Artykuły w czasopismach: „Ideal Type”

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Farris, Sara R. "AN ‘IDEAL TYPE’ CALLEDORIENTALISM". Interventions 12, nr 2 (lipiec 2010): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2010.489701.

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Shepherd, Sue. "Managerialism: an ideal type". Studies in Higher Education 43, nr 9 (13.02.2017): 1668–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1281239.

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Röhrle, Gerhard. "Arrangements of ideal type". Journal of Algebra 484 (sierpień 2017): 126–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2017.04.008.

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Caforio, Giuseppe, i Marina Nuciari. "The Officer Profession: Ideal-Type". Current Sociology 42, nr 3 (grudzień 1994): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001139294042003005.

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Kvist, Jon. "Fuzzy set ideal type analysis". Journal of Business Research 60, nr 5 (maj 2007): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.01.005.

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Salusso-Deonier, Carol J., Nancy L. Markee i Elaine L. Pedersen. "Gender Differences in the Evaluation of Physical Attractiveness Ideals for Male and Female Body Builds". Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, nr 3_suppl (czerwiec 1993): 1155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1155.

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The purposes of this research were (1) to explore gender differences in the evaluation of physical attractiveness stimuli developed to represent commonly occurring real builds, (2) to identify observers' concepts of physical attractiveness ideals promoted by the media, and (3) to begin cross-validation of these stimuli as representations of observers' concepts of ideal physical attractiveness for male and female builds. Responses included (1) open-ended descriptions of ideal male and ideal female build, (2) ratings of relative attractiveness of 12 male and 15 female stimuli, (3) selections of stimulus types which best represented ideal builds, and (4) selections of stimulus types perceived to be promoted by the media. Analysis showed strong cross-validation among modes of response. Ideal male build included average/balanced type (small and medium), lean/broad-shouldered type (large), and muscular bulk type (medium). Ideal female body build included average/balanced type (small and medium) and lean/ broad-shouldered type (small and medium). Gender differences were in emphasis only. Women emphasized lean/broad-shouldered and average/balanced male types. Men emphasized the muscular bulk male type. Body types perceived to be media-promoted highlighted stereotypic male muscularity and female leanness.

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Gossett, Philip. "Carl Dahlhaus and the "Ideal Type"". 19th-Century Music 13, nr 1 (1989): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/746211.

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Aran, Gideon. "Striking Home: Ideal-Type of Terrorism". Terrorism and Political Violence 31, nr 5 (27.03.2017): 987–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2017.1300581.

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Breuer, S. "Towards an Ideal Type of Fascism". Max Weber Studies 8, nr 1 (2008): 11–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15543/mws/2008/1/2.

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Eliaeson, Sven. "Max Weber's methodology: An ideal-type". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 36, nr 3 (2000): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(200022)36:3<241::aid-jhbs3>3.0.co;2-c.

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Gossett, Philip. "Carl Dahlhaus and the "Ideal Type"". 19th-Century Music 13, nr 1 (lipiec 1989): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.1989.13.1.02a00050.

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Křivan, Vlastimil. "The Allee-type ideal free distribution". Journal of Mathematical Biology 69, nr 6-7 (4.12.2013): 1497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00285-013-0742-y.

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Plewik, Szymon. "Ideals of nowhere Ramsey sets are isomorphic". Journal of Symbolic Logic 59, nr 2 (czerwiec 1994): 662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275415.

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AbstractWe introduce a notion of ideal type such that any two ideals with the same ideal type are isomorphic. From this we infer, under the axiom t = h, that each ideal which consists of all nowhere Ramsey sets contained in some family of infinite subsets of natural numbers is isomorphic with the ideal of all nowhere Ramsey sets.

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Bull, Martin J. "The Corporatist Ideal-Type and Political Exchange". Political Studies 40, nr 2 (czerwiec 1992): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1992.tb01383.x.

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The fundamental reason for corporatism's persistence in political science debates is its failure to respond to the demands of political theory and present a convincing ideal-type to capture the relationship between interest groups and the state. Corporatist writers have misused ideal-types and the most refined example to date of the corporatist ideal-type (Cawson's) is structurally flawed. There are more profound problems than this, however, in the construction of a corporatist ideal-type because of the nature of the dynamics at the heart of the corporatist process: political exchange. Every change of paradigm begins with a new exaggeration.1

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Gerhardt, Uta. "The Use of Weberian Ideal-Type Methodology in Qualitative Data Interpretation: an Outline for Ideal-Type Analysis". Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 45, nr 1 (grudzień 1994): 74–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/075910639404500105.

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Àlvarez Montaner, Josep, i Francesc Planas-Vilanova. "Divisors of expected Jacobian type". MATHEMATICA SCANDINAVICA 127, nr 2 (31.08.2021): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/math.scand.a-126042.

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Divisors whose Jacobian ideal is of linear type have received a lot of attention recently because of its connections with the theory of $D$-modules. In this work we are interested on divisors of expected Jacobian type, that is, divisors whose gradient ideal is of linear type and the relation type of its Jacobian ideal coincides with the reduction number with respect to the gradient ideal plus one. We provide conditions in order to be able to describe precisely the equations of the Rees algebra of the Jacobian ideal. We also relate the relation type of the Jacobian ideal to some $D$-module theoretic invariant given by the degree of the Kashiwara operator.

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NG, CHI–KEUNG, i NGAI–CHING WONG. "On the decomposition into Discrete, Type II and Type III C*-algebras". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 165, nr 3 (22.08.2017): 475–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004117000627.

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AbstractWe obtained a “decomposition scheme” of C*-algebras. We show that the classes of discrete C*-algebras (as defined by Peligard and Zsidó), type II C*-algebras and type III C*-algebras (both defined by Cuntz and Pedersen) form a good framework to “classify” C*-algebras. In particular, we found that these classes are closed under strong Morita equivalence, hereditary C*-subalgebras as well as taking “essential extension” and “normal quotient”. Furthermore, there exist the largest discrete finite ideal Ad,1, the largest discrete essentially infinite ideal Ad,∞, the largest type II finite ideal AII,1, the largest type II essentially infinite ideal AII,∞, and the largest type III ideal AIII of any C*-algebra A such that Ad,1 + Ad,∞ + AII,1 + AII,∞ + AIII is an essential ideal of A. This “decomposition” extends the corresponding one for W*-algebras.We also give a closer look at C*-algebras with Hausdorff primitive ideal spaces, AW*-algebras as well as local multiplier algebras of C*-algebras. We find that these algebras can be decomposed into continuous fields of prime C*-algebras over a locally compact Hausdorff space, with each fiber being non-zero and of one of the five types mentioned above.

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Terada, Atsuhiro. "The Ideal Type as a Comparative Concept". Annual review of sociology 1988, nr 1 (1988): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5690/kantoh.1988.47.

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SUZUKI, Munenori. "Rationality as an ideal-type and understandability". Annual review of sociology 1995, nr 8 (1995): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5690/kantoh.1995.13.

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Park, Sol Ji. "Ideal Type of Post-Unification Discourse, Democracy". Journal of the Humanities for Unification 72 (31.12.2017): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21185/jhu.2017.12.72.5.

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Мнацаканян, Мкртич. "Nationalism: Ideal Type and Forms of Manifestations". Полис. Политические исследования, nr 6 (2007): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2007.06.03.

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Amend, Nils, i Gerhard Röhrle. "The topology of arrangements of ideal type". Algebraic & Geometric Topology 19, nr 3 (21.05.2019): 1341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/agt.2019.19.1341.

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Lindbekk, Tore. "The Weberian Ideal-type: Development and Continuities". Acta Sociologica 35, nr 4 (październik 1992): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000169939203500402.

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Davis, Tamara M., Brian P. Schmidt i Alex G. Kim. "Ideal Bandpasses for Type Ia Supernova Cosmology". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 118, nr 840 (luty 2006): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/499116.

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Pombeni, Paolo. "Charismatic leadership between ideal type and ideology". Journal of Political Ideologies 13, nr 1 (luty 2008): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569310701822248.

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Cuntz, Michael, Gerhard Röhrle i Anne Schauenburg. "Arrangements of ideal type are inductively free". International Journal of Algebra and Computation 29, nr 05 (8.07.2019): 761–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196719500267.

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Extending earlier work by Sommers and Tymoczko, in 2016, Abe, Barakat, Cuntz, Hoge, and Terao established that each arrangement of ideal type [Formula: see text] stemming from an ideal [Formula: see text] in the set of positive roots of a reduced root system is free. Recently, Röhrle showed that a large class of the [Formula: see text] satisfy the stronger property of inductive freeness and conjectured that this property holds for all [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we confirm this conjecture.

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Adams, Tracey L., Stewart Clegg, Gil Eyal, Mike Reed i Mike Saks. "Connective professionalism: Towards (yet another) ideal type". Journal of Professions and Organization 7, nr 2 (1.07.2020): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpo/joaa013.

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ABSTRACT In this essay, four leading scholars provide critical commentary on an article entitled ‘Protective or Connective Professionalism? How Connected Professionals Can (Still) Act as Autonomous and Authoritative Experts’ (Noordegraaf, 2020, Journal of Professions and Organization, 7/2). Of central concern to all four commentators is Noordegraaf’s use of ideal types as a heuristic device to make his case and capture historical change over time. While some question the usefulness of ideal types, others question Noordegraaf’s use of them. The commentators raise additional concerns, especially the limited attention to variations across professions, geographic regions, and limited attention to social–historical contexts.

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Athanassiadou, E., A. Boccuto, X. Dimitriou i N. Papanastassiou. "Ascoli-type theorems and ideal (α)-convergence". Filomat 26, nr 2 (2012): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1202397a.

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We investigate fundamental properties of I-exhaustiveness and I-convergence of real-valued function sequences, giving some characterizations. Furthermore, we establish new versions of Ascoli and Helly theorems, giving also applications to measure theory. Finally, we pose an open problem.

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Schwartz, Justin. "Propositional attitude psychology as an ideal type". Topoi 11, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00768296.

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ABADI, MARTÍN, BENJAMIN PIERCE i GORDON PLOTKIN. "FAITHFUL IDEAL MODELS FOR RECURSIVE POLYMORPHIC TYPES". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 02, nr 01 (marzec 1991): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054191000029.

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We explore ideal models for a programming language with recursive polymorphic types, variants of the model studied by MacQueen, Plotkin, and Sethi. The use of suitable ideals yields a close fit between models and programming language. Two of our semantics of type expressions are faithful, in the sense that programs that behave identically in all contexts have exactly the same types.

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Bakery, Awad A., i Mustafa M. Mohammed. "Small Pre-Quasi Banach Operator Ideals of Type Orlicz-Cesáro Mean Sequence Spaces". Journal of Function Spaces 2019 (2.05.2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7265010.

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In this paper, we give the sufficient conditions on Orlicz-Cesáro mean sequence spaces cesφ, where φ is an Orlicz function such that the class Scesφ of all bounded linear operators between arbitrary Banach spaces with its sequence of s-numbers which belong to cesφ forms an operator ideal. The completeness and denseness of its ideal components are specified and Scesφ constructs a pre-quasi Banach operator ideal. Some inclusion relations between the pre-quasi operator ideals and the inclusion relations for their duals are explained. Moreover, we have presented the sufficient conditions on cesφ such that the pre-quasi Banach operator ideal generated by approximation number is small. The above results coincide with that known for cesp (1<p<∞).

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Ashby, Arved. "Schoenberg, Boulez, and Twelve-Tone Composition as “Ideal Type”". Journal of the American Musicological Society 54, nr 3 (2001): 585–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2001.54.3.585.

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Abstract Twelve-tone music is often defined empirically, in generalized terms of compositional practice. I contend that historians and theorists have neglected a heuristic perspective of twelve-tone composition. One heuristic model proves particularly helpful: the “ideal type,” first described by social scientist Max Weber in “Objectivity' in Social Science and Social Policy” (1904). Weber's ideal type can help to move the discussion away from scientistic ideas of problem solving and overly abstract invocations of “the twelve-tone idea,” and toward what Weber would call the “cultural significance” of twelve-tone methodologies (a move in line with influential revisions to the historiography of scientific “problem solving” proposed by Thomas Kuhn and Imre Lakatos). Differences of perspective between Arnold Schoenberg and the young Pierre Boulez, at about the time the latter first arrived at Darmstadt, highlight the difficulty in establishing a coherent history of twelve-tone compositional practice (as opposed to a heuristic “ideal type”). The anonymous typescript “Komposition mit zwöölf Töönen,” linked with Schoenberg's Viennese circle of the early 1920s, reveals how the early twelve-tone “discovery” described by Schoenberg is, no less than the later descriptions by Boulez, an a posteriori construct—or, as Kuhn and Lakatos might say, an ideological colonization of past practice.

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Kedar, Asaf. "Ideal Types as Hermeneutic Concepts". Journal of the Philosophy of History 1, nr 3 (2007): 318–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187226307x229380.

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AbstractMy paper sets out to demonstrate that Weber's ideal-typical theory of concept formation, subject to certain modifications, is compatible with the principles of philosophical hermeneutics and is therefore a valuable strategy of concept formation for interpretive historical inquiry. The essay begins with a brief recapitulation of the philosophical-hermeneutic approach to the human sciences. I then chart out the affinities as well as the discrepancies between philosophical hermeneutics and Weber's theory of the ideal type. Against this backdrop, I proceed to offer a number of correctives and additions to Weber's theory so as to tighten its fit with philosophical hermeneutics. First, I argue that the ideal type's proper logic of concept formation is a logic of significance rather than a logic of commonality. Second, I claim that the relationship between the various empirical cases to which a given ideal type is (or can be) applied is a Wittgensteinian relationship of family resemblance. Finally, I present two main kinds of epistemological functions that ideal types can fulfill within the framework of historical inquiry: argumentative and orientational-clarificatory.

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KARAMZADEH, O. A. S., i B. MOSLEMI. "ON G-TYPE DOMAINS". Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 11, nr 01 (luty 2012): 1250005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498811005294.

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In this paper, we introduce and study the notion of G-type domains (a domain R is G-type if its quotient field is countably generated R-algebra). We extend some of the basic properties of G-domains to G-type domains. It's observed that a prime ideal of R[x1, x2,…,xn,…] is G-type if and only if its contractions in R, R[x1, x2,…,xn] for all n ≥ 1 are G-type. Using this concept we give a natural proof of the well-known Hilbert Nullstellensatz in infinite countable-dimensional spaces. Characterizations of Noetherian G-type domains, Noetherian G-type domains with the countable prime avoidance property are given. As a consequence, we observe that in complete Noetherian semi-local rings, G-type ideals and G-ideals are the same. Rings with countable Noetherian dimension which are direct sum of G-type domains are fully determined. Finally, we characterize Noetherian rings in which G-type ideals are maximal.

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Chatters, A. W. "Idealiser Rings of Injective Dimension One". Algebra Colloquium 13, nr 02 (czerwiec 2006): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1005386706000228.

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We study a certain type of prime Noetherian idealiser ring R of injective dimension 1, and prove for instance that the idempotent ideals of R are projective and that every non-zero projective ideal of R is uniquely of the form UE for some invertible ideal U and idempotent ideal E of R. Formulae are given for the number of idempotent ideals of R and the number of orders which contain R.

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Bohle, Martin. "Ideal-Type Narratives for Engineering a Human Niche". Geosciences 7, nr 1 (22.03.2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences7010018.

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Morrow, Raymond, i Susan Hekman. "Weber, the Ideal Type, and Contemporary Social Theory". Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 10, nr 4 (1985): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3340065.

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김소영. "The Philosopher-King As Ideal Type of Education". Journal of Educational Idea 24, nr 1 (kwiecień 2010): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17283/jkedi.2010.24.1.17.

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Townsend, Simon. "Beyond the Myth of the Nietzschean Ideal-Type". European Journal of Philosophy 25, nr 3 (1.12.2016): 617–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12169.

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Beatrous, Frank, i Song-Ying Li. "Trace ideal criteria for operators of Hankel type". Illinois Journal of Mathematics 39, nr 4 (grudzień 1995): 723–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/ijm/1255986274.

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Ferri, Sabrina. "Literature in the University: Giambattista Vico’s Ideal Type". Italian Culture 35, nr 2 (22.12.2016): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01614622.2017.1258787.

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Deszcz, Ryszard, Małgorzata Głogowska, Miroslava Petrović-Torgašev i Leopold Verstraelen. "On the Roter Type of Chen Ideal Submanifolds". Results in Mathematics 59, nr 3-4 (2.04.2011): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00025-011-0109-x.

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Neely, Claire. "An ideal pathway when diagnosing type 1 diabetes". British Journal of Nursing 30, nr 5 (11.03.2021): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.5.266.

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SINGH, PRITI, i AVINASH KUMAR. "On reduction and relation type of an ideal". JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 65, nr 5 (2021): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37398/jsr.2021.650526.

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Dean, Janice. "Ideal Type Organisations and Company Law in Europe". European Business Law Review 23, Issue 4 (1.07.2012): 461–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2012026.

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Different national cultures within Western Europe have very different models of what constitutes a 'well-functioning organisation'. Looking at the nations with the largest economies in the European Union (the French, Germans, Italians and British), the author considers how some of these different models (the 'pyramid', the 'machine', the 'family' and the 'market') have influenced the company laws of the countries in which they are prevalent. The piece then considers the implications for European Union company law of the variations between the predominant national models. Strengths and weaknesses of the various ideal types of organization and other possible models are considered. This article will examine companies in the quartet of European Union countries which have an annual GDP exceeding 1.5 trillion euros: Germany, France, the UK and Italy. Very broadly, two of them, France and Italy are Southern European (traditionally mainly Catholic) in culture as well as geographically, the other two are Northern European (historically mainly Protestant). The four nations remain diverse in economic structure, and particularly in average company size and the use of capital markets, although (with Germany being much the largest) the scale of the economies is similar. These major European Union countries also have different pre dominant models of effective corporate organisation, regulation and management. The discussion will contend that the diverse sets of regulations in part stem from, and are connected to, varied models of what constitutes a 'well-functioning organisation' in the four nations. These pervasive 'ideal types' of the effective organisation might be expected to influence what governments, shareholders and other stakeholders expect of the major companies and how corporate leaders behave. In the European Union, it is argued that national cultures, including views of what constitutes a well-functioning organisation, still provide the basis for social interaction including business activity. Some implications of these underlying differences of perspective for greater co-ordination of company law at European Union level will also be addressed. The strengths and weaknesses of the various 'ideal types' of organisation will be considered. Finally, some possible alternative conceptions of the 'well-organised' company in the 21st Century will be discussed. The continuing diversity of national cultures between Germany, France, the UK and Italy is reflected in their nationals' preferred ways of conceptualising organisations, including major business organisations. Hofstede quotes Owen J Stevens' study at INSEAD Business School - "The majority of the French tended to resolve [a conflict] by referring to the hierarchy; the British, through horizontal negotiation; and the Germans, through the establishment of procedures. Stevens identified the implicit model of a well-functioning organization for the French as a pyramid, that for the British as a (village) market, and that for the Germans are a well-oiled machine." As far as Italy is concerned, the 'family' model remains most salient. These observations led the current author to further examination of those models in the national contexts as they connected to company law. Questions of the adequacy or otherwise of those mental pictures also arose.

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Kettunen, Eeva, Tiina Kemppainen, Matias Lievonen, Markus Makkonen, Lauri Frank i Tuomas Kari. "Identifying the Ideal Types of Online Shoppers". International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications 12, nr 2 (kwiecień 2020): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesma.2020040104.

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The tremendous increase in online shopping has created a growing demand to understand online shopping behavior. This study contributes to this understanding by identifying ideal types among online shoppers. An ideal type is an analytical construct used to ascertain similarities and deviations to concrete cases in an individual phenomenon. Theoretically, the study draws from different perspectives to create a multifaceted view of online shoppers. The purpose is not to categorize online shoppers under a specific category but rather to help understand different typically occurring online shopping behaviors. Through thematic analysis of the data from 31 participants, this study presents five ideal types of online shoppers: conservative shoppers, rational shoppers, hedonistic shoppers, spontaneous shoppers, and vanguard shoppers. The formed ideal types serve as the main theoretical contribution of this study. From a practical standpoint, implications for online shop providers on how to accommodate the needs of each ideal type are provided.

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O'Carroll, Liam, i Francesc Planas-Vilanova. "Ideals of Herzog–Northcott type". Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society 54, nr 1 (19.01.2011): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0013091509001321.

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AbstractThis paper takes a new look at ideals generated by 2×2 minors of 2×3 matrices whose entries are powers of three elements not necessarily forming a regular sequence. A special case of this is the ideals determining monomial curves in three-dimensional space, which were studied by Herzog. In the broader context studied here, these ideals are identified as Northcott ideals in the sense of Vasconcelos, and so their liaison properties are displayed. It is shown that they are set-theoretically complete intersections, revisiting the work of Bresinsky and of Valla. Even when the three elements are taken to be variables in a polynomial ring in three variables over a field, this point of view gives a larger class of ideals than just the defining ideals of monomial curves. We then characterize when the ideals in this larger class are prime, we show that they are usually radical and, using the theory of multiplicities, we give upper bounds on the number of their minimal prime ideals, one of these primes being a uniquely determined prime ideal of definition of a monomial curve. Finally, we provide examples of characteristic-dependent minimal prime and primary structures for these ideals.

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BÖHM, JANKO, WOLFRAM DECKER i MATHIAS SCHULZE. "LOCAL ANALYSIS OF GRAUERT–REMMERT-TYPE NORMALIZATION ALGORITHMS". International Journal of Algebra and Computation 24, nr 01 (luty 2014): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196714500064.

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Normalization is a fundamental ring-theoretic operation; geometrically it resolves singularities in codimension one. Existing algorithmic methods for computing the normalization rely on a common recipe: successively enlarge the given ring in form of an endomorphism ring of a certain (fractional) ideal until the process becomes stationary. While Vasconcelos' method uses the dual Jacobian ideal, Grauert–Remmert-type algorithms rely on so-called test ideals. For algebraic varieties, one can apply such normalization algorithms globally, locally, or formal analytically at all points of the variety. In this paper, we relate the number of iterations for global Grauert–Remmert-type normalization algorithms to that of its local descendants. We complement our results by a study of ADE singularities. All intermediate singularities occurring in the normalization process are determined explicitly. Besides ADE singularities the process yields simple space curve singularities from the list of Frühbis-Krüger.

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Flynn, Mark Allen, Emily Cotchett i Linda Lin. "The relationship between men’s peer and social media muscularity ideal discrepancies and body satisfaction". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 37, nr 5 (11.02.2020): 1534–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407520903387.

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Previous studies have shown that discrepancy between perceptions of one’s actual body type and the ideal bodies of their peers is an important factor for one’s body satisfaction. However, there is a lack of research assessing the formation of media-specific discrepancies, the impact of different types of discrepancies together, and discrepancies in adult men. The current study explored the impact of adult men’s actual and ideal body perceptions on their body satisfaction. Data were collected on the discrepancies between men’s actual muscularity and perceptions of their off-line male and female peers’ male ideal, and perceptions of the male ideal from men and women on social networking sites (SNSs). A total of 277 adult men ( Mage = 36.55; SD = 11.34) completed a survey online. Actual–ideal discrepancies were present for all four comparison ideals. Overall body satisfaction was significantly linked to the close female friend ideal discrepancy, whereas muscularity satisfaction was connected to all four comparison ideals. Body fat satisfaction was not impacted by any of the discrepancies. The most significant predictor of muscularity satisfaction was the close female friends’ ideal discrepancy. Implications suggest the continued use of self-discrepancy theory in new contexts, and continued importance of off-line relationships, despite SNS use.

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GONZALEZ, O., i R. DE LA LLAVE. "EXISTENCE OF IDEAL KNOTS". Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 12, nr 01 (luty 2003): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216503002354.

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Ideal knots are curves are that maximize the scale invariant ratio of thickness to length. Here we present a simple argument to establish the existence of ideal knots for each knot type and each isotopy class and show that they are C1,1 curves.

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