during different breeding seasons to determine the potential impacts of tourism on two pelagic seabird species breeding on the cay. In the first quasi-experiment, egg losses by sooty terns (Sterna fuscata) and common noddies (Anous stolidus) were monitored at four distances (3, 6, 18 and 36 m) from a tourist enclosure. Our second quasi-experiment involved monitoring adult provisioning rates, chick growth and chick survival of sooty terns at two locations, one adjacent to the tourist fence and one 50 m away. At plots 3–6 m from the fence, we observed higher among-week variation in egg loss but no differences in total egg loss as compared with the more distant plots. The only difference observed between plots during our second quasi-experiment was that nest predation was higher at the tourist fence plot. Our research suggests that as long as the effects observed do not influence post-fledging survival or gull predation does not impact under different conditions, current management protocols are appropriately facilitating shared usage between wildlife and the tourism industry at Michaelmas Cay.
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Sachedina, Hassan, i Fred Nelson. "Protected areas and community incentives in savannah ecosystems: a case study of Tanzania’s Maasai Steppe". Oryx 44, nr 3 (lipiec 2010): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000499.
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AbstractTwo issues of central importance to conservation are developing an improved understanding of the relative roles of state protected areas and local institutions and developing effective strategies for creating community-based incentives for conservation. We provide a case study of northern Tanzania’s Maasai Steppe to explore these issues in the context of a savannah ecosystem where wildlife is mobile and depends extensively on community lands for seasonal habitats. We compare the impacts and outcomes of four approaches to developing local incentives for wildlife conservation on community lands: protected area benefit-sharing, trophy hunting donations, village–private tourism concession contracts, and a direct payment scheme for habitat conservation. Tourism and direct payment concession areas have resulted in large areas of community land being protected for wildlife by villages as a result of the conditional and contractual nature of these ventures. By contrast, other approaches that provide economic benefits to communities but are not conditional on defined conservation actions at the local level demonstrate little impact on wildlife conservation on community lands. In spatially extensive ecosystems where protected areas cover limited areas and wildlife relies heavily on community and private lands, strategies based on maximizing the direct income of communities from wildlife are fundamental to the sustainability of such systems.
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Masikati, Winnet. "LAND OWNERSHIP A HUMAN/WILDLIFE CONFLICT: IMPLICATIONS FOR NYANGA NATIONAL PARK AS A TOURIST DESTINATION". International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science 05, nr 04 (2022): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54922/ijehss.2022.0411.
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This study explored the implications of landownership in Zimbabwe as a factor motivating humanwildlife conflict and its’ implications for Nyanga National Park as a tourist destination. Previous studies have overlooked land ownership and its implications for tourism. Impacts of human-human conflict on wild-life for tourism have also been side-lined. This study was guided by Qualitative research philosophy. Data gathered was guided by a Historical document analysis to access the past as a basis for understanding the present. Longitudinal document analysis traced political changes and developments in Nyanga. Documents were in the official public domain hence content validation was based on the consensus of different historical sources. Interviews with key informants confirmed events and enhanced interpretation. The study found political land ownership events contributing to the destruction of wild and aquatic tourist attractions in Nyanga. Freedom of settlement reduced area for Nyanga National Park tourism activities. In 1890, Lippert Concession granted Nyanga land and its Wildlife to a few privileged Whites against the African inhabitants. Whites’ sophisticated weapons killed more animals than the Africans who were forced to crowd in Tribal Trust Lands (TTLs). The move broke the symbiotic relationship between Africans and their wildlife in Nyanga. Their settlement in TTLs had new forms of conflicts as human and wildlife tried to understand each other in a new habitat. Park boundaries cut off Africans from their ancestral places of worship like the Mtarazi falls, water and mountain spirits. Their medicinal plants like zumbani which reduces chances for Covid -19 were enclosed in the name of animal protection. Anyone who entered the park for medicinal plants was classified as a poacher and arrested. Unjust land redistribution in 1930: Blacks got 22%, Animals 27% and Whites 51%, marginalised human livelihoods triggering poaching as a natural form of aggressive retaliation to the unjust land ownership. The Native husbandry Act (1951-1961) drastically reduced livestock among the blacks, forcing them to resort to wildlife for meat. Overcrowding Africans in TTls increased human-wildlife interactions and its conflicts. A period of land ownership conflict subjected tourism attraction species to extinction. For Nyanga National Park to thrive as a tourist attraction centre, locals should own the land, its’ wild and aquatic life. Study recommends local community ownership of land for the development of Nyanga National Park as a tourist resort.
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Orams, Mark B. "Feeding wildlife as a tourism attraction: a review of issues and impacts". Tourism Management 23, nr 3 (czerwiec 2002): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(01)00080-2.
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Aggarwal, Anjali, i Govind Tiwari. "Impact of Tourism on Livelihoods". Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 9, nr 1 (1.01.2014): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.11.3.
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Wildlife tourism is gaining popularity day by day. With the increase in the number of tourist influx in Protected Areas (PA), new facilities to satisfy their needs are coming in the villages around the PA. Tourism has both negative and positive impacts in these rural areas. To know the impacts of tourism, a study was conducted in two villages namely Khatia and Mocha which are situated near Kanha National Park (KNP). The main aim of study was to identify the change in the lives of those villagers who have sold their land to resort/lodge owners. A survey was conducted of villagers who had sold their land in the last five years. Data was obtained regarding change in land use, use of income obtained from sale, reasons for selling the land, change in livelihood patterns etc. It was found out that the main reasons for selling the land included exasperation due to crop raiding by wild ungulates and the attractive price offered by the resort owners. The land use pattern changed drastically leading to a complete change in landscape from one dominated by agricultural fields to one choked by construction of posh resorts. The use of money realized from sale was majorly done to purchase land holdings in other villages or gypsies to be used for tourism purposes. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test shows that there is a significant increase in the income of villages after the sale although many marginal farmers are working as laborers on the same piece of land they once owned.
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Lindsey, P. A., C. P. Havemann, R. M. Lines, A. E. Price, T. A. Retief, T. Rhebergen, C. Van der Waal i S. S. Romañach. "Benefits of wildlife-based land uses on private lands in Namibia and limitations affecting their development". Oryx 47, nr 1 (styczeń 2013): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311001049.
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AbstractLegislative changes during the 1960s–1970s granted user rights over wildlife to landowners in southern Africa, resulting in a shift from livestock farming to wildlife-based land uses. Few comprehensive assessments of such land uses on private land in southern Africa have been conducted and the associated benefits are not always acknowledged by politicians. Nonetheless, wildlife-based land uses are growing in prevalence on private land. In Namibia wildlife-based land use occurs over c. 287,000 km2. Employment is positively related to income from ecotourism and negatively related to income from livestock. While 87% of meat from livestock is exported ≥ 95% of venison from wildlife-based land uses remains within the country, contributing to food security. Wildlife populations are increasing with expansion of wildlife-based land uses, and private farms contain 21–33 times more wildlife than in protected areas. Because of the popularity of wildlife-based land uses among younger farmers, increasing tourist arrivals and projected impacts of climate change on livestock production, the economic output of wildlife-based land uses will probably soon exceed that of livestock. However, existing policies favour livestock production and are prejudiced against wildlife-based land uses by prohibiting reintroductions of buffalo Syncerus caffer, a key species for tourism and safari hunting, and through subsidies that artificially inflate the profitability of livestock production. Returns from wildlife-based land uses are also limited by the failure to reintroduce other charismatic species, failure to develop fully-integrated conservancies and to integrate black farmers sufficiently.
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Ziegler, Jackie A., Gonzalo Araujo, Jessica Labaja, Christine Legaspi, Sally Snow, Alessandro Ponzo, Rick Rollins i Philip Dearden. "Measuring Perceived Crowding in the Marine Environment: Perspectives from a Mass Tourism "swim-With" Whale Shark Site in the Philippines". Tourism in Marine Environments 14, nr 4 (18.12.2019): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427319x15677721896465.
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Perceived crowding is an important measure in assessing the social impacts of tourism activities. The goal of this study was to determine if the method used to measure perceived crowding in the marine environment (numerical vs. visual approach, boat vs. swimmer crowding) affects the crowding outcome and to apply the concept to a high-density marine wildlife tourism site, viewing whale sharks in Oslob, Philippines. The influence of various variables, including specialization, gender, nationality, swimmer behaviors, and proximity, was also tested to see if they affected crowding levels. Results indicate that a visual approach is more accurate in measuring reported encounters and encounter norms, and that boat and swimmer crowding are not interchangeable. Boat crowding is a serious problem in Oslob (95.6% crowded). Specialization, nationality, and swimmer behaviors and proximity all affected perceived crowding. Individuals who reported feeling crowded were more likely to perceive negative impacts of tourism activities on the local community, whale sharks, and wider environment. They also showed higher levels of support for management interventions to limit the number of people and boats at the site and to better regulate or ban whale shark provisioning activities. This study provides important insights regarding how to measure perceived crowding in the marine environment and management implications for a mass tourism wildlife site experiencing overcrowding.
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Cong, Li, Qiqi Wang, Geoffrey Wall i Yijing Su. "Decision-Making Behavior and Risk Perception of Chinese Female Wildlife Tourists". Sustainability 13, nr 18 (15.09.2021): 10301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810301.
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Prior to the global pandemic, wildlife tourism was increasing rapidly globally but was in the early stages of development in China, where it faces great challenges and opportunities. Women comprise a substantial proportion of the market but their decision-making behavior and their perceptions of risk in wildlife tourism have not yet been explored. This paper explores relationships between risk perception and decision-making in tourism. A survey of female tourists was undertaken at non-captive and semi-captive wildlife sites in western China, as well as through internet website posting, resulting in 415 completed questionnaires. Quantitative methods were used to examine four sequential stages of decision-making in wildlife tourism: destination selection, trip itinerary, travel mode and security assurance, and entertainment consumption. Three dimensions of risk perception in wildlife tourism were identified: physical safety, personal comfort, and quality of experience. Decision-making behavior and risk perceptions are related. Perceived risks greatly impact tourists’ travel mode and security assurance decisions. The higher the perceived risk, the greater the likelihood of female tourists participating in decisions on destination selection, travel methods and other entertainment activities undertaken on their wildlife tourism trips. Concerns regarding personal comfort positively influence destination selection, the trip itinerary, and recreation and consumption decisions. Assurance of acquiring a quality experience influences entertainment consumption decisions. The study contributes to the understanding of risk, decision-making behavior and gender research, and confirms the practical importance of safety considerations at wildlife destinations.
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Sumanapala, Daminda, i Isabelle D. Wolf. "Introducing Geotourism to Diversify the Visitor Experience in Protected Areas and Reduce Impacts on Overused Attractions". Land 11, nr 12 (24.11.2022): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122118.
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Sri Lankan National Parks are highly popular among international and local visitors, as they offer close-up encounters with large animal species. Yala National Park is one of the top five parks in the country attracting larger crowds than any other parks especially during the holiday season. Most visitors flock to the park to observe the highly sought-after Asian Elephant and Asian Leopard. This has led to safari operators pursuing these animals aggressively to satisfy visitor expectations, thereby threatening wildlife populations. In this article, we present a straightforward methodology to identify high-potential geotourism sites in order to diversify visitor experiences as a means to alleviate pressure from wildlife tourism. To identify sites, firstly this study has evaluated various place characteristics important for the development of geotourism, including scientific, tourism and ‘additional’ value indicators. As a result, three sites out of four were selected to promote geotourism in Yala National Park. Secondly, a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis was performed, which builds on the results from the numerical evaluation but provides a more in-depth narrative assessment. Ultimately, this study serves as an example of how to seize the opportunities that geotourism offers for diversifying tourism offers in protected areas.
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Lamers, Machiel, i Hans Gelter. "Diversification of Antarctic tourism: the case of a scuba diving expedition". Polar Record 48, nr 3 (12.07.2011): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000246.
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ABSTRACTTourism in Antarctica has grown substantially over recent decades and has diversified into different activities and modes of transport. This paper presents a first attempt to explore the implications of this diversification trend for Antarctic tourist experiences, wildlife and onsite management. Evidence from a passenger survey, participatory observations and expert interviews using video elicitation has been collected during, and in the context of, a diving expedition cruise. The data suggests that significant differences can be detected in the way divers and non-divers experience aspects of the trip, most notably regarding guides. The results also indicate that diverse activities generate a broader variance in attitudes and behaviours, which may have repercussions for wildlife, site use and onsite management. Given the diversification trend it is timely and necessary to revisit and consistently enforce site guidelines and visitor guidelines with an eye on multi-activity trips. In addition, further studies on the implications of this trend are needed by means of case studies, surveys looking at a wider range of tourist trips, and monitoring programmes assessing wildlife behaviour and impacts.
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Langle-Flores, Alfonso, Zinthia López-Vázquez, Rosa María Chávez-Dagostino i Adriana Aguilar-Rodríguez. "COVID-19 Impacts on Whale-Watching Collaboration Networks". Sustainability 14, nr 21 (25.10.2022): 13846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113846.
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Whale-watching tourism generates high-income seasonal livelihoods in coastal communities on the Mexican Pacific Coast; however, this sector is at risk from accelerated global changes. We evaluated the responses of a collaboration of tourism networks regarding the impacts COVID-19 using a longitudinal social network approach. We used a two-wave snowball method to identify potential interviewees and followed geographic and jurisdictional criteria using a face-to-face survey to map collaboration ties between 38 stakeholders involved in whale-watching tourism before and after the second wave of the pandemic. We also asked this group of stakeholders about their perceived impacts of COVID-19. We found slightly higher connectivity and centralization levels in the social networks after the pandemic. Loss of income and reservations, a decrease in both conservations and pollution, and an increase in the reduction in wildlife tourism were the main self-reported impacts. We also detected harmful pandemic legacies, such as whale-watching tours conducted using unregulated private boats. This research directly informs Mexico’s whale-watching tourism policy by showing the management and coordination challenges that stakeholders face in a post-pandemic context. While the social fabric of coastal communities has been resilient to the COVID-19 pandemic, we found indications that the governance of marine resources can easily unravel if rule of law is absent.
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Potvin, Dominique A., Madeline K. Anderson i Alexis L. Levengood. "Effects of ecotourism on eastern yellow robin (Eopsaltria australis) vocal behaviour". Australian Journal of Zoology 68, nr 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20102.
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Ecotourism attempts to provide sustainable tourism with a focus on experiencing natural areas to foster environmental appreciation. However, it is often seen as a paradox, since associated infrastructure and activity can have detrimental effects on wildlife. One aspect that has been overlooked in this context is the potential impact of ecotourists on vocal behaviour, especially of birds. Many birds are susceptible to anthropogenic noise, avoiding noisy areas, or changing vocal activity within them. We used passive recording techniques to quantify vocal behaviours of a native Australian songbird, the eastern yellow robin, at an ecotourist resort to investigate how tourist presence might affect vocal behaviours. We found that during peak tourism seasonal periods, robins sang fewer songs, and these songs were shorter. However, this same pattern was observed on weekdays compared with weekends, when tourist numbers are generally lower. This seemingly contradictory pattern may be explained by the fact that maintenance of the resort grounds occurred predominantly on weekdays, with noise levels comparable to those detected during periods of high tourism. Thus, ecotourism infrastructure can have layered effects on bird vocal activity: tourist numbers as well as maintenance practices should be considered within the context of local wildlife conservation.
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Szott, Isabelle D., Yolanda Pretorius, Andre Ganswindt i Nicola F. Koyama. "Physiological stress response of African elephants to wildlife tourism in Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa". Wildlife Research 47, nr 1 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19045.
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Abstract ContextWildlife tourism has been shown to increase stress in a variety of species and can negatively affect survival, reproduction, welfare, and behaviour of individuals. In African elephants, Loxodonta africana, increased physiological stress has been linked to use of refugia, rapid movement through corridors, and heightened aggression towards humans. However, we are unaware of any studies assessing the impact of tourism pressure (tourist numbers) on physiological stress in elephants. AimsWe used faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations to investigate whether tourist numbers in Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa, were related to changes in physiological stress in elephants. MethodsWe repeatedly collected dung samples (n=43) from 13 individually identified elephants over 15 months. Using a generalised linear mixed model and a Kenward–Roger approximation, we assessed the impact of monthly tourist numbers, season, age, and sex on elephant fGCM concentrations. Key resultsHigh tourist numbers were significantly related to elevated fGCM concentrations. Overall, fGCM concentrations increased by 112% (from 0.26 to 0.55µgg−1 dry weight) in the months with the highest tourist pressure, compared to months with the lowest tourist pressure. ConclusionsManagers of fenced reserves should consider providing potential alleviation measures for elephants during high tourist pressure, for example, by ensuring that refuge areas are available. This may be of even higher importance if elephant populations have had traumatic experiences with humans in the past, such as poaching or translocation. Such management action will improve elephant welfare and increase tourist safety. ImplicationsAlthough tourism can generate substantial revenue to support conservation action, careful monitoring of its impact on wildlife is required to manage potential negative effects.
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Lindsey, P. A., S. S. Romañach, C. J. Tambling, K. Chartier i R. Groom. "Ecological and financial impacts of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe". Oryx 45, nr 1 (styczeń 2011): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000153.
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AbstractUnder conditions of political instability and economic decline illegal bushmeat hunting has emerged as a serious conservation threat in Zimbabwe. Following settlement of game ranches by subsistence farming communities, wildlife populations have been eradicated over large areas. In several areas still being managed as game ranches illegal hunting is causing further declines of wildlife populations (including threatened species such as the wild dog Lycaon pictus and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis), threatening the viability of wildlife-based land uses. From August 2001 to July 2009 in Savé Valley Conservancy 10,520 illegal hunting incidents were recorded, 84,396 wire snares removed, 4,148 hunters caught, 2,126 hunting dogs eliminated and at least 6,454 wild animals killed. Estimated future financial losses from illegal hunting in the Conservancy exceed USD 1.1 million year-1. Illegal hunters’ earnings account for 0.31–0.52% of the financial losses that they impose and the bushmeat trade is an inefficient use of wildlife resources. Illegal hunting peaks during the late dry season and is more frequent close to the boundary, near areas resettled during land reform and close to water. Illegal hunting with dogs peaks during moonlight periods. Our study highlights several management and land-use planning steps required to maximize the efficacy of anti-poaching and to reduce the likelihood of high impacts of illegal hunting. Anti-poaching efforts should be aligned with the regular temporal and spatial patterns of illegal hunting. Leases for hunting and tourism concessions should ensure minimum adequate investment by operators in anti-poaching. Reserve designers should minimize the surface area to volume ratio of parks. Fences should not be constructed using wire that can be made into snares. Land reform involving game ranches should integrate communities in wildlife-based land uses and ensure spatial separation between land for wildlife and human settlement. Means are required to create stake-holdings for communities in wildlife and disincentives for illegal hunting.
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Aryal, Chandramani, i Kishor Kumar Maharjan. "Assessment of Ecotourism Potential of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Eastern Nepal". Journal of Tourism & Adventure 1, nr 1 (3.12.2018): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jota.v1i1.22750.
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Tourism is forefront of many economy but come with negative externalities resulting in diminished environmental quality. In place of these mass tourism practices, different alternative forms of tourism are practiced with aim of enhancing positive externalities while keeping check and balance to negative externalities. Ecotourism is one such approach which is often highlighted as one of the most effective tool to reconcile the conservation and development aspiration. Ecotourism in its
different localized version and their impacts on environment are studied in Nepal. Despite this, ecotourism potential of protected areas is less explored dimension in ecotourism studies. This holds true for the eastern region of the lowland Nepal. Location of destination, features of that destination along with the facilities and uniqueness offered by the place is different which are vital in defining the ecotourism potential of different locations. The study forms the basis for promotion of ecotourism in an area. This paper aims to explore the ecotourism potential of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. There are different tools and approach used to assess the ecotourism potential. This paper contains information collected from field observation, scheduled interview and key informant interview. Wild Water Buffalo, migratory birds along with the presence of other wildlife species make a place attractive destination for ecotourism. Satisfaction shown by the respondents for food, accommodation and hospitality offered adds value to the ecotourism potential. Areas with high scenic and cultural attraction in the vicinity of the park can be considered as positive additionally to attract tourist with diverse interest. As it is considered mandatory to include the component of education and interpretation to qualify as ecotourism, development and execution of the curriculum are essential. Beside this, exploration and marketing of other potential destination and enabling the local communities are equally vital.
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Zhao, Zhiqiang, Meng Cai, Thomas Connor, Min Gon Chung i Jianguo Liu. "Metacoupled Tourism and Wildlife Translocations Affect Synergies and Trade-Offs among Sustainable Development Goals across Spillover Systems". Sustainability 12, nr 18 (17.09.2020): 7677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187677.
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Synergies and trade-offs among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been hotly debated. Although the world is increasingly metacoupled (socioeconomic-environmental interactions within and across adjacent or distant systems), there is little understanding of the impacts of globally widespread and important flows on enhancing or compromising sustainability in different systems. Here, we used a new integrated framework to guide SDG synergy and trade-off analysis within and across systems, as influenced by cross-boundary tourism and wildlife translocations. The world’s terrestrial protected areas alone receive approximately 8 billion visits per year, generating a direct economic impact of US $600 billion. Globally, more than 5000 animal species and 29,000 plant species are traded across country borders, and the wildlife trade has arguably contributed to zoonotic disease worldwide, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We synthesized 22 cases of tourism and wildlife translocations across six continents and found 33 synergies and 14 trade-offs among 10 SDGs within focal systems and across spillover systems. Our study provides an empirical demonstration of SDG interactions across spillover systems and insights for holistic sustainability governance, contributing to fostering synergies and reducing trade-offs to achieve global sustainable development in the metacoupled Anthropocene.
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Cherkaoui, SidiImad, Mohamed Boukherouk, Tarik Lakhal, Adil Aghzar i Lahcen El Youssfi. "Conservation Amid COVID-19 Pandemic: Ecotourism Collapse Threatens Communities and Wildlife in Morocco". E3S Web of Conferences 183 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018301003.
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COVID-19 pandemic has had huge impacts on multiple industries and sectors, not just ecotourism and wildlife protection in Morocco. Ecological health and wildlife are a critical resource for the country’s tourism sector recovery. Conservation is considered as one of the industries that are hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of the threats facing biodiversity and protected areas have been exacerbated during and following, the outbreak with practices such as poaching, wildlife trafficking, and forest logging activities resumed due to the country lockdown and ecotourism collapse. Conservationists should take emergency actions in the short-term to help rural communities and grassroots organizations and review waysto achieve conservation and sustainability goals in the post-pandemic era.
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Wolf, Isabelle D., David B. Croft i Ronda J. Green. "Nature Conservation and Nature-Based Tourism: A Paradox?" Environments 6, nr 9 (6.09.2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6090104.
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Throughout the world, areas have been reserved for their exceptional environmental values, such as high biodiversity. Financial, political and community support for these protected areas is often dependent on visitation by nature-based tourists. This visitation inevitably creates environmental impacts, such as the construction and maintenance of roads, tracks and trails; trampling of vegetation and erosion of soils; and propagation of disturbance of resilient species, such as weeds. This creates tension between the conservation of environmental values and visitation. This review examines some of the main features of environmental impacts by nature-based tourists through a discussion of observational and manipulative studies. It explores the disturbance context and unravels the management implications of detecting impacts and understanding their causes. Regulation of access to visitor areas is a typical management response, qualified by the mode of access (e.g., vehicular, ambulatory). Managing access and associated impacts are reviewed in relation to roads, tracks and trails; wildlife viewing; and accommodations. Responses to visitor impacts, such as environmental education and sustainable tour experiences are explored. The review concludes with ten recommendations for further research in order to better resolve the tension between nature conservation and nature-based tourism.
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Akhirson, Armaini. "The Implementation of Health Protocols in Facing Pandemic Covid-19 at Ragunan Wildlife Park". Ilomata International Journal of Social Science 3, nr 2 (30.04.2022): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v3i2.411.
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This study aims to determine the health protocol for the New Normal preparation for the tourism sector in the Ragunan Wildlife Park. This research is a type of research that uses descriptive data through data collection techniques of observation, interviews, documentation and literature study. The data analysis technique used for this writing is qualitative with descriptive data analysis techniques based on the data analysis literature, data reduction, data processing and research conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the existence of this pandemic has had a major impact on the tourism sector of the Ragunan Wildlife Park. As a result, many activities cannot be carried out because this pandemic has resulted in the closure of tourist attractions and no income. However, this makes the welfare of the existing animals calmer, living like in real nature without many tourist visits. The existing animals do not lack food or medicine at all because this has received a subsidy from the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government of 70% of 100% of which 30% is income from ticket sales. The Ragunan Wildlife Park has established a health protocol that is enforced according to the government's decision, both for tourists and animals and hopes that this pandemic will end quickly and return to normal for the welfare of all.
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Lam-González, Yen E., Carmelo J. León, Javier de León i Chaitanya Suárez-Rojas. "The Impact of Degradation of Islands’ Land Ecosystems Due to Climate Change on Tourists’ Travel Decisions". Land 11, nr 10 (23.09.2022): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101644.
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The degradation of terrestrial ecosystems may change the perceived value of destinations for tourists. This article analyses tourists’ travel decisions when the land ecosystems of the destinations they are planning to visit are threatened by climate change impacts. More specifically, it analyses tourists’ willingness to pay for their holidays at island destinations endangered by the increase in forest fires, terrestrial wildlife losses, water shortages, and damages to infrastructure and cultural heritage. With this aim in mind, a discrete choice model was designed and empirically tested with a representation of European travellers, using an alternative specific conditional logistic regression. The results show that the sharp increase in the occurrence of wildfires has had the greatest negative impact on tourists’ willingness to pay for their next holiday at the affected tourist destination, followed by severe losses in terrestrial wildlife and significant damage to cultural heritage. This study highlights the importance of having accurate information on future climate change conditions impacting land attributes at the local level, not only to be more effective in the early prevention of threats to prioritise but also to confront the potential damage to the tourism economy more efficiently.
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Hvenegaard, Glen T. "A Review of: “Book Reviews Karen Higginbottom (Ed.). Wildlife Tourism: Impacts, Management and Planning”". Human Dimensions of Wildlife 11, nr 1 (luty 2006): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871200500471025.
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Venables, Stephanie, Frazer McGregor, Lesley Brain i Mike van Keulen. "Manta ray tourism management, precautionary strategies for a growing industry: a case study from the Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia". Pacific Conservation Biology 22, nr 4 (2016): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc16003.
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Localised population declines and increased pressure from fisheries have prompted the promotion of manta ray interaction tourism as a non-consumptive, yet economically attractive, alternative to the unsustainable harvesting of these animals. Unfortunately, however, wildlife tourism activities have the potential to adversely impact focal species. In order to be sustainable, operations must be managed to mitigate negative impacts. A preliminary assessment of reef manta ray, Manta alfredi, behaviour identified short-term behavioural responses during a third of tourism interactions in the Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia. Although it remains unknown whether these responses translate to biologically significant impacts on the population as a whole, it is proposed that the precautionary principle be used to guide management intervention in the absence of conclusive evidence of the magnitude of tourism impacts. The principle supports the implementation of precautionary strategies to protect species and their environment from harm, even when the extent of the harm is yet to be confirmed. An increase in the level of industry management is recommended, including the implementation of a licensing system and adherence of all operators to a mandatory code of conduct during manta ray interactions. Considering the well designed and precautionary-driven management program of the Ningaloo whale shark tourism industry operating within the same marine park, a management program with the same underlying principles and objectives is deemed to be an ideal framework to build a comprehensive management plan for the manta ray interaction industry.
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Pfeiffer, Simone, i Hans-Ulrich Peter. "Ecological studies toward the management of an Antarctic tourist landing site (Penguin Island, South Shetland Islands)". Polar Record 40, nr 4 (październik 2004): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247404003845.
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Increasing tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula region concerns scientists, policy-makers, and tourist companies with its potential negative effects on wildlife. Site-specific ecological studies have been initiated to examine differences in population dynamics and distribution of animals as well as their behavioural and physiological reactions to humans. Penguin Island (southeast of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) is frequently visited by tourists due to its high species diversity and aesthetic value. In two seasons, the authors conducted a bird census and studied behaviour and heart-rate changes of southern giant petrels and skuas relating to tourist visits on Penguin Island. Management recommendations are given, based on the study results. The protection of southern giant petrels should be increased by having a minimum distance of 50 m for all visitors. The eastern, southern, and western parts of the island should not be visited and should serve as refuge areas. The wildlife experience for tourists can still be enjoyed by concentrating visits to the northern and central part of Penguin Island. Use of a specific path to localise impacts in a prescribed area is recommended.
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ВИНОГРАДОВ, Егор, i Egor VINOGRADOV. "THE NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF NATURE-ORIENTED TOURISM". Services in Russia and abroad 11, nr 5 (7.08.2017): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22412/1995-042x-11-5-2.
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The article examines the nature -oriented tourism in the context of its impact on a variety of factors. In the first part of article the author characterizes the differences between nature-oriented and eco-tourism, and defines the concept of "ecotourism". The ecotourism is based on the developed by experts principles of sustainable develop-ment. In contrast to it, the nature-oriented tourism in itself does not assume respect for nature and creating any public goods. It is an umbrella term, not a concept. In the second part of the work the author analyzes the major adverse environmental and social and economic impacts of the development of various types of nature -oriented tourism. In terms of the tourism impact on the environment the article presents a specific list of effects on soil, water bodies, wildlife, plants, and also discusses the changes in the landscape aesthetic qualities and sanitary conditions. Like any other kind of human impact, the nature-oriented tourism may have a significant adverse environment impact. It could lead to changes in geological formations, consisting of soil and growing plants on the territory, and could cause a reduction in the population of animals and insects. On the basis of the research the author offers specific recommendations, which implementation will contribute to the reducing the nega-tive consequences of nature-oriented tourism discussed i
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Subedi, Bodh Raj. "Biophysical disturbances of elephant safaris in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal". Banko Janakari 9, nr 2 (2.07.2017): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v9i2.17660.
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The paper explores peoples' perceptions on the biophysical impacts of elephant safaris which is a perfect way to go wildlife viewing, and is very eco-friendly. It surpasses its alternatives, especially noisy Jeep safaris. However, more people are becoming aware of the biophysical impacts of the safaris in the park. They perceived that the safaris cause negative impacts on wildlife and can destroy habitat through soil compaction and erosion, vegetation damage and disturbances. The study also estimated that the current wildlife observation distance from elephant safaris are less than fifteen metres which is too close and may be harmful to wildlife. This study provides interesting comparisons with previous studies on impacts of tourist activities on wildlife from a biological perspective in that the appropriate distances perceived by park staff to view wildlife was the only one to “fit" their findings. The distances perceived by other groups of people as appropriate would in fact, cause unacceptable levels of disturbance. It is concluded that social (human) perception of disturbance by elephant safaris may not accurately reflect the biological severity of their impacts.
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Edwards, Ron, i Ian White. "The Sea Empress Oil Spill: Environmental Impact and Recovery". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, nr 1 (1.03.1999): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-97.
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ABSTRACT 72,000 tonnes of light crude oil were released from the Sea Empress at the entrance to Milford Haven, South Wales over a 7-day period in February 1996, in an area of exceptional environmental value for wildlife, tourism and natural beauty. Natural factors (time of year, wind direction) coupled with effective cleanup at sea (through chemical dispersion) and on shore, minimised environmental impact. Nevertheless, there were adverse effects on fisheries, wildlife—particularly overwintering birds, tourism and amenity. (Human health studies have not been completed.) Recovery, although not complete, has been encouraging although some wildlife populations remain depleted and further monitoring is needed, including offish stocks. The U.K. Government has responded to recommendations by the Sea Empress Environmental Evaluation Committee (SEEEC), agreeing to continued monitoring and research, as well as reviews of aspects of operational response and cleanup and to the need for national and local contingency plans for impact assessment.
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Luo, Qinghua, Yingjie Song, Xiao Hu, Shenhai Zhu, Han Wang i Hongbing Ji. "Effects of tourism disturbance on habitat quality and population size of the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)". Wildlife Research 45, nr 5 (2018): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17092.
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Context Tourism is becoming one of the largest and fastest growing industries in many countries. Increasing tourism exerts serious impacts on the habitats of wildlife in nature reserves. Aims To ascertain how tourism affects the habitat of the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), especially water quality and population size. Method An experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of different tourism disturbance intensities on the habitat quality and population size of the Chinese giant salamander in the Hunan Zhangjiajie Chinese Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve. Habitat characteristics, water physicochemical properties and microbial abundance were analysed, and population size estimated. Key results The results showed that high levels of tourism disturbance (>100 000 visitors per year) had negative effects on habitat quality. These effects included increased noise and abundance of aquatic microbes, increased concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) and a reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water. The abundance of Escherichia coli could be regarded as an indicator of tourism disturbance on Chinese giant salamander. Conclusions It is concluded that: (1) the habitats were much noisier with increasing numbers of tourists, which might directly reduce the population size; (2) tourism indirectly disturbs the salamander population by increasing TN and TP, and reducing DO in the water; and (3) tourism might take in pathogenic microbes to the water habitats, which could cause disease for the salamander population. Implications Although tourism development might reduce local poverty, such efforts must consider the deterioration of habitats for wildlife, especially for this endangered animal species. Moreover, the intensity of tourism disturbance needs be reduced (by controlling the number of tourists) to achieve the coordinated development of tourism and wild animal protection.
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Sumanapala i Wolf. "Recreational Ecology: A Review of Research and Gap Analysis". Environments 6, nr 7 (8.07.2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6070081.
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Recreational ecology is an internationally evolving research field addressing the high demand for nature-based tourism and recreation, and its environmental impacts. This review aimed to analyze the research effort of recreational ecology studies published in four renowned journals in the field, the Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Tourism Management, the Journal of Environmental Management, and Environmental Management. Between 1976 and 2017, this review identified 145 papers focused on recreational ecology. The majority of research investigated the direct impacts of terrestrial activities in protected areas, in particular the impacts of walking and hiking on vegetation and trail conditions, and the impacts of wildlife viewing. A conceptual model was developed to describe the varied relationships between nature-based tourists and recreationists and the environment. Future research in recreational ecology should broaden its agenda to increase knowledge on indirect and long-term impacts; including on cryptic or less popular species; establish more specifically how the intensity of impacts depends on the amount of use other than in trampling studies; extend to other geographic areas such as developing countries, and nature-based spaces that are less protected and exposed to high visitation such as urban environments. Importantly, a much stronger focus needs to be on interdisciplinary approaches incorporating both environmental and social science techniques to determine ways of how visitor experiential needs can be reconciled with environmental conservation concerns in a rapidly increasing tourism and recreation economy.
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Van der Merwe, Petrus, Melville Saayman i Riaan Rossouw. "The economic impact of hunting: A regional approach". South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, nr 4 (29.08.2014): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i4.439.
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The core of South Africa tourism industry is based on wildlife tourism. Private game reserves and game farms which forms part of wildlife tourism constitute most of the wildlife products in South Africa. On these private reserves and game farms, hunting is one of the major income generators for product owners. The aim of this study is to analyse the economic impact of hunting on the regional economies of three of South Africa’s most important hunting provinces. The study used economic multipliers, input-output analysis, and related modelling processes through input-output (supply-use) tables and social accounting matrices (SAM). The results differed significantly for the three provinces, with Limpopo receiving the biggest impact (R2.6 billion) and the Free State having the highest multiplier (2.08). The geographical location of the game farms, the number of farms per province and the species available all influenced the magnitude of the economic impact of hunters over and above the traditional determinants of economic impact analysis. The implication of the research is that it will help product owners in the development of game farms or hunting products, contribute to policy formulation, especially for government decisions on what products to offer where, and how to create more jobs.
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Salgot, Miquel, i Josefina C. Tapias. "Golf Courses: Environmental Impacts". Tourism and Hospitality Research 6, nr 3 (maj 2006): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050016.
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The relationship between golf courses, forced ecosystems and the environment is extremely complex and need to be established carefully because of the social pressures and implications of this type of facilities. The main environmental aspects of golf courses, the way the golf structures exert an influence on the environment, the management practices and the use of pesticides are the main features to be considered. The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is at the core of the golf and must be managed in an integrated way to reduce environmental impacts of the whole facility. Many golf courses are located in natural areas, where wildlife exists and there is an influence on the course and vice versa. There is also the need to define the relationships between a course and its surrounding environments.
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Lora Bavo, Pablo, i Arsenio Villar Lama. "LOBO IBÉRICO Y TURISMO EN LA “ESPAÑA VACIADA” / / / \ \ \ IBERIAN WOLF AND TOURISM IN THE “EMPTIED RURAL SPAIN”". TERRA: Revista de Desarrollo Local, nr 6 (29.07.2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/terra.6.16822.
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Resumen. El presente estudio analiza la actividad turística de observación del lobo ibérico en España como alternativa a otras modalidades turísticas tradicionales en zonas rurales. La experiencia propia dentro del sector ha sido crucial para entender sus dinámicas y elaborar este trabajo. En él se estudia la tendencia al alza del turismo de naturaleza en general y de la observación del lobo ibérico en particular, se describe el modus operandi de la actividad y se exponen sus principales impactos. El turismo lobero propicia por lo general beneficios para la población local en términos económicos, ambientales y socioculturales. Su compatibilidad con el medio y las características intrínsecas de la actividad, muy ligadas a un turismo sostenible, fresco, offline, convierten a este sector en una interesante herramienta para revertir el vaciado demográfico, económico y social de algunas áreas de España.
Palabras clave: Lobo ibérico, turismo de observación de fauna salvaje, educación ambiental, desarrollo local, inteligencia territorial, España.
Abstract. The present study analyzes the tourist activity of observation of the Iberian wolf in Spain as an alternative to other traditional tourist modalities in rural areas. The own experience within the sector has been crucial to understand its dynamics and develop this work. It studies the upward trend of nature tourism in general and the observation of the Iberian wolf in particular, the modus operandi of the activity is described and its main impacts are exposed. Wolf tourism generally provides benefits for the local population in economic, environmental and socio-cultural terms. Its compatibility with the environment and the intrinsic characteristics of the activity closely linked to a sustainable, fresh and offline tourism turns this sector into an interesting tool to mitigate the demographic, economic and social emptying of some areas of Spain.
Key words: Iberian wolf, wildlife tourism, environmental education, local development, territorial intelligence, Spain.
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Wilson, Ann, i Clive J. C. Phillips. "Identification and Evaluation of African Lion (Panthera leo) Cub Welfare in Wildlife-Interaction Tourism". Animals 11, nr 9 (20.09.2021): 2748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092748.
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African lion (Panthera leo) cubs are extensively used in South Africa in wildlife-interaction tourist activities. Facilities provide close interaction opportunities, but the welfare impacts on the cubs are unclear. A workshop was held with 15 lion-experienced stakeholders, including government officials, nature conservationists, animal welfare organisations, lion breeders, lion handlers, an animal ethologist, wildlife veterinarian, wildlife rehabilitation specialist and an animal rights advocacy group representative. Individual representatives nominated a range of welfare concerns, and 15 were identified for discussion and prioritisation. The leading welfare concern was a lack of governance and regulation within the industry. Participants agreed on nine non-negotiable practices affecting welfare concerns, which included ethical concerns, such as cubs exiting into the ranching industry (farming of lions for hunting) and the bone trade (lions being slaughtered for their bones, which are exported for lion bone wine) once petting age has passed. Welfare concerns representative of current management practices within the lion cub interaction industry were compared for importance using an online adaptive conjoint analysis survey of 60 stakeholders in the industry. The survey identified the most important welfare concerns to be poor social grouping of cubs, an inability for cubs to choose their own environment and retreat from a forced interaction, a lack of trained and dedicated caretakers, and poor breeding practices. The conjoint analysis survey results produced a value model, which can be used as a tool to score cubs’ welfare in interaction facilities, and it identified unacceptable practices lacking welfare consideration.
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Mota, Luis. "2. Using Of Natural Spaces For Tourism Activity Scuba Diving And Impacts On Aquatic Animals". International Journal of Tropical Veterinary and Biomedical Research 1, nr 1 (1.05.2016): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/ijtvbr.v1i1.5069.
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There were few previsions to strongly expand the growth of scuba diving activity, and nowadays training standards are enforced for safety and also for respecting the natural space where dive tourism takes place. Based on literature review, environmental impacts were noted in terms of providing positive aspects, mainly represented by economic benefits and employment opportunities. The negative side was revealed by wildlife impacts whereby animals change their behavior due harassment or contact with nature-based users, with authors reporting their concerns and measuring the consequences and long-term learning impacts. The over-usage of the reefs can result in physical devastation and chemical contamination. Land development in support of scuba diving can also cause negative impacts and affect the surrounding infrastructure, with alternating living patterns and by creating economic differences among the local society. When dive techniques are mastered, scuba diving itself does not represent a threat to the environment, neither to marine animals, but bad dive practices, poor buoyancy control associated to the lack of awareness can contribute to damage the benthic zone. Divers physical impact on the reef can benefit some species looking for opportunity to feed or compete for space, although, it destroys the habitat and lifting up sediment affect negatively coral structures by inducing stress and reducing the average amount of light.
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R, Rema, i Dr N. Karunakaran. "Ecotourism Development and its Economic Impacts on Local Population in India". Volume 1 Issue 6 1, nr 6 (31.08.2018): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2018.1.6.612.
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Ecotourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the tourism industry. It entertains the visitors in a way that does not affect the world's natural and cultural environments. It promotes the preservation of wildlife and natural habitats ensuring for future generations. Aside from tour guides, a range of local businesses benefited from ecotourism. Crafts people, innkeepers and restaurateurs provide services that help tourists discover local features. In fact, education and awareness may be the true benefits of ecotourism and provide the most lasting effect. Ecotourists meeting people who live more closely with nature may learn to live more simply themselves. Meanwhile, locals gain the funds and the ability to pursue more education of their own, giving them a better understanding of world issues like environmentalism