Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Ignition engine; Hydrogen”

A method of exhaust heat recovery from a spark-ignition internal combustion engine was explored, utilizing a steam reforming thermochemical reactor to produce a hydrogen-rich effluent, which was then consumed in the engine. The effects of hydrogen in the combustion process have been studied extensively, and it has been shown that an extension of the lean stability limit is possible through hydrogen enrichment. The system efficiency and the extension of the operational range of an internal combustion engine were explored through the use of a methane fueled naturally aspirated single cylinder engine co-fueled with syngas produced with an on board methane steam reformer. It was demonstrated that an extension of the lean stability limit is possible using this system.

On-board hydrogen and syngas production is considered as a transition solution from fossil fuel to hydrogen powered vehicles until problems associated with hydrogen infrastructure, distribution and storage are resolved. A hydrogen- or syngas-rich stream, which substitutes part of the main hydrocarbon fuel, can be produced by supplying diesel fuel in a fuel-reforming reactor, integrated within the exhaust pipe of a diesel engine. The primary aim of this project was to investigate the effects of intake air enrichment with product gas on the performance, combustion and emissions of a diesel engine. The novelty of this study was the utilisation of the dilution effect of the reformate, combined with replacement of part of the hydrocarbon fuel in the engine cylinder by either hydrogen or syngas. The experiments were performed using a fully instrumented, prototype 2.0 litre Ford HSDI diesel engine. The engine was tested in four different operating conditions, representative for light- and medium-duty diesel engines. The product gas was simulated by bottled gases, the composition of which resembled that of typical diesel reformer product gas. In each operating condition, the percentage of the bottled gases and the start of diesel injection were varied in order to find the optimum operating points. The results showed that when the intake air was enriched with hydrogen, smoke and CO emissions decreased at the expense of NOx. Supply of nitrogen-rich combustion air into the engine resulted in a reduction in NOx emissions; nevertheless, this technique had a detrimental effect on smoke and CO emissions. Under low-speed low-load operation, enrichment of the intake air with a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen led to simultaneous reductions in NOx, smoke and CO emissions. Introduction of a mixture of syngas and nitrogen into the engine resulted in simultaneous reductions in NOx and smoke emissions over a wide range of the engine operating window. Admission of bottled gases into the engine had a negative impact on brake thermal efficiency. Although there are many papers in the literature dealing with the effects of intake air enrichment with separate hydrogen, syngas and nitrogen, no studies were found examining how a mixture composed of hydrogen and nitrogen or syngas and nitrogen would affect a diesel engine. Apart from making a significant contribution to existing knowledge, it is 3 believed that this research work will benefit the development of an engine-reformer system since the product gas is mainly composed of either a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen or a mixture of syngas and nitrogen.

In this thesis Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) is used to investigate the development of turbulent premixed flame kernels during the early stages of growth typical of the period following spark ignition. Two distinct aspects of this phase are considered: the interaction of the expanding kernel with a field of decaying turbulence, and the chemical and thermo-diffusive response of the flame for different fresh-gas compositions. In the first part of the study, three-dimensional, repeated simulations with single-step chemistry are used to generate ensemble statistics of global flame growth. The surface-conditioned mean fluid-velocity magnitude is found to vary significantly across different isosurfaces of the reaction progress variable, and this is shown to lead to a bias in the distribution of the Surface Density Function (SDF) around the developing flame. Two-dimensional simulations in an extended domain indicate that this effect translates into a similar directional bias in the Flame Surface Density (FSD) at later stages in the kernel development. Properties of the fresh gas turbulence decay are assessed from an independent, non-reacting simulation database. In the second part of this study, two-dimensional simulations with a detailed 68-step reaction mechanism are used to investigate the thermo-diffusive response of pure methane-air, and hydrogen-enriched methane-air flames. The changes in local and global behaviour due to the different laminar flame characteristics, and the response of the flames to strain and curvature are examined at different equivalence ratios and turbulence intensities. Mechanisms leading to flame quenching are discussed and the effect of mean flame curvature is assessed through comparison with an equivalent planar flame. The effects of hydrogen addition are found to be particularly pronounced in flame kernels due to the higher positive stretch rates and reduced thermo-diffusive stability of hydrogen-enriched flames.

As part of an effort to find use for electric energy produced by wind turbines, Basin Electric started a program to produce hydrogen through electrolysis. It is not enough to simply produce hydrogen, there needs to be uses for the hydrogen in order to make the project worth pursuing. Hydrogen can be used to supplement diesel fuel in the combustion process in a compression ignition engine. This research will go over two engines which were tested running different combinations of hydrogen and diesel fuel. The results will show how both engines were able to replace up to 50% of the diesel fuel energy input with hydrogen. This paper will also talk about how the addition of hydrogen affects the combustion process by increasing the peak cylinder pressure by 44% and advancing the peak cylinder pressure by 13? of crank angle.

The objective of this research was to investigate the applicability of hydrogen as a fuel for compression ignition engines. The research indicates that hydrogen is a suitable fuel for “compression ignition” (CI) engines, “fumigated diesel” (FD), “homogeneous charge compression ignition” (HCCI) and “direct injection of hydrogen” (DIH2). Peculiarities of the various modes of operation with hydrogen were investigated using a high speed commercial direct injection diesel engine, Deutz 1FL 511 with a compression ratio of 17:1, as well as a simulation model to assist with on the understanding of certain phenomena that were impossible to reproduce due to the engine and transducers physical limitations. Instrumentation with high-speed data acquisition was designed and installed to measure crankshaft speed and position, airflow rate, inlet air pressure and temperature, fuel consumption, brake power, cylinder combustion pressure, and exhaust gas temperature. The design, construction and characterization of a pulse controlled hydrogen injection system for HCCI and DIH2 was carried out and discussed. In this research, special attention was paid to characterize and identify the operating parameters that control the hydrogen combustion in a CI engine. High rates of engine cylinder pressure rise were found when using hydrogen and some form of control solution is required. Simulation and engine tests were carried out to characterize and identify new design approaches to control such high rates of pressure rise, culminating in the proposal of a pulsed injection methodology, and also the use of the Miller cycle to mitigate the observed high rates of pressure rise. A number of possible iv innovative solutions and measures, making the hydrogen engine operation reliable and safe are also presented.

À ses débuts, la conquête spatiale a pu bénéficier des rivalités politiques de la Guerre Froide pour se développer rapidement sans réellement se soucier des efforts économiques à fournir. Aujourd’hui, de nombreux pays subissent le revers de la médaille de cette course effrénée : pour maintenir une flotte de lanceurs viable économiquement, les différentes agences spatiales doivent faire face à un dilemme opposant la minimisation des coûts de lancement à la maximisation de leur fiabilité. Dans cette logique d’optimisation, les industriels présents dans ce processus de réflexion se tournent vers la simulation numérique pour tenter d’améliorer leurs connaissances des technologies existantes, en particulier sur les zones d’ombres inaccessibles aux mesures expérimentales. Dans la lignée de plusieurs études théoriques et expérimentales, ces travaux visent à apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les phénomènes se produisant lors de l’allumage d’un moteur fusée cryotechnique. Ces recherches se tournent dans un premier temps vers l’amélioration de la modélisation de la flamme H2/O2. La validation d’une cinétique chimique réduite initialement destinée à la combustion H2/Air permet de justifier son utilisation lors de l’allumage. Puis, le développement d’un modèle de combustion turbulente pour le régime de flamme de diffusion est mené dans le but de palier aux limitations du modèle de flamme épaissie. Enfin, une analyse du cas où les régimes prémélangés et non-prémélangés sont présents tous les deux permet d’étudier un moyen simple de les distinguer même dans le cas où ils sont très proches. Dans un second temps, ces travaux se tournent vers l’étude de l’allumage dans un moteur fusée cryotechnique. Après avoir analysé de manière globale le calcul d’une séquence simplifiée, deux études plus approfondies sont menées pour investiguer, d’une part, les différents régimes de combustion, et d’autre part, les différents modes de propagation de la flamme propres à cette configuration.

Une des solutions pour diminuer les émissions polluantes émises par un moteur à combustion interne est de réinjecter une partie des gaz d'échappement (Exhaust Gas Recirculation, EGR) à l'admission. Cependant, dans le cas d'une dilution du mélange air-carburant trop importante, la combustion est plus instable voire ne pas s'entretenir. L'ajout d'une faible quantité d'hydrogène a le potentiel de contrer cet effet négatif de forte dilution. C'est dans ce contexte que ce travail de thèse est basé sur une étude détaillée des effets combinés de l'ajout de l'hydrogène et de la dilution dans un moteur à allumage commandé alimenté par du méthane ou de l'iso-octane. Dans la première partie de ce travail, le potentiel de l'ajout de l'hydrogène combiné à la dilution, en termes d'émissions polluantes et de rendement global du moteur, est montré. Dans la deuxième partie, afin de mieux comprendre l'effet de l'hydrogène et de la dilution dans un moteur à combustion interne et leurs influences sur les propriétés fondamentales de la combustion, la vitesse de combustion laminaire, paramètre fondamentale, a été déterminée expérimentalement pour des mélanges isooctane ou méthane avec de l'air contenant différents pourcentages d'hydrogène et de dilution. Des corrélations ont pu ainsi être formulées permettant d'estimer la vitesse fondamentale de combustion laminaire pour ces mélanges. Dans la dernière partie, l'utilisation de deux diagnostics optiques (la chemiluminescence de la flamme et la tomographie par plan laser du front de flamme couplé à la mesure de vitesse par vélocimétrie par imagerie de particules) a permis de quantifier l'effet de l'hydrogène et de la dilution sur la propagation de flamme turbulente dans un moteur à allumage commandé muni d'accès optiques. Nous avons ainsi montré que le la vitesse de combustion laminaire a un effet prépondérant, comparé au nombre de Lewis, sur la vitesse de combustion turbulente dans un moteur à allumage commandé.

碩士
逢甲大學
機械工程學所
97
This study chooses the hydrogen direct injection on the performance of the hydrogen engine to explore. The experiment engine adopts single cylinder and four strokes which converts gasoline fuel into hydrogen fuel. Moreover , modified on the engine, installed fuel injection systems,control systems, air intake system and power measuring device. Experimental results show that fuel injection timing in the intake stroke (270-300ObTDC) can successfully start the hydrogen engine, WOT status and hydrogen injection pressure 60bar amount maximum speed 2200rpm.That is disagreed with default target of 3600rpm. The major cause of ignition timing is not correct, when equivalence ratio changes ignition timing could not in the maximum torque (MBT) sparking. Followed by reasons include fuel injection pressure could not be changed with the equivalence ratio and the control circuit trigger signals as may be unstable. This thesis discuss our experimental results with references , discussion of the ignition timing, injection pressure, control circuit and the relationship between the experimental results. This research is insufficient ignition timing angle to crank angle 20O not yet reached the goal of the experiment caused.

Fossil fuel depletion and environmental factors had lead the search for alternative transportation fuels. One such alternative is hydrogen. Of the potential transportation fuels of the future hydrogen is the only one which is both sustainable and environmentally friendly. A good understanding of the quantitative and qualitative trends are available in the literature, for petrol driven vehicles, as established knowledge. However, understanding of the near zero emissions and associated conversion technology, using hydrogen as fuel, has been in the domain of few automotive applications around the world. This work is aimed at converting a commercially available vehicle to operate on hydrogen as a design and manufacturing exercise to showcase the use of alternative fuel. The chosen vehicle is the Honda CT110 motor bike or better known as the Australia Post `postie bike'. In this thesis, a rigorous design process for conversion to hydrogen is proposed and implemented from first principles. The test rig development associated with the calculations for fuel flow rates and associated engine management systems are an integral part of this overall systematic design. As part of the investigation an innovative fuel injection system together with fuel-air-intake system is designed and incorporated. Traditional problems with pre-ignition in hydrogen engines are found to be minimized by developed systematic design techniques. As part of this investigation a comprehensive range of engine operating conditions are investigated using both petrol and hydrogen as fuel. The comparisons have shown that for the same operating conditions, hydrogen powered vehicles suffer losses in power and thermal efficiency. With the performance requirements of the vehicle in mind the reductions in performance are not seen as a major compromise. Exhaust emission performance showed significant reduction in oxides of nitrogen and no significant emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Future potential developments suggested by this work is expected to improve performance outputs further.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
A constant-volume combustor is used to investigate the ignition initiated by a traversing jet of reactive hot gas, in support of combustion engine applications that include novel wave-rotor constant-volume combustion gas turbines and pre-chamber IC engines. The hot-jet ignition constant-volume combustor rig at the Combustion and Propulsion Research Laboratory at the Purdue School of Engineering and Technology at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) was used for this study. Lean premixed combustible mixture in a rectangular cuboid constant-volume combustor is ignited by a hot-jet traversing at different fixed speeds. The hot jet is issued via a converging nozzle from a cylindrical pre-chamber where partially combusted products of combustion are produced by spark- igniting a rich ethylene-air mixture. The main constant-volume combustor (CVC) chamber uses methane-air, hydrogen-methane-air and ethylene-air mixtures in the lean equivalence ratio range of 0.8 to 0.4. Ignition delay times and ignitability of these combustible mixtures as affected by jet traverse speed, equivalence ratio, and fuel type are investigated in this study.

Hydrogen Assisted Jet Ignition (HAJI) is an advanced ignition process that allows ignition of ultra-lean mixtures in an otherwise standard gasoline fuelled spark ignition engine. Under typical operating conditions, a small amount of H2 (~ 2 % ofthe main fuel energy or roughly the equivalent of 1 g/km of H2) is injected just before ignition in the region of the spark plug. By locating the spark plug in a small prechamber (less than 1 % of the clearance volume) and by employing a H2 rich mixture, the content of the prechamber is plentiful in the active species that form radicals H and OH on decomposition and has a relatively high energy level compared to the lean main chamber contents. Thus, the vigorous jets of chemically active combustion products that issue through orifices, which connect to the main chamber, burn the main charge rapidly and with almost no combustion variability (less than 2% coefficient of variation in IMEP even at λ = 2.5).
The benefits from the low temperature combustion at λ = 2 and leaner are that almost zero NOx is formed and there is an improvement in thermal efficiency. Efficiency improvements are a result of the elimination of dissociation, such as CO2 to CO, which normally occurs at high temperatures, together with reduced throttling losses to maintain the same road power. It is even possible to run the engine in an entirely unthrottled mode, but at λ = 5.
Although only a small amount of H2 is required for the HAJI process, it is difficult to both refuel H2 and store it onboard. In order to overcome these obstacles, the viability of a variety of more convenient fuels was experimentally assessed based on criteria such as combustion stability, lean limit and emission levels. The prechamber fuels tested were liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, reformed gasoline and carbon monoxide. Additionally, LPG was employed as the main fuel in conjunction with H2 or LPG in the prechamber. Furthermore, the effects of HAJI operation under sufficient exhaust gas recirculation to allow stoichiometric fuel-air supply, thus permitting three-way catalyst application were also examined.
In addition to experiments, prechamber and main chamber flame propagation modeling was completed to examine the effects of each prechamber fuel on the ignition of the main fuel, which consisted of either LPG or gasoline. The modeling and experimental results offered similar trends, with the modeling results giving insight into the physiochemical process by which main fuel combustion is initiated in the HAJI process.
Both the modeling and experimental results indicate that the level of ignition enhancement provided by HAJI is highly dependent on the generation of chemical species and not solely on the energy content of the prechamber fuel. Although H2 was found to be the most effective fuel, in a study of a very light load condition (70 kPa MAP) especially when running in the ultra-lean region, the alternative fuels were effective at running between λ = 2-2.5 with almost zero NOx formation. These lean limits are about twice the value possible with spark ignition (λ = 1.25) in this engine at similar load conditions. In addition, the LPG results are very encouraging as they offer the possibility of a HAJI like system where a commercially available fuel is used as both the main and prechamber fuel, while providing thermal efficiency improvements over stoichiometric operation and meeting current NOx emission standards.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Ignition by a jet of hot combustion product gas injected into a premixed combustible mixture from a separate pre-chamber is a complex phenomenon with jet penetration, vortex generation, flame and shock propagation and interaction. It has been considered a useful approach for lean, low-NOx combustion for automotive engines, pulsed detonation engines and wave rotor combustors. The hot-jet ignition constant-volume combustor (CVC) rig established at the Combustion and Propulsion Research Laboratory (CPRL) of the Purdue School of Engineering and Technology at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) is considered for numerical study. The CVC chamber contains stoichiometric methane-hydrogen blends, with pre-chamber being operated with slightly rich blends. Five operating and design parameters were investigated with respect to their eff ects on ignition timing. Di fderent pre-chamber pressure (2, 4 and 6 bar), CVC chamber fuel blends (Fuel-A: 30% methane + 70% hydrogen and Fuel-B: 50% methane + 50% hydrogen by volume), active radicals in pre-chamber combusted products (H, OH, O and NO), CVC chamber temperature (298 K and 514 K) and pre-chamber traverse speed (0.983 m/s, 4.917 m/s and 13.112 m/s) are considered which span a range of fluid-dynamic mixing and chemical time scales. Ignition delay of the fuel-air mixture in the CVC chamber is investigated using a detailed mechanism with 21 species and 84 elementary reactions (DRM19). To speed up the kinetic process adaptive mesh refi nement (AMR) based on velocity and temperature and multi-zone reaction technique is used. With 3D numerical simulations, the present work explains the e ffects of pre-chamber pressure, CVC chamber initial temperature and jet traverse speed on ignition for a speci fic set of fuels. An innovative post processing technique is developed to predict and understand the characteristics of ignition in 3D space and time. With the increase of pre-chamber pressure, ignition delay decreases for Fuel-A which is the relatively more reactive fuel blend. For Fuel-B which is relatively less reactive fuel blend, ignition occurs only for 2 bar pre-chamber pressure for centered stationary jet. Inclusion of active radicals in pre-chamber combusted product decreases the ignition delay when compared with only the stable species in pre-chamber combusted product. The eff ects of shock-flame interaction on heat release rate is observed by studying flame surface area and vorticity changes. In general, shock-flame interaction increases heat release rate by increasing mixing (increase the amount of deposited vorticity on flame surface) and flame stretching. The heat release rate is found to be maximum just after fast-slow interaction. For Fuel-A, increasing jet traverse speed decreases the ignition delay for relatively higher pre-chamber pressures (6 and 4 bar). Only 6 bar pre-chamber pressure is considered for Fuel-B with three di fferent pre-chamber traverse speeds. Fuel-B fails to ignite within the simulation time for all the traverse speeds. Higher initial CVC temperature (514 K) decreases the ignition delay for both fuels when compared with relatively lower initial CVC temperature (300 K). For initial temperature of 514 K, the ignition of Fuel-B is successful for all the pre-chamber pressures with lowest ignition delay observed for the intermediate 4 bar pre-chamber pressure. Fuel-A has the lowest ignition delay for 6 bar pre-chamber pressure. A speci fic range of pre-chamber combusted products mass fraction, CVC chamber fuel mass fraction and temperature are found at ignition point for Fuel-A which were liable for ignition initiation. The behavior of less reactive Fuel-B appears to me more complex at room temperature initial condition. No simple conclusions could be made about the range of pre-chamber and CVC chamber mass fractions at ignition point.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Ignition of a combustible mixture by a transient jet of hot reactive gas is important for safety of mines, pre-chamber ignition in IC engines, detonation initiation, and in novel constant-volume combustors. The present work is a numerical study of the hot-jet ignition process in a long constant-volume combustor (CVC) that represents a wave-rotor channel. The mixing of hot jet with cold mixture in the main chamber is first studied using non-reacting simulations. The stationary and traversing hot jets of combustion products from a pre-chamber is injected through a converging nozzle into the main CVC chamber containing a premixed fuel-air mixture. Combustion in a two-dimensional analogue of the CVC chamber is modeled using global reaction mechanisms, skeletal mechanisms, and detailed reaction mechanisms for four hydrocarbon fuels: methane, propane, ethylene, and hydrogen. The jet and ignition behavior are compared with high-speed video images from a prior experiment. Hybrid turbulent-kinetic schemes using some skeletal reaction mechanisms and detailed mechanisms are good predictors of the experimental data. Shock-flame interaction is seen to significantly increase the overall reaction rate due to baroclinic vorticity generation, flame area increase, stirring of non-uniform density regions, the resulting mixing, and shock compression. The less easily ignitable methane mixture is found to show higher ignition delay time compared to slower initial reaction and greater dependence on shock interaction than propane and ethylene. The confined jet is observed to behave initially as a wall jet and later as a wall-impinging jet. The jet evolution, vortex structure and mixing behavior are significantly different for traversing jets, stationary centered jets, and near-wall jets. Production of unstable intermediate species like C2H4 and CH3 appears to depend significantly on the initial jet location while relatively stable species like OH are less sensitive. Inclusion of minor radical species in the hot-jet is observed to reduce the ignition delay by 0.2 ms for methane mixture in the main chamber. Reaction pathways analysis shows that ignition delay and combustion progress process are entirely different for hybrid turbulent-kinetic scheme and kinetics-only scheme.