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1
GĘCA, Michał, Zbigniew CZYŻ i Mariusz SUŁEK. "Diesel engine for aircraft propulsion system". Combustion Engines 169, nr 2 (1.05.2017): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-202.
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Stricter requirements for power in engines and difficulties in fueling gasoline engines at the airport make aircraft engine manufac-turers design new engines capable of combusting fuel derived from JET-A1. New materials used in compression-ignition engines enable weight reduction, whereas the technologies of a Common Rail system, supercharging and 2-stroke working cycle enable us to increasethe power generated by an engine of a given displacement. The paper discusses the parameters of about 40 types of aircraft compression ignition engines. The parameters of these engines are compared to the spark-ignition Rotax 912 and the turboprop. The paper also shows trends in developing aircraft compression-ignition engines.
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Biernat, Krzysztof, Izabela Samson-Bręk, Zdzisław Chłopek, Marlena Owczuk i Anna Matuszewska. "Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Using Methane Fuels to Supply Internal Combustion Engines". Energies 14, nr 11 (7.06.2021): 3356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113356.
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This research paper studied the environmental impact of using methane fuels for supplying internal combustion engines. Methane fuel types and the methods of their use in internal combustion engines were systematized. The knowledge regarding the environmental impact of using methane fuels for supplying internal combustion engines was analyzed. The authors studied the properties of various internal combustion engines used for different applications (specialized engines of power generators—Liebherr G9512 and MAN E3262 LE212, powered by biogas, engine for road and off-road vehicles—Cummins 6C8.3, in self-ignition, original version powered by diesel fuel, and its modified version—a spark-ignition engine powered by methane fuel) under various operating conditions in approval tests. The sensitivity of the engine properties, especially pollutant emissions, to its operating states were studied. In the case of a Cummins 6C8.3 modified engine, a significant reduction in the pollutant emission owing to the use of methane fuel, relative to the original self-ignition engine, was found. The emission of carbon oxide decreased by approximately 30%, hydrocarbons by approximately 70% and nitrogen oxide by approximately 50%, as well as a particulate matter emission was also eliminated. Specific brake emission of carbon oxide is the most sensitive to the operating states of the engine: 0.324 for a self-ignition engine and 0.264 for a spark-ignition engine, with the least sensitive being specific brake emission of nitrogen oxide: 0.121 for a self-ignition engine and 0.097 for a spark-ignition engine. The specific brake emission of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons for stationary engines was higher in comparison with both versions of Cummins 6C8.3 engine. However, the emission of nitrogen oxide for stationary engines was lower than for Cummins engines.
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French, C. C. J. "Alternative Engines—Curiosities or Competitors?" Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power Engineering 203, nr 2 (maj 1989): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_012_02.
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This paper describes different types of engine used for transportation purposes. Some of the more interesting developments in spark ignition and diesel engines are outlined, but the paper is mainly a review of some of the alternative power plants that have been studied over the past 40 years. These include vapour cycle engines, free-piston engines, compound engines, Stirling engines, gas turbines, stratified charge engines, the catalytic engine, rotary engines and two-stroke spark ignition engines. The paper concludes by discussing possible future developments for some of these alternative engines.
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Iodice, Paolo, i Massimo Cardone. "Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions". Energies 14, nr 13 (4.07.2021): 4034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134034.
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Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions.
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Stelmasiak, Zdzisław. "Application of Alcohols to Dual - Fuel Feeding the Spark-Ignition and Self-Ignition Engines". Polish Maritime Research 21, nr 3 (28.10.2014): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0034.
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Abstract This paper concerns analysis of possible use of alcohols for the feeding of self - ignition and spark-ignition engines operating in a dual- fuel mode, i.e. simultaneously combusting alcohol and diesel oil or alcohol and petrol. Issues associated with the requirements for application of bio-fuels were presented with taking into account National Index Targets, bio-ethanol production methods and dynamics of its production worldwide and in Poland. Te considerations are illustrated by results of the tests on spark- ignition and self- ignition engines fed with two fuels: petrol and methanol or diesel oil and methanol, respectively. Te tests were carried out on a 1100 MPI Fiat four- cylinder engine with multi-point injection and a prototype collector fitted with additional injectors in each cylinder. Te other tested engine was a SW 680 six- cylinder direct- injection diesel engine. Influence of a methanol addition on basic operational parameters of the engines and exhaust gas toxicity were analyzed. Te tests showed a favourable influence of methanol on combustion process of traditional fuels and on some operational parameters of engines. An addition of methanol resulted in a distinct rise of total efficiency of both types of engines at maintained output parameters (maximum power and torque). In the same time a radical drop in content of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas was observed at high shares of methanol in feeding dose of ZI (petrol) engine, and 2-3 fold lower smokiness in case of ZS (diesel) engine. Among unfavourable phenomena, a rather insignificant rise of CO and NOx content for ZI engine, and THC and NOx - for ZS engine, should be numbered. It requires to carry out further research on optimum control parameters of the engines. Conclusions drawn from this work may be used for implementation of bio-fuels to feeding the combustion engines.
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Sementa, Paolo, Cinzia Tornatore, Francesco Catapano, Silvana Di Iorio i Bianca Maria Vaglieco. "Custom-Designed Pre-Chamber: Investigating the Effects on Small SI Engine in Active and Passive Modes". Energies 16, nr 13 (1.07.2023): 5097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16135097.
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This work shows the results of an experimental campaign carried out in two spark ignition engines, a small optical research engine and its commercial counterpart, using a turbulent ignition system (pre-chamber) specifically designed for small engines. Advanced optical techniques and conventional methods were used to study the combustion process under various operating conditions. The pre-chamber operated actively in the research engine and passively in the commercial engine. Results showed that the pre-chamber configuration resulted in an increase in indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and a decrease in the coefficient of variation (CoV) of IMEP. These improvements compensated for challenges such as slow methane combustion rate, poor lean burn capability, and air displacement. In addition, the pre-chamber configuration exhibited lower fuel consumption and specific exhaust emissions compared to the standard ignition system. The novelty of this work lies in the successful implementation of the turbulent ignition system as a retrofit solution for SI engines, showing improved combustion efficiency and lower emissions. The study goes beyond previous efforts by demonstrating the benefits of the pre-chamber configuration in small engines without requiring extensive modifications. The results provide valuable insights into the automotive industry’s pursuit of engine optimization and highlight the significance of innovative approaches for spark ignition engines in contributing to sustainable mobility.
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ALQAHTANI, Ali, Farzad SHOKROLLAHIHASSANBAROUGH i Miroslaw WYSZYNSKI. "Thermodynamic simulation comparison of AVL BOOST and Ricardo WAVE for HCCI and SI engines optimisation". Combustion Engines 161, nr 2 (1.04.2015): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116893.
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The aim of this paper is to compare two simulation software platforms, AVL BOOST™ and Ricardo WAVE™ as used to simulate HCCI and SI GDI engines with the intention of maximising the engine’s efficiency and minimising the emissions. This paper compares these platforms in an experimentally validated model to analyse a spark ignition and a Homogeneous Compression Ignition Charge (HCCI) single cylinder 4 valve gasoline engines with multiple configurations and running parameters in order to find the most optimal set-up for the engine, with the prospect of allowing an optimum engine to be built and tested in real world conditions without the need for multiple expensive prototypes and long delays.
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Yoshizawa, Koudai, Atsushi Teraji, Hiroshi Miyakubo, Koichi Yamaguchi i Tomonori Urushihara. "Study of High Load Operation Limit Expansion for Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, nr 2 (1.04.2006): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1805548.
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In this research, combustion characteristics of gasoline compression ignition engines have been analyzed numerically and experimentally with the aim of expanding the high load operation limit. The mechanism limiting high load operation under homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion was clarified. It was confirmed that retarding the combustion timing from top dead center (TDC) is an effective way to prevent knocking. However, with retarded combustion, combustion timing is substantially influenced by cycle-to-cycle variation of in-cylinder conditions. Therefore, an ignition timing control method is required to achieve stable retarded combustion. Using numerical analysis, it was found that ignition timing control could be achieved by creating a fuel-rich zone at the center of the cylinder. The fuel-rich zone works as an ignition source to ignite the surrounding fuel-lean zone. In this way, combustion consists of two separate auto-ignitions and is thus called two-step combustion. In the simulation, the high load operation limit was expanded using two-step combustion. An engine system identical to a direct-injection gasoline (DIG) engine was then used to validate two-step combustion experimentally. An air-fuel distribution was created by splitting fuel injection into first and second injections. The spark plug was used to ignite the first combustion. This combustion process might better be called spark-ignited compression ignition combustion (SI-CI combustion). Using the spark plug, stable two-step combustion was achieved, thereby validating a means of expanding the operation limit of gasoline compression ignition engines toward a higher load range.
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Bade Shrestha, S. O., i Ghazi A. Karim. "The Operational Mixture Limits in Engines Fueled With Alternative Gaseous Fuels". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 128, nr 3 (3.04.2006): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2266267.
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The operation of engines whether spark ignition or compression ignition on a wide range of alternative gaseous fuels when using lean mixtures can offer in principle distinct advantages. These include better economy, reduced emissions, and improved engine operational life. However, there are distinct operational mixture limits below which acceptable steady engine performance cannot be sustained. These mixture limits are usually described as the “lean operational limits,” or loosely as the ignition limits which are a function of various operational and design parameters for the engine and fuel used. Relatively simple approximate procedures are described for predicting the operational mixture limits for both spark ignition and dual fuel compression ignition engines when using a range of common gaseous fuels such as natural gas/methane, propane, hydrogen, and some of their mixtures. It is shown that good agreement between predicted and corresponding experimental values can be obtained for a range of operating conditions for both types of engines.
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Lin Tay, Kun, Wenbin Yu, Feiyang Zhao i Wenming Yang. "From fundamental study to practical application of kerosene in compression ignition engines: An experimental and modeling review". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, nr 2-3 (8.04.2019): 303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019841218.
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The use of kerosene in direct injection compression ignition engines is fundamentally due to the introduction of the Single Fuel Concept. As conventional direct injection compression ignition diesel engines are made specifically to use diesel fuel, the usage of kerosene will affect engine emissions and performance due to differences between the fuel properties of kerosene and diesel. As a result, in order for kerosene to be properly and efficiently used in diesel engines, it is needful for the scientific community to know the properties of kerosene, its autoignition and combustion characteristics, as well as its emissions formation behavior under diesel engine operating conditions. Moreover, it is desirable to know the progress made in the development of suitable kerosene surrogates for engine applications as it is a crucial step toward the development of reliable chemical reaction mechanisms for numerical simulations. Therefore, in this work, a comprehensive review is carried out systematically to better understand the characteristics and behavior of kerosene under direct injection compression ignition engine relevant conditions. In this review work, the fuel properties of kerosene are summarized and discussed. In addition, fundamental autoignition studies of kerosene in shock tube, rapid compression machine, fuel ignition tester, ignition quality tester, constant volume combustion chamber, and engine are compiled and evaluated. Furthermore, experimental studies of kerosene spray and combustion in constant volume combustion chambers are examined. Also, the experimental investigations of kerosene combustion and emissions in direct injection compression ignition engines are discussed. Moreover, the development of kerosene surrogates, their chemical reaction mechanisms, and the modeling of kerosene combustion in direct injection compression ignition engines are summarized and talked about. Finally, recommendations are also given to help researchers focus on the areas which are still severely lacking.
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Xiang, La, Gerasimos Theotokatos, Haining Cui, Keda Xu, Hongkai Ben i Yu Ding. "Parametric Knocking Performance Investigation of Spark Ignition Natural Gas Engines and Dual Fuel Engines". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, nr 6 (22.06.2020): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8060459.
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Both spark ignition (SI) natural gas engines and compression ignition (CI) dual fuel (DF) engines suffer from knocking when the unburnt mixture ignites spontaneously prior to the flame front arrival. In this study, a parametric investigation is performed on the knocking performance of these two engine types by using the GT-Power software. An SI natural gas engine and a DF engine are modelled by employing a two-zone zero-dimensional combustion model, which uses Wiebe function to determine the combustion rate and provides adequate prediction of the unburnt zone temperature, which is crucial for the knocking prediction. The developed models are validated against experimentally measured parameters and are subsequently used for performing parametric investigations. The derived results are analysed to quantify the effect of the compression ratio, air-fuel equivalence ratio and ignition timing on both engines as well as the effect of pilot fuel energy proportion on the DF engine. The results demonstrate that the compression ratio of the investigated SI and DF engines must be limited to 11 and 16.5, respectively, for avoiding knocking occurrence. The ignition timing for the SI and the DF engines must be controlled after −38°CA and 3°CA, respectively. A higher pilot fuel energy proportion between 5% and 15% results in increasing the knocking tendency and intensity for the DF Engine at high loads. This study results in better insights on the impacts of the investigated engine design and operating settings for natural gas (NG)-fuelled engines, thus it can provide useful support for obtaining the optimal settings targeting a desired combustion behaviour and engine performance while attenuating the knocking tendency.
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CHŁOPEK, Zdzisław. "The estimation of emissions from internal combustion engines fuelled by bioethanol". Combustion Engines 132, nr 1 (1.02.2008): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117284.
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The use of bioethanol fuels is one of the most efficient methods of reduction of toxic emission and reduction of engine noxiousness to the environment at the same time. The ecological effects of the bioethanol fuel application fuelling spark ignition engines and self–ignition engines are presented in the paper. The paper presents original, not yet published, test results of the Scania DC9 E02 270 engine.
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Emmrich, Thomas, Klaus Herrmann i Michael Guenther. "Pre-ignition phenomena in the tension field between operating agents and thermodynamic boundary conditions". Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 69, eOnly Sonderausgabe (18.11.2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/tus-2022-0026.
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Against the background of EU legislation with regard to CO2 emissions, a development trend towards higher geometric compression is emerging for gasoline engines. In principle, this leads – especially in combination with high mean pressure at low engine speed – to a higher pre-ignition tendency, well known as low speed pre-ignition (LSPI). The worldwide use of engine families with different fuel and oil quality represents an additional challenge, which has to be ensured within the scope of series development. IAV has extensive expertise and methodical approaches to minimize the risk of pre-ignition starting in the preliminary development through to series application and to avoid engine damage in the field. The definition and phenomenology of pre-ignition are presented. The presentation highlighted thermodynamic aspects as well as influences from operating agents and engine design. By using the IAV enthalpy approach, it is possible to evaluate designed engines objectively. This knowledge can also be used in the development of new engines concepts. Finally, a test method is presented which is used for the final assurance of the operational stability even in the case of stochastically occurring pre-ignition.
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HIRSCH, Alois, Paul KAPUS, Harald PHILIPP i Ernst WINKLHOFER. "Irregular ignition events in TC GDI engines: phenomenology, analysis and engine development". Combustion Engines 143, nr 4 (1.11.2010): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117128.
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Gasoline engine development has to respond to requirements for fuel efficient and clean combustion. In meeting such targets, the automotive industry has responded with the introduction and continuous improvement of turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TC GDI) combustion systems. Specific challenges to such engines include irregular ignition and combustion events which are rarely met in conventional engines. The paper describes ignition phenomena and mechanisms relevant for the development of such TC GDI engines. Focus then is given to combustion measurement techniques applied for the identification of these spontaneous and riskfull combustion events. As analysis of such ignition events must be done in real, high load multicylinder engine operation, suitable sensors together with measurement and analysis procedures are described. The paper concludes with analysis examples derived from various engine testing situations.
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Ghanaati, Ali, Mohd Farid Muhamad Said, Intan Zaurah Mat Darus i Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwari. "A New Approach for Ignition Timing Correction in Spark Ignition Engines Based on Cylinder Tendency to Surface Ignition". Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (styczeń 2016): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.272.
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The performance of Spark Ignition (SI) engines in terms of thermal efficiency can be restricted by knock. Although it is common for all SI engines to exhibit knock from compressed end-gas, knocks from surface ignition remains a more serious problem due to its effect on combustion stability and its obscurity to detect. This paper focuses on predicting the occurrence of knocks from surface ignition by monitoring exhaust gas temperature (EGT). EGT measured during an engine cycle without the spark plug firing. Therefore, EGT rises illustrated any combustion made by surface ignition. Modelling and simulation of a one-dimensional engine combustion done by using GT-Power. The new approach reduces the complexity as EGT monitoring does not require high computational demands, and the EGT signals are robust to noise. The method is validated against a variety of fuel properties and across engine conditions. A new approach is proposed as a measure to predict and detect the knock events.
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S, Karthikeyan, Arif Senol Sener i Bothichandar T. "Environmental Emission Validation Analysis Using a Dual-Fuel Engine". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (25.08.2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9852220.
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The research work presents the results of testing using an internal combustion engine ignition/compression using diesel and LPG mixtures without preheating. The energy performance of regulated brake emissions and changes in fuel consumption for a compression ignition engine is investigated in this study. It is assured that the engine's operation is not harmed as a result of the installation of this mix. The engine produces torque and power when it is working according to the design parameters. In tests with these combinations, results with a thermal efficiency of 10% were obtained, which was higher than the 5% obtained in diesel tests. It is used in compression ignition engines to offer a fuel source for the generation of electrical energy.
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Nowak, Paweł. "INVESTIGATION OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A NEW SYNTHETIC LUBRICANT FOR PASSENGER CAR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES". Tribologia 294, nr 6 (12.04.2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8335.
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The subject of the article is a synthetic lubricant for the latest generation internal combustion engines, used especially in passenger cars, equipped with both spark ignition engines and compression ignition engines, which is used in particular in passenger cars operating in urban conditions, overcoming relatively short distances, and therefore working usually below the recommended operating temperature of the engine. The developed 5W30 oil maintains excellent rheological properties (fluidity) also before reaching the correct operating temperature of the engine, especially at negative temperatures, which results in lower oil pump resistance and reduced friction of key engine components, which ensures better engine working conditions and affects its service life.
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Tutak, Wojciech, Arkadiusz Jamrozik i Karol Grab-Rogaliński. "Co-Combustion of Hydrogen with Diesel and Biodiesel (RME) in a Dual-Fuel Compression-Ignition Engine". Energies 16, nr 13 (23.06.2023): 4892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134892.
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The utilization of hydrogen for reciprocating internal combustion engines remains a subject that necessitates thorough research and careful analysis. This paper presents a study on the co-combustion of hydrogen with diesel fuel and biodiesel (RME) in a compression-ignition piston engine operating at maximum load, with a hydrogen content of up to 34%. The research employed engine indication and exhaust emissions measurement to assess the engine’s performance. Engine indication allowed for the determination of key combustion stages, including ignition delay, combustion time, and the angle of 50% heat release. Furthermore, important operational parameters such as indicated pressure, thermal efficiency, and specific energy consumption were determined. The evaluation of dual-fuel engine stability was conducted by analyzing variations in the coefficient of variation in indicated mean effective pressure. The increase in the proportion of hydrogen co-combusted with diesel fuel and biodiesel had a negligible impact on ignition delay and led to a reduction in combustion time. This effect was more pronounced when using biodiesel (RME). In terms of energy efficiency, a 12% hydrogen content resulted in the highest efficiency for the dual-fuel engine. However, greater efficiency gains were observed when the engine was powered by RME. It should be noted that the hydrogen-powered engine using RME exhibited slightly less stable operation, as measured by the COVIMEP value. Regarding emissions, hydrogen as a fuel in compression ignition engines demonstrated favorable outcomes for CO, CO2, and soot emissions, while NO and HC emissions increased.
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Yang, Seamoon, i Changhee Lee. "Exhaust Gas Characteristics According to the Injection Conditions in Diesel and DME Engines". Applied Sciences 9, nr 4 (14.02.2019): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040647.
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In this paper, the effect of high-pressure injection pressure on particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions is discussed. Many studies have been conducted by active researchers on high-pressure engines; however, the problem of reducing PM and NOx emissions is still not solved. Therefore, in the existing diesel (compression ignition) engines, the common rail high-pressure injection system has limitations in reducing PM and NOx emissions. Accordingly, to solve the exhaust gas emission problem of a compression ignition engine, a compression ignition engine using an alternative fuel is discussed. This study was conducted to optimize the dimethyl ether (DME) engine system, which can satisfy the emission gas exhaust requirements that cannot be satisfied by the current common rail diesel compression ignition engine in terms of efficiency and exhaust gas using DME common rail compression ignition engine. Based on the results of this study on diesel and DME engines under common rail conditions, the changes in engine performance and emission characteristics of exhaust gases with respect to the injection pressure and injection rate were examined. The emission characteristics of NOx, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were affected by the injection pressure of pilot injection. Under these conditions, the exhaust gas characteristics were optimized when the pilot injection period and needle lift were varied.
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Chen, Sirui, Yichen Deng, Zhuojun Ma i Yujing Zhang. "Research on the Control Mode of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Working Process and Its Technical Prospect". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2108, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2108/1/012086.
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Abstract The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is considered an advanced technique, a form of internal combustion in which well-mixed fuel and oxidizer (typically air) are compressed to the point of auto-ignition. HCCI engines have higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions than Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) engines. The emissions of NOx can be neglected compared to the CI engine. In addition, a wide variety of fuels, combinations of fuels and alternative fuels can be used in this type of internal combustion engine. Moreover, when investigating the heat release rate of a HCCI engine for both single- and two-stage ignition fuels, the results show that for both fuel types, the cycle changes in the ignition and combustion phases increase with the delay of the combustion phase. Also, the cycle change of iso-octane (the single-stage ignition fuel) is higher than that of PRF80 (the two-stage ignition fuel). This paper will first introduce the control mode of the HCCI engine and then review its current status from the perspective of combustion, emissions, and consumption. After presenting the current status, the authors present suggestions about the prospect of further development with respect to the timing of ignition, the expansion of the engine operating range, and the choice of fuel mixture in this new mode of technology.
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Szamrej, Grzegorz. "Homogeneous mixture CI engines as a key to the further development of IC piston engines". Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 70, nr 4 (30.12.2021): 15–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0535.
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The article presents synthetically the methods of ignition of the air-fuel mixture in Internal Com-bustion (IC) engines along with the characteristics of their advantages and disadvantages, the problems of their use and the possibility of development. The further development of piston engines will require a drastic reduction in the emission of harmful exhaust components and carbon dioxide, which is the most important greenhouse gas emitted by IC engines. For this reason, not only the engines themselves must be changed but fuels as well. For the most effective use of them, self-ignition of a homogeneous fuel-air mixture should be implemented. In the present state of technical development is not possible to widespread use the most ad-vanced ways of self-ignition methods. Typical homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), where an engine uses only one type of the fuel and correctly self-ignite in the full scope of work is still not implemented in a serial production. In the foreign literature, there is a significant number of publications on various methods of Compression Igni-tion (CI) in IC engines, including IC in Dual Fuel (DF) engines. The Polish literature, however, is extremely sparse in this matter, and one can find a number of works on CI in single-fuel engines [1-10], but the topic of DF fueling is not too extensively described. For this reason, it seems important to publish an article on this important topic today. Keywords: internal combustion engines, CI engines, homogeneous mixture, dual-fuel engines, RCCI, DUAL FUEL, HCCI, ENGINES, PCCI, PPCI, PCI, SPCCI, SACIThe article presents synthetically the methods of ignition of the air-fuel mixture in Internal Com-bustion (IC) engines along with the characteristics of their advantages and disadvantages, the problems of their use and the possibility of development. The further development of piston engines will require a drastic reduction in the emission of harmful exhaust components and carbon dioxide, which is the most important greenhouse gas emitted by IC engines. For this reason, not only the engines themselves must be changed but fuels as well. For the most effective use of them, self-ignition of a homogeneous fuel-air mixture should be implemented. In the present state of technical development is not possible to widespread use the most ad-vanced ways of self-ignition methods. Typical homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), where an engine uses only one type of the fuel and correctly self-ignite in the full scope of work is still not implemented in a serial production. In the foreign literature, there is a significant number of publications on various methods of Compression Igni-tion (CI) in IC engines, including IC in Dual Fuel (DF) engines. The Polish literature, however, is extremely sparse in this matter, and one can find a number of works on CI in single-fuel engines [1-10], but the topic of DF fueling is not too extensively described. For this reason, it seems important to publish an article on this important topic today. Keywords: internal combustion engines, CI engines, homogeneous mixture, dual-fuel engines, RCCI, DUAL FUEL, HCCI, ENGINES, PCCI, PPCI, PCI, SPCCI, SACI
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Zhao, Jun, Tao Zhang, Jian Xin Su i Guang Ming Luo. "The Improved Design of Engine Ignition System". Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (grudzień 2012): 1952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1952.
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This paper introduces a technical improvement scheme for aviation engine ignition system, due to the reason that existing aircraft engine ignition system uses one machine type and each engine ignition system can not be interchangeable in present situation .It also presents a general ignition circuit structure and fast specialty setting method, both of which have been simulated by Multism software. And the results of simulation show that the airline engine general ignition system can meet the requirements of ignition technology parameters for all engines by setting quickly. The technology has significant influence in improving general use of airline engine spare parts, simplifying the engine maintenance system and increasing the warplanes attendance.
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STELMASIAK, Zdzisław. "Analysis of the influence of gas-air mixture property on the selected parameters dual fuel direct injection diesel engine". Combustion Engines 121, nr 2 (1.05.2005): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117404.
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Perspectives of usage natural gas in feeding systems of internal combustion engines and development of electronic control systems have resulted in survived interest in dual fuel system of engine feeding. Compression ignition, dual fuel engine enables to preserve majority of positive features of compression ignition engine and shows many advantageous features comparing with gaseous engine with spark ignition system. The paper shows an impact of gaseous mixture composition on operational parameters of the engine, with special consideration of combustion parameters and toxicity of exhaust gases. It has been confirmed that in range of gaseous mixture composition change in scope of λo = 1.4–6.0 worsening of combustion parameters is negligible and can be accepted for medium size traditional engines. Simultaneously, in spite of implementation of traditional injection system, leaning of the mixture up to λo < 6.0 enables significant change of engine load. Limitation of leaning of the mixture up to λo < 4.5, restricts harmful phenomena connected with combustion of lean gaseous mixtures. It requires, however, fuel injection electronic systems such as common rail. Results presented in the paper can be useful in adaptations of compression ignition engine to gaseous feeding and in stage of development of control systems to such engines.
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Gambino, M., S. Iannaccone i A. Unich. "Heavy-Duty Spark Ignition Engines Fueled With Methane". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, nr 3 (1.07.1991): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906238.
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Pollution reduction in urban areas is a major driving force to upgrade mass transportation systems. Options to the urban planner include electric traction and combustion engine upgrade. Electric traction centralizes the emission source, usually removed from urban areas, but requires substantial capital costs and lead time for the transportation infrastructure. Engine emission improvement is possible through both fuel changes and engine upgrade. Natural gas engines are a viable option for clean-operating urban buses. In the near term, conversion of existing diesel bus engines to spark-ignited natural gas is an attractive solution in terms of capital costs and lead time. This paper contains the analysis required to transform diesel engines into spark-ignited natural gas engines. Experimental data are shown for both a turbocharged and a naturally aspirated conversion. Emission data are presented showing the natural gas conversion to meet present EEC emission requirements.
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Sun, Tingting, Yingjie Chang, Zongfa Xie, Kaiyu Zhang, Fei Chen, Tao Li i Shuai Yan. "Experimental research on pumping losses and combustion performance in an unthrottled spark ignition engine". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 232, nr 7 (29.01.2018): 888–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650918754684.
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A novel fully hydraulic variable valve system is described in this paper, which achieves continuous variations in maximum valve lift, valve opening duration, and the timing of valve closing. The load of the unthrottled spark ignition engine with fully hydraulic variable valve system is controlled by using an early intake valve closing rather than the conventional throttle valve. The experiments were carried out on BJ486EQ spark ignition engine with fully hydraulic variable valve system. Pumping losses of the throttled and unthrottled spark ignition engines at low-to-medium loads are compared and the reason of it decreasing significantly in the unthrottled spark igntion engine is analyzed. The combustion characteristic parameters, such as cyclic variation, CA50, and heat release rate, were analyzed. The primary reasons for the lower combustion rate in the unthrottled spark ignition engines are discussed. In order to improve the evaporation of fuel and mix with air in an unthrottled spark ignition engine, the in-cylinder swirl is organized with a helical intake valve, which can generate a strong intake swirl at low intake valve lifts. The effects of the intake swirl on combustion performance are investigated. Compared with the throttled spark ignition engine, the brake specific fuel consumption of the improved unthrottled spark ignition engine is reduced by 4.1% to 11.2%.
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LUFT, Sławomir. "A dual-fuel compression ignition engine – distinctive features". Combustion Engines 141, nr 2 (1.05.2010): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117144.
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For many years in the Department of Automobiles and Internal Combustion Engines in Technical University of Radom there are carried out investigations on dual-fuel compression ignition engine in which the ignition is initiated by a pilot diesel oil dose and the applied main fuels have properties similar to those applied in spark ignition engines. The tested fuels were methanol, ethanol, LPG and natural gas. Analysis of the obtained results allowed to make some generalizations and to determine advantages as well as problems which should be solved for higher efficiency, power and durability. The paper will present information on efficiency, power, toxic exhaust emission and chosen parameters of combustion process of a dual-fuel compression ignition engine as well as on a difficult to control – knock combustion which may result in lower engine durability and piston crank mechanism failure.
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Clarke, J. M., i W. G. Berlinger. "A New Compression Ignition Engine Concept for High Power Density". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, nr 2 (1.04.1999): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817107.
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A new compression ignition (CI) engine concept has been identified which greatly improves power density over conventional CI engines. This paper reviews the scaling laws as they apply to power density (power/crate volume) and derives a parameter reflecting the compactness of any engine design. The new concept is compared to existing engines on the basis of this parameter. Ideal cycle analysis of the multistage thermodynamic processes inherent in the new arrangement leads to the expectation that this engine will be more efficient than current engines. Real cycle simulations and concept design work have confirmed that efficiency can be at least as high as current engines while size is much reduced. Design and analysis are continuing in order to establish that the durability and low emissions will be competitive with modern CI engines.
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Antonopoulos, AK, RG Papagiannakis i DT Hountalas. "Application of a diagnostic technique for evaluating the quality of the air–fuel mixture and the ignition quality of a spark-ignition reciprocating aircraft piston engine". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 232, nr 3 (20.12.2016): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016683414.
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The performance characteristics of an aircraft piston engine are affected mainly by the air–fuel mixture quality (i.e. condition of the fuel injection system) and by the spark timing and spark duration (i.e. condition of ignition system). Thus, the present work focuses on investigating the effect of both fuel injection and spark ignition systems on performance characteristics of two aircraft piston engines which are of the same type but have overhauled by two different workshops. The investigation is conducted by applying an existing diagnostic technique, which is based on the simultaneous recording and processing of two electric signals: one corresponding to cylinder pressure and the second corresponding to the ignition system. The basic characteristics of the proposed methodology are simplicity and field applicability on engines of this type. A detailed experimental investigation has been conducted on the aforementioned two aircraft piston engines on a dedicated test bench. From the results, it is revealed that the proposed diagnostic methodology provides reliable information for the effect of both the ignition and fuel injection systems on engine performance characteristics. The results derived from the specific work enable the comparative evaluation of the engines and their ignition and fuel injection systems. Finally, based on this first investigation, the proposed methodology seems to be promising, because it can be easily applied on any type of spark-ignited engine and especially on aircraft piston engine, where due to its geometry and multicylinder nature, the application of lab techniques on the field is, if not impossible, extremely difficult.
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Gaj, Jacek, i Zbigniew Lozia. "The comparative assessment of the passenger cars with combustion petrol and diesel engines, taking into consideration the situation on the polish car market". WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 121 (1.06.2018): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4553.
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According to the title, the article compares passenger cars produced in versions with SIE engines (spark ignition engines) and CIE engines (compression ignition engines), taking into account the situation on the Polish automotive market. A group of 25 selected vehicle pairs equipped with the SIE and CIE engine versions has been presented. The measurable comparative criteria have been defined. The results of the comparison were presented in the form of graphs with a commentary. The situation on the Polish automotive market was also assessed in the context of a comparison of both types of vehicles. The final conclusions close the article.
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Mofijur, M., M. M. Hasan, T. M. I. Mahlia, S. M. Ashrafur Rahman, A. S. Silitonga i Hwai Chyuan Ong. "Performance and Emission Parameters of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine: A Review". Energies 12, nr 18 (17.09.2019): 3557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183557.
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Strict emission regulations and demand for better fuel economy are driving forces for finding advanced engines that will be able to replace the conventional internal combustion engines in the near future. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines use a different combustion technique; there are no spark plugs or injectors to assist the combustion. Instead, when the mixtures reach chemical activation energy, combustion auto-ignites in multiple spots. The main objective of this review paper is to study the engine performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engines operating in various conditions. Additionally, the impact of different fuels and additives on HCCI engine performance is also evaluated. The study also introduces a potential guideline to improve engine performance and emission characteristics. Compared to conventional compression ignition and spark ignition combustion methods, the HCCI combustion mode is noticeably faster and also provides better thermal efficiency. Although a wide range of fuels including alternative and renewable fuels can be used in the HCCI mode, there are some limitation/challenges, such as combustion limited operating range, phase control, high level of noise, cold start, preparation of homogeneous charge, etc. In conclusion, the HCCI combustion mode can be achieved in existing spark ignition (SI) engines with minor adjustments, and it results in lower oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions, with practically a similar performance as that of SI combustion. Further improvements are required to permit extensive use of the HCCI mode in future.
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Bhave, Nikhil A., Prasanna S. Mahankar, Yogesh Dandekar i Mahesh Shukla. "Research Directions for Homogenous Charge Combustion Ignition Engine". SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 14, nr 01 SPL (30.06.2022): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v14spli01.22.
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Homogenous Charge Combustion Ignition Engine (HCCI) technology is an advanced engine technology developed in 1989. Several attempts are being made for the performance improvement and field applications of HCCI engines. Simulation models and laboratory experiments confirm that the HCCI technology is superior to the conventional Internal Combustion engines. However, the HCCI research is in nascent stage today. Focused research is required to bring this technology in commercial use. This paper aims to investigate the future directions for study of Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition engines. Review articles from last ten years were studied in detail. The conclusions and future directions suggested by all papers are critically examined, tabulated and analyzed. Common conclusions are separately presented and the specific conclusions of the papers are compared so as to develop a methodology to carry out further research in the field of Internal Combustion engines.
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FRAIDL, Günter, i Peter HERZOG. "Multiple-benefit technology development for gasoline-diesel-hybrid powertrains". Combustion Engines 128, nr 1 (1.02.2007): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117330.
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Modern spark ignition and compression ignition engine solutions have been characterized in the paper The requirements that the modern engines are currently facing are a compromise between the expectations of the clients and the technological capability of obtaining a significant reduction in the fuel consumption and emissions. The solutions applied in the CI and SI engines contribute to the above expectations and constitute a basis for further development i.e. hybrid propulsion combining SI and CI engines with electric machines providing much higher fuel economy and comfort.
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Sofianopoulos, Aimilios, Mozhgan Rahimi Boldaji, Benjamin Lawler, Sotirios Mamalis i John E. Dec. "Effect of engine size, speed, and dilution method on thermal stratification of premixed homogeneous charge compression–ignition engines: A large eddy simulation study". International Journal of Engine Research 21, nr 9 (15.01.2019): 1612–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418820735.
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High heat release rates limit the operating range of homogeneous charge compression–ignition engines to low and medium loads. Thermal stratification has been shown to stagger autoignition, lower heat release rates, and extend the operating range of homogeneous charge compression–ignition engines. However, the dependence of naturally occurring thermal stratification on the engine size, speed, and internal residual dilution is not fully understood. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model with large eddy simulations and detailed chemical kinetics was developed using CONVERGE. This model was used to simulate two different engines: (1) a light-duty 2.0 GM Ecotec Engine modified for homogeneous charge compression–ignition combustion in one of the cylinders and (2) a medium-duty Cummins B-series engine modified for homogeneous charge compression–ignition combustion in one of the cylinders. For the light-duty engine, five consecutive modeled cycles were compared with experimental data from 300 consecutive cycles using residual gas dilution at 2000 r/min. For the medium-duty engine, five consecutive modeled cycles were compared with experimental data from 100 consecutive cycles using air dilution with intake heating at 1200 r/min. In the light-duty engine, it was found that incomplete mixing between fresh charge and residual gas increased thermal stratification early in the compression stroke for residual dilution compared to air dilution. Residual stratification at the onset of ignition was small and not directly coupled with thermal stratification. Heat losses to the walls were the dominant source of thermal stratification at the onset of ignition. The reduced oxygen concentration due to residual dilution, increased the temperature requirement for autoignition, which increased heat transfer losses and increased the thermal stratification around top dead center. The thermal stratification before ignition reduced when the engine speed increased because of the lower heat transfer losses. The light-duty engine was found to have larger portion of the fuel energy lost to heat transfer than the medium-duty engine, which resulted in larger thermal stratification before ignition.
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Minh, Thang Nguyen, Hieu Pham Minh i Vinh Nguyen Duy. "A review of internal combustion engines powered by renewable energy based on ethanol fuel and HCCI technology". AIMS Energy 10, nr 5 (2022): 1005–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.20220046.
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<abstract> <p>In general, as compared to conventional combustion engines, the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine offers better fuel efficiency, NOx, and particulate matter emissions. The HCCI engine, on the other hand, is not connected to the spark plugs or the fuel injection system. This implies that the auto-ignition time and following combustion phase of the HCCI engine are not controlled directly. The HCCI engine will be confined to a short working range due to the cold start, high-pressure rate, combustion noise, and even knocking combustion. Biofuel innovation, such as ethanol-powered HCCI engines, has a lot of promise in today's car industry. As a result, efforts must be made to improve the distinctive characteristics of the engine by turning the engine settings to different ethanol mixtures. This study examines the aspects of ethanol-fueled HCCI engines utilizing homogenous charge preparation procedures. In addition, comparing HCCI engines to other advanced combustion engines revealed their increased importance and prospective consequences. Furthermore, the challenges of transitioning from conventional to HCCI engines are examined, along with potential answers for future upgrade approaches and control tactics.</p> </abstract>
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Minh, Thang Nguyen, Hieu Pham Minh i Vinh Nguyen Duy. "A review of internal combustion engines powered by renewable energy based on ethanol fuel and HCCI technology". AIMS Energy 10, nr 5 (2022): 1005–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022046.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
<abstract> <p>In general, as compared to conventional combustion engines, the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine offers better fuel efficiency, NOx, and particulate matter emissions. The HCCI engine, on the other hand, is not connected to the spark plugs or the fuel injection system. This implies that the auto-ignition time and following combustion phase of the HCCI engine are not controlled directly. The HCCI engine will be confined to a short working range due to the cold start, high-pressure rate, combustion noise, and even knocking combustion. Biofuel innovation, such as ethanol-powered HCCI engines, has a lot of promise in today's car industry. As a result, efforts must be made to improve the distinctive characteristics of the engine by turning the engine settings to different ethanol mixtures. This study examines the aspects of ethanol-fueled HCCI engines utilizing homogenous charge preparation procedures. In addition, comparing HCCI engines to other advanced combustion engines revealed their increased importance and prospective consequences. Furthermore, the challenges of transitioning from conventional to HCCI engines are examined, along with potential answers for future upgrade approaches and control tactics.</p> </abstract>
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Veza, Ibham, Indra C. Setiawan, La Ode M. Firman, Handi Handi, Ayu Amanah, Mega T. Kurnia, Permana A. Paristiawan, Muhammad Idris, Ahmed Sule i Anthony C. Opia. "Strategies to achieve controlled auto-ignition (CAI) combustion: A review". Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry 3, nr 1 (16.11.2022): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/mesi.7568.
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Conventional gasoline engines suffer from low performance and NOx emissions. Controlled auto-ignition (CAI), sometimes referred to as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), is a promising concept to solve such problems. CAI has the potential to improve spark ignition (SI) engine fuel economy while at the same time solving the trade-off of NOx-soot emissions found in compression ignition (CI) engines. The CAI engine can reach a fuel economy comparable to that of a conventional diesel engine with ultra-low NOx and negligible soot emissions. However, controlling auto-ignition remains the biggest difficulty that hinders the implementation of CAI as a commercial engine. Research towards a cleaner and more efficient engine is driven by the progressively stringent emission regulation imposed worldwide. Therefore, the CAI was developed to meet the emissions target while maintaining engine performance. CAI works on the principle of lean mixture and auto-ignition. To obtain CAI combustion, the temperatures in the cylinder must be sufficient to initiate auto-ignition. Without the use of a spark plug or injector, the CAI suffers from a direct control mechanism to start the combustion. The most practical approach to controlling the initiation of auto-ignition in CAI is diluting the intake charge by either trapping the residual gas or recirculating the exhaust gas. Both approaches enable the engine to achieve CAI combustion without requiring significant modifications to control the onset of CAI combustion phase.
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Nikiforakis, Ioannis, Zhongnan Ran, Michael Sprengel, John Brackett, Guy Babbitt i Dimitris Assanis. "Investigating realistic anode off-gas combustion in SOFC/ICE hybrid systems: mini review and experimental evaluation". International Journal of Engine Research 23, nr 5 (15.12.2021): 876–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14680874211058324.
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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been deployed in hybrid decentralized energy systems, in which they are directly coupled to internal combustion engines (ICEs). Prior research indicated that the anode tailgas exiting the SOFC stack should be additionally exploited due to its high energy value, with typical ICE operation favoring hybridization due to matching thermodynamic conditions during operation. Consequently, extensive research has been performed, in which engines are positioned downstream the SOFC subsystem, operating in several modes of combustion, with the most prevalent being homogeneous compression ignition (HCCI) and spark ignition (SI). Experiments were performed in a 3-cylinder ICE operating in the latter modus operandi, where the anode tailgas was assimilated by mixing syngas (H2: 33.9%, CO: 15.6%, CO2: 50.5%) with three different water vapor flowrates in the engine’s intake. While increased vapor content significantly undermined engine performance, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) surpassed 34% in the best case scenario, which outperformed the majority of engines operating under similar operating conditions, as determined from the conducted literature review. Nevertheless, the best performing application was identified operating under HCCI, in which diesel reformates assimilating SOFC anode tailgas, fueled a heavy duty ICE (17:1), and gross indicated thermal efficiency ([Formula: see text]) of 48.8% was achieved, with the same engine exhibiting identical performance when operating in reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI). Overall, emissions in terms of NOx and CO were minimal, especially in SI engines, while unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) were non-existent due to the absence of hydrocarbons in the assessed reformates.
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Daminov, O., O. Khushnaev, A. Yangibaev i G. Kucharenok. "IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF DIESEL ENGINES BY ENHANCING THE COOLING SYSTEM". Technical science and innovation 2020, nr 1 (31.03.2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.20.1-77-0052.
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The article deals with the improvement of the performance of diesel engines by improving the cooling system. It is indicated that there is a number of problems that arise when converting an engine with spark ignition to natural gas. The increase of thermal stress of the engine is illustrated. As a result of researching of features of the parameters and characteristics of a gas-powered automobile engine and optimization of its temperature regime, a very actual scientific and practical task is determined. The engine with the spark ignition installed on the microbus working on the diesel and gas is presented. The results of the spark-ignition engine research on gaseous fuel are presented. The following recommendations are given: to analyze the design features of gas engines; analyze the principles of operation of modern engine cooling systems; to conduct a theoretical study of the engine cooling system of gas buses and minibuses, which would allow to identify the causes leading to an increase in the thermal stress of engine parts when converted to gas fuel, which consists in the specificity and features of the working process; suggest ways to improve the cooling system of gas engines; to develop and propose options for improving the cooling system of gas engines, which will reduce the cooling temperature from 120 to 90 °C.
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Kovalov, Serhii. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF GAS ENGINE, CONVERTED ON THE BASIS OF DIESELS D-120 OR D-144 ENGINES TO WORK FOR ON LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS". Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, nr 3 (259) ’ 2019 (17.10.2019): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2019-3-259-2-8.
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The expediency of using vehicles of liquefied petroleum gas as a motor fuel, as com-pared with traditional liquid motor fuels, in particular with diesel fuel, is shown. The advantages of converting diesel engines into gas ICEs with forced ignition with respect to conversion into gas diesel engines are substantiated. The analysis of methods for reducing the compression ratio in diesel engines when converting them into gas ICEs with forced ignition has been carried out. It is shown that for converting diesel engines into gas ICEs with forced ignition, it is advisable to use the Otto thermo-dynamic cycle with a decrease in the geometric degree of compression. The choice is grounded and an open combustion chamber in the form of an inverted axisymmetric “truncated cone” is developed. The proposed shape of the combustion chamber of a gas internal combustion engine for operation in the LPG reduces the geometric compression ratio of D-120 and D-144 diesel engines with an unseparated spherical combustion chamber, which reduces the geometric compression ratio from ε = 16,5 to ε = 9,4. The developed form of the combustion chamber allows the new diesel pistons or diesel pistons which are in operation to be in operation to be refined, instead of making special new gas pistons and to reduce the geometric compression ratio of diesel engines only by increasing the combustion chamber volume in the piston. This method of reducing the geometric degree of compression using conventional lathes is the most technologically advanced and cheap, as well as the least time consuming. Keywords: self-propelled chassis SSh-2540, wheeled tractors, diesel engines D-120 and D-144, gas engine with forced ignition, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compression ratio of the internal com-bustion engine, vehicles operating in the LPG.
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Samuel, J. Jensen, i A. Ramesh. "Transient prediction capabilities of a novel physics-based ignition delay model in multi-pulsed direct injection diesel engines". International Journal of Engine Research 21, nr 6 (15.08.2019): 948–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419866590.
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This work is an extension of a novel physics-based ignition delay modeling methodology previously developed by the authors to predict physical and chemical ignition delays of multiple injections during steady operations in diesel engines. The modeling methodology is refined in this work to consider the influence of additional operating parameters such as volumetric efficiency, exhaust temperature and pressure on the ignition delay of multiple injections. Computational fluid dynamics predictions on two different engines indicated that the main spray encounters local temperatures about 60 K above average temperatures for about 1 mg of pilot. Hence, the modeling methodology was further refined to include this effect by considering the air mass trapped in pilot spray, computed based on the spray penetration and cone angle and tuned using results of the computational fluid dynamics studies. Comparisons of the ignition delay predictions with the stock boost temperature sensor and a specially incorporated, transient-capable fine wire thermocouple indicated that the measurements with stock sensor could be satisfactorily used for transients. Cycle-by-cycle changes in ignition delay could be predicted accurately when transients were imposed in boost pressure, rail pressure and main injection quantity in a turbocharged intercooled diesel engine controlled with an open engine control unit. Further validations were done even under a transient cycle when the engine was controlled by its stock engine control unit. The same tuning constants could be used for the prediction of the ignition delay under transients on another naturally aspirated engine. This indicates the suitability of the model for application in different engines. Finally, the model was incorporated within an open engine controller, and cycle-by-cycle prediction of ignition delays of the pilot and main injections were done in real time. It was possible to compute the ignition delays in less than 2 ms within engine control unit using the already available sensor inputs within an error band of ±60 µs.
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Shatrov, Mikhail, Aleksej Khatchiyan, Vladimir Sinyavskiy, Ivan Shishlov i Andrey Vakulenko. "ANALYSIS OF CALCULATED CYCLES PARAMETERS IN CASE OF NATURAL GAS SUPPLY AND DIESEL ENGINE". Agricultural Engineering 46, nr 1 (10.09.2014): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/ageng.2014.007.
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The paper is dedicated to comparative analysis of cycles of engines supplied with natural gas having diesel compression ratio and quality power control with the basic diesel engine cycle. Two types of gas engines were investigated: with internal mixture formation and glow plug air-gas mixture ignition; with external mixture formation and air-gas mixture ignition with the help of pilot diesel fuel injection. Calculation results by external speed characteristics demonstrated that the gas engines were at least as good as the base diesel engines as regards to power and fuel efficiency. At the same time they have lower mechanical and thermal loads and considerably lower СО2 emissions.
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STĘPIEŃ, Zbigniew. "Deposits in spark ignition engines – formation and threats". Combustion Engines 160, nr 1 (1.02.2015): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116900.
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The paper reports on both the processes of harmful deposits formation in spark ignition engines and their threats related to engine operation. The connection of a dynamic development of piston engines and fuel injection systems with increasing problems of deposits formation on various engine parts has been discussed at length. The effect of fuel composition, engine design and its operating parameters on the formation of a variety of engine deposits has been described. Possible causes of deposits formation have also been indicated. The paper confirms great importance of modern deposit control detergents and state-of-the-art technology of manufacturing of injection systems components in counteracting this detrimental phenomenon.
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Kurczyński, Dariusz, Piotr Łagowski i Saugirdas Pukalskas. "Nitrogen oxides concentrations and heat release characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA dual-fuel engine running with natural gas and diesel". Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji 84, nr 2 (28.06.2019): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14669/am.vol84.art9.
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In the near future, natural gas may become a fuel, which will see increased use in powering internal combustion engines. Due to its properties, it can be used to power spark-ignition engines without major obstacles. Yet using natural gas to power compression-ignition engines proves to be more difficult. One of the possibilities are the dual-fuel compression-ignition engines running with gas fuel and diesel fuel, enabling ignition through compression and combustion of gas fuel. The article presents the heat release characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine powered by compressed natural gas and diesel fuel. Characteristics of heat release are an image of the combustion process. They affect the engine performance indicators. The determined heat release characteristics for a dual-fuel-powered engine were compared with the heat release characteristics for a diesel engine under the same operating conditions. An analysis of heat release characteristics was carried in the scope of their influence on the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of the tested engine. The effect of the relative amount of heat released and the heat release rate during the combustion process in the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine cylinder running dual-fuel with CNG+diesel on the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust, as compared to the values measured when running with diesel fuel only, was demonstrated. Higher share of natural gas in the total amount of energy supplied to the engine cylinders results in greater differences in the course of the combustion process and result in a greater reduction in the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of the tested engine.
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Zöbinger, Norbert, Thorsten Schweizer, Thomas Lauer, Heiko Kubach i Thomas Koch. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis on Two-Phase Induced Low-Speed Pre-Ignition". Energies 14, nr 16 (17.08.2021): 5063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165063.
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The root cause of the initial low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) is not yet clarified. The literature data suggest that a two-phase phenomenon is most likely triggering the unpredictable premature ignitions in highly boosted spark-ignition engines. However, there are different hypotheses regarding the actual initiator, whether it is a detached liquid oil-fuel droplet or a solid-like particle from deposits. Therefore, the present work investigates the possibility of oil droplet-induced pre-ignitions using a modern downsized engine with minimally invasive endoscopic optical accessibility incorporating in-cylinder lubrication oil detection via light-induced fluorescence. This setup enables the differentiation between liquid and solid particles. Furthermore, the potential of hot solid particles to initiate an ignition under engine-relevant conditions is analyzed numerically. To do so, the particle is generalized as a hot surface transferring heat to the reactive ambient gas phase. The gas-phase reactivity is represented as a TRF/air mixture based on RON/MON specifications of the investigated fuel. The chemical processes are predicted using a semi-detailed reaction mechanism, including 137 species and 633 reactions in a 2D CFD simulation framework. In the optical experiments, no evidence of a liquid oil droplet-induced pre-ignition could be found. Nevertheless, all observed pre-ignitions had a history of flying light-emitting objects. There are strong hints towards solid-like deposit LSPI initiation. The application of the numerical methodology to mean in-cylinder conditions of an LSPI prone engine operation point reveals that particles below 1000 K are not able to initiate a pre-ignition. A sensitivity analysis of the thermodynamic boundary conditions showed that the particle temperature is the most decisive parameter on the calculated ignition delay time.
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Zhang, G. Q., i D. N. Assanis. "Manifold Gas Dynamics Modeling and Its Coupling With Single-Cylinder Engine Models Using Simulink". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, nr 2 (1.04.2003): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1560708.
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A flexible model for computing one-dimensional, unsteady manifold gas dynamics in single-cylinder spark-ignition and diesel engines has been developed. The numerical method applies an explicit, finite volume formulation and a shock-capturing total variation diminishing scheme. The numerical model has been validated against the method of characteristics for valve flows without combustion prior to coupling with combustion engine simulations. The coupling of the gas-dynamics model with single-cylinder, spark-ignition and diesel engine modules is accomplished using the graphical MATLAB-SIMULINK environment. Comparisons between predictions of the coupled model and measurements shows good agreement for both spark ignition and diesel engines. Parametric studies demonstrating the effect of varying the intake runner length on the volumetric efficiency of a diesel engine illustrate the model use.
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Khalefa, Rafeq Ahmad. "The Effect of Spark Timing on the Spark Ignition Engine Performance". Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 18, nr 2 (30.06.2011): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.18.2.06.
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In this work the effect of spark timing on the spark ignition engines is investigated by computer simulation and experimental test for speeds of (1500,2000,2500,3000 and 3500)rpm at spark timing of (20o,30o,40o,50o and 60o) before TDC for each speed. This is done in order to find a suitable mathematical expression for spark ignition advancing with respect to the speed of the engine to predict the correct ignition advance as in real engines .The results showed that the method of using a mathematical expression is more realistic and reasonable comparing with the results obtained by other workers.
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Bennett, John. "Additives for Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition engine fuels". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, nr 1 (23.10.2017): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017732265.
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Fuel additives for automotive applications have been in use for almost as long as the automobile has existed. They provide significant benefits, both in making fuels fit for purpose and to deliver protection and performance benefits. Performance benefits can range from protection against degradation, through recovery of lost performance, all the way to enhanced engine function. This has become particularly important with the tension between increasingly stringent long emissions requirements, the encouragement of renewable biofuel content and the drive to improved engine efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. The paper discusses where performance fuel additives provide their benefits and how they are evolving to work with latest generations of fuel and engines, and provides an overview of the current and upcoming industry engine tests for fuels and their additives.
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Kalghatgi, Gautam, i Richard Stone. "Fuel requirements of spark ignition engines". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, nr 1 (30.01.2017): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016684741.
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This paper reviews the fundamental requirements of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for spark ignition engines, namely that the fuel should vaporise satisfactorily and burn in a controlled manner. The phenomenon of knock and the development of the octane scale are discussed. The variation in the pressure–time histories for different engines is discussed, together with the reason why this leads to different fuel requirements. The difference in the octane rating tests and the way in which engine downsizing exacerbates these differences in the pressure–time histories are discussed. The applicability of the research octane number and the motor octane number to modern engines is reviewed, together with the phenomena of low-speed pre-ignition and superknock. The effects of the hydrocarbon fuel distillation characteristics on the driveability and the emissions are reviewed and discussed with respect to the historical context and the current legislative requirements. Brief mention is made of other fuel requirements such as the density, the gum content and the aromatic content.
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Bhiogade, Girish, i Jiwak Suryawanshi. "A comparative experimental study on engine operating on premixed charge compression ignition and compression ignition mode". Thermal Science 21, nr 1 Part B (2017): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140814087b.
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New combustion concepts have been recently developed with the purpose to tackle the problem of high emissions level of traditional direct injection Diesel engines. A good example is the premixed charge compression ignition combustion. A strategy in which early injection is used causing a burning process in which the fuel burns in the premixed condition. In compression ignition engines, soot (particulate matter) and NOx emissions are an extremely unsolved issue. Premixed charge compression ignition is one of the most promising solutions that combine the advantages of both spark ignition and compression ignition combustion modes. It gives thermal efficiency close to the compression ignition engines and resolves the associated issues of high NOx and particulate matter, simultaneously. Premixing of air and fuel preparation is the challenging part to achieve premixed charge compression ignition combustion. In the present experimental study a diesel vaporizer is used to achieve premixed charge compression ignition combustion. A vaporized diesel fuel was mixed with the air to form premixed charge and inducted into the cylinder during the intake stroke. Low diesel volatility remains the main obstacle in preparing premixed air-fuel mixture. Exhaust gas re-circulation can be used to control the rate of heat release. The objective of this study is to reduce exhaust emission levels with maintaining thermal efficiency close to compression ignition engine.
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Kong, S. C., i R. D. Reitz. "Multidimensional Modeling of Diesel Ignition and Combustion Using a Multistep Kinetics Model". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, nr 4 (1.10.1993): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906775.
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Ignition and combustion mechanisms in diesel engines were studied using the KIVA code, with modifications to the combustion, heat transfer, crevice flow, and spray models. A laminar-and-turbulent characteristic-time combustion model that has been used successfully for spark-ignited engine studies was extended to allow predictions of ignition and combustion in diesel engines. A more accurate prediction of ignition delay was achieved by using a multistep chemical kinetics model. The Shell knock model was implemented for this purpose and was found to be capable of predicting successfully the autoignition of homogeneous mixtures in a rapid compression machine and diesel spray ignition under engine conditions. The physical significance of the model parameters is discussed and the sensitivity of results to the model constants is assessed. The ignition kinetics model was also applied to simulate the ignition process in a Cummins diesel engine. The post-ignition combustion was simulated using both a single-step Arrhenius kinetics model and also the characteristic-time model to account for the energy release during the mixing-controlled combustion phase. The present model differs from that used in earlier multidimensional computations of diesel ignition in that it also includes state-of-the-art turbulence and spray atomization models. In addition, in this study the model predictions are compared to engine data. It is found that good levels of agreement with the experimental data are obtained using the multistep chemical kinetics model for diesel ignition modeling. However, further study is needed of the effects of turbulent mixing on post-ignition combustion.