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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „IIB compactification”

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Data publikacji: 1 kwietnia 2023

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1

LAVRINENKO, I. V., H. LÜ, C. N. POPE i T. A. TRAN. "U DUALITY AS GENERAL COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS, AND SPACE–TIME GEOMETRY". International Journal of Modern Physics A 14, nr 31 (20.12.1999): 4915–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x99002323.

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We show that the full global symmetry groups of all the D-dimensional maximal supergravities can be described in terms of the closure of the internal general coordinate transformations of the toroidal compactifications of D=11 supergravity and of type IIB supergravity, with type IIA/IIB T duality providing an intertwining between the two pictures. At the quantum level, the part of the U duality group that corresponds to the surviving discretized internal general coordinate transformations in a given picture leaves the internal torus invariant, while the part that is not described by internal general coordinate transformations can have the effect of altering the size or shape of the internal torus. For example, M theory compactified on a large torus Tn can be related by duality to a compactification on a small torus, if and only if n≥3. We also discuss related issues in the toroidal compactification of the self-dual string to D=4. An appendix includes the complete results for the toroidal reduction of the bosonic sector of type IIB supergravity to arbitrary dimensions D≥3.

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2

DAI, JIN, R. G. LEIGH i JOSEPH POLCHINSKI. "NEW CONNECTIONS BETWEEN STRING THEORIES". Modern Physics Letters A 04, nr 21 (20.10.1989): 2073–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732389002331.

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We consider the R→0 limit of toroidal compactification in various string theories. This leads to new connections between seemingly different string theories: IIA and IIB, open and closed, oriented and unoriented. We also find two new extended objects which can couple consistently to strings: the Dirichlet-brane and the orientifold plane.

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3

Belhaj, A., M. Bensed, Z. Benslimane, M. B. Sedra i A. Segui. "Qubit and fermionic Fock spaces from type II superstring black holes". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 14, nr 06 (4.05.2017): 1750087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887817500876.

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Using Hodge diagram combinatorial data, we study qubit and fermionic Fock spaces from the point of view of type II superstring black holes based on complex compactifications. Concretely, we establish a one-to-one correspondence between qubits, fermionic spaces and extremal black holes in maximally supersymmetric supergravity obtained from type II superstring on complex toroidal and Calabi–Yau compactifications. We interpret the differential forms of the [Formula: see text]-dimensional complex toroidal compactification as states of [Formula: see text]-qubits encoding information on extremal black hole charges. We show that there are [Formula: see text] copies of [Formula: see text] qubit systems which can be split as [Formula: see text]. More precisely, [Formula: see text] copies are associated with even [Formula: see text]-brane charges in type IIA superstring and the other [Formula: see text] ones correspond to odd [Formula: see text]-brane charges in IIB superstring. This correspondence is generalized to a class of Calabi–Yau manifolds. In connection with black hole charges in type IIA superstring, an [Formula: see text]-qubit system has been obtained from a canonical line bundle of [Formula: see text] factors of one-dimensional projective space [Formula: see text]

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4

Antoniadis, Ignatios, Yifan Chen i George K. Leontaris. "Inflation from the internal volume in type IIB/F-theory compactification". International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, nr 08 (20.03.2019): 1950042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19500428.

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We study the cosmological inflation within a recently proposed framework of perturbative moduli stabilization in type IIB/F-theory compactifications on Calabi–Yau threefolds. The stabilization mechanism utilizes three stacks of magnetized 7-branes and relies on perturbative corrections to the Kähler potential that grow logarithmically in the transverse sizes of co-dimension two due to local tadpoles of closed string states in the bulk. The inflaton is the Kähler modulus associated with the internal compactification volume that starts rolling down the scalar potential from an initial condition around its maximum. Although the parameter space allows moduli stabilization in de Sitter space, the resulting number of e-foldings is too low. An extra uplifting source of the vacuum energy is then required to achieve phenomenologically viable inflation and a positive (although tiny) vacuum energy at the minimum. We discuss a class of uplifting potentials arising from strongly coupled matter fields. In a particular case, they reproduce the effect of the new Fayet–Iliopoulos term recently discussed in a supergravity context, that can be written for a non-R-symmetry U(1) and is gauge invariant at the Lagrangian level.

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5

Pilch, Krzysztof, i Nicholas P. Warner. "A new supersymmetric compactification of chiral IIB supergravity". Physics Letters B 487, nr 1-2 (sierpień 2000): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(00)00796-6.

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6

Maharana, Jnanadeva. "S-duality and compactification of type IIB superstring action". Physics Letters B 402, nr 1-2 (czerwiec 1997): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(97)00444-9.

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7

MOHRI, KENJI. "F THEORY VACUA IN FOUR DIMENSIONS AND TORIC THREEFOLDS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 14, nr 06 (10.03.1999): 845–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x99000415.

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We investigate D=4, N=1 F theory models realized by type IIB string compactification on toric threefolds. Massless spectra, gauge symmetries, phase transitions associated with divisor contractions and flops, and nonperturbative superpotentials are analyzed using elementary toric methods.

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8

KONISHI, EIJI, i JNANADEVA MAHARANA. "COMPACTIFICATION OF TYPE IIB THEORY WITH FLUXES AND AXION–DILATON STRING COSMOLOGY". International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, nr 18n19 (30.07.2010): 3797–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10050111.

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Compactification of type IIB theory on torus, in the presence of fluxes, is considered. The reduced effective action is expressed in manifestly S-duality invariant form. Cosmological solutions of the model are discussed in several cases in the Pre-Big Bang scenario.

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9

Böhm, Robert, Holger Günther, Carl Herrmann i Jan Louis. "Compactification of type IIB string theory on Calabi–Yau threefolds". Nuclear Physics B 569, nr 1-3 (marzec 2000): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(99)00796-8.

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10

Khalil, Shaaban, Ahmad Moursy i Ali Nassar. "Aspects of Moduli Stabilization in Type IIB String Theory". Advances in High Energy Physics 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4303752.

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We review moduli stabilization in type IIB string theory compactification with fluxes. We focus on KKLT and Large Volume Scenario (LVS). We show that the predicted soft SUSY breaking terms in KKLT model are not phenomenological viable. In LVS, the following result for scalar mass, gaugino mass, and trilinear term is obtained:m0=m1/2=-A0=m3/2, which may account for Higgs mass limit ifm3/2~O(1.5) TeV. However, in this case, the relic abundance of the lightest neutralino cannot be consistent with the measured limits. We also study the cosmological consequences of moduli stabilization in both models. In particular, the associated inflation models such as racetrack inflation and Kähler inflation are analyzed. Finally, the problem of moduli destabilization and the effect of string moduli backreaction on the inflation models are discussed.

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11

Kitazawa, Noriaki. "On D-brane dynamics and moduli stabilization". Modern Physics Letters A 32, nr 29 (12.09.2017): 1750150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317501504.

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We discuss the effect of the dynamics of D-branes on moduli stabilization in type IIB string theory compactifications, with reference to a concrete toy model of [Formula: see text] orientifold compactification with fractional D3-branes and anti-D3-branes at orbifold fixed points. The resulting attractive forces between anti-D3-branes and D3-branes, together with the repulsive forces between anti-D3-branes and O3-planes, can affect the stability of the compact space. There are no complex structure moduli in [Formula: see text] orientifold, which should thus capture some generic features of more general settings where all complex structure moduli are stabilized by three-form fluxes. The simultaneous presence of branes and anti-branes brings along the breaking of supersymmetry. Non-BPS combinations of this type are typical of “brane supersymmetry breaking” and are a necessary ingredient in the KKLT scenario for stabilizing the remaining Kähler moduli. The conclusion of our analysis is that, while mutual D-brane interactions sometimes help Kähler moduli stabilization, this is not always the case.

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12

CECOTTI, S., S. FERRARA i L. GIRARDELLO. "GEOMETRY OF TYPE II SUPERSTRINGS AND THE MODULI OF SUPERCONFORMAL FIELD THEORIES". International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, nr 10 (czerwiec 1989): 2475–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89000972.

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We study general properties of the low-energy effective theory for 4D type II superstrings obtained by the compactification on an abstract (2,2) superconformal system. This is the basic step towards the construction of their moduli space. We give an explicit and general algorithm to convert the effective Lagrangian for the type IIA into that of type IIB superstring defined by the same (2,2) superconformal system (and vice versa). This map converts Kahler manifolds into quaternionic ones (and quaternionic into Kahlerian ones) and has a deep geometrical meaning. The relationship with the theory of normal quaternionic manifolds (and algebras), as well as with Jordan algebras, is outlined. It turns out that only a restricted class of quarternionic geometries is allowed in the string case. We derive a general and explicit formula for the (fully nonlinear) couplings of the vector-multiplets (IIA case) in terms of the basic three-point functions of the underlying superconformal theory. A number of illustrative examples is also presented.

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13

SUZUKI, HISAO. "CALABI-YAU COMPACTIFICATION OF TYPE-IIB STRING AND A MASS FORMULA OF THE EXTREME BLACK HOLES". Modern Physics Letters A 11, nr 08 (14.03.1996): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732396000643.

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Recently proposed mechanism of the black hole condensation at conifold singularity in type-II string is an interesting idea from which we can interpret the phase of the universal moduli space of the string vacua. It might also be expected that the true physics is on the conifold singularity after supersymmetry breaking. We derive a mass formula for the extreme black holes caused by the self-dual five-form field strength, which is stable and supersymmetric. It is shown that the formula can be written by the moduli parameters of Calabi-Yau manifold and can be calculated explicitly.

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14

CHEN, WENFENG. "SUPERGRAVITY DUAL OF THE SUPERCONFORMAL ANOMALY". International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, nr 25 (10.10.2011): 4475–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x11054553.

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The supergravity dual of the superconformal anomaly multiplet in a four-dimensional supersymmetric gauge theory is investigated. We consider a well-established dual correspondence between an [Formula: see text]SU(N+M) × SU(N) supersymmetric gauge theory and type IIB superstring in a space–time background described by the Klebanov–Strassler solution. Based on the fact that fractional D3-branes lead to superconformal anomaly on the field theory side and in the meantime deform AdS 5 × T1, 1 space–time background on the gravity side, we observe the five-dimensional gauged supergravity yielded from the spontaneous compactification on the deformed T1, 1, and find that the spontaneous breaking of local symmetries and the consequent super-Higgs effect in the gauged AdS5 supergravity should be the dual of the superconformal anomaly of the four-dimensional supersymmetric gauge theory.

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15

Lüst, Dieter, i Dimitrios Tsimpis. "Classes of AdS4type IIA/IIB compactifications with SU(3) × SU(3) structure". Journal of High Energy Physics 2009, nr 04 (27.04.2009): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2009/04/111.

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16

LEE, SUNGGEUN, i SOONKEON NAM. "KÄHLER MODULI INFLATION AND WMAP7". International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, nr 06 (10.03.2011): 1073–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x1105155x.

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Inflationary potentials are investigated for specific models in type IIB string theory via flux compactification. As concrete models, we investigate several cases where the internal spaces are weighted projective spaces. The models we consider have two, three, or four Kähler moduli. The Kähler moduli play a role of inflaton fields and we consider the cases where only one of the moduli behaves as the inflaton field. For the cases with more than two moduli, we choose the diagonal basis for the expression of the Calabi–Yau volume, which can be written down as a function of four-cycle. With the combination of multiple moduli, we can express the multi-dimensional problem as an effective one-dimensional problem. In the large volume scenario, the potentials of these three models turn out to be of the same type. By taking the specific limit of the relation between the moduli and the volume, the potentials are reduced to simpler ones which induce inflation. For the case of two Kähler moduli, we exclude the potential as an inflationary model because the moduli might not be stable during inflation. As a toy model, we first consider the simple potential. We calculate the slow roll parameters ϵ, η and ξ for each inflationary potential. Then, we check whether the potentials give reasonable spectral indices ns and their running αs's by comparing with the recently released seven-year WMAP data. For both models, we see reasonable spectral indices for the number of e-folding 47<Ne<61. Conversely, by inserting the observed seven-year WMAP data, we see that the potential of the toy model gives requisite number of e-folds while the potential of the Kähler moduli gives much smaller number of e-folding. Finally, we see that two models do not produce reasonable values of the running of the spectral index.

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17

Blumenhagen, Ralph, Volker Braun, Thomas W. Grimm i Timo Weigand. "GUTs in type IIB orientifold compactifications". Nuclear Physics B 815, nr 1-2 (lipiec 2009): 1–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2009.02.011.

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18

de Wit, Bernard, Henning Samtleben i Mario Trigiante. "Maximal supergravity from IIB flux compactifications". Physics Letters B 583, nr 3-4 (marzec 2004): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2004.01.029.

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19

Hristov, Kiril. "Axion stabilization in type IIB flux compactifications". Journal of High Energy Physics 2009, nr 01 (20.01.2009): 046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2009/01/046.

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20

Imaanpur, Ali. "Type IIB flux compactifications on twistor bundles". Physics Letters B 729 (luty 2014): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2013.12.059.

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21

Pajer, E. "Phenomenological aspects of type IIB flux compactifications". Fortschritte der Physik 57, nr 3-4 (16.03.2009): 193–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prop.200800007.

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22

Wrase, Timm. "Type IIA Flux Compactifications". Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 192-193 (lipiec 2009): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2009.07.080.

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23

Reid-Edwards, R. A. "Geometric and non-geometric compactifications of IIB supergravity". Journal of High Energy Physics 2008, nr 12 (11.12.2008): 043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2008/12/043.

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24

KAKUSHADZE, ZURAB. "TYPE I ON (GENERALIZED) VOISIN–BORCEA ORBIFOLDS AND NONPERTURBATIVE ORIENTIFOLDS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, nr 22 (10.09.2000): 3461–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00001129.

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We consider nonperturbative four-dimensional [Formula: see text] space–time supersymmetric orientifolds corresponding to Type I compactifications on (generalized) Voisin–Borcea orbifolds. Some states in such compactifications arise in "twisted" open string sectors which lack world sheet description in terms of D-branes. Using Type I-heterotic duality as well as the map between Type IIB orientifolds and F theory we are able to obtain the massless spectra of such orientifolds. The four-dimensional compactifications we discuss in this context are examples of chiral [Formula: see text] supersymmetric string vacua which are nonperturbative from both orientifold and heterotic points of view. In particular, they contain both D9- and D5-branes as well as nonperturbative "twisted" open string sector states. We also explain the origins of various inconsistencies arising in such compactifications for certain choices of the gauge bundle.

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25

Cicoli, M., C. P. Burgess i F. Quevedo. "Fibre inflation: observable gravity waves from IIB string compactifications". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2009, nr 03 (9.03.2009): 013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2009/03/013.

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26

Castellani, Leonardo, i Luca Sommovigo. "New AdS3 × G/H compactifications of chiral IIB supergravity". Journal of High Energy Physics 2000, nr 07 (24.07.2000): 044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2000/07/044.

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27

de Alwis, S. P. "Brane worlds in 5D and warped compactifications in IIB". Physics Letters B 603, nr 3-4 (grudzień 2004): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2004.10.035.

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28

Palti, Eran, Gianmassimo Tasinato i John Ward. "Weakly-coupled IIA flux compactifications". Journal of High Energy Physics 2008, nr 06 (24.06.2008): 084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2008/06/084.

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29

Kodama, Hideo, i Kunihito Uzawa. "Moduli instability in warped compactifications of the type-IIB supergravity". Journal of High Energy Physics 2005, nr 07 (26.07.2005): 061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2005/07/061.

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30

Berglund, P., T. Hübsch i D. Minic. "De Sitter spacetimes from warped compactifications of IIB string theory". Physics Letters B 534, nr 1-4 (maj 2002): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(02)01713-6.

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31

Cicoli, M. "String loop moduli stabilisation and cosmology in IIB flux compactifications". Fortschritte der Physik 58, nr 2-3 (17.11.2009): 115–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prop.200900096.

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32

BELHAJ, A., M. J. I. KHAN, E. H. SAIDI i A. SEGUI. "ON MASS GAP IN TYPE IIB QUANTUM HALL SOLITONS". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 10, nr 03 (10.01.2013): 1250090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887812500909.

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We discuss the mass gap in quantum Hall solitons embedded in superstring theory. In particular, we give two holographic models which are obtained from D-brane configurations in type IIB superstring compactifications. The first one deals with the monolayered system in the D3/D7 brane set up. The second model corresponds to a multilayered system which is described by intersecting D5-branes wrapping a particular set of 3-cycles. In both models, we have shown that the mass gap is related to the filling factor.

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33

Blåbäck, Johan, Ulf Danielsson i Giuseppe Dibitetto. "Accelerated universes from type IIA compactifications". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2014, nr 03 (4.03.2014): 003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2014/03/003.

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34

Conlon, Joseph P., Shehu S. Abdussalam, Fernando Quevedo i Kerim Suruliz. "Soft SUSY breaking terms for chiral matter in IIB string compactifications". Journal of High Energy Physics 2007, nr 01 (4.01.2007): 032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/01/032.

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35

Grimm, Thomas W. "Non-perturbative corrections and modularity in 𝒩 = 1 type IIB compactifications". Journal of High Energy Physics 2007, nr 10 (1.10.2007): 004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/10/004.

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36

Quevedo, Fernando. "Local string models and moduli stabilisation". Modern Physics Letters A 30, nr 07 (26.02.2015): 1530004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315300049.

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A brief overview is presented of the progress made during the past few years on the general structure of local models of particle physics from string theory including: moduli stabilisation, supersymmetry breaking, global embedding in compact Calabi–Yau compactifications and potential cosmological implications. Type IIB D-brane constructions and the Large Volume Scenario (LVS) are discussed in some detail emphasising the recent achievements and the main open questions.

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37

CHEN, HENG-YU, YU NAKAYAMA i GARY SHIU. "ON D3-BRANE DYNAMICS AT STRONG WARPING". International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, nr 12 (10.05.2010): 2493–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10048366.

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We study the dynamics of a D3 brane in generic IIB warped compactifications, using the Hamiltonian formulation discussed in arXiv:0805.3700. Taking into account of both closed and open string fluctuations, we derive the warped Kähler potential governing the motion of a probe D3 brane. By including the backreaction of D3, we also comment on how the problem of defining a holomorphic gauge coupling on wrapped D7 branes in warped background can be resolved.

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38

Lust, D., i D. Tsimpis. "Supersymmetric AdS(4) compactifications of IIA supergravity". Journal of High Energy Physics 2005, nr 02 (11.02.2005): 027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2005/02/027.

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39

Banks, Thomas, i Korneel van den Broek. "Massive IIA flux compactifications and U-dualities". Journal of High Energy Physics 2007, nr 03 (15.03.2007): 068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/03/068.

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40

Derendinger, J. P., C. Kounnas, P. M. Petropoulos i F. Zwirner. "Superpotentials in IIA compactifications with general fluxes". Nuclear Physics B 715, nr 1-2 (maj 2005): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2005.02.038.

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41

Lowe, David A., Horatiu Nastase i Sanjaye Ramgoolam. "Massive IIA string theory and Matrix theory compactification". Nuclear Physics B 667, nr 1-2 (wrzesień 2003): 55–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(03)00547-9.

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42

Maharana, Jnanadeva, i Harvendra Singh. "On the compactification of type IIA string theory". Physics Letters B 408, nr 1-4 (wrzesień 1997): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(97)00823-x.

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43

Howe, P. S., N. D. Lambert i P. C. West. "A new massive type IIA supergravity from compactification". Physics Letters B 416, nr 3-4 (styczeń 1998): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(97)01199-4.

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44

Cicoli, Michele, Joseph P. Conlon i Fernando Quevedo. "Systematics of string loop corrections in type IIB Calabi-Yau flux compactifications". Journal of High Energy Physics 2008, nr 01 (24.01.2008): 052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2008/01/052.

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45

Angulo, Maria E., David Bailin i Huan-Xiong Yang. "Tadpole and Anomaly Cancellation Conditions in D-Brane Orbifold Models". International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, nr 21 (20.08.2003): 3637–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03015234.

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We derive and generalize the RR twisted tadpole cancellation conditions necessary to obtain consistent D=4, ZNorbifold compactifications of Type IIB string theory. At least two different types of branes (or antibranes with opposite RR charges) are introduced into the construction. The matter spectra and their contribution to the non-Abelian gauge anomalies are computed. Their relation with the tadpole cancellation conditions is also reviewed. The presence of tachyons is a common feature for some of the nonsupersymmetric systems of branes.

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Schwarz, John H., i Ashoke Sen. "Type IIA dual of the six-dimensional CHL compactification". Physics Letters B 357, nr 3 (wrzesień 1995): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(95)00952-h.

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KRIZ, IGOR, i HAO XING. "ON EFFECTIVE F-THEORY ACTION IN TYPE IIA COMPACTIFICATIONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, nr 07 (20.03.2007): 1279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0703532x.

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Diaconescu, Moore and Witten proved that the partition function of type IIA string theory coincides (to the extent checked) with the partition function of M-theory. One of us (Kriz) and Sati proposed in a previous paper a refinement of the IIA partition function using elliptic cohomology and conjectured that it coincides with a partition function coming from F-theory. In this paper, we define the geometric term of the F-theoretical effective action on type IIA compactifications. In the special case when the first Pontrjagin class of space–time vanishes, we also prove a version of the Kriz–Sati conjecture by extending the arguments of Diaconescu–Moore–Witten. We also briefly discuss why even this special case allows interesting examples.

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CONLON, JOSEPH P. "HIERARCHY PROBLEMS IN STRING THEORY AND LARGE VOLUME MODELS". Modern Physics Letters A 23, nr 01 (10.01.2008): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308025930.

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Nature generates many hierarchically different scales. It is necessary to explain where these scales come from and how they are related. Three such scales are the weak scale, the scale associated with axion physics, and the scale associated with neutrino masses. I review the large volume models that arise in flux compactifications of type IIB string theory and explain how an intermediate string scale can quantitatively explain the above three scales. The models also predict a new physical scale at 1 MeV, associated to a gravitationally coupled scalar.

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Michelson, Jeremy. "Compactifications of Type IIB strings to four dimensions with non-trivial classical potential". Nuclear Physics B 495, nr 1-2 (czerwiec 1997): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0550-3213(97)00184-3.

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Kim, Manki. "D-instanton superpotential in string theory". Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, nr 3 (marzec 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep03(2022)054.

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Abstract We study the non-perturbative superpotential generated by D(-1)-branes in type IIB compactifications on orientifolds of Calabi-Yau threefold hypersurfaces. To compute the D-instanton superpotential, we study F-theory compactification on toric complete intersection elliptic Calabi-Yau fourfolds. We take the Sen-limit, but with finite gs, in F-theory compactifications with the restriction that all D7-branes are carrying SO(8) gauge groups, which we call the global Sen-limit. In the global Sen-limit, the axio-dilaton is not varying in the compactification manifold. We compute the Picard-Fuchs equations of elliptic Calabi-Yau fourfolds in the global Sen-limit, and show that the Picard-Fuchs equations of the elliptic fourfolds split into that of the underlying Calabi-Yau threefolds and of the elliptic fiber. We then demonstrate that this splitting property of the Picard-Fuchs equation implies that the fourform period of the elliptic Calabi-Yau fourfolds in the global Sen-limit does not contain exponentially suppressed terms $$ \mathcal{O}\left({e}^{-\pi /{g}_s}\right) $$ O e − π / g s . With this result, we finally show that in the global Sen-limit, the superpotential of the underlying type IIB compactification does not receive D(-1)-instanton contributions.

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