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DI, FABIO SILVIO. "Essays on ICT diffusion." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/253659.
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Questa tesi introduce una classe di modelli epidemici di diffusione specificamente adattati alla descrizione e all'analisi delle tecnologie ICT, mediante la definizione di un mercato potenziale dinamico che dipende dalla dimensione della rete del numero di individui che hanno già adottato. Rispetto ai tradizionali prodotti “stand alone”, le tecnologie ICT hanno caratteristiche peculiari e differenti comportamenti di adozione che possono essere spiegati dagli effetti e dalle esternalità di rete. Dopo una panoramica dello stato dell'arte della letteratura sulla diffusione delle innovazioni e sulle reti (capitolo 1), viene presentato il lavoro teorico (capitolo 2). Qui, eseguiamo uno studio funzionale sistematico che conduce alla costruzione di una classe di nuovi modelli, alla loro parametrizzazione e analisi in statica comparata, e infine alla simulazione. Il modello di Bass, che assume un mercato potenziale fisso, è preso come riferimento per le comparazioni, oltre ad essere la struttura portante della nostra classe di modelli. Dalle simulazioni emerge che la nostra classe di modelli è in grado di descrivere gli effetti di rete (e le esternalità) e il loro ruolo nel plasmare la diffusione di tali tecnologie. Nel capitolo 3, testiamo la capacità di questa classe di modelli di spiegare empiricamente, con i dati di mercato, i percorsi storici di diffusione delle ICT, cercando di derivarne implicazioni utili per il policy maker (ad esempio, nel campo delle attuali agende digitali). Questo capitolo presenta la stima econometrica NLS dei modelli costruiti, prendendo come riferimento i percorsi di diffusione delle tecnologie a banda larga in alcuni paesi dell'UE: in particolare, ci concentriamo sulle serie storiche ITU di abbonamenti a banda larga fissa dei “cinque grandi” paesi europei. Le stime econometriche confermano che la nostra classe di modelli fornisce uno strumento analitico ed empirico originale per catturare e stilizzare i fenomeni di rete che dominano i percorsi di diffusione dei principali mercati delle telecomunicazioni e dei media, come la banda larga fissa. Come tale, consente anche una serie di esercizi di valutazione delle politiche future.<br>This thesis introduces a class of epidemic diffusion models specifically tailored to the description and analysis of ICT technologies, by defining a dynamic potential market that depends on the network size of the number of individuals who have already adopted. Compared to traditional “stand alone” products, ICT technologies have peculiar characteristics and different adoption behaviours that can be explained by network effects and externalities. After an overview of the state of the art of the literature on the diffusion of innovations and on networks (chapter 1), the theoretical work is presented (chapter 2). Here, we carry out a systematic functional study leading to the construction of a class of new models, to their parameterization and analysis in comparative statics, and finally simulation. The basic Bass model, which assumes a fixed potential market, is taken as a reference for comparisons, beside being the backbone of our class of models. From the simulations, it emerges that our class of models is able to describe the network effects (and externalities) and their role in shaping the diffusion of such technologies. In chapter 3, we test the capability of this class of models to explain empirically, with market data, the historical ICT diffusion paths, trying to derive useful implications for the policy-maker (for example, in the realm of contemporary digital agendas). This chapter features the NLS econometric estimation of the previous models, taking as a reference the real diffusion paths of broadband technologies in selected EU countries: in particular, we focus on the ITU time series of fixed broadband subscriptions of the "five big" European countries. The econometric estimates confirm that our class of models provides an original analytical and empirical instrument for capturing and stylizing the network phenomena that dominate the diffusion paths of the main telecommunications and media markets, such as fixed broadband. As such, it also enables a series of future policy evaluation exercises.
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Alkalbani, Saeed. "Exploring ICT adoption and diffusion in the Omani construction industry." Thesis, University of Salford, 2009. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26524/.
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Realising the importance of the need to shift its economy away from its oil and gas resources, the government of the Sultanate of Oman has developed and launched a long-term development strategy, the 'Oman Vision 2020' plan (1996-2020) which focuses on ICT and the fundamental establishment of a knowledge economy to increase Oman's economic productivity and thereby improve the citizens' livelihood. However, the Omani construction sector, in particular, is lagging behind this vision. Worldwide, construction is the largest industrial sector, and currently in Oman the construction industry is considered to be one of the most important contributors to GDP, and is the largest private sector in terms of employment. The Omani construction economy is deregulated; it is open to external investors who are creating a highly competitive environment which is putting local organisations at threat, many of which are now operating in survival mode. Current practices rely on traditional, paper based processes; communications and collaboration on construction projects are conducted mostly via traditional methods with little use of technology other than telephone and fax; computers and advanced ICT are employed in an ad hoc manner, and there is little evidence of knowledge management. There are a number of limitations, problems, and barriers to the effective development of the industry, and a considerable gap exists between the modus operandi of the construction sectors in the developed economies and that in Oman. The outcome of this research is a staged ICT Construction Roadmap for the diffusion of ICT in the Omani construction industry to bring construction in line with the Sultanate's Oman Vision 2020. Oman has a long road to follow as it needs first to attain the technological capability and maturity already achieved elsewhere in the world. Once the industry has achieved this, it will then be able to continue advancing with the industries elsewhere and thereby be in a position to compete at an international level.
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Fung, Shu-fun. "Diffusion and innovation of ICT in Hong Kong school practice." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40039961.
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Fung, Shu-fun, and 馮樹勳. "Diffusion and innovation of ICT in Hong Kong school practice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40039961.
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Jagodic, Jana. "The role of an ICT change agent in ICT diffusion within technology projects in public and private sector setting." Thesis, University of Ballarat, 2008. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/38046.
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Rapid changes in the competitive environment and increasing customer demands drive the public and private sectors to innovate by continually investing millions of dollars in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) projects. Basically, organisations depend on ICT technology for every part of their business. Companies are not only challenged to apply new technologies to remain competitive, they also need to spread (diffuse), manage and implement technological innovation across extended organisational boundaries. Diffusion, management and implementation of ICT innovation involve a considerable amount of risk and potentially protracted delays of technological projects. As a consequence of high demand for ICT innovation, as well as the risk of failure, a wide range of organisations such as state agencies and banks now employ so-called change agents to diffuse, manage and implement innovation within technological projects. While a large number of academics and practitioners are concerned with change agents who alter organisational culture, structure and processes, relatively little research has been undertaken on the role of ICT change agents in the innovation process. Thus, this professional doctorate study aims to fill that gap by exploring ICT change agents’ project work experiences within state agencies and banks and fuse them with theory. The research is based on case study methodology, including 41 cases within 12 target organisations in Australia and Germany. As a former ICT change agent, the researcher of this Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) study applied mixed research methods, also incorporating her ICT project experiences by using an individual reflection model. From this investigation emerged that change agents’ roles are embedded in components (organisational structure, project stages) and processes (ICT diffusion, informal networks). These findings underpin the model of ICT change agents who perform the multiple linker roles of these components and processes in order to deliver set project outcomes. The model is designed to inform practice by providing guidance for advanced ICT change agents’ training in public and private sector settings.<br>Doctor of Business Administration
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Jagodic, Jana. "The role of an ICT change agent in ICT diffusion within technology projects in public and private sector setting." University of Ballarat, 2008. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14613.
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Rapid changes in the competitive environment and increasing customer demands drive the public and private sectors to innovate by continually investing millions of dollars in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) projects. Basically, organisations depend on ICT technology for every part of their business. Companies are not only challenged to apply new technologies to remain competitive, they also need to spread (diffuse), manage and implement technological innovation across extended organisational boundaries. Diffusion, management and implementation of ICT innovation involve a considerable amount of risk and potentially protracted delays of technological projects. As a consequence of high demand for ICT innovation, as well as the risk of failure, a wide range of organisations such as state agencies and banks now employ so-called change agents to diffuse, manage and implement innovation within technological projects. While a large number of academics and practitioners are concerned with change agents who alter organisational culture, structure and processes, relatively little research has been undertaken on the role of ICT change agents in the innovation process. Thus, this professional doctorate study aims to fill that gap by exploring ICT change agents’ project work experiences within state agencies and banks and fuse them with theory. The research is based on case study methodology, including 41 cases within 12 target organisations in Australia and Germany. As a former ICT change agent, the researcher of this Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) study applied mixed research methods, also incorporating her ICT project experiences by using an individual reflection model. From this investigation emerged that change agents’ roles are embedded in components (organisational structure, project stages) and processes (ICT diffusion, informal networks). These findings underpin the model of ICT change agents who perform the multiple linker roles of these components and processes in order to deliver set project outcomes. The model is designed to inform practice by providing guidance for advanced ICT change agents’ training in public and private sector settings.<br>Doctor of Business Administration
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Peansupap, Vachara, and vachara peansupap@rmit edu au. "An Exploratory Approach to the Diffusion of ICT in a Project Environment." RMIT University. Property, Construction and Project Management, 2005. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20050331.101946.
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The research aims to understand the nature of ICT diffusion at the intra-organisational level. It uses both quantitative and qualitative research approaches to identify factors and processes influencing ICT diffusion at the actual implementation phase. The result indicates that management, individual and technology group factors are essential to ICT diffusion at the initial adoption stage. In addition, the integration of change management and knowledge sharing and learning theory to diffusion of innovation theory can help to better explain ICT diffusion at the actual implementation stage.
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Azam, Md Shah. "Diffusion of ICT and SME Performance : the mediating effects of integration and utilisation." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1964.
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This research examines the diffusion of ICT and its impact on SME performance with a special focus to the mediating effects of integration and utilisation of ICT. Applying a mixed method research approach, a qualitative field study followed by a quantitative survey, the study revealed that ICT usage didn’t contribute firm performance immediately. However Integration and proper utilisation are important variables which mediate the impact of ICT use on firm performance.
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White, Gerald Kingswood. "Diffusion of ICT in education and the role of collaboration: a study of EdNA." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2559.
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This research explored the diffusion of information and communications technology (ICT) innovations in education through a case study of Education Network Australia (EdNA) spanning fourteen years since EdNA's establishment in 1995.The study began by developing a comprehensive and original chronological history of the establishment, development and management of EdNA, with a particular focus on the collaboration amongst stakeholders in all of these phases. Four research questions were developed for the study to address. Evidence from documentary analysis, interviews with stakeholders and personal recollections was triangulated in addressing those questions.From a theoretical point of view, in the absence of theory specific to diffusion of ICT innovations in education, the research used as a theoretical starting point the work of Rogers (2003) on diffusion of innovations more generally. The analysis and interpretation of the literature related to Rogers’ theory highlighted that the likelihood of success of an innovation appears to be linked to its antecedents and pattern of its take up.An additional dimension of the theoretical framework of this study concerned the concept of collaboration amongst stakeholders – demonstrably a key concept in relation to EdNA, but one which has been very poorly defined in the literature. This study therefore developed a clear definition of collaboration in education for application to large scale projects such as EdNA, distilling the definition and characteristics of collaboration from previous work by Education.au Limited (2004) and Clark (2008).The above led to the theoretical proposition that the successful diffusion of an ICT innovation in education can be judged by its antecedents, its rate of population take up and the strength of collaboration associated with it. This theory was tested through a detailed analysis, using evidence from the EdNA case study.The findings of the study were that the new theory provided a robust basis for analysis of the diffusion of EdNA and the role of collaboration in that diffusion. Specifically, collaboration was found to be strong at high levels of influence (senior officials) in the establishment phases of the development of EdNA with leadership from the Commonwealth and a commitment to the initiative by State education and training Ministers and their senior staffs. The indicators of the likelihood of success were in place within five years after which time the national bodies sought a wider education technology agenda. The national initiative then operated by cooperation (Himmelmann, 1993) for a short period before moving to coordination by Education.au as the managing body in consultation with the Commonwealth and the States. During the coordination period innovation with EdNA services and new social technologies deployed on EdNA were strong and led to the emergence of online collaboration among users.The shift from national collaboration at a high level of influence in establishing the EdNA initiative to online collaboration among users as a result of innovation supports the proposal that collaboration in education is the process of co-creating knowledge while sharing physical or virtual space. However, this research did not support the view that the role of collaboration, beyond the establishment of the initiative, had a positive effect on the diffusion of ICT innovations in education because intensive collaboration is very demanding in terms of time and resources.This study addressed major theoretical and analytical gaps in the literature on diffusion of large-scale, national ICT innovations in education. It provides a sound basis for future research and practice.
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Persson, Johan, and Andreas Torbiörnsson. "Banking the Unbanked – The Case of Mobile Money in Nepal." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-125614.
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This thesis investigates ICT diffusion in the context of developing countries, morespecifically in the case of Mobile Money in the Asian country Nepal. Mobile Moneyhas recently emerged in Nepal and has the potential to improve the lives of millions.The aim of the thesis was to examine the dominant business models in Nepal and thebarriers and drivers for the future diffusion of Mobile Money in Nepal. This was donethrough a case study consisting of a field study in Nepal and an extensive literaturereview in the field of ICT diffusion and Mobile Money. Interviews with stakeholdersin the Mobile Money business ecosystem, observations and databases fromorganizations such as the World Bank were used as data sources. The results showthat there are both barriers and drivers for Mobile Money and that the attitudes ofinstitutions, in this case the central bank, have a high impact on diffusion. The introduction of a technology into a new context was affirmed to be a complex,multi-dimensional process. However, in the case of Nepal, one of the solutions couldbe to improve institutional attitudes and make the regulations more accommodating.<br>Detta examensarbete undersöker spridningen av informations- och kommunikationsteknik(ICT) i utvecklingsländer. Fallet som undersöks är ‘Mobile Money’ i Nepal.‘Mobile Money’ har nyligen introducerats i Nepal och har potentialen att förbättralivet för miljontals människor. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka dedominerande affärsmodellerna i Nepal samt vilka drivkrafter och hinder det finns föratt ‘Mobile Money’ ska spridas inom landet. För att möta syftet genomfördes enfältstudie i Nepal tillsammans med en omfattande litteraturstudie inom ICT spridningoch ‘Mobile Money’. Intervjuer med intressenter inom ‘Mobile Money’,observationer samt information från databaser från t.ex. Världsbanken har använtssom datakällor. Resultaten av studien visar att det finns både hinder och drivkrafterför ‘Mobile Money’ i Nepal och att inställningen hos landets institutioner, i detta fallCentralbanken, har en stor påverkan på spridningen. Införandet av teknik i en ny kontext, eller land i detta fall, visade sig vara en komplex,multidimensionell process. En lösning i Nepal skulle dock kunna vara att förbättraden institutionella attityden och göra regleringarna mer tillmötesgående.
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Taylor, Linnet. "Global travellers on the digital dirt road : international mobility, networks and ICT diffusion in Ghana." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/44712/.
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This thesis focuses on the intersection of human mobility and technology diffusion in Africa. With Ghana as a case study, it looks at how the diffusion of internet access and use are influenced by international mobility. The research is based in the literature on the diffusion of innovations, international knowledge transmission, migration and development, and Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D). It begins from the hypothesis that international mobility may contribute to lowering barriers to internet penetration in developing countries by facilitating flows of resources, including equipment, finance, skills and knowledge. The research is based on four different datasets: a survey of the internet cafes in the North of Ghana and in Accra; an online survey of users in northern internet cafes; a network study incorporating internet cafe owners and managers in higher-value-added areas of the IT sector, and in-depth interviews with policymakers and donor organisations involved in ICT4D interventions. The data was analysed using a combination of fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and network analytic techniques including visualisation, statistical analysis and qualitative analysis. The findings show that international mobility makes an important contribution to the base of adoption capacity for new technologies in poor and remote regions. It enables entrepreneurs and IT workers to address market gaps that restrict access to material and financial resources; by providing access to international circuits of knowledge and ideas which help individuals gain a foothold in the IT sector, and by facilitating local private-sector provision of the internet through internet cafes which serve the hardest-to-reach populations. The thesis concludes by suggesting potential entry points for ICT4D and migration policy in developing countries regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of ICT4D interventions, the role of the private sector in promoting internet usership, and the role of mobility in building adoption capacity in low-income areas.
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Hwang, Gyu-hee. "Diffusion of ICT and changes in skills : an empirical study for the 1980s in Britain." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343373.
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Al-Mobaideen, Hisham Othman. "Assessing information and communication technology in Jordanian universities : building critical success factors' (CSF) model of ICT diffusion." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500762.
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Denison, Thomas Frank. "Diffusion and sustainability of information and communications technologies in community-based non-profit organisations: an exploratory study of Victoria and Tuscany." Monash University. Faculty of Information Technology. Caulfield School of Information Technology, 2009. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/72047.
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Worldwide, governments and representatives of the community sector believe that the adoption of ICT by community-sector organisations is important because it contributes to the achievement of mission, strategic and business objectives, and benefits the communities those organisations serve. However, despite the fact that many organisations have developed innovative ICT applications, most experience problems in taking up ICT (Burt & Taylor 1999, Surman 2001, DCITA 2005b). This thesis explores the conditions for success and barriers to the take-up and effective use of information and communications technology (ICT), specifically websites and online services, by community-based non-profit organisations, using a study of seventeen organisations based in rural and regional Victoria in Australia, and Tuscany in Italy. In particular, it examines the structural barriers and the inter-organisational relationships that act to facilitate the take-up, or otherwise, of technology by community sector non-profit organisations. The study adopts a grounded theory approach, based on a two-stage data analysis: using the LIAISE framework for the take-up of ICT (Schauder et al. 2005), to identify the factors or conditions that contribute to the development of effective, sustainable websites; and social network analysis to explore the extent to which organisational networks enable the achievement of those conditions. The broad aims of this approach are to enable the evaluation of the existing LIAISE framework and to develop it as a more dynamic systems model capable of serving as a guide to policy and action. The study finds that although the LIAISE framework provides a good taxonomy of the factors important to the take-up of ICT by community-based non-profit organisations, it has weaknesses in that it does not explicitly identify user literacy as a factor, nor does it sufficiently emphasise the importance of an organisation’s external relationships, which provide an essential means of accessing required information and resources such as technical skills, and of enhancing core internal skills such as the ability to develop strategic plans. A new model is proposed to address these weaknesses: ALLIANCE (Applications; Literacy; user Literacy; Infrastructure; Access; Networks; Computing support; and Evaluation).
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Mohamad, Bahtiar. "The structural relationships between corporate culture, ICT diffusion innovation, corporate leadership, corporate communication management (CCM) activities and organisational performance." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7635.
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Corporate Communication Management (CCM) is an important concept within the communication and marketing discipline. The term corporate communication came to the attention of the general public more than 40 years ago, due to changes in global business environments. Although corporate communication received great attention from scholars and the business community, its complex concepts are still unclear. Furthermore, many scholars believe there are influences of corporate culture, ICT diffusion innovations and corporate leadership on corporate communication and its impact to organisational performance, yet there is a paucity of studies on the validation of this theoretical assumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to address this gap by providing an elevated understanding of the concept of CCM and its antecedents, and in consequence, focus on organisational performance from the managerial perspectives. This study employs a two tier mixed-method research process involving qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first tier commences with a semi-structured interview (with 12 respondents) to refine a conceptual framework developed based on existing literature. Then, content validity (with 10 expert opinions) and pilot test (with 35 respondents) follow, to develop a measurement scale with good validity and reliability. The second tier involves online survey data (with 223 respondents) and secondary data (from Thomson DataStream) to test the research hypotheses and proposed conceptual model. In this stage, structural equation modelling (SEM) is employed. Results indicate a very good fit to the data, with good convergent, discriminant and nomological validity and reliability stability. The findings of this research show that corporate culture, ICT diffusion innovation and corporate leadership are factors that influence CCM directly. While CCM correlates positively with financial performance, it has no effect on mission achievement. Corporate culture was found to have a positive relationship with mission achievement but negative relations with financial performance. Furthermore, ICT diffusion innovation demonstrates a positive association with mission achievement. Despite corporate leadership having a positive relationship with mission achievement, there was no effect on financial performance. Therefore, this study answered the antecedents and consequences of CCM, and they were found to be influential factors. In addition, the study demonstrates that managers rely on internal factors such as corporate culture, ICT diffusion innovation and corporate leadership to predict and assess CCM. The findings have implications for knowledge of theories and practices, and also contribute in the development of a model that explains the CCM functions and shows that functions have a definite positive impact on financial performance. Furthermore, the research adds an insight to a growing body of communication literature (primarily corporate communication) and makes recommendation for future research directions.
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Haglund, Sofie. "My country, my development : The diffusion of information and communication technologies in Cambodian NGOs." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19812.
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The purpose of this research is to study the role of information and communication technology (ICT) and information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) in Cambodian non-government organizations (NGOs). By focusing on a workshop on the ICT applications Unicode and Open Office, initiated by the Cooperation Committee for Cambodia (the CCC), I intend to see how these applications were adopted, how they are used and what the future is for ICT and ICT4D in Cambodia. The research is based on qualitative, semi structured interviews with employees at CCC as well as NGO workers who were participants at the workshops. The theories that I have used are Amartya Sen’s capability approach, Everett Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory and intercultural communication. This study shows that ICT is considered to be a very important tool for the development of Cambodia. Unicode has contributed with an easier way to type and read documents in Khmer and it is considered to promote the Khmer language. Open Office have not found its renaissance yet since people find it difficult to use although the NGOs sees its’ potential and wants to learn it. According to the NGO workers, ICT and ICT4D will play an important role for the Cambodian development in the future but because of a lack of infrastructure and proper knowledge about the new technology, it has not been used to its full capacity. In order for us to understand how ICT can reach its full potential within NGOs, there have to exist an understanding of Cambodian culture and history since the Khmer people’s values affect how the NGO workers look at development and the tools they are using.
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Macome, Esselina. "The Dynamics of the adoption and use of ICT-based initiatives for development results of a field study in Mozambique /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2002. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02192003-161649.
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Jarahnejad, Mariam, and Ali Zaidi. "Exploring the Potential of Renewable Energy in Telecommunications Industry." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231344.
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Renewable energy sources have started to substitute traditional energy sources in power sector, heating/cooling sector, and transportation sector. This paper explores the potential of renewable energy (mainly solar and wind) in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) industry. The focus is on mobile telecommunication infrastructure segment, since it is a prime consumer of energy within the ICT industry. Moving towards solar or wind power sources might bring a major shift in the ICT industry – both on the technological level as well as the service provisioning level. An overview of innovative technological solutions for solar/wind powered telecom networks is provided with a discussion on technological feasibility of innovative standalone solar/wind powered base stations. The market value of these innovative solutions as well as potential power savings are estimated in the total addressable market, the potential market, and the real market. The industry attractiveness of the innovation solutions is assessed using the Porter’s five forces and SWOT frameworks. Furthermore, these innovative solutions are assessed for their potential diffusion likelihood in different scenarios. There are several potential driving forces for the transformation towards solar/wind powered telecom networks. Based on the most important driving forces, plausible scenarios of the future have been identified and analyzed. It is identified that the renewable energy driven transformation in the ICT industry can affect developments in other industries such as automotive, agriculture, healthcare, and transportation industries.
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Medvetchi, Dahan Mariana. "Assouvir la soif de l’innovation : modélisation de la diffusion des technologies mobiles." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020051/document.
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L'expérience montre que les technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC), et services de télécommunications mobiles en particulier, peuvent stimuler une croissance économique soutenue et contribuer au développement humain. Au coeur du secteur des TIC, les technologies mobiles sont de plus en plus utilisées comme un outil transformationnel pour favoriser la croissance économique, accélérer le transfert des connaissances, développer les capacités locales, améliorer la productivité et réduire la pauvreté dans de nombreux secteurs. À cet égard, au cours de la dernière décennie, le développement des TIC est devenu un domaine stratégique d'engagement politique dans les économies émergentes. Afin d'accompagner les décideurs politiques et les marketeurs dans la conception des stratégies optimales de développement du secteur des télécommunications, les chercheurs s’intéressent de plus en plus aux obstacles entravant le déploiement des solutions TIC dans le monde en voie de développement. En tant que contribution à ce domaine de recherche, cette étude vise à (i) identifier les déterminants économiques et socioculturels affectant la capacité des pays émergents à adopter les nouvelles technologies et innovations, et à (ii) proposer des principes d’actions et de politiques susceptibles de favoriser la diffusion des solutions TIC dans les pays émergents qui sont caractérisés par une forte inégalité des revenus et par l'aversion au risque<br>Evidence shows that information and communications technologies (ICT), especially mobile telecommunications services, can lead to sustained economic growth and human development. Mobile technologies are increasingly used as a transformational tool to foster economic growth, accelerate knowledge transfer, develop local capacities, raise productivity, and alleviate poverty in a variety of sectors. In that respect, in the last decade, ICT development has become a key strategic area for policy engagement in emerging economies. To support policy-makers and marketing practitioners in designing optimal telecommunications sector development strategies, an increasing research focus is now being placed on the impediments to implementing ICT solutions in the developing world. As a contribution to this field of research, this study aims at (i) identifying the economic and socio-cultural determinants affecting the capacity of developing countries to adopt new technologies and innovations, and at (ii) defining relevant policy principles likely to foster the diffusion of ICT solutions in emerging economies that are characterized by strong income inequality and uncertainty avoidance
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Blom, Olof, and Daniel Salomonsson. "Exploring the diffusion of e-learning : general and enabling guidelines for implementation of computer-aided teaching in developing countries." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-16645.
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The purpose of the study was to create guidelines regarding effective diffusion of elearningto and within developing countries. Another aim of the study was to identifychallenges and problems related to the diffusion of e-learning, as well as identifying whatcharacterizes a successful ICT diffusion project. To achieve the purpose of the study acase study was performed in Thailand, where two different schools, i.e. two cases thathad been targeted by ICT diffusion projects were studied. In combination to studying theschools, the donor side of the project were also included in the study. The study wasconducted with a qualitative research approach, and was divided into one inductive andexploratory phase, which generated a theory, and one deductive phase where the theorywas both theoretically and empirically validated. To gather the empirical material, eightsemi-structured interviews were conducted of which six included staffs from the twoschools, and two included donors that were involved in one of the studied ICT diffusionprojects. Yet another semi-structured interview was performed with a person involved inan ICT diffusion project, which helped to perform the empirical validation of thegenerated theory. With the help of the collected empirical material as well as throughexisting theories it was possible to identify numerous of challenges regarding diffusion ofe-learning to and within developing countries. The challenges were primarily connectedto language, culture, governmental, lack of computer knowledge and infrastructural. Totackle the challenges a number of characteristics regarding effective ICT diffusionprojects in developing countries were identified. These characteristics included theimportance of doing a proper investigation about the recipients, follow ups, providedright amount of computers, provided software that had been adapted and providededucation about how computers should be used. Based on the challenges andcharacteristics guidelines for effective diffusion of e-learning to and within developingcountries were designed. The knowledge about challenges and characteristics led to theidentification of two important findings. The first was that the diffusion of e-learning todeveloping countries is highly dependant on the diffusion of ICT to the schools, as anevident problem that existed was that the schools lacked the proper technicalinfrastructure to be able to support computer-aided teaching. The other finding was thatin order for the diffusion process to be effective, it is vital to provide information andeducation about the technology in advance of the implementation. These two findingslead to that the 19 created guidelines were divided into two categories; basic guidelinesfor diffusion of ICT and enabling guidelines for diffusion of e-learning.<br>Program: Dataekonomutbildningen
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Coleman, Michael. "A socio-technical investigation into the electrical end use patterns of information, communication and entertainment technologies in UK homes." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4718.
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Information, communication and entertainment (ICE) appliances are consumer electronics and information and communication technologies (ICT). Forecasts suggest that ICE appliance use will soon become the most significant domestic electricity end-use in the UK. Knowledge concerning “real world” ICE electricity consumption is currently limited and it has been suggested that this deficiency could lead to ineffective policy programmes. This socio-technical study measured ICE appliance electricity consumption in fourteen UK households’ and undertook household interviews to explore the behavioural factors that influenced the measurements recorded. The interviews were informed by two social psychology theories: (i) Triandis’ (1977) Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB); (ii) Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DIT). The study supports the position that ICE appliance use and standby power consumption are significant electricity end-uses in UK homes. Key appliances that contributed to the sample’s average electricity consumption are identified. Inconspicuous electricity consumption from network appliances is an issue of particular concern due to policy gaps. The interviews found that a range of internal and external factors influenced ICE appliance use. Behavioural intentions and habits were found to be facilitated or impeded by personal ability, knowledge and physical constraints. Social structures and expectations also supported the more expansive ownership and use of ICE appliances and energy consumption was an issue largely excluded from adoption decisions. The findings imply that a multifaceted approach is required to reduce household ICE appliance electricity consumption. This study supports the recent implementation of minimum energy performance standards and provides further recommendations that include: (i) improved product design; (ii) the expansion of mandatory energy labelling; (iii) improved electricity consumption feedback in UK homes; (iv) the use of behaviour change campaigns; (v) the integration of ICE appliance energy saving objectives into UK policies.
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Salgueiro, Louis. "Les dynamiques territoriales d'adoption, de diffusion et d'usages des tiers-lieux de travail ruraux : une approche systémique des télécentres du Cantal." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20038.
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Le développement des tiers-lieux de travail sous la forme de télécentres depuis 2005 interroge les effets des politiques publiques en matière de TIC et de télétravail sur les territoires ruraux français. La thèse analyse ces dispositifs publics en interaction avec leurs dynamiques territoriales d’ancrages et leurs effets en matière de différenciation spatiale et de mobilités. Deux axes de recherche sont ainsi développés : d’une part, l’influence de la gouvernance d’un dispositif public multiniveau sur la structuration de l’offre et les usages les non-usages des télécentres en lien avec les stratégies des utilisateurs potentiels, d’autre part. Ils renvoient tous deux à une problématique méthodologique commune, à savoir la prise en compte des interactions entre un « dispositif socio-technique » centré sur les TIC et sa dynamique territoriale d’ancrage. L’approche systémique est mobilisée dans le but d’appréhender la complexité du phénomène via l’analyse des stratégies d’acteurs et l’imbrication de leurs actions à différentes échelles spatiales. La méthodologie développée combine des entretiens semi-directifs auprès des acteurs de l’offre, comportant des questions fermées sur les caractéristiques techniques des dispositifs, des enquêtes en ligne et des entretiens semi-directifs auprès d’utilisateurs potentiels, et l’étude de données sur les caractéristiques du terrain d’expérimentation : le Cantal, à savoir un territoire rural et semi-montagneux du Massif central, et son réseau de dix télécentres. Les résultats révèlent une gouvernance multiniveau de l’offre qui produit deux modèles de dispositifs en lien avec le positionnement stratégique des acteurs locaux, et des usages et des non-usages liés aux stratégies des utilisateurs potentiels. Les effets induits, attendus ou imprévus par les politiques publiques sont dépendants de certaines conditions liées à l’offre, aux usages, à la dynamique du type de territoire considéré, mais aussi à des facteurs exogènes au système spatial. À partir de ces analyses, des préconisations sont émises à destination des acteurs publics<br>The development of third-place in the form of telework centres since 2005 questions the effects of public policies of ICTs and telework on French rural areas. The thesis analyzes these public systems interacting with their territorial dynamics of anchors and their effects on spatial differentiation and mobility. Two research focus are developed: first, the influence of the governance of a multilevel public system on the structuring of the supply and, then, uses and non-use of telework centres related to the strategies of potential users. They both refer to a common methodological problem, i.e. taking into account the interactions between a "socio-technical system" centered on ICTs and its territorial dynamic positioning. The systemic approach is mobilized in order to understand the complexity of the phenomenon by analyzing the players' strategies and overlapping of their actions at different spatial scales. The developed methodology combines semi-structured interviews with actors of the offer and online survey and semi-structured interviews with potential users, and study data on the characteristics of the testing ground: Cantal, in this case a rural area and semi-mountainous, Massif Central, and its network of ten telework centres. The results reveal a multi-level governance of the offer which produces two models of systems related to the strategic positioning of local actors, and uses and non-uses related to potential users strategies. Induced, anticipated or unanticipated effects by public policies are dependent on certain conditions relating to the offer, practices, to the dynamics of territory in type but also to exogenous factors to the space system. From these analyzes, recommendations are issued to public actors
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Tchehouali, Destiny. "Les politiques et actions internationales de solidarité numérique à l'épreuve de la diffusion des TIC en Afrique de l'Ouest : bilan et perspectives." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20020/document.
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Le Sommet mondial sur la société de l’information (Genève 2003 et Tunis 2005) a préconisé la solidarité numérique comme solution pour mettre fin aux inégalités d’accès aux technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) entre les pays industrialisés et les pays en développement. A l’issue de ce Sommet, deux mécanismes institutionnels, à savoir le Fonds mondial et l’Agence mondiale de solidarité numérique, ont vu le jour. Ces institutions s’étaient fixées pour objectif de contribuer à la réduction de la fracture numérique en promouvant l’accès généralisé aux TIC à travers des programmes et des projets internationaux ciblant en particulier les pays africains. Cette thèse analyse les effets des politiques et actions internationales menées dans le domaine de la solidarité numérique. Elle étudie notamment les conditions de la mobilisation des ressources humaines, financières et technologiques nécessaires pour que la solidarité numérique institutionnelle soit un instrument au service de la participation du continent africain dans la société de l’information. Il s’agit également de montrer que cette nouvelle approche de coopération Nord-Sud dans le domaine des TIC n’est pas véritablement en rupture avec les schémas traditionnels d’assistanat et d’aide publique au développement. La thèse révèle également l’existence des écarts et des décalages entre les objectifs annoncés par les politiques internationales de solidarité numérique et les actions qui ont concrètement été réalisées sur le terrain, aux niveaux national et local, dans les pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest<br>The World Summit on the Information Society (Geneva 2003 and Tunis 2005) advocated the digital solidarity as a solution to end inequalities in access to information and communication technologies (ICT) between developed and developing countries. Following the Summit, two institutional mechanisms (the World Digital Solidarity Fund and the World Digital Solidarity Agency) have been created. These institutions were designed to contribute to reducing the digital divide by promoting widespread access to ICT through international programs specifically targeting African countries. This thesis analyzes the effects of international digital solidarity policies and programs in Africa. It examines specifically the conditions for mobilizing human, financial and technological resources for the participation of African countries in the information society. It also argues that this new approach of North-South cooperation in the field of ICT does not really break with traditional technical assistance projects. The thesis also reveals gaps between the objectives announced by international policies and the actions that have been carried out in West Africa countries in bridging the digital divide
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Nyström, Müller Jonathan, and Casper Engström. "Consumer adoption of audiobook streaming services." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158066.
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The streaming of audiobooks is a new and fast-growing phenomenon amongst Swedish consumers. There exists a lack of knowledge on this topic as it is previously unexplored within academia. As the audiobook streaming services are growing it is important for providers and competitors to understand the key factors determining usage intention from an end-user’s perspective. This thesis therefore examines what factors influence end-user’s adoption of audiobook streaming-services, the examination extends both for consumers intention to begin using as well as continue using the service. Factors related to the end-user’s usage intention were explored and identified in a Swedish context. A theoretical model consisting of eight hypotheses was constructed to examine the relationships between five variables. The model is based on previous literature of technology adoption and in particular the technology acceptance model (TAM). Additional theory was gathered on previous research on similar technologies such consumers adoption of E-books and E-readers. To achieve the research purpose of the thesis, a quantitative method was used and data was gathered through an online questionnaire with 935 (769 valid) responses. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used with RStudio to test the collected data on our theoretical model. The results showcased that our model was successful in explaining key factors influencing usage intention. The findings indicate that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use influence usage intention positively, while end-user’s attachment to paper books and reading impact usage intention negatively. Further results and the implications of these results are discussed.
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Filová, Jana. "Identifikace inovačních lídrů mezi uživateli moderních technologií." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-203755.
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The methods currently used in innovation marketing research are focused on the late phases of the innovation process and are usually methodologically complex. This limits their practical impact. The presented thesis aims to create a simple self-report scale applicable in the initial and late phases of innovation process, highly modular and suitable for wide range of research. The main battery of questions was inspired by adopter categorization by Rogers. The questions determine both (1) general characteristics of innovation adopters and (2) their relationship to a specific innovation. The scale was tested during a robust longitudinal online research, thematically focused on users of modern technologies. Representative sample of 4,000 Internet users in the Czech Republic took part in the survey from April 2013 to January 2015. The result is a new self-report scale measuring consumer innovativeness applicable for prototyping, strategic decisions and effective communication of innovations to consumers.
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Alshehri, Khaled Ghanem. "Technology Adoption and Integration at a University in Saudi Arabia: A Descriptive Study." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100706.
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Information and communication technology (ICT) is becoming a critical part of operations and innovations in many sectors around the world (Basri, Alandejani, and Almadani, 2018). As such, ICT is commonly integrated in academic institutions on a global level, and has been used in the educational process inside and outside the classroom. Currently in Saudi Arabia, the integration of technology in educational environments is viewed as essential in the growth of Saudi education (Alali, 2015). However, the integration of such technology in teaching and learning may face some barriers especially in emerging academic institutions. Some scholars report that while the use of ICT is advocated in many universities and schools, and in particular in Saudi Arabia, some instructors are not likely to use it in their teaching processes because of barriers hindering their utilization and integration of such technology (Asiri, 2012; Albugami and Ahmad, 2015; Al Mulhim, 2014; Muhametjanova and Cagiltay, 2016).
This study aimed to examine how ICT is being used for teaching and learning within the context of an emerging university in Saudi Arabia, as well as what factors faculty identify as barriers and enablers to its use. The current study replicates the research conducted by Nyirongo (2009) in the country of Malawi, and is based on the theoretical principles of technology adoption proposed by Rogers, Ely, and Surry (Ely, 1999; Rogers, 2003; Surry, 2002). Faculty members at Al-Baha University, a new university in Saudi Arabia, served as the participants. This study found that there are several common factors that impede the adoption and integration of ICT for teaching and learning at Al-Baha University. Those factors are: lack of computer availability and accessibility for faculty members and students, poor Internet connection, lack of faculty participating in decision making regarding electronic technology, access to training and pedagogical support regarding such technology, and lack of technical support. These findings correlate with the same kinds of factors that have been identified as barriers in other educational contexts (Al Mulhim, 2014; Albugami and Ahmed, 2016; Alkahtani, 2017; Hsu, 2016; Kilinc, et al. 2018; Kler, 2014; Machado and Chung, 2015; Nyirongo, 2009).<br>Doctor of Philosophy<br>Information and communication technology (ICT) is becoming a critical part of operations and innovations in many sectors around the world (Basri, Alandejani, and Almadani, 2018). Currently in Saudi Arabia, the integration of technology in educational environments is viewed as essential in the growth of Saudi education (Alali, 2015). Some scholars report that while the use of ICT is advocated in many universities and schools, and in particular in Saudi Arabia, some instructors are not likely to use it in their teaching processes because of barriers hindering their utilization and integration of ICT (Asiri, 2012; Albugami and Ahmad, 2015; Al Mulhim, 2014; Muhametjanova and Cagiltay, 2016).
This study aimed to examine how ICT is being used for teaching and learning within the context of an emerging university in Saudi Arabia, as well as what factors faculty identify as barriers and enablers to its use. The current study replicates the research conducted by Nyirongo (2009) in the country of Malawi, and is based on the theoretical principles of technology adoption proposed by Rogers, Ely, and Surry (Ely, 1999; Rogers, 2003; Surry, 2002). Faculty members at Al-Baha University served as the participants. This study found that there are several common factors that impede the adoption and integration of ICT for teaching and learning at Al-Baha University. Those factors are: lack of computer availability and accessibility for faculty members and students, poor Internet connection, lack of faculty participating in decision making regarding electronic technology, access to training and pedagogical support regarding such technology, and lack of technical support. These findings correlate with the same kinds of factors that have been identified as barriers in other educational contexts (Al Mulhim, 2014; Albugami and Ahmed, 2016; Alkahtani, 2017; Hsu, 2016; Kilinc, et al. 2018; Kler, 2014; Machado and Chung, 2015; Nyirongo, 2009).
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Köllinger, Philipp. "Technological change." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15417.
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Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich hauptsächlich mit zwei Fragen: Erstens, welche Faktoren beein-flussen den Prozess, durch den sich neue Technologien unter Firmen verbreiten? Zweitens, welche Konsequen-zen ergeben sich aus der Verbreitung neuer Technologien? Beide Fragen beschäftigen sich mit der Dynamik des technologischen Wandels. Die Analyse wird am konkreten Beispiel von e-Business Technologien durchgeführt. Dabei werden insbesondere die Konsequenzen von interdependenten Technologien untersucht. Es wird ge-zeigt, dass es zu steigenden Erträgen der Adoption kommen kann, wenn verwandte Technologien sich nicht in ih-ren Funktionalitäten substituieren. Dies kann zu einer endogenen Beschleunigung der technologischen Entwick-lung führen. Dies bedeutet, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Adoption einer Technologie mit der Anzahl der zu-vor adoptierten, verwandten Technologien ansteigt. Diese Theorie wird empirisch getestet und in vier verschie-denen Untersuchungen mit zwei verschiedenen, großen Datensätzen bestätigt. Die Existenz einer wachsenden di-gitalen Kluft in der e-Business Technologie-Ausstattung der Unternehmen wird für den Zeitraum von 1994-2002 nachgewiesen. Außerdem wird argumentiert, dass die Adoption neuer Technologien in Firmen strategische Bedeutung hat da sich daraus Möglichkeiten zur Durchführung von Innovationen ergeben. Diese können sich entweder durch redu-zierte Produktionkosten für bestehende Produkte, neue Produkte und Dienstleistungen, oder neue Distributions-kanäle manifestieren. Empirische Evidenz zeigt, dass e-Business Technologien derzeit wichtige Enabler von In-novationen sind und dass innovative Firmen mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit wachsen. Außerdem wird gezeigt, dass durch e-Business Technologien induzierte Innovationen gegenüber anderen Innovationsarten nicht inferior sind in Bezug auf deren gleichzeitiges Auftreten mit finanziellen Leistungsindikatoren. Die Arbeit diskutiert die Implikationen dieser Ergebnisse aus volks- und betriebswirtschaftlicher Perspektive.<br>This dissertation primarily deals with two questions: First, what determines the process by which new tech-nologies spread among enterprises over time? Second, what are the consequences of the spread of new technolo-gies? Both questions concern the dynamics of technological change. They are analyzed considering the diffusion and implications of e-business technologies as a concrete example. Particular attention is given to technological interdependencies. It is shown that increasing returns to adoption can arise if related technologies do not substitute each other in their functionalities. This can lead to an endoge-nous acceleration of technological development. Hence, the probability to adopt any technology is an increasing function of previously adopted, related technologies. The theory is empirically tested and supported in four inde-pendent inquiries, using two different exceptionally large datasets and different econometric methods. The exis-tence of a growing digital divide among companies is demonstrated for the period between 1994 and 2002. In addition, it is argued that the adoption of new e-business technologies by firms has strategic relevance be-cause this creates opportunities to conduct innovation, either to reduce production costs for a given output, to create a new product or service, or to deliver products to customers in a way that is new to the enterprise. Empiri-cal evidence is presented showing that e-business technologies are currently an important enabler of innovations. It is found that innovative firms are more likely to grow. Also, e-business related innovations are not found to be inferior to traditional kinds of innovations in terms of simultaneous occurrence with superior financial perform-ance of enterprises. Implications of these findings are discussed both for economists and management researchers.
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Njenga, James Kariuki. "eLearning adoption in Eastern and Southern African higher education institutions." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6996_1303979330.
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<p>This research was undertaken to propose a model for eLearning adoption in Higher Education in Africa and to identify and empirically test measures to assess the model. The model identified eLearning, individual and organisational factors affecting eLearning adoption in higher education. eLearning factors were deemed to be aligned with the individual and organisational factors and therefore, the measurement of individual and organisational factors of eLearning adoption is essential in determining the current state, and future development that could enhance eLearning adoption in higher education. This study is a first attempt in Africa to define and present a conceptualization of an eLearning adoption framework. The framework is a combination of frameworks and models from various disciplines, including social psychology, information systems, anthropology, sociology, education, communication, marketing, management, geography, economics and cognitive psychology. These frameworks for eLearning adoption in Higher Education are synergised and contextualised in the study.</p>
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Ritter, Georg. "The growth and morphology of small ice crystals in a diffusion chamber." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/16329.
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Small water ice crystals are the main component of cold tropospheric clouds such as cirrus. Because these clouds cover large areas of our planet, their role in the radiation budget of incoming and outgoing radiation to the planet's surface is important. At present, the representation of these clouds in climate and weather models is subject to improvements: a large part of the uncertainty error stems from the lack of precise micro-physical and radiation model schemes for ice crystal clouds. To improve the cloud representations, a better understanding of the life time dynamics of the clouds and their composition is necessary, comprising a detailed understanding of the ice particle genesis, and development over their lifetime. It is especially important to understand how the development of ice crystals over time is linked to the changes in observable variables such as water vapour content and temperature and how they change the light scattering properties of the crystals. Recent remote and aircraft based in-situ measurements have shown that many ice particles show a light scattering behaviour typical for crystals having rough surfaces or being of complex geometrical shapes. The aim of this thesis was to develop the experimental setup and experiments to investigate this further by studying the surface morphology of small water ice crystals using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experiments I developed study the growth of water ice crystals inside an SEM chamber under controlled environmental conditions. The influence of water vapour supersaturation, pressure and temperature is investigated. I demonstrate how to retrieve the surface topology from observed crystals for use as input to computational light scattering codes to derive light scattering phase functions and asymmetry parameters, which can be used as input into atmospheric models. Difficulties with the method for studying the growth of water ice crystals, such as the effect of the electron beam-gas ionization and charging effects, the problem of facilitating repeated and localized ice growth, and the effect of radiative influences on the crystal growth are discussed. A broad set of nucleation target materials is studied. In a conclusion, I demonstrate that the method is suitable to study the surface morphologies, but is experimentally very challenging and many precautions must be taken, such as imaging only once and preventing radiative heat exchange between the chamber walls and the crystals to avoid unwanted effects on the crystal morphology. It is also left as a question if a laboratory experiment, where crystals will need to be grown in connection to a substrate, can represent the real world well enough. Deriving the required light scattering data in-situ might be an alternative, easier way to collect data for modelling use.
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DI, GIACOMO STEFANIA. "Essays on financial markets and on effects of information and communication technology." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/39.
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La tesi di dottorato si compone di quattro saggi empirici.
Il primo saggio verifica la performance delle strategie di portafoglio "value" e "growth" formate sulle deviazioni fra il valore osservato di un titolo e il valore fondamentale (determinato con il metodo di attualizzazione dei flussi di cassa), utilizzando il modello CAPM a 4-fattori. I risultati mostrano che, sia nel mercato azionario europeo che in quello americano, le strategie "short term DCF value" (basate su una selezione mensile dei titoli che hanno il più basso rapporto tra valore osservato e valore fondamentale nel periodo precedente) hanno rendimenti medi mensili che sono superiori a, non soltanto le strategie "growth" alternative, ma anche a quelle passive di "buy&hold" sul portafoglio campionario totale (il benchmark).
Il secondo saggio è dedicato allo studio di quanto i componenti "fondamentali" e "non fondamentali" sono importanti nella determinazione dei prezzi dei titoli azionari, in base alle differenze regolamentari tra paesi e alla composizione degli investitori nel mercato finanziario. I risultati empirici mostrano che il P/E fondamentale spiega una parte significativa della variazione del P/E osservato, soprattutto nel mercato americano (dove c’è più trasparenza di informazioni e una più dominante presenza dei fondi pensione). Mentre soltanto per il campione europeo c’è presenza di insider trading.
Il terzo saggio analizza il contributo dell’Information&Communication Technology ai livelli e alla crescita del GDP pro-capite. Le due ipotesi, che l’ICT aggiunge valore al capitale fisico tradizionale o rimuove i "colli di bottiglia" che limitano l’accesso alla conoscenza, risultano migliori del modello di MRW (1992) e di quello di Islam (1995). Il miglioramento della "within country" significatività nelle stime panel conferma che l’approccio seguito riesce a catturare due dimensioni del "time varying-country specific" progresso tecnologico.
Il quarto saggio è dedicato allo studio, tramite un modello a coefficienti random, del ruolo della tecnologia come fattore che, influenzando il potere e la produttività delle donne, ha effetti significativi sulle decisioni di fertilità. I risultati indicano che la diffusione di ICT ha un effetto negativo e significativo sui tassi di fertilità, anche dopo il controllo per il capitale umano e la qualità delle istituzioni di un paese. Inoltre questo effetto è altamente eterogeneo tra macroaree (vengono infatti identificati cinque diversi sottogruppi di paesi) per via di tre fattori latenti: le norme religiose pro-fertilità delle culture cattoliche ed islamiche, il grado di modernizzazione e di educazione di un paese e il "digital divide".<br>The present dissertation is divided into four empirical essays.
The first essay tests the performance of "value" and "growth" portfolio strategies formed on deviations between observed and discounted cash flow fundamental (DCF) values, using the four-factor CAPM model.The results show that, both in the American and European stock exchanges, "short term DCF value" strategies (based on a monthly selection of the stocks with the lowest observed to fundamental ratio in the previous period) have mean monthly returns which are higher than, not only the corresponding growth strategies, but also passive buy and hold strategies on the total sample portfolio (the benchmark).
The second essay is dedicated to the study of how much "fundamental" and "non- fundamental" components matter in determining stock prices according to differences in regulatory environments between countries and in the composition of financial market investors. Empirical show that the "fundamental" P/E explains a significant share of variation of the observed P/E, expectially for US stocks (where there is more transparency of information and more pervasive presence of pension funds). Instead only for the EU sample there is presence of insider trading.
The third essay analyzes the contribution of Information&Communication Technology to levels and growth of per capita GDP. The two hypotheses, that ICT adds value to traditional physical capital or removes the "bottlenecks" which limit access to knowledge, improve upon the classical MRW (1992)-Islam (1995) framework. The improvement of "within" country significance in panel estimates documents that this approach captures two dimensions of time varying-country specific technological progress.
The forth essay is dedicated to the study, by a random coefficient model, of the role of technology as a factor which, by affecting women’s empowerment and productivity, have significant effects on fertility decisions. The empirical results show that ICT diffusion has significant negative effect on fertility rates, after controlling for human capital and institutional quality. Moreover this effect is highly heterogeneous across macroareas (five subgroups of countries are optimally identified) because of three latent factors: pro fertility religious norms of Catholic and Islamic culture, the degree of secularization and education of a country, and the digital divide.
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Oumarou, Mahamane Laouali. "Technologie de l’information et de la communication et développement économique : les enjeux et les opportunités au Niger." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100231.
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Le Niger est un pays enclavé d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Son positionnement à la périphérie des pôles essentiels de la sous région explique en partie son retard de développement. A cela, s’ajoute, un nouveau retard, qualifié de fracture numérique. Son parc d’infrastructures vétuste ne lui permet pas de profiter des flux mondiaux d’information pour bénéficier des avantages de la compétitivité de la nouvelle société de l’information. Sous l’impulsion de récents débats internationaux sur les nouvelles technologies, il apparaît que le développement économique du Niger nécessiterait une appropriation des TIC par la population. Dès lors, ces nouvelles technologies de l’information sont à l’épicentre des questions de développement qui se posent au Niger. Cette recherche s’est donnée le but d’analyser le système actuel des TIC au Niger et sa capacité à enclencher le développement économique dans un contexte de mondialisation des économies fondé sur l’information et la connaissance grâce à l’usage des TIC. Elle examine en premier lieu, le potentiel des ressources techniques, humaines et des plans et politiques gouvernementaux en matière des TIC, à l’échelle territoriale. A la suite de cette analyse et des questionnements qu’elle pose, des théories économiques ont émergé : l’économie de l’information et ses dérivées. En second lieu, cette étude explore, décrit, explique, interprète et illustre ces théories dans un contexte d’accès aux TIC. Les exemples illustratifs montrent que les TIC corrigent certaines de ces prédictions. Elles améliorent le capital humain, affinent les anticipations des agents et réduisent le risque des décisions économiques. C’est en cela que les TIC peuvent être considérées comme un facteur de développement économique au Niger. Dans cette révolution des NTIC, les économies n’ont nécessairement pas besoin de passer par l’étape de l’industrialisation comme à l’ancienne. L’exemple de la Chine et des dragons asiatiques le témoigne<br>Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa. Its position on the outskirts of essential poles in the under-region partly explains its delayed development. To this is added, a further delay, called digital divide. Its fleet of obsolete infrastructure does not allow it to take full advantage of global flows of information to take advantage of the competitiveness of the new information society. Spurred on by recent international discussions on new technologies, it appears that the economic development of Niger would require an appropriation of ICTs by the population. Therefore, these new information technologies are at the epicenter of development issues facing the Niger. This research was given the objective to analyze the current system of ICT in Niger and its ability to set off economic development in a context of globalization of economies based on information, knowledge and expertise, by using ICTs. Following this analysis and the questions it poses, some economic theories have emerged, the information economy and its derivatives. In the second time, this study explores, describes, explains, interprets and illustrates these theories in the context of ICTs access. Illustrative examples show that ICT correct some of these predictions. ICT improves human capital, refine agents' anticipations and reduce the risk of economic decisions. That’s why, ICTs can be considered as an economic development factor in Niger. In this revolution of new technologies, the economies have not necessarily need to go through the stage of industrialization as the old theories. The example of China and the Asian dragons shows that
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Horn, Ingo, and Harald Behrens. "Laser ablation MC-ICP-MS and its application to diffusion in silicate glasses and melts." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-186586.
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Hudson, Troy Lee Stevenson David John Aharonson Oded. "Growth, diffusion, and loss of subsurface ice on Mars : experiments and models /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2008. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05022008-154254.
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Horn, Ingo, and Harald Behrens. "Laser ablation MC-ICP-MS and its application to diffusion in silicate glasses and melts." Diffusion fundamentals 12 (2010) 12, 2010. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13869.
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Dubosq, Renelle. "Assessing the Structural and Alteration Controls on Gold Mineralization at Detour Lake Mine, Ontario, Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36755.
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The giant Detour Lake deposit is a Neoarchean orogenic Au ore body located in the
northwestern Abitibi district within the Superior Province. The deposit is situated along the high strain Sunday Lake Deformation Zone (SLDZ) parallel to the broadly E-W trending Abitibi greenstone belt. The lower amphibolite facies assemblage (Act-Bt-Pl-Ep-Alm ±Cal ±Qz ±Ilm) suggests maximum temperatures reaching 550°C, exceeding conditions for pyrite plasticity, an important and ubiquitous Au-bearing phase that may ultimately represent the source for Au at orogenic style Au deposits. The metamorphic assemblage also obscures the relationship between Au and biotite, a visual indicator mineral within Au-rich ore zones. This work combines microstructural, geochemical and geochronological analyses to assess the influence of regional scale deformation and alteration on Au mineralization. EBSD and LA-ICP-MS analyses on pyrite reveal Au enrichment at microstructures supporting a syn- to post-peak metamorphic and
deformation-assisted Au upgrading model. EMPA and 40Ar/39Ar analyses on biotite reveal one chemically homogeneous population, which yield variably reset ages that post-date regional metamorphism and Au mineralization.
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Mendes, Adriano Graça da Cunha. "Sustentação e futuro da produção electrónica em Portugal: contribuição para a análise das condicionantes económicas, tecnológicas e sociais do sector." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/785.
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Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial<br>No decurso das últimas décadas e com mais relevo desde o inicio dos anos 90, verificaram-se transformações Económicas, Tecnológicas e Empresariais centradas sobre a exploração multifacetada da tecnologia electrónica. Para a análise destas transformações mobilizou-se o conceito de "paradigma tecno-económico" que permite analisar de forma sistemática as transformações atrás referidas e identificar a emergência desde a década de 80 de um paradigma TIC (Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação). A evolução em curso aproxima uma época, em que se concretizarão modelos de Economia e Sociedade baseados no conhecimento avançado, que pressupõe uma larga e intensiva utilização das tecnologias de informação, comunicação e multimédia, nuclearmente dependentes do ponto de vista material, da dinâmica de progresso tecno-empresarial do sector electrónico. Portugal, devido às suas circunstâncias particulares de País tardiamente industrializado, acompanhou os desenvolvimentos destas tecnologias sempre numa posição de relativa dependência, evidenciando alguma incapacidade de endogenizar os conhecimentos indispensáveis para impulsionar produção avançada própria.
Numa perspectiva de futuro a fragilidade do sector electrónico em Portugal configura-se como uma limitação substancial na via de construir em tempo estrategicamente útil (institucionalmente definido para o conjunto da União Europeia) uma via Portuguesa para o acesso a um modelo avançado de Economia (Baseado no Conhecimento e na Inovação). Nestas circunstâncias interessa saber, qual a visão dos intervenientes no sector electrónico em Portugal e também quais as características que operam a afinação de um caso Empresarial de sucesso da ordem interna : EFACEC Sistemas de Electrónica SA. A comparação com um caso de sucesso internacional, a Nokia, Empresa sediada na Finlândia, leva à evidênciação de cenários contrastados para o futuro do sector electrónico em Portugal, e de forma pelo menos parcial e mais indirecta, para a evolução da economia e da sociedade Portuguesas, a caminho de um modelo europeu avançado, previsto na Cimeira extraordinária Europeia de Lisboa, de Março de 2000.<br>Throughout the 1970's, 1980's and the present decade, important economic technological and entrepreneurial changes took place, based upon the wide diffusion and application of electronics technological developments. To analyze these changes the concept of "techno - economic paradigm" was set up allowing for the systematic study of the above mentioned changes and the identification of the emergence of a new paradigm, the so called ICT paradigm (Based on Information and Communication technologies). The present evolution anticipates an epoch in witch KBE / KBS models will arise, strongly based on a wide and intensive use of the information and communication technologies as well as multimedia technologies. All these branches will directly depend, from the hardware point of view, on the technical and entrepreneurial dynamics of electronics. Portugal, a late industrialized country, has lived all these changes in a somewhat dependent and marginal way, showing little capability to acquire the specific knowledge related to ICT and Electronics, basic to establish an internal competitive industrial capability in these referenced areas. In a futures perspective, the weakness of the electronic branch in Portugal will constitute an important constraint to implement a strategy to close the country's economic and technological gap vis-a-vis it's more developed European partners, now that the European Union has declared its overall strategic goal of the build up of an European KBE until the end of the next decade. Under these circumstances it's important to know what is the wisdom of the main internal players in the electronics branches in Portugal. Simultaneously it's important to devise the specific characteristics of the Efacec company, known to be a success case in the electronics branch in Portugal. Anyway the comparison of Efacec and Portugal with the international success story provided by Nokia and Finland leads to the design of contrasted scenarios regarding the future of electronics in Portugal and as well in an indirect measure the challenges facing the built up of an advanced KBE in the foreseeable future, in Portugal.
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Ries, Jonas. "Advanced Fluorescence Correlation Techniques to Study Membrane Dynamics." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1219846317196-73420.
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Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) is a powerful tool to measure important physical quantities such as concentrations, diffusion coefficients, diffusion modes or binding parameters, both in solution and in membranes. However, it can suffer from severe artifacts, especially in non-ideal systems. Here we develop several novel implementations of FCS which overcome these limitations and facilitate accurate and quantitative determination of dynamic parameters in membranes. Two-focus FCS with camera-detection allows for accurate and calibration-free determination of diffusion coefficients. Confocal FCS using a laser scanning microscope provides an unprecedented positioning accuracy which enabled us to study, for the first time with FCS, dynamics in bacterial membranes. Scanning FCS with a scan path perpendicular to the membrane plane allows to correct for instabilities permitting long measurement times necessary to study slow diffusion. It can easily be extended to measure calibration-free diffusion coefficients with two-focus scanning FCS and to quantify binding with dual color scanning FCS. Spectral crosstalk can be avoided effectively by using alternating excitation. Using this method we were able to perform measurements in systems previously not accessible with FCS, such as yeast cell membranes or membranes of living zebrafish embryos. Line-scan FCS with a scan path in the membrane plane uses the parallel acquisition along the line to increase the statistical accuracy and decrease the measurement times. Knowledge of the scan speed serves as an internal calibration, enabling accurate diffusion and concentration measurements within seconds, hardly affected by photobleaching. Both realizations of scanning FCS can be easily implemented with commercial laser scanning microscopes. Often, a fluorescence background around the membrane cannot be avoided. The high surface selectivity needed in this case can be achieved efficiently by using a novel objective for FCS, the supercritical angle objective, which produces a very flat and laterally confined detection volume. Another technique with similar surface selectivity is FCS with total internal reflection excitation (TIRFCS). Due to the lack of a correct model, the accurate analysis of TIR-FCS data was previously not possible. In this work we develop such a model, enabling quantitative measurements of membrane dynamics with TIR-FCS. The novel FCS techniques developed here will have a high impact on the use of FCS to address key questions in biological systems, previously inaccessible by other methods<br>Fluoreszenz-Korrelations-Spektroskopie (FCS) ist eine mächtige Methode, um wichtige physikalische Parameter wie Konzentrationen, Diffusionskoeffizienten, Diffusionsarten oder Bindungsparameter in Lösung und in Modell- oder Zellmembranen zu bestimmen. In nichtidealen Systemen ist FCS fehleranfällig. In dieser Arbeit entwickeln wir mehrere neuartige Realisierungen von FCS, welche diese Fehlerquellen umgehen und die genaue und quantitative Messung dynamischer Parameter in Membranen ermöglichen. Zwei-Fokus FCS mit Kamera-Detektion erlaubt eine genaue und kalibrationsfreie Messung von Diffusionskoeffizienten. Konfokale FCS mit einem Laserscanningmikroskop besitzt eine bislang unerreichte Positionsgenauigkeit, welche uns erstmals dynamische Messungen in Bakterienmembranen mit FCS ermöglichte. Scanning FCS mit einem Scanweg senkrecht zur Membran ermöglicht eine Korrektur von Instabilitäten und damit lange Messzeiten, die zur Bestimmung langsamer Diffusionskoeffizienten notwendig sind. Eine Erweiterung zur kalibrationsfreien Messung von Diffusionskoeffizienten mit Zwei-Fokus Scanning FCS und von Bindungsparametern mit Zwei-Farben Scanning FCS ist einfach. Mit diesen Methoden konnten wir in Systemen messen, die bislang FCS nicht zugänglich waren, so in Hefezellmembranen oder in Membranen lebender Zebrafischembryonen. Line-scan FCS besitzt einen Scanweg parallel zur Membran. Die parallele Messung entlang der ganzen Linie führt zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Statistik und damit zu kurzen Messzeiten. Die Kenntnis der Scangeschwindigkeit dient einer internen Kalibration und erlaubt eine akkurate Bestimmung von Diffusionskoeffizienten und Konzentrationen innerhalb weniger Sekunden, kaum beeinflusst vom Bleichen von Fluorophoren. Beide Arten von Scanning FCS können mit einem kommerziellen Laserscanningmikroskop realisiert werden. Häufig kann bei FCS Messungen ein fluoreszierender Hintergrund nicht vermieden werden. Hier ist eine hohe Oberflächenselektivitiät nötig, welche effizient mit einem neuartigen Objektiv erreicht werden kann. Dieses Supercritical Angle-Objektiv erzeugt ein sehr flaches und lateral begrenztes Detektionsvolumen. Eine weitere Methode mit einer ähnlich guten Oberflächenselektivität ist FCS mit Anregung über totale interne Reflektion (TIR-FCS). Bislang war eine quantitative Analyse der TIR-FCS Daten kaum möglich, da keine ausreichend genaue theoretische Beschreibung existierte. In dieser Arbeit entwickeln wir ein akkurates Modell, welches quantitative Messungen mit TIR-FCS erlaubt. Die hier entwickelten neuartgien FCS-Techniken ermöglichen die Untersuchung biologischer Fragestellungen, welche bislang keiner anderen Methode zugänglich sind
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Mekinda, Mengue Leonce. "Mécanismes de cache, traitement et diffusion de l'information dans les réseaux centrés sur l'information (ICN)." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENST0075/document.
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Ce travail de thèse s’est tout d’abord attaché à comprendre comment la prise en compte du temps de téléchargement, autrement dit, de la latence, lors de la mise en cache ou de la transmission de données pouvait contribuer aux performances du téléchargement dans les réseaux de caches dont ICN. Nous y introduisons un mécanisme distribué novateur qui décide de l’opportunité de conserver un objet en considérant que plus il a été long à télécharger plus intéressant il semble de le soumettre au cache sous-jacent. Nous montrons que ce nouveau mécanisme surpasse en de nombreux points l’état de l’art, que ce soit du point de vue de la réduction du temps moyen de téléchargement à partir de caches LRU, et de son écart-type (jusqu’à −60% ), que de celui de la vitesse de convergence vers ceux-ci. Dans une seconde phase, nous avons optimisé conjointement les fonctions de mises en cache et de distribution multi-chemin de requêtes de contenus. Troisièmement, nous avons étudié l’équité vis-à-vis des contenus au sein des réseaux de caches et plus particulièrement, d’ICN. Il en ressort que seule suffit une allocation équitable de la bande passante entre les contenus pour que l’équité d’ICN soit complète. Notre dernière contribution vise à aider au passage à l’échelle d’ICN dans contexte où deviennent réalités l’Internet des Objets et son espace de nommage illimité. Nous avons proposé une approche nouvelle au routage dans les réseaux centrés sur l’information, nommée AFFORD, qui combine apprentissage automatique et diffusion aléatoire<br>This thesis investigates how making content caching and forwarding latency-aware can improve data delivery performance in Information-Centric Networks (ICN). We introduce a new mechanism that leverages retrieval time observations to decide whether to store an object in a network cache, based on the expected delivery time improvement. We demonstrate that our distributed latency-aware caching mechanism, LAC+, outperforms state of the art proposals and results in a reduction of the content mean delivery time and standard deviation of LRU caches by up to 60%, along with a fast convergence to these figures. In a second phase, we conjointly optimize the caching function and the multipath request forwarding strategies. To this purpose, we introduce the mixed forwarding strategy LB-Perf, directing the most popular content towards the same next hops to foster egress caches convergence, while load-balancing the others. Third, we address ICN fairness to contents. We show that traditional ICN caching, which favors the most popular objects, does not prevent the network from being globally fair, content-wise. The incidence of our findings comforts the ICN community momentum to improve LFU cache management policy and its approximations. We demonstrate that in-network caching leads to content-wise fair network capacity sharing as long as bandwidth sharing is content-wise fair. Finally, we contribute to the research effort aiming to help ICN Forwarding Information Base scale when confronted to the huge IoT era’s namespace.We propose AFFORD, a novel view on routing in named-data networking that combines machine learning and stochastic forwarding
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Håkansson, Jesper, and Henric Thor. "Användningen av ICE - Samspelet mellan organisation och industri : En fallstudie av Veidekke Mälardalen." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413273.
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To cope with the low productivity, as well as the fragmentation within the Swedish construction industry, organizations are working with technically mediated social collaboration methods. One of those methods, which have established a considerable presence within the Swedish industry, is Integrated Concurrent Engineering, ICE. The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge regarding how ICE is utilized within the Swedish industry, as well as identify and determine how factors influence the concept. The study is carried out as a case study within a Swedish contractor. Firstly, the thesis examines how the methodology is used in practice during the design stage. This by observing design meetings within two separate projects carried out by the same organization. Secondly, the study explores how the use of the methodology is perceived and recognized by, for the organization, internal and external stakeholders. The individual perception of the concept was acquired by semi-structured interviews. The employed methods in the study enables the thesis to identify and understand factors influencing the use of, and the diffusion of, the concept. Both within the organization as well as within the industry. The study reveals that even though the concept has been practiced for a number of years, the utilization of the concept is fragmented, both within the organization as well as within the industry. For example, external stakeholders experience problems obtaining a clear understanding of the organization’s aims and goals using the concept. This due to inconsistencies between projects within the same organization. Similarly, internal users highlight methodological variations between the organization’s projects. The findings indicate a problem with the organizational definition regarding the content of, and the utilization of, the ICE methodology. Since the organization in the study represents a major part of the communication between the academia and the industry, a problem with the organizational definition does not only affect the organization, it could affect the use of the concept within the entire Swedish construction industry. To enable an organizational learning, as well as to facilitate a diffusion of the concept within the industry, a systematic approach with the methodology is required. The factors identified by the study can be considered important to understand how the concept can be further developed within the organization, but also how to positively affect the diffusion in the industry.
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Perron, Jonathan. "Diffusion résonante des rayons x mous dans la glace de spins artificielle." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066562/document.
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La frustration est un concept physique qui apparaît lorsque toutes les interactions d'un système ne peuvent être satisfaites en même temps. La glace de spins artificielle est un exemple de système magnétique frustré par la compétition entre interactions dipolaires. Jusqu'ici, les propriétés de ce métamatériau ont été étudiées à l'aide de techniques microscopiques. Ces dernières ne permettent qu'un accès limité à la dynamique du système. Cette dernière pourrait être étudiée par les techniques de diffusion qui ont une meilleure résolution temporelle.La diffusion magnétique résonante des rayons-x mous (SXRMS) est une technique qui a une résolution spatiale comparable avec les tailles standards de la glace de spins artificielle. Le but de cette thèse est de démontrer que cette technique peut apporter des informations intéressantes sur l'organisation magnétique. Elle est organisée en deux parties principales. Tout d'abord, la fabrication d'échantillon est décrite étape par étape. Ensuite, les études de la glace de spins carrée et kagome sont présentées. Des signaux d'origine magnétique ont été enregistré qui apportent une vision de l'organisation magnétique. L'interprétation de ces signaux est complexe à cause de l'espace réciproque. Le dernier chapitre présente une série de mesures utilisant des techniques non-microscopiques sur des systèmes avec des fluctuations magnétiques.Les différentes études présentées montrent que non seulement la glace de spin artificielle peut être étudiée par la diffusion et les autres techniques apportent des informations sur le système. Cette thèse ouvre la voie à des techniques plus avancées comme, dans le domaine des rayons X, l'illumination de l'échantillon avec un faisceau cohérent. Le travail présenté est par conséquent une première étape vers l'étude de la dynamique dans la glace de spins artificielle<br>Frustration is a concept in physics which appears when all interactions in a system cannot be satisfied at the same time. Artificial spin ice is an example of a magnetic system that is frustrated by the competition between the dipolar interactions. So far, the properties of this metamaterial has been studied by means of microscopic techniques with the disadvantage of a limited dynamical range. At a time when dimensions of the nanomagnets allow the access to fast dynamics using magnetic fluctuations, the time-resolution of scattering techniques could make them relevant for such studies.Soft x-ray resonant magnetic scattering (SXRMS) is a magnetic-sensitive technique with a resolution compatible with the dimensions of artificial spin ice. The scope of this thesis is to demonstrate that SXRMS can bring relevant information about the magnetic organisation in artificial spin ice. It is organized in two parts. The fabrication of scattering-compatible artificial spin ice samples is described step by step. Then, the studies of both artificial square and kagome spin ice are presented. Signals of magnetic origin have been recorded, bringing insights in the magnetic organization of the system. While most of the studies have been performed on static systems, a small chapter is presenting a serie of studies using non-microscopic techniques which include systems with fluctuating magnetic moments.The different studies performed within this thesis demonstrate that artificial spin ice can not only be studied by microscopy techniques, but that scattering and non-microscopic methods are also relevant. In particular, it opens the way to more advanced experiments such as, in the x-ray domain, the illumination of the system with a coherent beam in order to resolve the nature of the very short magnetic correlations using x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy technique. The presented work is therefore a first step toward the study of dynamics in artificial spin ice
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Ngameni, Herman Blaise. "La diffusion du droit international pénal dans les ordres juridiques africains." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10457.
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Aujourd’hui, l’Afrique est sans aucun doute la partie du monde la plus affectée par la commission des crimes internationaux les plus graves. Pourtant, depuis des décennies, il existe des mécanismes juridiques visant à sanctionner les responsables des crimes qui heurtent la conscience humaine. Seulement, l’échec relatif de ces mécanismes peut pousser l’observateur à se demander s’il est possible de garantir la diffusion du droit international pénal sur le continent africain. Cette interrogation est loin d’être incongrue, car même si un nombre important d’états africains ont ratifié le Statut de Rome qui organise la répression du génocide, des crimes contre l’humanité, des crimes de guerre et même du crime d’agression, il n’en demeure pas moins que l’application de ce Statut dans les différents ordres juridiques concernés est très souvent compromise. La principale raison à cela c'est que, le droit international pénal ne tient pas forcément compte des particularismes juridiques des états qui ont pourtant la primauté de compétence, en vertu du principe de subsidiarité, pour sanctionner la commission des crimes internationaux selon les règles classiques de dévolution des compétences. De plus, il faut préciser que l’Afrique est le terrain de prédilection du pluralisme juridique qui favorise la juxtaposition de l’ordre juridique moderne et de l’ordre juridique traditionnel. Si le premier est en principe réceptif aux normes internationales pénales, le second qu’il soit musulman ou coutumier avec l’exemple des Gacaca rwandais, repose sur une philosophie juridique différente de celle du droit international pénal. Dans tous les cas, l’articulation du droit international pénal avec les ordres juridiques africains est une des conditions de sa diffusion. Cette articulation pourrait d’ailleurs être favorisée par le dialogue entre les juges nationaux et internationaux qui doivent travailler en bonne intelligence pour édifier un système international pénal ; d’où l’intérêt pour les états africains de favoriser une coopération effective avec les juridictions pénales internationales. Il va sans dire que, tout ceci ne sera possible qu’au sein des régimes politiques démocratiques capables de renoncer aux règles et pratiques juridiques anachroniques pour s’appuyer sur une politique criminelle pouvant favoriser, dans un avenir plus ou moins lointain, un véritable universalisme du droit international pénal<br>Today, Africa is undoubtedly part of the world most affected by the commission of the most serious international crimes. Yet for decades, there are legal mechanisms to punish those responsible for crimes that shock the conscience of humanity. But the relative failure of these mechanisms can push the viewer to wonder if it is possible to ensure the dissemination of international criminal law on the African continent. This question is far from being incongruous, because even if a significant number of African states have ratified the Rome Statute that governs the fight against genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression even, the fact remains that the application of the Statute in the different legal systems involved is often compromised. The main reason for this is that international criminal law does not necessarily take into account the legal peculiarities of the states that have yet the primacy of jurisdiction under the subsidiarity principle, to sanction the commission of international crimes by the conventional rules devolution of powers. In addition, it should be noted that Africa is the stomping ground of legal pluralism that promotes juxtaposition of the modern legal system and traditional law. If the first is normally receptive to criminal international standards, the second whether Muslim or customary with the example of the Rwandan Gacaca is based on a different legal philosophy from that of international criminal law. In all cases, the articulation of international criminal law with African legal systems is one of the conditions of release. This link could also be encouraged by the dialogue between national and international judges who must work in harmony to build an international criminal system; hence the need for African states to promote effective cooperation with international criminal courts. It goes without saying that all this will be possible only in democratic political systems which can waive the rules and legal practices anachronistic to press a criminal policy that can promote in a more or less distant future, a true universalism of international criminal law
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Brasseur, Philippe. "Experimental Study of the Growth and Stable Water Isotopes of Ice Formed by Vapour Deposition in Cold Environments." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34487.
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Ice formed by water vapour deposition has been identified in different terrestrial environments: 1) in the atmosphere; 2) at the ground’s surface; 3) in caves; 4) in seasonally frozen ground; and 5) in perennially frozen ground (permafrost). Thus far, ground ice formed by diffusion and deposition of vapour in soils (types 4 and 5) has rarely been studied in a natural setting and remains one of the most poorly described ice types on Earth. This thesis focuses on the dynamics of deposition and sublimation of atmospheric water vapour into permafrost and the isotopic signature (D/H and 18O/16O) of the emplaced ground ice under different experimental conditions. Ground ice was produced in sediments with different thermo-physical characteristics (glass beads, JSC Mars-1 simulant). After a two-month growth period, the higher porosity sediments (JSC) had more than 7x the gravimetric water content than the lower porosity soil. Ground ice profiles had a distinct concave downwards shape due to the decrease in saturation vapour pressure with depth. Results also indicate that vapour deposited ground ice has a distinct δD-δ18O composition that plots near regression slope value of 8. Pore water isotopes plot below the global meteoric water line (GMWL) when the source of moisture is directly on top of the sediments. If an air gap is introduced between the source of moisture and the sediments, the pore water isotopes shift above the GMWL due to re-sublimation at the ground surface. Overall, this thesis addressed some fundamental knowledge gaps required to better understand the growth and isotopic evolution of ground ice emplaced by vapour deposition.
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Rini, Pietro. "Analysis of differential diffusion phenomena in high enthalpy flows, with application to thermal protection material testing in ICP facilities." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210893.
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This thesis presents the derivation of the theory leading to the determination of the governing equations of chemically reacting flows under local thermodynamic equilibrium, which rigorously takes into account effects of elemental (de)mixing. As a result, new transport coefficients appear in the equations allowing a quantitative predictions and helping to gain deeper insight into the physics of chemically reacting flows at and near local equilibrium. These transport coefficients have been computed for both air and carbon dioxide mixtures allowing the application of this theory to both Earth and Mars entry problems in the framework of the methodology for the determination of the catalytic activity of Thermal Protections Systems (TPS) materials.<p>Firstly, we analyze the influence of elemental fraction variations on the computation of thermochemical equilibrium flows for both air and carbon dioxide mixtures. To this end, the equilibrium computations are compared with several chemical regimes to better analyze the influence of chemistry on wall heat flux and to observe the elemental fractions behavior along a stagnation line. The results of several computations are presented to highlight the effects of elemental demixing on the stagnation point heat flux and chemical equilibrium composition for air and carbon dioxide mixtures. Moreover, in the chemical nonequilibrium computations, the characteristic time of chemistry is artificially decreased and in the limit the chemical equilibrium regime, with variable elemental fractions, is achieved. Then, we apply the closed form of the equations governing the behavior of local thermodynamic equilibrium flows, accounting for the variation in local elemental concentrations in a rigorous manner, to simulate heat and mass transfer in CO2/N2 mixtures. This allows for the analysis of the boundary layer near the stagnation point of a hypersonic vehicle entering the true Martian atmosphere. The results obtained using this formulation are compared with those obtained using a previous form of the equations where the diffusive fluxes of elements are computed as a linear combination of the species diffusive fluxes. This not only validates the new formulation but also highlights its advantages with respect to the previous one :by using and analyzing the full set of equilibrium transport coefficients we arrive at a deep understanding of the mass and heat transfer for a CO2/N2 mixture.<p>Secondly, we present and analyze detailed numerical simulations of high-pressure inductively coupled air plasma flows both in the torch and in the test chamber using two different mathematical formulations: an extended chemical non-equilibrium formalism including finite rate chemistry and a form of the equations valid in the limit of local thermodynamic equilibrium and accounting for the demixing of chemical elements. Simulations at various operating pressures indicate that significant demixing of oxygen and nitrogen occurs, regardless of the degree of nonequilibrium in the plasma. As the operating pressure is increased, chemistry becomes increasingly fast and the nonequilibrium results correctly approach the results obtained assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium, supporting the validity of the proposed local equilibrium formulation. A similar analysis is conducted for CO2 plasma flows, showing the importance of elemental diffusion on the plasma behavior in the VKI plasmatron torch.<p>Thirdly, the extension of numerical tools developed at the von Karman Institute, required within the methodology for the determination of catalycity properties for thermal protection system materials, has been completed for CO2 flows. Non equilibrium stagnation line computations have been performed for several outer edge conditions in order to analyze the influence of the chemical models for bulk reactions. Moreover, wall surface reactions have been examined, and the importance of several recombination processes has been discussed. This analysis has revealed the limits of the model currently used, leading to the proposal of an alternative approach for the description of the flow-surface interaction. Finally the effects of outer edge elemental fractions on the heat flux map is analyzed, showing the need to add them to the list of parameters of the methodology currently used to determine catalycity properties of thermal protection materials.<br>Doctorat en sciences appliquées<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Kulkarni, Gourihar Ramakant. "Development and application of a new thermal gradient diffusion chamber to study the ice nucleation properties of inhomogeneous dust aerosols." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445381.
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Al-Zaabi, Hassan Jumaa. "Adoption, diffusion and use of e-government services in the Abu Dhabi police force." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/10757.
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Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in peoples’ daily lives due to the presence of e-government. This research aims to identify and understand factors affecting the adoption and use of e-government services in a public sector organisation in a developing country, in this case, Abu Dhabi Police Force (ADPF) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). For this purpose a theoretical framework based on existing e-government and e-services literature was developed. To determine its applicability, a qualitative approach involving 200 participants’ interviews was used in this study. The questions for the interviews were based on the constructs derived from classic theories in the literature. The theories are: Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour (DTPB) and e-Commerce’s Trustworthiness models. The research study results revealed that departments that had roles and responsibilities aligned with government online products and services, adopted e-services better. Where training and awareness was provided, individuals adopted e-services better, and where trust in the provision of e-services was divided in two. The first relates to e-services being better than a manual service as e-services provide clarity and transparency. The second form of trust aligns with confidentiality and privacy. A subset of the research revealed that demographic factors that include, an organisational structure position and the role that one has, inhibit or encourages the use and adoption of e-services. The contributions from this research are anticipated to be a better understanding of the adoption, diffusion and use of e-services in the UAE region. For theory, this research study provided a diverse approach (qualitative research) in an organisational context, the development of a conceptual framework specific to Abu Dhabi’s public sector department and finally, there is research conducted on government to employee e-services in Abu Dhabi, a rare occurrence. For policymakers, the contribution of this research is that the research can understand the impacts of policies and strategies used for developing and implementing e-services. For practice the contribution can be in the form of results that organisations providing external consultancy services in the UAE can identify and understand. Therefore, results such as, lower positions individuals in departments not utilising e-services emerged and suggest that awareness should be inherent within the organisation. By doing so, fewer risks and waste of resources in the form of time and personnel can be avoided.
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Al, Bulushi Ali Salim. "Exploring the use of e-government/online social network in the Government of Oman." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/21082.
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The rapid development of information and telecommunication technologies (ICTs) in the 21st century has changed society at all levels: individual, group, company and government. As a result, there has been a significant rise in the availability of ICTs and related technologies around the globe, including in developing countries. ICTs include internet infrastructure such as the use of mobile devices, the internet connection and the affiliated platforms of online social networks (OSNs). The provision of online products and services by the government is known as electronic e-government. From a theoretical literature review it was found that research emphasising the use of OSNs in e-government and OSNs in Oman was scarce. Further, studies investigating and explaining the use of OSNs in the public sector and government were few. This motivated the researcher to explore and understand this issue, leading to the formation of the aim of this research: To explore and understand the use of e-government/OSNs in a public sector organisation in a developing country, in this case, government organisations in Oman. To achieve this, a comprehensive and detailed literature review of e-government/OSN research in developed, developing and Gulf countries was completed. Additionally, related theories on ICT diffusion and adoption, institutional theory and culture theory were used as a lens through which a better understanding of e-government/OSNs would be provided and to develop the initial conceptual framework that was then applied in practice. To acquire the data for this research a qualitative research approach involving the use of a case study was employed. The data collection techniques used included observations, interviews and a review of related archival documents. A total of 44 people were interviewed and an additional 37 participants assisted with the observational part of this study. The research results revealed that government organisations adopted OSNs to explore the use of the technology and to cope with the increasing public demands of government. The study revealed many benefits for government organisations after OSNs were adopted, including greater public interaction and participation, increased information transparency, better understanding and increased public awareness of government services, leading to better work efficiency and effectiveness. Further, public interaction and participation was noted to be important for the government as it helped government employees be more responsible and accountable for their work actions. Additionally, due to the application of OSNs, organisational and national cultural changes were identified that led to government work process and procedures being amended such that there was more public participation and interaction. This led to an influence of government policies and decision-making with regards to public services. After the applied part of this study, the initial conceptual framework was revised to reflect the practical aspects of this research. The contributions of this study are: for e-government research, it will add to the increasing body of knowledge in this area. For Omani theoretical literature, it will widen the boundaries of knowledge and OSN use, particularly for the Omani government and other governments in developing countries that seek to use e-government solutions. In countries where cultural aspects are important, this study can provide insights that may not have been considered before. Further, this study has shown that understanding organisational changes and the cultural contexts with respect to e-government and OSN use is important; therefore, more knowledge in this area can be provided by this study. For policymakers, the contribution of this research is the provision of an understanding of a wide range of issues surrounding the adoption of new technologies. In turn, this can assist policymakers with policy-formation such that their institutional purposes and roles can be fulfilled. This study contributes to private sector organisations including internet and OSN providers by explaining and illustrating the benefits of using OSNs in a developing country with an autocratic regime that seeks to provide citizen benefits.
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Friou, Alexandre. "Propagation d’une impulsion laser intense dans un plasma sous-dense : creusement de canal et diffusion Raman stimulée." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112297/document.
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Cette thèse se décompose en deux parties : i) l’étude du creusement d'un canal dans un plasma sous-dense (0.1nc<br>This thesis is divided in two parts : i) the laser channeling in hundreds of microns long under-dense plasmas (0.1nc
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Grachev, Alexi M. "Laboratory-determined air thermal diffusion constants applied to reconstructing the magnitudes of past abrupt temperature changes from gas isotope observations in polar ice cores /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3137229.
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Oeser-Rabe, Martin Alexander [Verfasser]. "Constraints on the evolution of magmas from diffusion-driven chemical and Fe-Mg isotopic zoning in natural olivines analyzed by femtosecond-LA-ICP-M / Martin Alexander Oeser-Rabe." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068923741/34.
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Oeser-Rabe, Martin [Verfasser]. "Constraints on the evolution of magmas from diffusion-driven chemical and Fe-Mg isotopic zoning in natural olivines analyzed by femtosecond-LA-ICP-M / Martin Alexander Oeser-Rabe." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068923741/34.
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