Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Ikaan dialect”

It is stated in many sources that Uzbek dialects have a complex structure. In particular, Uzbek dialects outside the Republic of Uzbekistan are more complex and unique, ie they belong to different groups. For ex-ample, to such groups we can include the northern Uzbek dialects, which have a relatively small area, namely dialects of the Karluk, Kipchak, and Oghuz dialects. The Ikan dialect belongs to the Oghuz dialect, which was researched by the scientist Y.D. Polivanov, but the works were not conti- nued after him. Almost a century has passed since the publication of Y.D. Polivanov's article regarding the given dialect, during this period, though slowly, certain changes may have occured in the dialect. Q. Muhammad-janov expressed some views on this dialect during the study of northern Uzbek dialects, but it was not included as the research object. This article describes the system of vowels and consonants of Ikan dialect in relation to other dialects in the region, the distribution of phonetic features in oth-er dialects, phonetic processes in the dialect, the geography of dialectal sounds.

ManyTurkishtribesandnon-Turkic(Mongoletal.,especiallyEastIranian)groupscontributed to the ethnic formation of the Uzbeks, one of the most populous Turkish communities. As amatter of fact, it is a fact that the Turkish tribes that make up the body ofthe Uzbeks have diversity, andthis situation finds its own determination among the Uzbek dialects even today, with Karluk (the othername is Hakani Turkish), Kipchak and Oghuz languages gaining weight. As it is known, Oghuzs playedthe main and most active role in the ethnic formation of Anatolian Turks, Turkmens and Gagauzs, manyTurkish groups in Azerbaijan and Iran (Afşar, Kaşkay, Songur, Khorasan Turks, Halaç etc.) and Solors inChina.CrimeanTatarscontributedtooneoranotherdegreeintheethnicformationofKumuk,Karakalpak,Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Nogay, Uyghur, Uzbek and others. In particular, the contribution of the Oghuzs to theUzbekethnicformationismoreevident,andasimilareffectisfeltmoreintheCrimeanTatarsandKumuksthan in the others. The fact that the Uzbek spoken language is called «Karluk dialect», «Kipchak dialect»and«Oghuzdialect»inscientificliteratureconfirmsthis.MostlyKarlukTurkishandsecondlyKipchakdialectsarespokenmoreinUzbekistanandneighboringregions, as well as the Uzbek Oghuz language in the north-western parts of the Bukhara province (Alatand Karaköldivisions),Çarcüy(Lebap),Taşavuz (North-EastTurkmenistan),centeredonKhwarezm. ),is usedamongtheUzbekpopulationofKhorasan(North-EastIran)andpartiallyinnorthernAfghanistan.Infact,theOghuztribescontributedmoretotheformationoftheUzbeks,butthefactthatthefoundersof the Turkic states established in Central Asia in the middle ages were mostly Karluk /Hakani and theirlike(e.g.Karakhanids)andKipchaknobles(e.g.UzbekKhanates)causedtheOghuzinfluencetoremaininthebackground.hasopened.Asamatteroffact,inmanyregionswheretheUzbekslive,especiallyin Khwarezm, Southern Kazakhstan (Turkistan, Karnak, Ikan, Karabulak etc.), the Nurata mountains(today’sNevaiprovince),thesouth-westernpartsofthecityofSamarkand,tracesofOghuzTurkishcanbeseenaswellastheethnotoponymofmanyOghuzclannames.Itconfirmsthatitisprotected.Again,it is interesting to see Oghuz elements in the language of the people of the Tashkent province, even if it isfaint, and that Mahmud of Kashgar recorded the Benaket (Ahangeran) valley, which forms a part of thisplace,asthe«Oghuzvalley».ThefactthatafewOghuzclannamesareincludedinthetraditionallistof«92 Uzbek tribes with 92 tribes/boys» proves that the Oghuz contributed greatly to the formation of UzbekTurks. Apart from these, there is also the opinion that the name «Uz», which is one of the Uzbek tribes andspeaks inUzbekKipchaktoday,isashortenedformofthename«Oghuz».

This research reveals that the use of Indonesian in Shopee advertising is a relevant strategy and has a positive impact. The accuracy of linguistic context is the main focus, reflecting wise policies in capturing linguistic diversity in Indonesia. Understanding dialects, phrases and linguistic norms in each region is the main key in creating appropriate and relevant messages. Shopee succeeded in tailoring messages well, in depth, and connecting with consumers from various walks of life, creating significant personal closeness. Language diversity in Indonesia is recognized as the key to success, ensuring that Shopee advertising is not only a marketing effort, but also an authentic communication that is close to consumers' daily lives. Linguistic creativity is an important factor in attracting consumer attention. Puns, local humor and creative expressions create marketing messages that are interesting, entertaining and different from competitors. This creativity is not only a sweetening element, but also an effective strategy in building a positive, attractive and educational brand image. Shopee has successfully utilized Indonesian creatively, not only as a shopping platform, but also as a provider of entertaining and attention-grabbing content. This relevance is not just a communication tool, but also the foundation for building deep and meaningful relationships with consumers in diverse markets. This research highlights that Indonesian is not just words, but a force that can shape feelings, win the hearts of consumers, and create a positive impact in the world of e-commerce.

This article describes the diversity of languages ​​formed by the development of society in various aspects of life which includes various social activities, such as trade, government, health, education, and religion. The variety of languages ​​has functions such as the variety of languages ​​used by fish sellers in Oka market, Lamawalang, Larantuka District, East Flores Regency which grows and develops especially among speakers of the fish seller community. This variety of languages ​​can be found when fish sellers offer their fish to buyers where there is language contact, between Indonesian and local languages. The functions of various languages ​​used by fish sellers in the Oka Lamawalang market, Larantuka District, East Flores Regency with the Oka Lamawalang dialect include (1) instrumental (directive) functions, such as seducing, convincing, and asking, (2) interactional or interaction functions, such as asking , forms of interaction in the form of rejection and forms of agreement interaction, (3) representational or representational (declarative) functions such as showing and expressing, (4) personal functions, such as joy and disappointment.

The language used in Semarang radio advertisements has its own characteristics, such as the use of Javanese dialect which sometimes sounds harsh. Many members of the public consider advertisements to be disrespectful, as can be seen from the language used in many advertisements. Obviously, this cannot be separated from the culture that surrounds it, because politeness and modesty are a reflection of society. It is hoped that the language used in Semarang radio advertisements will not change the intended meaning. The aim of this research is to describe the types of speech acts and violations of politeness principles contained in Javanese language advertisements on RRI Radio Semarang. This research is a qualitative research. The data source in this research is Javanese language advertisements on RRI Radio Semarang, while the data in this study is in the form of words and sentences in Javanese language advertisements on radio. The data collection technique carried out in this research was the SBLC technique (skilled free-involved listening technique). In analyzing the data, researchers also used the pragmatic matching method. The results of this research are that the types of speech acts in Javanese language advertisements on RRI Radio Semarang include assertive, directive, commissive, expressive speech acts and declarations as well as violations of politeness principles found in Javanese language advertisements on RRI Radio Semarang which occur in four maxims, namely the maxim of wisdom, generosity, praise and humility.

Proper names, including ethnonyms (folk, tribal and other ethnic community names), is an<br />essential component of any language lexis, which particularly brightly reveals a variety ofextralinguistic processes.<br />The aim of the paper is to analyze the conformity of ethnonym transonymization (the change of proper name class) and deonymization (the change of proper name into<br />appellative) in the culture of Latgale, and linguistic techniques and extralinguistic factors.<br />Linguo-culturological approach has been used in the research, and the link between cultural-<br />historical and social processes in the research of linguistic processes has been taken into<br />account. Determining the origin of ancient ethnonyms, the researchers of the Baltic languages<br />acknowledge a transonymization model typical to the Balts: hydronym → name of region<br />→ ethnonym (Zinkevičius 2005, 186–187). This paper attempts to reveal various ethnonym<br />(denoting mostly foreigners) transonymization models in the system of proper names of<br />Latgale, nominating motivation, and the types of word-formation.<br />It seems that the ethnonyms that denote the neighbouring nations (Estonians,<br />Lithuanians, Russians) most frequently turn into other proper names. Transonymization<br />models have been identifi ed as follows:<br />1) ethnonym → anthroponym → oikonym (or ethnonym → oikonym → anthroponym),<br />for example, l ī t a u n ī k i ‘the Lithuanians’ → L ī t a u n ī k s ‘a surname’ →<br />L ī t a u n ī k i ‘a village in Preiļi county’;<br />2) ethnonym → microtoponym, for example, ž y d i ‘the Jews’ → Ž y d a p ū r s<br />‘a marsh in Vārkava county’;<br />3) ethnonym → anthroponym, for example, č y g u o n i ‘the Roma people’ →<br />Č y g u o n s ‘a nickname for a dark-haired man’;<br />4) ethnonym (→ oikonym) → ergonym, for example, l a t g a ļ i ‘The Baltic tribe’ →<br />“L a t g a ļ i” ‘a farm in Mērdzene rural municipality of Kārsava county’.<br />Transonymization of ethnonyms in the culture of Latgale is motivated by historical<br />and social processes. Transonymization processes present the evidence of Latgalians’ stereotypical perception of foreigners, compact settlement of different ethnic groups in<br />Latgale, and historical events.<br />Various types of word-formation are used in the transonymization process:<br />1) semantic, i.e., only the meaning changes, the morphemic system of lexeme is notchanged, for example, ethnonym p o ļ a k i → oikonym P o ļ a k i (→ surname P o ļ a k s<br />(the male singular form of the ethnonym));<br />2) morphological, typically suffixes are added to ethnonyms (sometimes phonetic<br />changes in the root occur), for example, i g a u n i ‘the Estonians’ → surnames I k a u n ī k s<br />(ikaun-+-nīk-s); I g o v e n s (igov-+ - en-s);<br />3) syntactical, forming compound words, for example, the ethnonym k r ī v i<br />‘the Russians’ has motivated the oikonym K r ī v a s o l a &lt;Krīva sola ‘Russian Village’,<br />K r ī v m a i z e s &lt;Krīvu maizes ‘Russian bread’;<br />4) formation of analytical forms, where one of the components has ethnonymic<br />semantics and the second component is a nomenclature word (hill, meadow, marsh, lake,<br />etc.), for example, Ž y d a p ū r s ‘Jew’s marsh’, an attributive adjective, for example, a<br />village M a z i e L ī t a u n ī k i ‘small Lithuanians’, a substantive of other semantics, for<br />example, a meadow Č i g o n e i c a s j ū s t a ‘Gypsy’s belt’.<br />Proper names of foreign origin motivated by ethnonyms have taken their stable<br />place in the system of proper names of Latgale, for example, L a t i š i, a village in Pušmucova<br />rural municipality of Cibla civil-parish (in Russian латыши ‘the Latvians’).<br />Proper names of ethnonymic semantics, used to name various phenomena and<br />realities, are often included in the lexicon of various dialects of Latvian and even other<br />languages. If to assume the fact that ethnonyms are proper names, then it can be concluded<br />that the appellatives mentioned above have appeared in deonymization process: ethnonym<br />→ appellative. Moreover, the material of Latgalian dialects confirms the existence of deethnonymic<br />proper names, for example, a lot of different realities are associated with the<br />ethnonyms denoting Roma people: č y g u o n i ‘participants of masquerade parade’;<br />č y g o n k a 1) a sort of winter apples, the apple of this sort (dark green and red); 2) the railroad;<br />3) achimenes (flower, Achimenes); 4) mushrooms: wild champignon (Rozites caperata) or<br />ugly milkcap (Lactarius necator); č y g u o n a s a u l e ‘the moon’. Appellativeness of<br />ethnonyms has an associative character. The names are reflecting the Latgalians’ stereotypical<br />perception of appearance, occupation, character traits, and traditions of foreigners as alien<br />and different, however, acceptable and assimilable phenomena.