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Grenier, Christophe. "Réseaux contre nature : conservation, tourisme et migrations aux îles Galapagos (Équateur)". Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010685.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Darwinian theory explains Galapagos nature peculiarity, whose islands were used along history as an open space by foreigners. Ecuador strengthened its sovereignty on the archipielago thanks to international laws, but the creation of a national park led to a process of destruction of galapagos singularity. For once nature was valued by a mediatic conservation policy, tourism networks could link galapagos to the world : today, islands nature is sold as a show for hurried visitors, and national park management ensures the profitability of the network tourism enterprises, most of them coming from abroad. Galapagos being a new province of Ecuador, the governments of the 1970' and the 1980' developed the islands economy. But the actual policy aims to reduce the insular touristic supply and thus the attraction of this booming market for the ecuadorians immigrants, because the fast growth of Galapagos population is dangerous while an increasing part of the archipielago conservation relies on funds provided by "ecotourism". The loss of insular patterns in the landscapes as in the way of life of the population is a strong process in the four inhabited islands as in the national park : the population is becoming poorer because it is kept off tourism economy, and a growing part of the islanders relying on export fisheries jobs reject conservation. Though the elaboration of many management plans, conservationnist organisations have little means, so numerous and profitable lootings take place in the national park. This failure is also nature conservation's one : only a geodiversity preservation policy, disconnecting galapagos from some networks, could stop the continentalisation of the islands and save their ecological and human characteristics
Cazes-Duvat, Virginie. "Les littoraux des îles Seychelles (Mahé, Praslin, La Digue, Desroches) : de l'étude des processus dynamiques à la gestion des côtes sédimentaires". La Réunion, 1998. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/98_10_Cazes-Duvat.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis is a study of the coastal dynamics of four islands of the Seychelles archipelago, both mountainous (Mahe, Praslin, La Digue, granitic group) and coralline (Desroches, amirantes group). The aim of the first part of this work is to improve the understanding of the coastal processes including the impact of man. History of coasts and management are often referred to because they help understanding the present situation. On another hand, this study is practical; it was made at the scale of coastal sites so as to propose management tools. The cultural and political facts are taken into account at national and supranational levels. A method of beach rating and an assessment of the sensibility of coastal sites are proposed in order to contribute to the policy of sustainable development of the republic of Seychelles. They must be used for preventive and integrated coastal management and they can be applied to the coasts of other tropical islands
Pujol, Morgan. "Espaces naturels et baléarisation : approche et enjeux de la protection de l'environnement aux Îles Baléares". Montpellier 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON30071.
Pełny tekst źródłaBlondet, Marieke. "Samoa américaines et parc national : les impacts sociaux de la protection de la nature aux îles Samoa". Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0362.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmerican Samoa is a small American associated territory in the pacific. The colonial history and the american influence have caused many social transformations. However, ninety percent of the land is still communally owned by samoan extended families or aiga. In 1994, the national park of American Samoa was established by the US government. Most of the protected land is owned by local Samoan aiga, which not only receive rent from the National Park Service but also continue to live on their communal land inside the park. My thesis is the study of the interactions between the Park and the local populations, and the possible impacts the former may have on the local social organisation, notably the rent paid to local aiga. Traditionally, any asset in an aiga is shared between relatives, by their senior matai, the head of the family. This person is also in charge of managing the rent from the Park and redistributing it. The matai may, howerver, keep for himself a part of this income if not all. This creates conflict within the aiga. Moreover, the National Park having fixed a monetary value to land, which had a symbolic value before, participates in the shift of the meaning of land for American Samoans and in changing their perception of it. In my analysis, I will demonstrate that the National Park of American Samoa, without such an intention, is affecting two of the pillars of the Americans Samoan social organisation; first the extended families and their matai, which are the basic social unit, and secondly the communal mand which is intrinsically associated with the aiga and its internal oraganisation. This process may weaken the samoan culture or fa'asamoa
Emmanouilidou, Pantelina. "L'île : nouvel objet juridique : le cas particulier des grandes îles de la Méditerranée". Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0069.
Pełny tekst źródłaSlands are territories where the tensions between the protection of the environment and economicdevelopment appear in an exaggerated manner. From one hand, island's ecology needs strict natureconservation measures, because of its vulnerability. On the other hand, the limited available spacein islands, combined with an augmented demand to develop, nourishes the territorial conflicts. Lawis called to manage such conflicts, thus arises the interest of reflecting on the theoretical basis of anIslands Law.This work adopts a territorial approach that studies the Mediterranean island space by usingmanifold tools of social sciences
Brigand, Louis. "Iles, îlots et archipels du Ponant : de l'abandon à la surfréquentation ? : essai sur la question des usages, de la gestion et de la conservation depuis 1950". Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010538.
Pełny tekst źródłaCrouteix, Orianne. "Protéger les petites îles de méditerranée occidentale : de l'identification des enjeux de la conservation de la biodiversité insulaire à la mise en place d'actions de protection". Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0001/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaUnder strong and increasing human pressure, the Mediterranean environment, famous for its richnessis threatened especially along continental areas and larger islands. Small islands and islets appear asthe last refuges of endemic and endangered biodiversity. In this context, the European andInternational delegation of Conservatoire du Littoral created the PIM Initiative, a program to promotethe exchange of best practices for the protection of these territories.Therefore, even the Mediterranean nature composed of the islands, and particularly the smaller ones,has become an environmental issue discussed on the national and international political stage. Islandshave occupied a specific place in the accrual of scientific knowledge in natural and social sciences oftoday, which are highlighted in many environmental policies.The resultant research work is part of the PIM Initiative and was performed in the frame of a CIFREprogram for three years. The main goal of the operational work was the realization of anencyclopaedic atlas of small islands in the western Mediterranean basin. Its aim was to buildconservation strategies by using environmental data. These strategies must be the basis for theprotection of biodiversity in these territories. So, the sciences stakeholders should become central inthe development of new conservation policies. This research work raises the question of the placesoccupied by scientists in the process of setting up environmental policies. From the construction of theissue to the implementation of concrete conservation actions, scientists play different roles. A typologyof the roles occupied by scientists is established based on the analysis of several environmentalactions developed in order to protect the biodiversity of small Mediterranean islands. Occasionallyscientists are involved upstream of the environmental policy by guiding the decision. Sometimes theyare more integrated in the action and the ecological regards that they raise are viewed as one elementamong other such as social acceptability. Finally, in some cases, scientists become a guarantee andjustify the environmental action
Sako, Nakouma. "Dynamique paysagère et de biodiversité des aires protégées du littoral ivoirien : exemple des parcs nationaux du Banco et des îles Ehotilé (sud-est de la Côte d'Ivoire)". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070076.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn Côte d'Ivoire, deforestation is an old problem that threatens forests, especially protected areas. In the coastal zone, rapid urbanization, rapid population growths, the economic and industrial development, particularly in Abidjan, have caused rapid deforestation. Destruction of natural environments is at the forefront of the National Parks and Reserves (PNR) policy against deforestation carried out by the government on the national territory, particularly in the littoral zone. This study focuses on national parks and Banco Ehotilé Islands, located in the Ivorian coastal zone. On the one hand, the Banco National Park is located on the outskirts of Abidjan, and it is surrounded by the various districts of the suburbs. Urbanization and pollution caused by human activities are the main threats that cause degradation. On the other side, the National Park of Ehotile Islands is located in a rural area of the Department of Adiake at the mouth of the Aby lagoon in the Atlantic Ocean. This region is characterized by a landscape dominated by agro-industrial plantations, especially oil palm, coconut graves and rubber. This reduces the land within the reach of small farmers and intensifies competition for land. The data used to study the dynamics of the vegetation cover both parks derived from Spot and Landsat satellite images, aerial photographs and our own field observations conducted in 2008 and 2009. These observations are written with the purpose of describing previous samples of vegetation and the other to draw a selective inventory of the flora in national parks. Surveys and interviews are conducted with a sample of 300 residents in the surrounding villages to gather their perceptions on the one hand, and understanding on the other hand their daily practices vis-à-vis forest resources of GNP and the PNIE. Study results show that landscape dynamics differ in the National Parks and Banco Ehotile Islands. Indeed, between 1986 and 2007, in the National Park of Ehotile Islands, the evolution of the vegetation was characterized by a decrease in the dense forest of land for about 49%, while the area covered by the mosaics culture and forest have increased by 156%. In addition, floristic surveys carried out in 123 plots of PNIE helped identify 197 plant species distributed among 64 families and 156 genera. In the park of Banco, unlike Ehotile islands, forest areas have experienced significant growth between 1992 and 2002 where dense closed canopy forests have increased by 115%. The floristic surveys have identified 233 plant species distributed among 73 families and 191 genera. In PNB as PNIE, flora and vegetation are being threatened by human activities including logging for domestic and agriculture
Holstein, Philippe. "La soutenabilité des économies insulaires coloniales et postcoloniales : le cas de l’île de La Réunion". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0021.
Pełny tekst źródłaSmall, isolated and vulnerable, islands have become symbols in current debates on the sustainability of economic systems. This is no coincidence. For colonial and insular experiences have played a key role in the emergence of political economy, which, initially focused on the creation of wealth as much as on its durability. Conversely, political economy nurtured the development of a new “art of government” which has deeply influenced islands trajectories and engendered new relations of power that persist today. In particular through the concept of (sustainable) development that naturalizes a contingent, utilitarian, view of sustainability. By bringing together the paradigm of complexity, ecological economics and poststructuralist works, this thesis aims to deconstruct this concept and reframe it through an institutionalist and interdisciplinary approach that fully integrates ecological, symbolic and social factors as well as the multiplicity of economies. It then studies the formation and evolution of plantation economies, both in Reunion Island and the Caribbean, to question the paradox of “durable unsustainability”: why and how can an economy grounded on destruction and unable to satisfy the ends it was designed for, maintain itself on the long term? A third part queries the sustainability of the “departementalisation” project, i.e. decreeing development: turning a ruined colony in a modern economy, able to reach European standards through self-sustained growth. It thus emphasizes the retroactions that wiped this utopia out to give birth to an original, yet fragile, model of resilient dependence
Le, Duff Matthieu. "Les risques naturels côtiers en Nouvelle-Calédonie : contribution pour une gestion intégrée : De la caractérisation du risque à la participation citoyenne, quelques perspectives pour la prévention des risques aux îles Loyauté". Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NCAL0005.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe metropolitan strategy for the prevention of natural risks was built around a central tool, the Risk Prevention Plan. The other dimensions of prevention appear secondary, in particular, the aspect relating to the information of the population. The latter does not seem to receive the attention that it should despite the different regulatory frameworks built over time, as evidenced by the evaluation reports of the national major risk management strategy. The thesis questions the relevance of transposing this prevention model in New Caledonia. A territory whose historical, political, social, cultural and environmental specificities are such that the structuring tools of metropolitan policy appear to be poorly adapted or simply inapplicable. Put into practice in the Loyalty Islands, where land tenure is mainly governed by customary law, our approach aims to understand risk prevention more on the scale of an area, namely the coast, than through a given hazard, by involving populations and territorial actors. We will study the different types of pressure that can be exerted there, such as shoreline erosion and marine submersions. All this will be done while seeking to integrate the Aboriginal vision associated with both of these "natural hazards", as well as the particular space that is the shoreline. Finally, the thesis proposes avenues and tools that could be adopted and developed by the authorities of New Caledonia, in order to lead to the construction of a risk prevention model that has become a real tool for the sustainable development of territories
Moretti, Laure. "Enseignement des sciences, interdisciplinarité, territoire apprenant : Quelles articulations ? Quelles modalités ? Quels résultats ?" Thesis, Corte, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021CORT0015.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study is based on an action research aimed at modelling, implementing and evaluating an educational strategy based on the construction of a learning territory, initiated from the school. The socio-historical approach of the Corsican island context highlights a singular islandity, characterised by strong heritage links, correlated with committed eco-citizen behaviour. At the same time, the analysis of the educational system underlines a school form where a school-centred vision of education and a distance to the territory persist. Moreover, as schools do not develop a democratic socialization mode, the researcher considers that they are not very efficient for eco-citizen training. The researcher, who is also a teacher, has put to the test the impact of heritage links on the eco-citizen profile and has put forward the hypothesis that heritage could be the lever of an innovative educational strategy, linked to the school form, aiming at a school integrated in its territory and a conversion towards a democratic mode of socialization. The use of the territorial intelligence approach made it possible to define the modalities of the learning territory, built on three pillars: science teaching, interdisciplinarity and educational territorialisation. A learning organization was gradually co-constructed by local actors: students, education professionals, citizens and institutions outside the school. The latter has spread over the territory, evolving into a learning territory. The impact assessment focuses on students' heritage connections and environmental citizenship profile. The methodology is based on a test-lot/control-lot survey approach and combines various strategies to optimize the internal and external validity of the study. The results show an enhancement of the heritage links and eco-citizenship profiles of some batches of pupils. The educational strategy carried out, built from the perspective of eco-ontogenesis within the framework of education on the nearby environment, engages certain pupils in the process of encapacitation, opening the way to their autonomy or even empowerment, the door to emancipation
Sarrasin, Bruno. "Élaboration et mise en oeuvre du plan d'action environnemental à Madagascar (1987-2001) : construction et problèmes d'une politique publique". Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010287.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuillaume, Ann. "I can swin home : Recherche-création sur deux territoires méditerranéens autour de l'art et du vivant". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ2006.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis creation/thesis revolves around a medium-length film – I Can Swim Home (I Can Swim Home), questioning the renewal of forms and the artist’s practice in a context of global crisis (environmental crises, health crisis, economical, political and institutional crisis.) What leads may art provide toward envisioning a communal horizon? How may art, through research and experimentation, contribute to invent tools and practical alternatives allowing us to renew our modes of exchanging, sharing, attention, and imagining? This research doesnot aim to make an inventory of forms throughout art history, but to underline what, in the patterns encountered therein, might reveal the artist’s desire to invoke the collective, and to invoke commonality as the nature of the work itself. I C S H aims to go back to one of art’s primary truth: the “inauguration” of an open community, relying upon both the ecological concern of the artist and their adhesion to an ethics of care. The work of the artist will therefore oscillate between the negative pole of the crisis of production/reproduction in the era of the Anthropocene, and the positive pole of a quest for an identity through the plurality of their environmental and social inscriptions. In line with this theoretical stance, through the multiplicity of practices it implements, I C S H constitutes an experiment in investigating “reconnection” (between the artist and the art world, between art and the living), situated in two Mediterranean sites, the Villa Arson and the Lerins Islands.I Can Swim Home is a multiform comprehensive work including a fictional film, a number of collective moments of intensification of the aesthetical experience, a research notebook documenting the artist’s intuitions and questioning, and a critical analysis of the artist’s practice, inviting entities and individuals to partake into the aesthetic invention
Mor, Isabelle. "L'archipel toscan et son environnement marin : ressources, développements et perspectives". Nancy 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN21016.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Tuscan archipelago particularly Elba present on a 224km2 area, a richness, a variety reflecting all the events that happened during the formation of the alps-apennins orogen. After a bibliographical synthesis, the repartition of the formations allows a paleogeographic distribution of Tuscan and ligurian thrustings. These results compared to observations recognized at sea are : the persistence of post-messinian accidents, the effect of Miocene compression then followed by distention, sliding and warding of Tuscan and ligurian thrustings, the observation of several level of terraces on the island of Elba itself, at sea confirming that for each climatical change, several oscillations of sea level occur. The effects being able to change of erosion: climat, nature of grounds, vegetation are necessary to the knowledge of the natural variations in the instable domain. From the Neolithic, the man change the natural environment. To recall the history of all the changes to contribute to the knowledge of domains and the interactions between different components of the system, to establish the progressive impact of man, to determine the consequences of projects before their result, to allow the coexistence of those 2 environments to arrange the developing programs and the preservation of natural environment
Barnier, Madeleine. "Hydrocarbures et acides gras présents dans les milieux marins "propres" : Méditerranée (site de Port-Cros), région subantarctique (îles Amsterdam et Saint Paul)". Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30038.
Pełny tekst źródłaFournier, Jonathan. "Étude du régime alimentaire et du déterminisme environnemental de la reproduction des huîtres perlières Pinctada margaritifera sur l’atoll d’Ahe, Archipel des Tuamotu-Gambier, Polynésie française". Polynésie française, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POLF0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhile pearl culture industry represents one of the dominant business sector of French Polynesia, it still entirelies on natural reproduction and spat collection. A better knowledge of reproduction determinism is thus of particular interest for the black lip pearl oyster P. Margaritifera. This work is based (i) on "in situ" studies of the pearl oyster diet and of the environmental determinism of reproduction ; and (ii) on the application to the black lip pearl oyster of a bio-energetic and deterministic model of growth and reproduction based on the Dynamic energy budget theory. Ahe atoll lagon, plankton concentration and composition fluctations were strongly linked to wind regimes. These variations had a great impact on the diet of pearl oysters which was dominated by nano-microplankton (especially nano-flagelattes and dinoflagellates). Peaks of plankton concentration were assocated with an increased gametogenesis rate and were shown to enhance spawning synchronisation in the population. Eventually, estimates of DEB parameters for P. Margaritifera allowed usto correctly simulate its growth and reproduction and to clearly demonstrate the influence of plankton concentration on maturation and spawning synchronization of pearl oysters in atoll lagoons of French Polynesia. These results provide relevant features for a better understanding of spat collection variability in French Polynesian atoll lagoons. Moreover, the pearl oyster DEB model of adults growth and reproduction constitute a promising complementary tool for the comprehensive description of spat collection variability in atoll lagoons of French Polynesia
Ba, Antoine. "Télédétection par analyse de retours d’onde LIDAR et spectrométrie à hautes résolutions des espaces sensibles en environnement côtier". Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4040/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoastal dunes are ecosystems of high ecological interest as well as coastal defenses against marinerelated hazards, especially in the current climate change and coastal erosion context. The understanding of dune morphology and the dynamics of its components allows to apprehend its functioning and enables to provide a pertinent and durable coastal zone management. The hyperspectral imagery is a technique allowing the passive observation of optical properties of a surface scene constituents. This method is particularly adapted for covering large geographical areas, with an appropriate spatial scale for observing the coastal features. The LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) remote sensing is an active method measuring the Earth’s topography. The full-waveform LiDAR, in addition to provide data on the surface elevation, allows to acquire data on the density and light diffusion power of an observed scene features. Therefore, simultaneous acquisition of both data types should improve the monitoring of Earth’s surfaces. In order to compare and process the data from both types of remote sensing method, a pre-processing step of geometric and radiometric corrections should be applied to the hyperspectral images and full-waveform LiDAR data. Following this step, two applications on the hyperspectral/LiDAR data coupling were developed for the estimation on the vegetation distribution over two coastal dunes systems on the island of Noirmoutier, Vendée, France. The first application built up a mapping methodology for the dune vegetation, from a habitat to a specie scale, in order to discuss the species distribution as well as assessing their impact on the dune morphology evolution. The second application, a complete procedure of vegetation habitats was developed, combining the chemical and the light diffusion properties of the dune surfaces
Morissette, Ève-Marie. "Calypso bulbosa (Orchidaceae) à l'Île d'Anticosti : la survie d'une plante rare dans un environnement fortement modifié par le cerf de Virginie". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18295.
Pełny tekst źródłaDavid, Victor. "Pour une meilleure protection juridique de l’environnement en Nouvelle-Calédonie Innover par la construction participative du droit". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH001/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhat environmental law for which society? With a method that combines a socio-anthropological examination and a legal examination, this thesis raises the question for New Caledonia, through an analysis of the recent past, contemporary difficulties and a re-foundation made possible by an evolution of legal thought and by means of tools developed recently elsewhere, which have made it possible, for example, to recognize the legal personality of elements of nature.Recognized as a global hotspot of biodiversity, with the exploitation of its huge nickel resources being a major environmental threat, how does New Caledonia, nearly 150 years after its annexation by France and its commitment for thirty years on the path of decolonization, fare in protecting its natural environment? The answer we get from the study of positive law, institutions, comparative law, speeches and field work is clear: the law applicable today in New Caledonia is the result of an exogenous rationalization of social relations. It is in fact unsuited to the cultural context of the Pacific. Balanced Man-Nature relations have been "disenchanted" by Christianization, colonization and scientific rationalization. As in many places, in New Caledonia, the sacredness that characterized these relationships has been sidelined in favor of what we have chosen to call "Noah’s complex" and which has become the foundation of any environmental policy. Our diagnosis on the limits of the current environmental law, reveals in detail the shortcomings of contemporary institutional engineering, based on political concerns for a peaceful management of a plural society and for rebalancing between communities and territories to compensate for underdevelopment due to past mistakes.However, there is a favorable context in recent years to re-enchant the legal protection of nature and its elements. Governments or judges in other latitudes recognize the legal personality of elements of nature. It is now possible to go beyond a restrictive conception of legal pluralism as the tight coexistence of irreconcilable legal orders and to advance towards a hybridization of the endogenous right and a legal order associated with the forms of the modern state. We will closely follow the co-construction, with the populations and the customary authorities, by the Loyalty Islands Province, of a negotiated environmental law and innovative principles that finally allow to fully take into account within positive law the Kanak vision of nature. Thanks to a participative method of elaboration of the law, it appears that we can reconcile the pluralisms (cultural, social, political and legal) of New Caledonia in the 21st century, within the framework of a negotiated law that is the only guarantee for the effectiveness of the law to protect the natural environment in a context of global environmental change
Gharbi, Tarchouna Lobna. "Rôle de la matière organique sur le devenir des polluants métalliques. Cas de la fertirrigation d'un sol en climat méditerranéen". Toulon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUL0020.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this study is to investigate the consequences of the fertirrigation on a sandy soil in Porquerolles Island (France) on a peach trees field irrigated by wastewater for 15 years and another one which was never irrigated and was used as a reference. We followed physical and chemical properties of both soils at three depths (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm). To study the role of natural organic matter in the heavy metals transfer, notably copper, chromium, lead and cadmium, we made sequential extractions for metal and soil organic matter. Batch and column expermiments used to study heavy metals and soil interactions, showed the existence of a competition between copper and chromium in a static and dynamic point of view. Our experimentals results were validated by the PHREEQC and STAINMOD hydrogeochemical interactive code. Finally, this study on the metal transfer in soil made in laboratory was completed by in situ study. Both field study sites were equipped by tensionmeters, humidimeters and lysimeters All these data permitted to follow the profil of heavy metals, dissolved organic carbon and majors in soil solution and to calculated hydric balance of the soil
Savidan, Lise. "L'appropriation du modèle de quartiers durables sous climat tropical : mise en place d'une grille d’indicateurs de durabilité urbaine appliquée au quartier de Ravine Blanche sur l'île de La Réunion". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0028.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe urban sustainability is a contemporary preoccupation, because of the international environnemental & social events which take place at the end of the 20th century. Sustainable neighbourhoods are solutions proposed to take in account the new societal stakes into the urban sphere. The intervention scales seems to be adequate to test new conceptions solutions. This phd tried to describe how the concept is adapted into tropical field. In a first part we propose to describe the general concept of sustainability, its emergence conditions, its majors principles and the subjects that gathered or drove apart the scientific community. In a second part we present some specificities of tropical cities, we propose conceptions principles adapted to the climate. We create a tool to evaluate urban sustainability in tropical neigbourhoods. Composed of fifty urban indicators separated into three majors axis, this tool allows to evaluate the durability nivel of urban projects at a quarter scale. We propose three nivel of performance to evaluate durability: Basis, Performant, Very Performant. In a third part of the document, we apply the tool on Ravine Blanche quarter, located into a humide tropical climate, in Reunion island (Indian Ocean). According to the results, thanks to sustainable project of renovation applied on the quarter, Ravine Blanche reaches a Basis level of durability.This phd, allows to evaluate in tropical territories how the concepters take in account the sustainability, comparing to the general concept. It proposes to the urban concepters adapted solutions to deal with the hot climate
Bastaraud, Alexandra. "Facteurs environnementaux et qualité microbiologique de l'eau potable dans les villes à faible revenu, cas de Madagascar". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV059.
Pełny tekst źródłaUrbanization is one of the most important changes of the 21st century, especially for sub-Saharan cities. They must manage their natural resources. Water resources, for example, are becoming increasingly vulnerable, either because they can no longer meet the various needs (population, industry, agriculture) or because they are subject to ever-increasing environmental pressures. Continuous pollution by wastewater, runoff and soil erosion suggest that these ecosystems are specific. In cities in low-income countries, such as Madagascar, access to safe drinking water is also limited due to technical and environmental constraints.Understanding how these environmental changes can affect microbiological quality then becomes a public health issue, especially in a context where sanitation and resource protection are not controlled. The objective is to assess the impact of urbanization, as well as other environmental factors on the dynamics of the indicators of contamination of the supply water of Madagascar's cities (i); to characterize the interactions between climatic conditions and the quality of the distributed water (ii).The dynamics of bacterial indicators of water quality supplied have been analyzed over the long term (16 and 32 years) at the scale of urban systems and have shown that bacteriological contamination of urban drinking water is subject to wide seasonal variations, with disparities between cities. The type of resource, the treatment implemented, population growth and environmental threats related to the degradation of urban basins are the main environmental and technical determinants that support contamination profiles. Climatic conditions, including precipitation and non-management of runoff, are the main factors contributing to the biological instability of these urban supply systems from wastewater, runoff and soil erosion suggests that these ecosystems are specific
Legros, Samuel. "Évaluation multi-échelle de l'impact environnemental de l'épandage de lisier de porc sur un sol tropical, île de La Réunion : spéciation et modélisation du comportement du cuivre et du zinc". La Réunion, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LARE0012.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring this thesis we studied Cu and Zn behavior in a tropical water-sol-plante system further to pig slurry spreading by a multi-scale approach. On the experimental plot scale, we quantified : i) the Cu and Zn uptacking by the plant (trainasse osterdamia pungens) ii) the Cu and Zn accumulation in soil, iii) the soluble Cu and Zn flux. On the molecular scale, we studied the Cu and Zn speciation in pig slurry by several analytical techniques combination (SEM, µ-XRF, XAS, etc. ). First, we observed an accumulation of Cu and Zn in soil between 0 and 20 cm and 20 and 60 cm deep respectively. This observation was confirmed by a very weak Cu and Zn uptaking by the Trainasse, and by the fact that soluble Cu and Zn flux in pig slurry plot are comparable to those of the control plot. These results underline the very weak mobility of Cu and Zn. Then, while pig slurry is a complex matrix, we realized a size fractionation before analyses. The majority of Cu and Zn (respectively 78 and 75 % of thé total concentration) is found in thc size fraction between 0. 45 and 20 µm. In pig slurry Cu is under Cu sulfide form (Cu2S) where Cu oxîdation state is I. The Zn speciation in pig slurry can be described on the basis of 3 constituents: 41 % of Zn bound to the organic matter, 39 % of Zn hydroxide and 20 % of Zn sulfide. This Cu and Zn spéciation in pig slurry allows to understand the results obtained on thé experimental plot scale
Lorion, David. "Inondations et aménagements à l'île de la Réunion". Paris 10, 2000. http://thesesenligne.univ.run/H/2000pa100125_lorion.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaRatel, Clemence. "Tourisme et environnement, le grand paradoxe de l'écotourisme. Exemples de Madagascar et du Costa Rica". Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0019/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe tourist industry has seen spectacular development from the second half of the 20th Century. According to the World tourism organization, 50 million tourists in 1960 expanded to 561 million tourists in 1995 and to 980 million in 2011.Along with this phenomenon, globalization has increased ecological thinking and the Meadows Report in 1972 highlights political awareness to environmental problems around the world. From the Bruntland Report in 1987 to the Earth Summit in Rio and more recently, the Rio +20 Summit, the association of the tourism in the principles of sustainable development would seem to correspond to expectations of societies today. Does tourism induce environmental degradation or on the contrary, does it allow the preservation of natural sites ? Field work in Madagascar and Costa Rica has led me to question the pertinence of development strategies based on the notion of ecotourism, and an indepth analysis of this notion and it’s concrete application to major sites at an international level. It is a close examination in time and space of the establishment of ecotourism on these two areas of research and it’s consequences on the economie, social, cultural and environmental system
Huitelec, Richard. "Le développement durable et la gestion locale des ressources énergétiques". Bordeaux 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR40011.
Pełny tekst źródłaAhamada, Mmadi. "La Commission de l'océan indien, une organisation de développement et de coopération". Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05D012.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince its creation in 1984, the environment of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) knew profound turnovers. The internal and international evolutions appreciably transformed the stakes in the sub-regional cooperation. The members of the IOC suffer in common from the environmental fragility, the Small Island and vulnerable savings in front of natural disasters. The IOC is thus confronted with the challenge to find answers to questions and complex phenomena; in particular, the development of its island spaces. The complexity of these last ones requires another thought of development and the IOC is called to reorganize its axes of cooperation and modify its strategies to reach economic, social and sustainable development of it members. In spite of the progress achieved thanks to the cooperation of the IOC, its members collided with profound systematic disparities in the field of business, finance, foreign debt, rights and technology transfers, which limited their capacity to cooperate in a significant way. A whole series of structural factors also hindered the cooperation between members of the IOC. The incapability of the systems of communication and the lack of connectivity between countries as well as on national scale, constituted a major problem. Given the past and present sub-regional and regional experiences, can we talk in terms of the success of this approach for economies such as those of the islands of the southwest of the Indian Ocean? Can the sub-regional cooperation as it was and continues to be directed, allow its members to reach to the fixed objectives? How and in which measure can the IOC play a supranational role? Has IOC really an authority to oblige its members to respect their commitments? In short, we can wonder as to what extent the IOC can make the cooperation between it members a real control lever of development
Peuziat, Ingrid. "Plaisance et environnement. Pratiques, représentations et impacts de la fréquentation nautique de loisir dans les espaces insulaires. Le cas de l'archipel de Glénan (France)". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00403932.
Pełny tekst źródłaA travers l'étude de la fréquentation touristique liée au nautisme dans les îles côtières métropolitaines, cette recherche propose une typologie des espaces insulaires prenant en compte les spécificités des îles et la multiplicité des activités de plaisance. Elle pose la problématique de la gestion de la fréquentation des espaces marins et terrestres et de la préservation des littoraux sensibles. L'archipel de Glénan, haut lieu du nautisme en France, a été choisi pour une analyse fine des pratiques plaisancières. Le plaisancier dans ses modes de fréquentation s'inscrit dans des logiques sociales (les pratiques), mais aussi techniques (liées à l'utilisation d'une embarcation), que la thèse développe dans leurs dimensions spatiale et temporelle. L'étude détaillée de la fréquentation a permis d'identifier les impacts environnementaux négatifs réels et potentiels de la plaisance sur le site des Glénan. Parmi les pratiques susceptibles de perturber les équilibres écologiques de l'archipel, le mouillage (sur corps-mort et à l'ancre) dans l'herbier de zostères a été retenu pour une analyse d'impact approfondie, suivant une approche pluridisciplinaire relevant de la géographie (étude de fréquentation, télédétection, systèmes d'information géographique) et de la biologie (observations et prélèvements in situ et approche expérimentale). L'étude montre le caractère contextuel des incidences anthropiques sur cet habitat et la plus grande capacité de l'herbier marin Z. marina à se reconstituer par rapport à son homologue Méditerranéen (Posidonia oceanica). Les résultats de la thèse contribuent à la connaissance d'usages encore mal appréhendés au regard de leur développement et à la compréhension des interactions Nature/Société sur les espaces littoraux dans la perspective d'une Gestion intégrée de la zone côtière.
Queste, Jérôme. "Concertation et changements : le cas du recyclage desdéchets organiques à la Réunion". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH009.
Pełny tekst źródłaImproving the interactions between economic activities and the environment is a contemporary challenge and has been a major research topic for the last decades. Current trends recommend to implement dialogue processes to contribute to adaptive governance systems, ensuring both sustainable use of natural resources and protection of ecosystems. Despite growing empirical case studies, political ideologies and emerging analytical framework, the relationships between dialogue processes and effective observed changes in the human-nature interactions still remain unclear.This research explored the mechanisms through which a dialogue process may contribute to effectives changes in the way human-nature interactions were organized. To address this question, we did apprehend human-nature interactions as economic activities and focused on the organization of the markets involving natural resources. Two hypothesis of contribution of dialogue processes to market organization change based on literature were set: The improvement of organizations and individuals actors skills, knowledge and information through collective learning and the evolution of market organization through institutional change.Our research was conducted using the Girovar project as a case-study. In la Réunion, this project implemented a dialogue process to explore collectively large-scale recycling scenarios to solve a growing environmental issue of organic waste treatment. Parallel ethnographic studies were conducted to analysis both the dialogue process and evolutions of effective economic transactions involving two types of organic wastes: poultry litter and green-waste compost.Our main results are that dialogue processes provide resources to operational actors but do not trigger change. These resources include knowledge exchange and technical learning but exclusively to dialogue participants. At a broader scale, assessing the credibility, saliency and legitimacy of the recycling solution provides a “rational myth” that contributes to institutional change at both institutional and operational level. These mechanisms, whose genericity should be further assessed, qualify dialogue processes as a relevant component of a broader adaptive governance system
Salbert, Vincent. "Tourisme et gestion intégrée des zones côtières : les conditions d'un développement durable : exemple de l'île de Tahiti (Polynésie française)". Bordeaux 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR30022.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe great tourism development of small tropical islands has threatened their sustainability. For developed countries, Tahiti is a myth and Tahitian tourism doesn't use island patrimony (natural, social or cultural) except artificial beaches and lagoon beauty. A major problem is inadequate understanding of tourism dynamics and the absence of simple integrated measures of tourism's pervasive economic, social and environmental impacts. This work presents the framework in which Tahitian tourism develops, its characteristics and it porposes a space analysis method to evaluate its impacts. This method is applicable superficially with only one indicator to each element in the system (environmental, economical and social) or to go deeper into study with a lot of indicators to each element. This methodology must allow an integrated tourism management with others island activities and an sustainable tourism destination
N'Kounkou, Urbain Anselme. "Gestion territoriale des ordures ménagères franciliennes : le gisement des ordures ménagères, leurs espaces de production : vers une minimisation du flux résiduel". Le Mans, 2000. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2000/2000LEMA3004.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaDa, Cunha Charlotte. "Quelle prise en compte de la diversité dans les enjeux de performances de l'activité agricole en Ile de France? : expérimentation d'une démarche d'évaluation participative multicritère". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS020S.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this International Year of Biodiversity, biodiversity is more than ever considered in scientific and institutional literature, as an irreducible element of sustainability that must be integrated in all economic sectors. This thesis aims at arguing and testing a participatory multi-criteria approach to understand how the environment, including biodiversity, can be taken into account in agricultural activities. Based on two case studies on different scales (territory and farm), this thesis examines to what extent biodiversity is integrated by actors of agricultural activities. These applications show that the proposed approach is an efficient tool for identification of their issues, which reveal a weak consideration of biodiversity concerns
Demailly, Kaduna-Ève. "Jardiner les vacants : fabrique, gouvernance et dynamiques sociales des vacants urbains jardinés du nord-est de l'Île-de-France". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010599/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince the early 2000’s, gardened vacant lands – i.e. interstitial lots characterized by obsolete land-use, temporarily taken over and vegetalised by inhabitants – have emerged in France. The regulation by municipalities of such initiatives yields an institutional construct designated as jardin partagé. Gardened vacant land constitutes a specific type of jardin partagé because they are developed on a temporary and vacant lot. The thesis addresses gardened vacant land as territorial marker of social and political processes of “producing” and “living” the contemporary city. The thesis combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies based on 48 case-studies, located in the north-eastern Île-de-France. As argued, the institutionalization of associative gardened areas is an unprecedented fact. Yet, while theses spaces are co-produced and then users are fully involved in the management of vacant gardened, they have a limited role in the decision making process. If the diffusion of institutionalized gardened vacant lands certainly reflects a political commitment, it also emphasizes the increasing profits produced by such negotiated land-use, that are instrumental for municipalities, in order to promote increased safety, enhanced political outreach, and beautification. Finally, social and environmental impacts vary depending on several conditions. On the one hand, the emergence of social bonding is limited to the space of the garden, due to its hybrid status of “club”. On the other hand, gardened vacant lands are rather understood as a toolbox, in order to enhance the quality of life, the environmental education, as well as territories dedicated to ecology and biodiversity
Benchimol, Maria Celeste Fortes. "Aménagement des espaces insulaires et biodiversité : la gestion des Aires protégées littorales et marines au Cap Vert". Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUEL005.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Republic of Cape Verde is the study area of this research entitled "Management of insular spaces and diversity : the management of coastal and marine protected areas in Cape Verde". This research will analyze the place and role of marine and coastal protected areas within land planning, and the various aspects relating to the insular management of a vulnerable and poor small island-State archipelago. The paper intends to propose improvements to the national marine and coastal resources management system, with the concern of enhancing local biodiversity specificities in a context of long-term development, which takes into account the environmental and socioeconomic diversity which are characteristic of small island States. After rewieing the management modalities of environmental resources and vulnerabilities, the comparison between the Cape Verde archipelago and other island countries shows an evolution in the use and management of these resources and socioeconomic development. It was noted that the traditional and extensive use of land resources that characterized the colonial period are gradually being replaced since the country's independence in 1975 by management modalities based on a more intensive use of resources, especially of marine and coastal resources. The current state of conservation of the environment heritage, the archipelago's economic development and land planning are explained by the historical evolution of various economic and environmental policies. Given the importance and fragility of the biodiversity, as well as the major role now assigned to the tourism and fisheries sectors in the country's economic development, this paper presents strategy proposals for the socio-economic enhancement of marine and coastal areas, which take into account environmental aspects. Two case studies, based on two areas of observation with different problems, - the island of Santa Luzia (and neighboring islands) and the Baia of Murdeira (Sal Island)-, analyze the planning and management problems at the local level. Taking into consideration the goals, aspirations and needs of local populations, the studies, highlight the need to associate the traditional ways of management with the "western" management model. Forms of enhancing these territories as well as a contribution to improve the national marine and coastal management system are included as proposals in the final chapter of this paper
Mesnil, Camille. "Convertir la méthanisation en « solution de transition énergétique » : Le cas de la relance de la méthanisation en Île-de-France 1990-2020". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PESC2001.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis focuses on the deployment of anaerobic digestion in Île-de-France to shed light on whatis happening through the devices called upon to develop in the name of the "green city". This processof breaking down organic matter in the absence of air produces a gas mixture and a digestate, a kindof humus. The multifunctional character (waste management, energy production, compostproduction), the significant plasticity (in terms of technical intensity, inputs and uses) and above allthe double environmental promise (as a mode of production of renewable energy or as a circulareconomy tool) with which anaerobic digestion can be associated, make it a preferred technique foranyone interested in environmental issues in the broad sense.With the analysis of diversified framing, enrolment and incentive scenes as well as the trajectory ofthe different types of assemblage in Île-de-France, the thesis shows the primacy of the visions anddevices most compatible with energetic regime, especially those associated with large gas networks.It also shows that the articulation of the issues of waste management and energy production is notstraightforward and is the subject of tensions. Beyond these two issues, the thesis shows the pluralityof "spillovers" of the development of anaerobic digestion in environmental terms (water, soil, etc.)and socio-economic matters (associated agricultural model)
Abou, Warda-Khazen Maissoun. "Efficacité environnementale des documents locaux d'urbanisme : application aux bruits routiers dans les communes franciliennes et algéroises". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST3018.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe emergence of the sustainable development, thanks to the recent innovations in French and Algerian laws, is integrated progressively into political views and actions. For French urban planning, the SRU law and its action plans (PLU and PADD) propose a new transversal approach, making coherence between urbanism and environment. For Algerian urban planning, the law n° 01-20 of town planning and sustainable development doesn’t totally change the POS but it brought about changes in them in order to follow the direction of the sustainable development and the participative democracy. The target of this work is to study the link between the noise and the urban planning through. The respective documents of town planning of every country (PLU in France and POS in Algeria). The main question is to examine the relevance of the new urbanistic capacities with regards to the reduction of the road noise and to estimate their actual implementation in terms of politics and local actions. Our cross-disciplinary view allows a deep and complete analysis of this environment and public politics. This approach requires interviews with political and technical staff. It also requires following the elaboration of the urban planning instruments in three cities of Ile-de-France (Fontenay-sous-Bois, Saint-Denis, Boulogne Billancourt) and one city in Algiers (El Mohammadia).The analysis could allow to highlight the different measures in the field of the road noise, and to identify impediments in order to shape a typology of best practices
Briand, Jean-François. "Cyanobactéries toxiques : prolifération et production toxinique de deux espèces de la région parisienne, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii et Planktothrix agardhii. Développement d'un bio-essai sur neuroblastomes pour la détection des toxines de type PSP". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0007.
Pełny tekst źródłaDemené, Camille. "Entre nature et agriculture. Agricultures patrimoniales et services environnementaux en aire d’adhésion des parcs nationaux à la Réunion et en Guadeloupe". Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0009/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research deals with changing interactions between agriculture and territories. Food production is no longer the only criteria used to assess agricultural systems efficiency. Social and environmental issues are increasingly taken into account. This new understanding of the role of agriculture within territories raises the issue of the role of some extensive marginal agricultural models, aside intensive models promoted by agricultural policies. We focus on how increasing concerns on biodiversity may impact these models. Addressing biodiversity issues may change the way agriculture is considered, from a threat to a potential ally in natural areas management. We assume that this redefinition of agriculture’s role goes beyond a mere reframing of environmental functions but results of genuine trade-offs with other cultural and social functions. Considering an agricultural industry as a geographical object, we propose a two-stage analysis. Using actor’s discourses, we analyze (i) their perceptions of agricultural functions, then (ii) the integration of these perceptions in their strategies, that contribute to transforming resources (geographical, economical, political, and ideological resources) used by agriculture. This analytical framework is applied on a small but emblematic Reunionese agricultural industry, vanilla, whose economical profitability is questioned today. Our analysis reveals that biodiversity issues both raise new constraints and restriction but also generate new opportunities for actors to make their strategies evolve. Trade-offs between ecological, economical, social and cultural issues are part of these dynamics. The comparison with another marginal insular agricultural industry, coffee in Guadeloupe, reveals similar dynamics, and allows us to discuss the way agriculture could be managed, especially considering environmental and ecological aspects. Although the concept of « environmental service » offers new perspectives, its actual implementation isn’t suited to such agricultural systems, whose characteristics are not those of conventional productivist models. In Guadeloupe, the support the National Park granted to this type of agriculture models (coffee and vanilla) give us some elements to discuss the relevance and the interest of such an intervention. The vulnerability of such marginal industries, and the close intertwining of economic, social, cultural and environmental issues at stake, suggest to cross sectoral settings and to promote a territorial governance allowing a transverse consideration of their specificities
Déodat, Vincent. "Évaluation du gisement éolien dans un contexte insulaire complexe : le cas de l'île de La Réunion". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0057.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis doctoral thesis proposes a methodology to identify and quantify the wind power resource in a context characterized by a complex topography and a strong competition for land use, and then it applies it to the case of Reunion island. Our approach is interdisciplinary by using in turn law, geography, statistics and physics to quantify the wind power resource in Reunion Island, then economics to cost the mining of this deposit and to formulate public policies to support wind power generation. The first part of the thesis assesses the impact of land regulatory framework on the wind power resource defined in terms of installable peak power. This regulatory framework is defined in terms of scenarios depicting the social and environmental challenges associated with wind power generation in Reunion Island. A methodology based on Geographic Information Systems is developed to identify the spatial distribution of installable wind farms and to assess the impact of an evolution of land legal framework in Reunion. The second part of the thesis aims at quantifying the wind power on sites accessible from a regulatory point of view. The thesis presents a methodology to study the joint distribution of horizontal wind speed and direction based on the analysis of its seasonal and daily variations, and identifies the different wind regimes in force in Reunion. The thesis supports the use of Weibull distribution model on ground of probability theory, and provides evidence of superiority of using a mixture of Weibull distributions conditional on wind direction to quantify the wind power resource of an accessible site with respect to the use of the conventional marginal two parameters Weibull model. The thesis also provides a methodology to construct the geographical information regarding ground obstacles necessary for profiling the vertical wind shear profile in Reunion. Then, the thesis proposes two spatial prediction methods to assess the spatial distribution of wind resource allowing its estimation from the observations recorded at the available weather stations, and uses these methods to model the spatial evolution of the wind speed mean and variation coefficient. The last part of the thesis provides a method to cross assess the regulatory public policy and the public subsidy policy for wind power generation through feed-in-tariff schemes. For each regulatory scenario, we identify the wind power plants which are profitable under existing feed-in-tariff schemes. For each regulatory scenario, we also evaluate the level at which the feed-in-tariff must be set to reach public objectives of wind power development in Reunion, which allows to assess the amount of public subsidy needed to achieve these objectives
Bouton, Anthony. "Facteurs de contrôle extrinsèques des dépôts microbiens récents en domaine de transition continental-marin". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS012/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaLithified microbial deposits, considered as microbialites, are organosedimentary structures observed since 3.5 billion years. Understanding the mechanisms and environmental conditions leading to their formation may provide valuable information about the origin of life on Earth. Our interest on this research topic has increased owing to the economic implications of these deposits, especially concerning the hydrocarbons. The reconstruction of the environments associated with microbial structures remains uncertain in the fossil record, especially between marine and continental domains. These two contrasting environments were studied through two modern examples: (1) a marine-fed lagoon area in Cayo Coco (Cuba), and the continental lake of the Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA) in order to identify diagnostic criteria allowing to distinguish both environments in the fossil record.Microbialite result from mineralization and lithification of microbial mats under the influence of metabolic chemical reactions (intrinsic) related to the activity of the microbial biomass and environmental (extrinsic) conditions. The objective of this PhD is to replace microbial deposits, at different scales, in their context of formation to highlight the significance of extrinsic parameters on: (1) the mineralization processes and the formation of microbialites, (2) the morphologies of observed microbial structures, (3) their spatial distribution, and (4) the relationship between microbial mats and microbialite and their environment
Ramanantseheno, Domoina. "La microfinance au service d’une agriculture durable, illusion ou réalité ? : le cas de Madagascar (région de l’Itasy)". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111015.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the Less Advanced Countries, the agricultural sector is constituted not only by more than half of the rural population but also by over 60% of the active population. The majority of the poor rural people obtain their main resource incomes from the agricultural activities. The agricultural development could thus be considered as an attenuation factor of the poverty. However, the problem of the financial support toward the small family agricultural exploitation in the Less Advanced Countries still remains an unsolved issue.If microfinance is considered to be a tool for reducing poverty in any activity sector where it is used, then the optimal effect of its implementation should be observed in the area where the majority of poor population is located. So, the agricultural sector of the Less Advanced Countries becomes a privileged field of this experimentation. The challenge that the microfinance has to face is not only to provide financial support to the farmers for allowing them to increase their productivity, but also to promote an agriculture contributing to the environment.As a result, the specific role of the microfinance in the field of agriculture, in particularly for the small family agricultural exploitation in the Less Advanced Countries is questioned.Will the microfinance be able to present itself as an alternative for the issue of the financial support toward the family farms or will it be just an illusion?
Rakotovololonalimanana, Herizo. "Déterminisme génétique et environnemental des propriétés du bois de LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA : adaptation aux reboisements malgaches et apports à la production ligneuse". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20191/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeyond the clearance for agricultural, the filling of the deficiency of wood as energy and material for the Malagasy local market takes part in the reduction of the forest cover in Madagascar. In order to preserve Malagasy natural forests, known to be a mega-biodiversity reservoir, with also full-filling the local demand in wood, the plantation forests represent a crucial challenge. Nevertheless, the timbers coming from the planted Malagasy forest, generally dominated by Eucalyptus and Pine species, offer less choice and do not have the required qualities to substitute the timber from natural forest, especially for carpentry, joinery and furniture manufacturing. Liquidambar styraciflua timber is used in many countries for packaging, veneer, plywood and furniture production. The objective of this work is to contribute to the improvement of Liquidambar styraciflua for a forestry and end-use in adequation with the Malagasy context. The approach used is original because it combines the study of the growing characteristics in the field, the production and the quality of the seeds, the juvenile growth and the wood properties, with considering also the genetic variability of the species. In order to do so, the inventory annual data of the provenance trial of Liquidambar in Mandraka has allowed evaluating the adaptation of this species and the intra-specific variability of its growth. Seed samplings, germination tests and tree nursery growth tests have been performed to evaluate the multiplication ability and its variability in order to state about the vulgarization possibility for this species. Finally, this work was also about the characterization of physic-mechanical and natural durability properties of Liquidambar timber. Once these trials and experiments completed, this work showed that Liquidambar from Mandraka presents a good adaptability associated with an important growth compared to other Liquidambar international provenance trials done by the Commonwealth Forestry Institute. Moreover, the growth of Liquidambar from Mandraka is similar to Eucalyptus species and better than Pinus species when planted in the same ecological environment. The seed production of Liquidambar from Mandraka is higher than in its natural distribution area. Its seeds present a high speed and rate of germination of 75% and 83%, respectively. This confirms the good adaptation of this species for the considered studied conditions. Our study suggest that tallest trees produce more fertile seeds and seedlings have a more rapid juvenile growth (up to 425 days) compared to seedlings coming from smaller mother tree. This work has also brought into light that indirect methods such as Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy, ultrasonic methods were efficient to estimate the physic-mechanical properties of Liquidambar timber, in addition to the standardized methods used. The physico-mechanical properties of Liquidambar timber are average compared to the most commonly used. Liquidambar timber extractible content is very low and it is not durable neither towards Reticulitermes termites, nor Coniophora puteanea and Coriolus versicolor Basidiomycete fungi. Low to strong phenotypic correlations between the physic-properties have been observed ; suggesting that a genetic or silvicultural improvement aiming to up-grade a property (physic or mechanic) could, in consequence, increase or decrease the value of another physic-mechanical property. Nevertheless, it would be interesting to get adequate experiments (test descendance from cross experiments) to estimate the genetic correlations. Concerning the variability, the physico-mechanical properties of Liquidambar timber follow a linear or logarithmic tendency from pith to bark, and normal, as well as tension wood was observed. The growing and multiplication characteristics of liquidambar are more variable than its physico-mechanical properties
Baret, Stéphane. "Mécanismes d'invasion de Rubus alceifolius à l'île de la Réunion : interaction entre facteurs écologiques et perturbations naturelles et anthropiques dans la dynamique d'invasion". Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646471.
Pełny tekst źródłaHallier-Nader, Brigitte. "Les territoires de vie des 75 ans et plus à Paris : quel environnement urbain pour une qualité de vie durable ?" Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00693313.
Pełny tekst źródłaBouet, Bruno. "Reconnaissance de l’autochtonie et déclinisme environnemental au sein des Parcs nationaux français : L’exemple du Parc national de La Réunion". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0178.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main purpose of this thesis is about the recognition of local and indigenous people within protected areas in general and French National Parks in particular. From global to local scales, this process appears to be the result of an axiological principle that is not necessarily new but which nevertheless increasingly conditions the legitimacy and effectiveness of public environmental action. The recognition of local and indigenous people would thus have become one of the conditions for achieving greater environmental justice within protected areas, particularly internationally.We question how this process has been extended to French National Parks, in particular through the analysis of the causes and effects of their recent reform (2006). How could this recognition be taken up and possibly redefined in the institutionalization of the so-called "new generation" national parks? Consequently, to what effects does this "French-style" recognition make it possible to achieve locally, in terms of environmental inequality? Our demonstration is based on the notion of "indigenous capital" (Retière, 2003) and argues that local social groups able to demonstrate their "indigenous environmental capital" to national park management authorities would be in the best position to keep intact their uses of these protected areas.To better address the issue of local people’s recognition "under conditions", we investigated the recent Reunion Island National Park (2007), presented with the Amazonian Park of French Guyana and the Calanques National Park as new generation parks. This survey, based on several other points of comparison, leads us to see Reunion Island National Park (PNRun) as an ecocentric integrating framework of different global and territorial narratives. “Environmental declinism”, both local and globalized, is the most prominent of these stories. Nevertheless, a “local cultural” and an “economic catch-up” narratives coexist with the first one. The PNRun, urged to recognize them due to the doctrine of sustainable development, appears as an ever-changing and unstable combination of these three - potentially contradictory - narratives.The traditional and customary conflicts within French National Parks (Larrère, 2009) can thus be understood as part of a competition between stories and their bearers, who can challenge or support the National Park's own way of administering, but also of "telling" the territory that supports it. The current challenge for French National Parks, in regard of the 2006 reform, is to allow and accept that this policy narrative is the result of a collective construction, and no longer an exercise reserved for some scientific, political and social elites who have always constituted its preferred audiences. In a postcolonial context such as on Reunion Island, this challenge seems all the more acute as the local "concern" for a narrative which is reparative of cultural, social and environmental injustices is important, even sine qua non
Sung, Dae-Bok. "Les ambiguïtés d'un développement en milieu insulaire : tourisme et urbanisation à Chejudo, Corée du Sud". Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX32005.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrom time immemorial, the central government considered chejudo island as a frontier region to dominate or to abandon in its traditional misery because of periodic popular rebellions and rarely clement natural conditions. Then, at the beginning of 1960's, he same government decided to combine the island with the national economy through tourism development. Development operations were led without local participation. However, economic impact was impressive in its quantitative growth : around 20% per year. Nevertheless, real economic effects are contested because of real estate speculation and profit transfer to the outside world. The local population complains about badly payed minor jobs and the arrogance of certain korean tourists and moral deterioration owing to the prostitution maintained by japanese tourists. Pollution compromises not only the touristic capital but also the base of permanent local life
Avice, Bertrand. "L'écotourisme sur la façade orientale du massif du Piton de la Fournaise, Île de la Réunion-océan Indien : définition, enjeu et stratégie d'aménagement dans le cadre d'un développement durable". La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_02_Avice.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaDumoulin, François. "Évaluation environnementale d'un projet de symbiose industrielle territoriale : application à un projet de gestion territorialisée de résidus organiques valorisés en agriculture dans l'ouest de la Réunion". Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0029/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaEfficient use of by-products is essential as natural ressources are increasingly scarce. Industrial strategies to adress this issue are more efficient when they are developed on a system-based level, such as with regional industrial symbioses,rather then with individual or isolated approaches.Regional industrial symbiosis projects involve different industrial activities based on a territory and that are to be engaged collectively in order to make structural changes within the regional metabolism. This kind of project might be promoted by individuals or organisations legitimated by the whole of industrial symbiosis'actors. A facilitator group initiates the project, catalysing changes, based on a plausible promise of benefits. Those considered changes are gradually adapted and refined by the involved actors. In such a way, plausible benefits must match to their model of choice that comprises environmental, among others, dimensions.While methods and tools dedicated to environmental assessment of product were developped under strong research effort, the issue of environmental assessment fo regional industrial symbioses so far as has been weakly studied. For that purpose Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is presented as an ultimate environmental assessment method. However, LCA was not elaborated in oder to account for individual environmental perspective, nor to address structural system changes induced consequently to the implementation of a regional industrial sysbiosis nore its temporal effects on the environment, but instead LCA addresses global environmental issues related to a product. Starting from this analysis, and dealing with outcomes from social sciences, we propose to adopt an anthropocentric conception of the environment, as a system of complex subject-object relationships, for which we identify key elements of the perception of environemental consequences. Those key elements enable to build a logical basis composed of three environments that enable to cover, and thus to consider, actors' perception of environmental consequences related to the project. We present a participatory method that embeds this logical basis and suggests successively to 1) identify the environmental phenomena of interest related to the project, 2) design corresponding indicators considering concomitantly available data about the biophysical characteristics and scientific knowledge about the impact chains, 3) assess the environmental consequences. We illustrate the method and its epistemological foundations with a case study: a project that aims to recycle organic residues in agriculture in Réunion Island
Cardona, Aurélie. "L'agriculture à l'épreuve de l'écologisation : éléments pour une sociologie des transitions". Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0132.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn spite of measures aiming to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture, changes in farming practices remain modest while societal concerns continue to rise. The environmental mission assigned to agriculture is complex and subject to interpretation. The growing number of diverse stakeholders turning their attention to farming increases the demands placed on agriculture. In this context, the goal of this thesis is first, to understand how a diversity of agricultural and non-agricultural stakeholders involve themselves in transition processes towards more environmentally-soundagriculture and second, to understand the effect of their involvement on farmers practices. To achieve this, I relied on a pragmatic approach wich highlights "frictions", as well as "holdfasts" used by stakeholders and makes it possible to give a faithful account of their interpretations and experience of transition processes. Based on a socio-historical analysis and three case-studies from the Paris region, I characterized, first, the conditions of the emergence of movements promoting change in agriculture practices, second, the enrollment processes throught wich the issue of transition makes sense and, third, the changes in terms of both agricultural practices and forms of governance of those changes as well. The study shows that transition processes emerge as the result of adjustements between diverse stakeholders embedded in different communities. This analysis suggests the emergence of a "territoire-based contribution" model of change, where a diversity of stakeholders contributes by their discourse and actions to the ecologization of agriculture in their territoire
Erismann, Julie. "Développement hydro-agricole au sud-est du lac Alaotra (Madagascar). Histoire, limites et pespectives de la maîtrise de l'eau". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30014/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlaotra lake is the biggest body of fresh water in Madagascar and the vast plains surrounding it, have naturally become highly coveted by the various authorities over the course of it’s history and its colonization. Primarily based on rice cultivation, this region has benefited from numerous rural planning projects. As a result, the landscape as well as the relationship between the people and their land has been transformed. Over time, the combination of knowledges and know-how farmers, technicians and the research interest in this area, have made it Madagascar’s most significant rice granary. This geography thesis is structured around water management, an essential resource in a country based on rural economies. Through the study of the southeastern valleys, we will focus on showing the extent to which the hydro-agricultural planning allows us to consider better agricultural and territorial development and how, in a context of decentralization, the control and the appropriation of natural resources by local actors can lead to renewed management dynamics and procedures in their environment
Ny farihy Alaotra no fihebanandranomandry lehibe indrindra ao Madagasikara , ary ny tany lemaka midadasika manodidina azy no nanitona ny fitsiriritan’ireo manampahefana nifandimby tao amin’ny tantaran’ny fiorenamponenana.Ny fambolem-bary no votoatim-piainana ao amin’io faritany io , ary fanajariana marobe no efa nanova tanteraka ny endrikin’ny tany sy ny fonenana eo . Ny fandrindrana ny fahalalàna sy fahaiza-miasan’ny tantsaha, ny mahay taozavatra , sy ny finiavan’ny mpikarodalana no nahatonga azy ho « lavabarin’i Madagasikara ». Manodidina ny fanafolahana ny rano , andry ijoroan’ny toekarenan’ny antsaha , no namolavolàna ity tandro-kevitra fandinihantany ity. Avy eo amin’ny fikatsahana natao tao amin’ireo lohasaha ao Atsimo-atsinanan’Alaotra no niaingan’ny sainay hampiseho fa ny fanajariana ny rano sy asatany no hahafahana mihevitra ny fivoaram-bokatra amin’ny voly sy ny faritany ; ary koa ao anatin’ny fitsinjarampitondrana , dia hahitàna fa ny fandinihana sy ny fandraisana an-tanana ireo loharanon-karena velona ataon’ny mpiasa eo antoerana no mety hiteraka fampandrosoana sy fivaozan’ny fitantanana ny toe-ponenana manotolo