Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Hypothalamic hormones”
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1
Crowley, W. R. "Toward Multifactorial Hypothalamic Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Hormone Secretion". Physiology 14, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1999.14.2.54.
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The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones via release of releasing hormones into the hypophysial portal vasculature. Additional neuromessengers act at the pituitary to modulate responses to the hypothalamic hormones. For example, neuropeptide Y enhances the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and the response to the prolactin-inhibiting hormone dopamine.
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Richalet, Jean-Paul, Murielle Letournel i Jean-Claude Souberbielle. "Effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the hormonal response to hypothalamic factors". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 299, nr 6 (grudzień 2010): R1685—R1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00484.2010.
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Acute and chronic exposure to high altitude induces various physiological changes, including activation or inhibition of various hormonal systems. In response to activation processes, a desensitization of several pathways has been described, especially in the adrenergic system. In the present study, we aimed to assess whether the hypophyseal hormones are also subjected to a hypoxia-induced decrease in their response to hypothalamic factors. Basal levels of hormones and the responses of TSH, thyroid hormones, prolactin, sex hormones, and growth hormone to the injection of TRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) were studied in eight men in normoxia and on prolonged exposure (3–4 days) to an altitude of 4,350 m. Thyroid hormones were elevated at altitude (+16 to +21%), while TSH levels were unchanged, and follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin decreased, while leutinizing hormone was unchanged. Norepinephrine and cortisol levels were elevated, while no change was observed in levels of epinephrine, dopamine, growth hormone (GH), IGF-1, and IGFBP-3. The mean response to hypothalamic factors was similar in both altitudes for all studied hormones, although total T4 was lower in hypoxia during 45 to 60 min after injection. The effect of hypoxia on the hypophyseal response to hypothalamic factors was similar among subjects, except for the GH response to GHRH administration. We conclude that prolonged exposure to high-altitude hypoxia induces contrasted changes in hormonal levels, but the hypophyseal response to hypothalamic factors does not appear to be blunted.
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Nikolayev, V. I., Ye Yu Gornushkina i A. A. Nikolayeva. "Effects of hypothalamic mediator systems on the hormonal changes in rabbit blood during prolonged electric stimulation of emotiogenic zones of the hypothalamus". Problems of Endocrinology 40, nr 6 (15.12.1994): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12196.
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Changes in the blood hormonal levels were studied In 36 rabbits with electrodes implanted to the area of the dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus in the course of a 5-cycle electrostimulation experiment. After each period blood hormonal levels were correlated to the activities of the hypothalamic catecholamino-, GABA-, and serotoninergic systems. The first two cycles of the experiment were associated with a high activity of the hypothalamic mediator systems and with increased levels of all hormones in the blood. The functional activity of the hypothalamus was reduced due to the predominance of stress-limiting systems. The initial reduction of GABA, and then of serotonin in the hypothalamus caused be the end of experiment a reduction of the blood levels of the tested hormones, except the Ca-regulating ones and active renin. Disturbances in the regulatory mechanisms of hypothalamic mediator systems leads to an increase in its excitability and to transformation of the adaptive pattern of hormonal changes into pathological mechanisms of prolonged emotional stress.
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Subramani, Ramadevi, Adriana Estrada, Madeline Dixon, Maria Parada, Sheryl Rodriguez, Diego A. Pedroza, Matthew D. Ramirez, Alexa Clift, Lilia Garcia i Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy. "Pregnancy Inhibits Mammary Carcinogenesis by Persistently Altering the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis". Cancers 13, nr 13 (26.06.2021): 3207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133207.
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Early full-term pregnancy is known to reduce the lifetime risk of breast cancer. Although the phenomenon of parity-induced protection is well-established, the physiological mechanisms involved in this protection are not clear. Earlier reports have shown that pregnancy results in alterations of hormone levels. How pregnancy affects hypothalamic hormones and how the change, if any, influences breast cancer is not well understood. Seven-week-old female Lewis rats were given N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Two weeks post carcinogen exposure, a set of females were housed with males to generate the parous rats and another set of rats served as the nulliparous controls. Mammary tumorigenesis was assessed for 9 months. Hypothalamic and pituitary levels of hormones were measured at various timepoints. Further, animals were also challenged with growth hormone and prolactin secretagogues to test the effect of pregnancy on the hypothalamic–pituitary hormonal axis. Persistent alterations in the level of growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and somatostatin in the hypothalamus of parous animals was observed. Further, we also observed that pregnancy had a significant effect on the pituitary gland and its response to growth hormone and prolactin secretagogues. Our studies using the rodent model system demonstrate that pregnancy could be reducing the risk of breast cancer by persistently altering the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, which could have implications for breast cancers in humans as well.
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Tena-Sempere, Manuel, i Ilpo Huhtaniemi. "Sex in the brain: How the brain regulates reproductive function". Biochemist 31, nr 2 (1.04.2009): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102004.
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Reproductive functions are maintained by a complex hormonal regulatory network called the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, which is under the hierarchical control of a network of neurohormones that ultimately modulate the synthesis and pulsatile release of the decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by specialized neural cells distributed along the mediobasal hypothalamus. This neuropeptide drives the production of the two gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), which are released into the circulation and regulate specific functions of the ovary and testis. In turn, hormones produced by the gonads feed back to the hypothalamic– pituitary level to maintain functional balance of the HPG axis, through negative and positive (only in females) regulatory loops. In this article, we review the main hormonal regulatory systems that are operative in the HPG axis with special emphasis on recent developments in our knowledge of the neuroendocrine pathways governing GnRH secretion, including the identification of kisspeptins and G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) as major gatekeepers of puberty onset and fertility.
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Pekary, A. E., M. Knoble, N. H. Garcia, S. Bhasin i J. M. Hershman. "Testosterone regulates the secretion of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and TRH precursor in the rat hypothalamic-pituitary axis". Journal of Endocrinology 125, nr 2 (maj 1990): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1250263.
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ABSTRACT Orchidectomy has been reported to decrease concentrations of thyrotrophin (TSH) in the circulation of male rats without affecting serum levels of thyroid hormones. To understand the mechanism underlying this observation, we have measured the effect of gonadal status on the in-vitro release of TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) by male rat hypothalamic fragments. Because hormone release rates can be affected by changes in the post-translational processing of the hormonal precursors, we have also studied the corresponding changes in the concentrations of TRH and TRH-Gly, a TRH precursor peptide in hypothalamus and pituitary, by radioimmunoassay. We observed a significant decline in the in-vitro release of TRH from incubated hypothalami 1 week after castration, which was quantitatively reversed by testosterone replacement. Concentrations of TRH and TRH-Gly in the posterior pituitary, on the other hand, which derive from neurones of hypothalamic origin, increased significantly with castration and were returned to the normal range by testosterone replacement. We conclude that the primary effect of testosterone is the stimulation of hypothalamic TRH release, resulting in the depletion of TRH and TRH precursors from TRH-containing neurones which project into the median eminence and posterior pituitary. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 125, 263–270
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Mori, M., i M. Yamada. "Thyroid hormones regulate the amount of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamic median eminence of the rat". Journal of Endocrinology 114, nr 3 (wrzesień 1987): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1140443.
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ABSTRACT The negative-feedback action of thyroid hormones on TRH in the hypothalamic median eminence was examined. Thyroidectomy caused a progressive decrease in TRH content of the median eminence, but not of the whole hypothalamus. In contrast, it did not affect the LHRH content of the median eminence. Administration of thyroid hormone prevented the decrease in TRH content of the median eminence after thyroidectomy. Destruction of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) led to a significant reduction in TRH content of the median eminence in normal and thyroidectomized rats. These data provide evidence that thyroid hormones regulate directly the amount of median eminence TRH which is derived from the hypothalamic PVN in the rat. J. Endocr. (1987) 114, 443–448
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Guillemin, Roger. "Hypothalamic hormones a.k.a. hypothalamic releasing factors". Journal of Endocrinology 184, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.05883.
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Originally searched for and eventually isolated as factors of hypothalamic origin controlling anterior pituitary secretions, these hypophysiotropic peptides are now a chapter of physiology and medical endocrinology of their own. Defying the concept of ‘neuropeptides’ they and their receptors are now known to be ubiquitous and to have subtle as well as profound effects on a large number of functions of both soma and psyche. This review will be composed of brief essays on current knowledge of each of the original ‘hypothalamic hormones’, TRH, GnRH, somatostatin, GHRH and corticotropin releasing hormone and will close on possible and probable futures.
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Yli-Mattila, Tapani, El-Refaie Kenawy, H. Rozsypal, N. F. Ismail, Izet Masić, Patrice Bouree i Kamal G Effat. "An Overview of the Hypothalamus: A Review of Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis and Autoantibody Related Disorders". Endocrinology and Disorders 1, nr 3 (5.12.2017): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/095.
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The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and is part of the limbic system. In the terminology of neuroanatomy, it forms the ventral part of the diencephalon. All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. In humans, it is the size of an almond. The hypothalamus is responsible for the regulation of certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, called releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
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Schally, Andrew V. "Hypothalamic hormones". Anti-Cancer Drugs 5, nr 2 (kwiecień 1994): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001813-199404000-00001.
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Dufy-Barbe, Luce. "Hypothalamic hormones". Endeavour 9, nr 1 (styczeń 1985): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(85)90008-0.
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Miller, Walter L. "The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: A Brief History". Hormone Research in Paediatrics 89, nr 4 (2018): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000487755.
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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is central to homeostasis, stress responses, energy metabolism, and neuropsychiatric function. The history of this complex system involves discovery of the relevant glands (adrenal, pituitary, hypothalamus), hormones (cortisol, corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing hormone), and the receptors for these hormones. The adrenal and pituitary were identified by classical anatomists, but most of this history has taken place rather recently, and has involved complex chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, and clinical investigation. The integration of the HPA axis with modern neurology and psychiatry has cemented the role of endocrinology in contemporary studies of behavior.
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Phogat, J. B., i M. K. Rose. "Opioidergic, adrenergic and GABAergic modulation of growth hormone and cortisol secretion: A review". Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 82, nr 9 (11.09.2012): 946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v82i9.23643.
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Growth hormone (GH) and cortisol are the major metabolic hormones having multiple functions controlling almost every organ system of the body in laboratory and domestic animals. Basically, the release of adenohypophyseal growth hormone is regulated positively and negatively by 2 central neurohormones, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin, respectively. Similarly, the activity of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is mainly under the control of hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and argenine vasopressin which subsequently regulate the adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) from pituitary and cortisol from adrenal gland. In the recent past, literature has revealed the classical hypothalamic regulation of these 2 hormones involving many other neurogenic and humoral factors. These factors involve sequential events acting through opiodergic, adrenergic and GABAergic mechanisms. However, the effect of these neurotransmitters in modulation of GH and cortisol secretion varies with site of action of these neuropeptides and species involved, and is greatly influenced by age, sex and physiological status of an individual.
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Yang, K. P., N. B. Haynes i G. E. Lamming. "Quantification of opioid-binding sites in the ewe hypothalamus". Journal of Endocrinology 122, nr 3 (wrzesień 1989): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1220763.
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ABSTRACT Opioid-binding sites were quantified in the ewe hypothalamus using [3H]diprenorphine ([3H]DIP) as the radioligand. [3H]DIP binding to hypothalamic membrane preparations was stereospecific, saturable with respect to [3H]DIP concentration, and linear with hypothalamic membrane protein content. Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of binding sites. There were no significant differences in binding site concentration or binding affinity in hypothalami from intact ewes during the breeding and non-breeding seasons, or from long-term ovariectomized ewes with and without oestradiol treatment during the breeding season. Thus, whilst ovarian steroid hormones are known to modify LH responses to opioids and their antagonists in the ewe in vivo, they do not appear to do this by modulating the numbers of hypothalamic opioid-binding sites. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 122, 763–767
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Byerly, Mardi S., Jean Simon, Elisabeth Lebihan-Duval, Michel J. Duclos, Larry A. Cogburn i Tom E. Porter. "Effects of BDNF, T3, and corticosterone on expression of the hypothalamic obesity gene network in vivo and in vitro". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, nr 4 (kwiecień 2009): R1180—R1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90813.2008.
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Hypothalamic neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and systemic hormones modulate food intake and body composition. Although advances toward elucidating these interactions have been made, many aspects of the underlying mechanisms remain vague. Hypothalami from fat and lean chicken lines were assessed for differential expression of anabolic/orexigenic and catabolic/anorexigenic genes. Effects of triiodothyronine (T3), corticosterone (Cort), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on expression of anabolic/orexigenic and catabolic/anorexigenic genes were tested in cultures of hypothalamic neurons. From this, we found that BDNF increased and T3 decreased gene expression for BDNF, leptin receptor (LEPR), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), and agouti-related protein (AGRP). Thyroid hormone levels were manipulated during development to show that T3 inhibited BDNF, TRH, and BDNF receptor gene expression. Delivery of T3, Cort, T3 plus Cort, or vehicle in vivo continuously for 72 h indicated that Cort and T3 have overlapping roles in regulating TRH, LEPR, and POMC gene expression and that Cort and T3 regulate BDNF, neuropeptide Y, and AGRP in opposite directions. Collectively, these findings suggest that interactions between the neuropeptide BDNF and the hormones T3 and/or Cort may constitute a homeostatic mechanism that links hypothalamic energy regulation controlling body composition.
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Kalsbeek, Andries, Ruud M. Buijs, Rosalinde van Schaik, Ellen Kaptein, Theo J. Visser, Behrouz Zandieh Doulabi i Eric Fliers. "Daily Variations in Type II Iodothyronine Deiodinase Activity in the Rat Brain as Controlled by the Biological Clock". Endocrinology 146, nr 3 (1.03.2005): 1418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0763.
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Type II deiodinase (D2) plays a key role in regulating thyroid hormone-dependent processes in, among others, the central nervous system (CNS) by accelerating the intracellular conversion of T4 into active T3. Just like the well-known daily rhythm of the hormones of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis, D2 activity also appears to show daily variations. However, the mechanisms involved in generating these daily variations, especially in the CNS, are not known. Therefore, we decided to investigate the role the master biological clock, located in the hypothalamus, plays with respect to D2 activity in the rat CNS as well as the role of one of its main hormonal outputs, i.e. plasma corticosterone. D2 activity showed a significant daily rhythm in the pineal and pituitary gland as well as hypothalamic and cortical brain tissue, albeit with a different timing of its acrophase in the different tissues. Ablation of the biological clock abolished the daily variations of D2 activity in all four tissues studied. The main effect of the knockout of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) was a reduction of nocturnal peak levels in D2 activity. Moreover, contrary to previous observations in SCN-intact animals, in SCN-lesioned animals, the decreased levels of D2 activity are accompanied by decreased plasma levels of the thyroid hormones, suggesting that the SCN separately stimulates D2 activity as well as the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis.
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Salvio, Gianmaria, Marianna Martino, Giulia Giancola, Giorgio Arnaldi i Giancarlo Balercia. "Hypothalamic–Pituitary Diseases and Erectile Dysfunction". Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, nr 12 (9.06.2021): 2551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122551.
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Several hormones contribute to ensure penile erection, a neurovascular phenomenon in which nitric oxide plays a major role. Erectile dysfunction (ED), which is defined as the persistent inability to obtain or maintain penile erection sufficient for a satisfactory sexual performance, may be due to arteriogenic, neurogenic, iatrogenic, but also endocrinological causes. The hypothalamus–pituitary axis plays a central role in the endocrine system and represents a fundamental link between the brain and peripheral glands, including gonads. Therefore, the hormonal production of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis can control various aspects of sexual function and its dysregulation can compromise erectile function. In addition, excess and deficiency of pituitary hormones or metabolic alterations that are associated with some pituitary diseases (e.g., Cushing’s disease and acromegaly, hypopituitarism) can determine the development of ED with different mechanisms. Thus, the present review aimed to explore the relationship between hypothalamic and pituitary diseases based on the most recent clinical and experimental evidence.
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Mills, Edouard G. A., Waljit S. Dhillo i Alexander N. Comninos. "Kisspeptin and the control of emotions, mood and reproductive behaviour". Journal of Endocrinology 239, nr 1 (październik 2018): R1—R12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0269.
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Reproduction is fundamental for the survival of all species and requires meticulous synchronisation of a diverse complement of neural, endocrine and related behaviours. The reproductive hormone kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1/Kiss1 gene) is now a well-established orchestrator of reproductive hormones, acting upstream of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at the apex of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) reproductive axis. Beyond the hypothalamus, kisspeptin is also expressed in limbic and paralimbic brain regions, which are areas of the neurobiological network implicated in sexual and emotional behaviours. We are now forming a more comprehensive appreciation of extra-hypothalamic kisspeptin signalling and the complex role of kisspeptin as an upstream mediator of reproductive behaviours, including olfactory-driven partner preference, copulatory behaviour, audition, mood and emotion. An increasing body of research from zebrafish to humans has implicated kisspeptin in the integration of reproductive hormones with an overall positive influence on these reproductive behaviours. In this review, we critically appraise the current literature regarding kisspeptin and its control of reproductive behaviour. Collectively, these data significantly enhance our understanding of the integration of reproductive hormones and behaviour and provide the foundation for kisspeptin-based therapies to treat related disorders of body and mind.
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Acampora, D., S. Mazan, F. Tuorto, V. Avantaggiato, J. J. Tremblay, D. Lazzaro, A. di Carlo i in. "Transient dwarfism and hypogonadism in mice lacking Otx1 reveal prepubescent stage-specific control of pituitary levels of GH, FSH and LH". Development 125, nr 7 (1.04.1998): 1229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.7.1229.
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Genetic and molecular approaches have enabled the identification of regulatory genes critically involved in determining cell types in the pituitary gland and/or in the hypothalamus. Here we report that Otx1, a homeobox-containing gene of the Otx gene family, is postnatally transcribed and translated in the pituitary gland. Cell culture experiments indicate that Otx1 may activate transcription of the growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (betaFSH), luteinizing hormone (betaLH) and alpha-glycoprotein subunit (alphaGSU) genes. Analysis of Otx1 null mice indicates that, at the prepubescent stage, they exhibit transient dwarfism and hypogonadism due to low levels of pituitary GH, FSH and LH hormones which, in turn, dramatically affect downstream molecular and organ targets. Nevertheless, Otx1−/− mice gradually recover from most of these abnormalities, showing normal levels of pituitary hormones with restored growth and gonadal function at 4 months of age. Expression patterns of related hypothalamic and pituitary cell type restricted genes, growth hormone releasing hormone (GRH), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and their pituitary receptors (GRHR and GnRHR) suggest that, in Otx1−/− mice, hypothalamic and pituitary cells of the somatotropic and gonadotropic lineages appear unaltered and that the ability to synthesize GH, FSH and LH, rather than the number of cells producing these hormones, is affected. Our data indicate that Otx1 is a new pituitary transcription factor involved at the prepubescent stage in the control of GH, FSH and LH hormone levels and suggest that a complex regulatory mechanism might exist to control the physiological need for pituitary hormones at specific postnatal stages.
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Henriquez, Andres R., John S. House, Samantha J. Snow, Colette N. Miller, Mette C. Schladweiler, Anna Fisher, Hongzu Ren, Matthew Valdez, Prasada R. Kodavanti i Urmila P. Kodavanti. "Ozone-Induced Dysregulation of Neuroendocrine Axes Requires Adrenal-Derived Stress Hormones". Toxicological Sciences 172, nr 1 (12.08.2019): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz182.
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Abstract Acute ozone inhalation increases circulating stress hormones through activation of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes. Rats with adrenalectomy (AD) have attenuated ozone-induced lung responses. We hypothesized that ozone exposure will induce changes in circulating pituitary-derived hormones and global gene expression in the brainstem and hypothalamus, and that AD will ameliorate these effects. Male Wistar-Kyoto rats (13 weeks) that underwent sham surgery (SHAM) or AD were exposed to ozone (0.8 ppm) or filtered-air for 4 h. In SHAM rats, ozone exposure decreased circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), and luteinizing hormone (LH). AD prevented reductions in TSH and PRL, but not LH. AD increased adrenocorticotropic hormone approximately 5-fold in both air- and ozone-exposed rats. AD in air-exposed rats resulted in few significant transcriptional differences in the brainstem and hypothalamus (approximately 20 genes per tissue). In contrast, ozone-exposure in SHAM rats resulted in either increases or decreases in expression of hundreds of genes in the brainstem and hypothalamus relative to air-exposed SHAM rats (303 and 568 genes, respectively). Differentially expressed genes from ozone exposure were enriched for pathways involving hedgehog signaling, responses to alpha-interferon, hypoxia, and mTORC1, among others. Gene changes in both brain areas were analogous to those altered by corticosteroids and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, suggesting a role for endogenous glucocorticoids and catecholamines. AD completely prevented this ozone-induced transcriptional response. These findings show that short-term ozone inhalation promotes a shift in brainstem and hypothalamic gene expression that is dependent upon the presence of circulating adrenal-derived stress hormones. This is likely to have profound downstream influence on systemic effects of ozone.
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Somogyi, V., A. Gyorffy, T. J. Scalise, D. S. Kiss, G. Goszleth, T. Bartha, V. L. Frenyo i A. Zsarnovszky. "Endocrine factors in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake in females: a review of the physiological roles and interactions of ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin". Nutrition Research Reviews 24, nr 1 (22.03.2011): 132–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422411000035.
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Controlling energy homeostasis involves modulating the desire to eat and regulating energy expenditure. The controlling machinery includes a complex interplay of hormones secreted at various peripheral endocrine endpoints, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the adipose tissue, thyroid gland and thyroid hormone-exporting organs, the ovary and the pancreas, and, last but not least, the brain itself. The peripheral hormones that are the focus of the present review (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin) play integrated regulatory roles in and provide feedback information on the nutritional and energetic status of the body. As peripheral signals, these hormones modulate central pathways in the brain, including the hypothalamus, to influence food intake, energy expenditure and to maintain energy homeostasis. Since the growth of the literature on the role of various hormones in the regulation of energy homeostasis shows a remarkable and dynamic expansion, it is now becoming increasingly difficult to understand the individual and interactive roles of hormonal mechanisms in their true complexity. Therefore, our goal is to review, in the context of general physiology, the roles of the five best-known peripheral trophic hormones (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin, respectively) and discuss their interactions in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake.
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Thorner, Michael O., Mary Lee Vance, William S. Evans, Ken Ho, Alan D. Rogol, Robert M. Blizzard, Richard Furlanetto, Jean Rivier i Wylie Vale. "Growth hormone releasing factor and somatomedin C production: Extrahypothalamic localization and possible functional significance". Acta Endocrinologica 113, nr 2_Suppla (sierpień 1986): S34—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.111s0034.
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Abstract. Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) is found in the highest concentration (albeit lower compared to other hypothalamic regulatory hormones) in the hypothalamus. There is mounting evidence that GRF-like immunoreactivity is found in other sites in the CNS and in the periphery. The role of GRF, other than to stimulate growth hormone secretion by the somatotroph, is unknown. In addition generation of IGF-1 in response to GRF appears to be dependent on an intact pituitary.
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Babichev, V. N., Ye L. Adamskaya i T. A. Peryshkova. "Analysis of hypothalamo-hypophyseo-gonadal relationships in female rats with experimental diabetes". Problems of Endocrinology 40, nr 1 (15.02.1994): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11334.
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Hypothalamo-hypophyseo-gonadal system functional activity was studied in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. In intact rats concentrations of sex hormones nuclear receptors were measured in the hypothalamic preopticoanterior, mediobasal segments and in the adenohypophysis, as were blood serum gonadotropins and sex hormones. Estradiol and progesterone were injected to ovariectomized females and LH-RH levels measured in preopticoanterior segment of the hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, and median eminence, as well as LH and FSH concentrations in the blood in order to detect disorders in basal and cyclic gonadotropin secretion. Streptozotocin injection to cycling females disordered the estral cycle and was associated with reduction of LH, FSH, and sex hormones basal and cyclic secretion. Estradiol nuclear receptors concentrations reduced in the preopticoanterior hypothalamus and hypophysis, the count of nuclear testosterone-binding sites reduced only in the hypophysis. Gonadotropin wave stimulated with sex steroids in ovariectomized females was reduced in diabetes because of changed activity of LH-RH-producing system. We believe that changes in basal and cyclic secretion of gonadotropins in rat females with experimental diabetes is explained by reduced activity of LH-RH-producing system and receptor binding at the level of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex.
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Yoo, Eun-Seon, Jieun Yu i Jong-Woo Sohn. "Neuroendocrine control of appetite and metabolism". Experimental & Molecular Medicine 53, nr 4 (kwiecień 2021): 505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00597-9.
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AbstractBody homeostasis is predominantly controlled by hormones secreted by endocrine organs. The central nervous system contains several important endocrine structures, including the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Conventionally, neurohormones released by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (hypophysis) have received much attention owing to the unique functions of the end hormones released by their target peripheral organs (e.g., glucocorticoids released by the adrenal glands). Recent advances in mouse genetics have revealed several important metabolic functions of hypothalamic neurohormone-expressing cells, many of which are not readily explained by the action of the corresponding classical downstream hormones. Notably, the newly identified functions are better explained by the action of conventional neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate and GABA) that constitute a neuronal circuit. In this review, we discuss the regulation of appetite and metabolism by hypothalamic neurohormone-expressing cells, with a focus on the distinct contributions of neurohormones and neurotransmitters released by these neurons.
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Everson, Carol A., i William R. Crowley. "Reductions in circulating anabolic hormones induced by sustained sleep deprivation in rats". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 286, nr 6 (czerwiec 2004): E1060—E1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00553.2003.
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The main systemic disorders resulting from prolonged sleep deprivation in laboratory animals are a negative energy balance, low circulating thyroid hormones, and host defense impairments. Low thyroid hormones previously have been found caused by altered regulation at the level of the hypothalamus with possible pituitary involvement. The present studies investigated the effects of sleep deprivation on other major anabolic hormonal systems. Plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations and major secretory bursts were characterized. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was evaluated as an integrative marker of peripheral GH effector activity. Prolactin (PRL) was assessed by basal concentrations and by stimulating the pituitary with exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Leptin was studied for its linkage to metabolic signs of sleep loss and its correspondence to altered neuroendocrine regulation in other disease states. Last, plasma corticosterone was measured to investigate the degree of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation. Sleep deprivation was produced by the disk-over-water method, a well-established means of selective deprivation of sleep and noninterference with normal waking behaviors. Hormone concentrations were determined in sham comparisons and at intervals during baseline and experimental periods lasting at least 15 days in partially and totally sleep-deprived rats. The results indicate that high-amplitude pulses of GH were nearly abolished and that concentrations of GH, IGF-I, PRL, and leptin all were suppressed by sleep deprivation. Corticosterone concentration was relatively unaffected. Features of these results, such as low GH and low IGF-I, indicate failed negative feedback and point to hypothalamic mechanisms as containing the foci responsible for peripheral signs.
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Chu, Jessica Y. S., Leo T. O. Lee, C. H. Lai, H. Vaudry, Y. S. Chan, W. H. Yung i Billy K. C. Chow. "Secretin as a neurohypophysial factor regulating body water homeostasis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, nr 37 (1.09.2009): 15961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903695106.
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Hypothalamic magnocellular neurons express either one of the neurohypophysial hormones, vasopressin or oxytocin, along with different neuropeptides or neuromodulators. Axonal terminals of these neurons are generally accepted to release solely the two hormones but not others into the circulation. Here, we show that secretin, originally isolated from upper intestinal mucosal extract, is present throughout the hypothalamo–neurohypophysial axis and that it is released from the posterior pituitary under plasma hyperosmolality conditions. In the hypothalamus, it stimulates vasopressin expression and release. Considering these findings together with our previous findings that show a direct effect of secretin on renal water reabsorption, we propose here that secretin works at multiple levels in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and kidney to regulate water homeostasis. Findings presented here challenge previous understanding regarding the neurohypophysis and could provide new concepts in treating disorders related to osmoregulation.
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Ofori, Edward, Anamaria Solis i Nahid Punjani. "The Association among Hypothalamic Subnits, Gonadotropic and Sex Hormone Plasmas Levels in Alzheimer’s Disease". Brain Sciences 14, nr 3 (14.03.2024): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030276.
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This study investigates the sex-specific role of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal axis in Alzheimer’s disease progression, utilizing ADNI1 data for 493 individuals, analyzing plasma levels of gonadotropic and sex hormones, and examining neurodegeneration-related brain structures. We assessed plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone (P4), and testosterone (T), along with volumetric measures of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and hypothalamic subunits, to explore their correlation with Alzheimer’s disease markers across different cognitive statuses and sexes. Significant cognitive status effects were observed for all volumetric measures, with a distinct sex-by-cognitive status interaction for hypothalamic volume, indicating a decrease in males but not in females across cognitive impairment stages. Regression analyses showed specific hypothalamic subunit volume related to hormone levels, accounting for up to approximately 40% of the variance (p < 0.05). The findings highlight sex differences in neurodegeneration and hormonal regulation, suggesting potential for personalized treatments and advancing the understanding of Alzheimer’s disease etiology.
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Weekers, Frank, i Greet Van den Berghe. "Endocrine modifications and interventions during critical illness". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63, nr 3 (sierpień 2004): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2004373.
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The ongoing hypermetabolic response in patients with prolonged critical illness leads to the loss of lean tissue mass. Since the cachexia of prolonged illness is usually associated with low concentrations of anabolic hormones, hormonal intervention has been thought to be beneficial. However, most interventions have been shown to be ineffective and their indiscriminate use even causes harm. Before considering endocrine intervention in these frail patients, a detailed understanding of the neuroendocrinology of the stress response is warranted. It is now clear that the acute phase and the later phase of critical illness behave differently from an endocrinological point of view. The acute stress reponse consists primarily of an actively-secreting pituitary in the presence of low circulating peripheral anabolic hormones, suggesting resistance of the peripheral tissues to the effects of anterior pituitary hormones. However, when the disease process becomes prolonged, there is a uniformly-reduced pulsatile secretion of anterior pituitary hormones with proportionally reduced concentrations of peripheral anabolic hormones. The origin of this suppressed pituitary secretion is located in the hypothalamus, as hypothalamic secretagogues can reactivate the anterior pituitary and restore pulsatile secretion. The reactivated pituitary secretion is accompanied by an increase in peripheral target hormones, indicating at least partial sensitivity of these tissues to anterior pituitary hormones in this chronic phase of illness. Thus, endocrine intervention with a combination of hypothalamic secretagogues that more completely reactivate the anterior pituitary could be a more physiological and effective strategy for inducing anabolism in patients with prolonged critical illness.
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Arutiunian, A. V., G. О. Kerkeshko, М. G. Stepanov, А. V. Korenevskiy i Е. К. Aylamazian. "Role of bio-genic amines for the hypothalamic regulation of reproductive function". Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 53, nr 1 (14.01.2004): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd87166.
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The present review is dedicated to monoaminergic systems involved in hypothalamic regulation of reproduction, as well as to the role of the systems in GnRH synthesis and secretion regulation. Data are presented on the ovarian steroid hormones, the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, in which the central oscillator of a mammalian organism's diurnal rhythms is located, and on the pineal hormone melatonin involved in formation of reproductive cycles. Both own results and literature data referring to the role of diurnal rhythms of the activity of monoaminergic systems of the hypothalamus in the central regulation of reproduction are discussed.
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Saleh, Ahmed A., Nada N. A. M. Hassanine, Taha K. Taha, Amr M. A. Rashad i Mahmoud A. Sharaby. "Molecular regulation and genetic basis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes: A review". Applied Veterinary Research 2, nr 4 (10.10.2023): 2023017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/avr.2023017.
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This review systematically introduces basic information on the hypothalamic pituitary-gonad axis and provides knowledge on the regulation, location, function, reproduction, gene mutations, disorders, sexual behavior, life cycle, and effect of environmental factors on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene. On the other hand, this review focused on the GnRH gene, regulations, receptor structures, and their signaling pathways, in addition to its related genes and its effect on crucial hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone. Additionally, gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone and its related peptides, such as R-Famide peptides, were found to decrease hormone secretion by working on the hypothalamic pituitary gonads axis to inhibit the biosynthesis process of gonadotropin alpha and beta subunits. Additionally, the roles of crucial hormones in reproduction and fertility, as well as the disruption, resulted from mutations. Special characteristics of several hormones and pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone were also summarized.
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Han, Ji Yoon, In Goo Lee, Soyoung Shin i Joonhong Park. "Seizure duration may increase thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in children experiencing a seizure". Journal of International Medical Research 48, nr 5 (27.11.2019): 030006051988840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519888401.
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Objective Variations in hormone levels are a direct effect of epileptic discharges in both animals and humans, and seizure can affect the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis. The purpose of this study was to determine which parameters could affect the alternation of thyroid hormones in children experiencing seizure. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 181 pediatric patients with seizure and compared three thyroid hormones (serum thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], free thyroxine [fT4], and triiodothyronine [T3]) between initial (admission to hospital) and follow-up (2 weeks later) testing. Results Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine which six parameters (gender, age, seizure accompanying with fever, seizure type, seizure duration, and anti-epileptic drug medication) could help to explain the higher initial TSH levels in pediatric seizure. Only seizure duration in patients with an increase in TSH levels was significantly longer compared with patients with normal TSH at the time of initial testing. Conclusion Neuronal excitability by seizure can cause thyroid hormonal changes, which likely reflects changes in hypothalamic function.
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Russell, John A. "Fifty Years of Advances in Neuroendocrinology". Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (styczeń 2018): 239821281881201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212818812014.
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Importance of the neuroendocrine brain for health and happiness has become clear since the 1960s. Foundations laid 100 years ago culminated in Geoffrey W Harris’s model of control by the brain of secretion of anterior and posterior pituitary gland hormones through, respectively, releasing factors secreted into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system, and directly from axon terminals into the systemic circulation. Confirmation, expansion and deepening of knowledge and understanding have followed increasingly sophisticated technology. This allowed chemical characterisation of the posterior pituitary hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, the releasing factors, their receptors and genes, location of the neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus, and how their activity is controlled, including by neural and hormonal feedback, and how hormone rhythms are generated. Wider roles of these neurons and their peptides in the brain are now recognised: in reproductive and social behaviours, emotions and appetite. Plasticity and epigenetic programming of neuroendocrine systems have emerged as important features.
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Kamijo, K., i A. Yachi. "Hypothalamic Hormones: Clinical Aspects". Pathology - Research and Practice 183, nr 5 (wrzesień 1988): 532–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0344-0338(88)80002-5.
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Thio, Liu Lin. "Hypothalamic hormones and metabolism". Epilepsy Research 100, nr 3 (lipiec 2012): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.07.009.
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Schally, Andrew V., Ana Maria Comaru-Schally, Attila Nagy, Magdolna Kovacs, Karoly Szepeshazi, Artur Plonowski, Jozsef L. Varga i Gabor Halmos. "Hypothalamic Hormones and Cancer". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 22, nr 4 (październik 2001): 248–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/frne.2001.0217.
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Kit, O. I., E. M. Frantsiyants, V. A. Bandovkina, I. V. Kaplieva, A. I. Shikhlyarova, E. I. Surikova, I. V. Neskubina i in. "Features of changes in the content of hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary tract depending on the independent or combined variant of B16/F10 melanoma growth in mice of both sexes". CARDIOMETRY, nr 27 (4.05.2023): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2023.27.3339.
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The aim of our research work was to study changes in the level of hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in mice of both sexes in different variants of the B16/F10 melanoma growth. BALB/c Nude mice (n=84) of both sexes were divided into groups as follows: intact males and females (n=14); a reference group of mice of both sexes with standard subcutaneous B16/F10 melanoma inoculation (n=14); the main group of mice (n=14) where B16/F10 melanoma and Lewis carcinoma were inoculated into the mice sequentially subcutaneously on two sides: one on the left side, the other on the right side. At the terminal stage of the tumor growth, with ELISA using standard kits in 1% hypothalamic tissue homogenates we determined contents of releasing hormones as follows: corticotropic hormone (CRH), thyrotropic hormone (TRH), gonadotropic hormone (GnRH), somatotropic hormone (STH-R); in the pituitary with RIA determined were TSH, LH, FSH and ACTH (Immunotech, Czech Republic). Results. In males and females of both groups, the level of TRH in the hypothalamus decreased by 9-3.7 times, and only in females of the main group, the level of TSH in the pituitary gland increased by 2.8 times. Other releasing peptides in the hypothalamus of females increased by 1.9-6 times, while in males they decreased by 1.4-7 times. In the pituitary gland in males of both groups, the level of LH increased by 1.3-1.4 times and ACTH by 2.5-4 times, but FSH decreased by 7.8-13.6 times. In females, the level of FSH and ACTH in the pituitary gland decreased by 1.5 times – 1.8 times (р˂0.05), only in the main group the content of TSH increased by 2.8 times and only in the reference group LH by 1.6 times (р˂0.05). Conclusion. With the development of B16/F10 melanoma, there was a sex-dependent dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary tract. Changes in the concentrations of GnRH, CRH, and STH-R in the hypothalamus in different directions in males and females indicate different mechanisms of hormonal imbalance in response to the growth of a malignant tumor.
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Kim, Hwan-Deuk, Young-Jong Kim, Min Jang, Seul-Gi Bae, Sung-Ho Yun, Mi-Ree Lee, Yong-Ryul Seo, Jae-Keun Cho, Seung-Joon Kim i Won-Jae Lee. "Heat Stress during Summer Attenuates Expression of the Hypothalamic Kisspeptin, an Upstream Regulator of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis, in Domestic Sows". Animals 12, nr 21 (28.10.2022): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12212967.
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The release of reproductive hormones in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis is regulated by its upstream regulator, kisspeptin, and influenced by external stresses, including heat stress. Since the effect of heat stress (summer infertility) on hypothalamic kisspeptin expression in domestic sows is not yet understood, the present study attempted to identify changes in kisspeptin expression in different seasons (summer and spring). The high atmospheric temperature in summer decreased the pregnancy rate and litter size and increased stress-related hormones as a chronic stressor to domestic sows. The hypothalamic kisspeptin expression in summer was decreased regardless of the estrus phase and negatively correlated with atmospheric temperature, indicating that high temperature decreased kisspeptin. When the activity of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons in the follicular phase was assessed using c-Fos staining, a decreased number of kisspeptin neurons coexpressing c-Fos was observed in domestic sows in summer. Accordingly, lower expression of kisspeptin induced decreased levels of HPG axis-related reproductive hormones, such as gonadotropins and estrogen, and fewer large ovarian follicles. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that reduced kisspeptin expression and its neuronal activity in the hypothalamus under heat stress in summer induced downregulation of the HPG axis and caused summer infertility in domestic sows.
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Chen, Ke Xun, Sandie Worley, Henry Foster, David Edasery, Shima Roknsharifi, Chloe Ifrah i Michael L. Lipton. "Oral contraceptive use is associated with smaller hypothalamic and pituitary gland volumes in healthy women: A structural MRI study". PLOS ONE 16, nr 4 (21.04.2021): e0249482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249482.
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The effects of hormonal contraceptives on structural features of the hypothalamus and pituitary are incompletely understood. One prior study reported microstructural changes in the hypothalamus with oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use. However, effects on hypothalamic volume have not been reported. One prior study reported volumetric changes in the pituitary. However, this study was limited by including participants evaluated for neurological symptoms. We sought to determine if OCP use is associated with alteration of hypothalamic or pituitary volume. High-resolution 3T MRI was performed for a prospective cohort of 50 healthy women from 2016 to 2018, which comprised 21 OCP users (age, 19–29) and 29 naturally cycling women (age, 18–36). Participants were excluded if they were pregnant or had significant medical conditions including neurological, psychiatric, and endocrine disorders. After confirming reliability of the image analysis techniques, 5 raters independently performed manual segmentation of the hypothalamus and semi-automated intensity threshold-based segmentation of the pituitary using ITK-SNAP. Total intracranial volume was estimated using FreeSurfer. A general linear model tested the association of OCP use with hypothalamic and pituitary volumes. Hypothalamic (B = -81.2 ± 24.9, p = 0.002) and pituitary (B = -81.2 ± 38.7, p = 0.04) volumes in OCP users were smaller than in naturally cycling women. These findings may be related to interference with known trophic effects of sex hormones and suggest a structural correlate of central OCP effects.
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Dalvi, Prasad S., Anaies Nazarians-Armavil, Stephanie Tung i Denise D. Belsham. "Immortalized neurons for the study of hypothalamic function". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 300, nr 5 (maj 2011): R1030—R1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00649.2010.
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The hypothalamus is a vital part of the central nervous system: it harbors control systems implicated in regulation of a wide range of homeostatic processes, including energy balance and reproduction. Structurally, the hypothalamus is a complex neuroendocrine tissue composed of a multitude of unique neuronal cell types that express a number of neuromodulators, including hormones, classical neurotransmitters, and specific neuropeptides that play a critical role in mediating hypothalamic function. However, neuropeptide and receptor gene expression, second messenger activation, and electrophysiological and secretory properties of these hypothalamic neurons are not yet fully defined, primarily because the heterogeneity and complex neuronal architecture of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus make such studies challenging to perform in vivo. To circumvent this problem, our research group recently generated embryonic- and adult-derived hypothalamic neuronal cell models by utilizing the novel molecular techniques of ciliary neurotrophic factor-induced neurogenesis and SV40 T antigen transfer to primary hypothalamic neuronal cell cultures. Significant research with these cell lines has demonstrated their value as a potential tool for use in molecular genetic analysis of hypothalamic neuronal function. Insights gained from hypothalamic immortalized cells used in conjunction with in vivo models will enhance our understanding of hypothalamic functions such as neurogenesis, neuronal plasticity, glucose sensing, energy homeostasis, circadian rhythms, and reproduction. This review discusses the generation and use of hypothalamic cell models to study mechanisms underlying the function of individual hypothalamic neurons and to gain a more complete understanding of the overall physiology of the hypothalamus.
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Lee, Eun Bee, Iman Dilower, Courtney A. Marsh, Michael W. Wolfe, Saeed Masumi, Sameer Upadhyaya i Mohammad A. Karim Rumi. "Sexual Dimorphism in Kisspeptin Signaling". Cells 11, nr 7 (28.03.2022): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11071146.
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Kisspeptin (KP) and kisspeptin receptor (KPR) are essential for the onset of puberty, development of gonads, and maintenance of gonadal function in both males and females. Hypothalamic KPs and KPR display a high degree of sexual dimorphism in expression and function. KPs act on KPR in gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and induce distinct patterns of GnRH secretion in males and females. GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins, which are required for steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in testes and ovaries. Gonadal steroid hormones in turn regulate the KP neurons. Gonadal hormones inhibit the KP neurons within the arcuate nucleus and generate pulsatile GnRH mediated gonadotropin (GPN) secretion in both sexes. However, the numbers of KP neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and preoptic area are greater in females, which release a large amount of KPs in response to a high estrogen level and induce the preovulatory GPN surge. In addition to the hypothalamus, KPs and KPR are also expressed in various extrahypothalamic tissues including the liver, pancreas, fat, and gonads. There is a remarkable difference in circulating KP levels between males and females. An increased level of KPs in females can be linked to increased numbers of KP neurons in female hypothalamus and more KP production in the ovaries and adipose tissues. Although the sexually dimorphic features are well characterized for hypothalamic KPs, very little is known about the extrahypothalamic KPs. This review article summarizes current knowledge regarding the sexual dimorphism in hypothalamic as well as extrahypothalamic KP and KPR system in primates and rodents.
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Téblick, Arno, Lies Langouche i Greet Van den Berghe. "Anterior pituitary function in critical illness". Endocrine Connections 8, nr 8 (sierpień 2019): R131—R143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-19-0318.
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Critical illness is hallmarked by major changes in all hypothalamic–pituitary–peripheral hormonal axes. Extensive animal and human studies have identified a biphasic pattern in circulating pituitary and peripheral hormone levels throughout critical illness by analogy with the fasting state. In the acute phase of critical illness, following a deleterious event, rapid neuroendocrine changes try to direct the human body toward a catabolic state to ensure provision of elementary energy sources, whereas costly anabolic processes are postponed. Thanks to new technologies and improvements in critical care, the majority of patients survive the acute insult and recover within a week. However, an important part of patients admitted to the ICU fail to recover sufficiently, and a prolonged phase of critical illness sets in. This prolonged phase of critical illness is characterized by a uniform suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–peripheral hormonal axes. Whereas the alterations in hormonal levels during the first hours and days after the onset of critical illness are evolutionary selected and are likely beneficial for survival, endocrine changes in prolonged critically ill patients could be harmful and may hamper recovery. Most studies investigating the substitution of peripheral hormones or strategies to overcome resistance to anabolic stimuli failed to show benefit for morbidity and mortality. Research on treatment with selected and combined hypothalamic hormones has shown promising results. Well-controlled RCTs to corroborate these findings are needed.
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Paul, Bidisha, Zachary R. Sterner, Daniel R. Buchholz, Yun-Bo Shi i Laurent M. Sachs. "Thyroid and Corticosteroid Signaling in Amphibian Metamorphosis". Cells 11, nr 10 (10.05.2022): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11101595.
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In multicellular organisms, development is based in part on the integration of communication systems. Two neuroendocrine axes, the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal/interrenal axes, are central players in orchestrating body morphogenesis. In all vertebrates, the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis controls thyroid hormone production and release, whereas the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal/interrenal axis regulates the production and release of corticosteroids. One of the most salient effects of thyroid hormones and corticosteroids in post-embryonic developmental processes is their critical role in metamorphosis in anuran amphibians. Metamorphosis involves modifications to the morphological and biochemical characteristics of all larval tissues to enable the transition from one life stage to the next life stage that coincides with an ecological niche switch. This transition in amphibians is an example of a widespread phenomenon among vertebrates, where thyroid hormones and corticosteroids coordinate a post-embryonic developmental transition. The review addresses the functions and interactions of thyroid hormone and corticosteroid signaling in amphibian development (metamorphosis) as well as the developmental roles of these two pathways in vertebrate evolution.
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Ulisse, Salvatore, Enke Baldini, Daniele Pironi, Federica Gagliardi, Domenico Tripodi, Augusto Lauro, Sabino Carbotta i in. "Is Melanoma Progression Affected by Thyroid Diseases?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 17 (2.09.2022): 10036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710036.
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Clinical and epidemiological evidence indicate a relationship between thyroid diseases and melanoma. In particular, the hypothyroidism condition appears to promote melanoma spread, which suggests a protective role of thyroid hormones against disease progression. In addition, experimental data suggest that, in addition to thyroid hormones, other hormonal players of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, namely the thyrotropin releasing hormone and the thyrotropin, are likely to affect melanoma cells behavior. This information warrants further clinical and experimental studies in order to build a precise pattern of action of the HPT hormones on melanoma cells. An improved knowledge of the involved molecular mechanism(s) could lead to a better and possibly personalized clinical management of these patients.
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Rizzi, Anna, Matteo Saccia i Vincenzo Benagiano. "Is the Cerebellum Involved in the Nervous Control of the Immune System Function?" Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 20, nr 4 (18.05.2020): 546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530319666191115144105.
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Background: According to the views of psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology, many interactions exist between nervous, endocrine and immune system the purpose of which is to achieve adaptive measures restoring an internal equilibrium (homeostasis) following stress conditions. The center where these interactions converge is the hypothalamus. This is a center of the autonomic nervous system that controls the visceral systems, including the immune system, through both the nervous and neuroendocrine mechanisms. The nervous mechanisms are based on nervous circuits that bidirectionally connect hypothalamic neurons and neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system; the neuroendocrine mechanisms are based on the release by neurosecretory hypothalamic neurons of hormones that target the endocrine cells and on the feedback effects of the hormones secreted by these endocrine cells on the same hypothalamic neurons. Moreover, the hypothalamus is an important subcortical center of the limbic system that controls through nervous and neuroendocrine mechanisms the areas of the cerebral cortex where the psychic functions controlling mood, emotions, anxiety and instinctive behaviors take place. Accordingly, various studies conducted in the last decades have indicated that hypothalamic diseases may be associated with immune and/or psychic disorders. Objective: Various researches have reported that the hypothalamus is controlled by the cerebellum through a feedback nervous circuit, namely the hypothalamocerebellar circuit, which bi-directionally connects regions of the hypothalamus, including the immunoregulatory ones, and related regions of the cerebellum. An objective of the present review was to analyze the anatomical bases of the nervous and neuroendocrine mechanisms for the control of the immune system and, in particular, of the interaction between hypothalamus and cerebellum to achieve the immunoregulatory function. Conclusion: Since the hypothalamus represents the link through which the immune functions may influence the psychic functions and vice versa, the cerebellum, controlling several regions of the hypothalamus, could be considered as a primary player in the regulation of the multiple functional interactions postulated by psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology.
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Stathori, Galateia, Anastasia-Maria Tzounakou, George Mastorakos, Nikolaos F. Vlahos, Evangelia Charmandari i Georgios Valsamakis. "Alterations in Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Girls with Central Early or Precocious Puberty". Nutrients 15, nr 19 (9.10.2023): 4306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15194306.
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The prevalence of central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls has increased worldwide and is often associated with obesity in childhood as well as high fat/high glycemic index diets. Evidence suggests that subjects with obesity present with alterations in appetite-regulating hormones. The arcuate and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus are the centers of action of appetite hormones, as well as the location of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, the activation of which results in the onset of puberty. This anatomical proximity raises the question of possible alterations in appetite-regulating hormones in patients with CPP. Furthermore, diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation constitutes a probable mechanism of the pathophysiology of CPP, as well as alterations in appetite-regulating hormones in young children. In this article, we summarize the evidence investigating whether girls with CPP present with alterations in appetite-regulating hormones. We present evidence that leptin concentrations are elevated in girls with CPP, ghrelin concentrations are lower in girls with CPP, nesfatin-1 and orexin-A concentrations are elevated among girls with premature thelarche, and insulin concentrations are increased in girls with early menarche.
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Babichev, V. N. "Organization and functioning of the neuroendocrine system". Problems of Endocrinology 59, nr 1 (15.02.2013): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201359162-69.
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Recent progress in neuroendocrinology provided a basis for the formulation of the integral strategy for the systemic treatment of endocrine diseases. This review presents experimental and clinical evidence of the presence in the hypothalamus of specific receptors of hormones produced by the peripheral endocrine glands and trophic pituitary hormones. Synthesis of specific hypothalamic substances (releasing hormones) maintains the interplay between the neural and endocrine structures. The positive and negative feedback mechanisms in the body ensure the stable functioning of all its organs and systems.
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Wang, Baile, i Kenneth Cheng. "Hypothalamic AMPK as a Mediator of Hormonal Regulation of Energy Balance". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, nr 11 (11.11.2018): 3552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113552.
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As a cellular energy sensor and regulator, adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs. Activation of hypothalamic AMPK maintains energy balance by inducing appetite to increase food intake and diminishing adaptive thermogenesis in adipose tissues to reduce energy expenditure in response to food deprivation. Numerous metabolic hormones, such as leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin and insulin, exert their energy regulatory effects through hypothalamic AMPK via integration with the neural circuits. Although activation of AMPK in peripheral tissues is able to promote fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity, its chronic activation in the hypothalamus causes obesity by inducing hyperphagia in both humans and rodents. In this review, we discuss the role of hypothalamic AMPK in mediating hormonal regulation of feeding and adaptive thermogenesis, and summarize the diverse underlying mechanisms by which central AMPK maintains energy homeostasis.
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van der Spoel, Evie, Ferdinand Roelfsema, Abimbola A. Akintola, Steffy W. Jansen, P. Eline Slagboom, Rudi G. J. Westendorp, Gerard J. Blauw, Hanno Pijl i Diana van Heemst. "Interrelationships Between Pituitary Hormones as Assessed From 24-hour Serum Concentrations in Healthy Older Subjects". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, nr 4 (19.12.2019): e1201-e1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz253.
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Abstract Context Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland axes are mostly investigated separately, whereas the interplay between hormones might be as important as each separate hormonal axis. Objective Our aim is to determine the interrelationships between GH, TSH, ACTH, and cortisol in healthy older individuals. Design We made use of 24-hour hormone serum concentrations assessed with intervals of 10 minutes from 38 healthy older individuals with a mean age (SD) of 65.1 (5.1) years from the Leiden Longevity Study. Cross-correlation analyses were performed to assess the relative strength between 2 24-hour hormone serum concentration series for all possible time shifts. Cross-approximate entropy was used to assess pattern synchronicity between 2 24-hour hormone serum concentration series. Results Within an interlinked hormonal axis, ACTH and cortisol were positively correlated with a mean (95% confidence interval) correlation coefficient of 0.78 (0.74–0.81) with cortisol following ACTH concentrations with a delay of 10 minutes. Between different hormonal axes, we observed a negative correlation coefficient between cortisol and TSH of -0.30 (-0.36 to -0.25) with TSH following cortisol concentrations with a delay of 170 minutes. Furthermore, a positive mean (95% confidence interval) correlation coefficient of 0.29 (0.22–0.37) was found between TSH and GH concentrations without any delay. Moreover, cross-approximate entropy analyses showed that GH and cortisol exhibit synchronous serum concentration patterns. Conclusions This study demonstrates that interrelations between hormones from interlinked as well as different hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland axes are observed in healthy older individuals. More research is needed to determine the biological meaning and clinical consequences of these observations.
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Borowiec, Blanka, Małgorzata Popis i Maurycy Jankowski. "Factors involved in the development of pituitary and hypothalamus: a short review". Medical Journal of Cell Biology 6, nr 4 (1.12.2018): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2018-0024.
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AbstractA large amount of complex hormone associated processes occurring continuously in the human organism is necessary to maintain homeostasis in response to various internal and external conditions. In the same time, as the hormones use the bloodstream as their transmission medium, it is essential that their expression is strictly controlled to maintain their activity only when it is required. Because of that, the endocrine system evolved complex, self-regulating machinery that allows for precise signalling to the glands to initiate hormone expression, as well as equally quick negative feedback in the moment of reaching the optimal blood hormone concentration. The pituitary gland serves as the true endocrine part of that system, expressing a range of hormones that mostly serve as regulators of sub-systems serving different functions, scattered around organisms. The hypothalamus is the neuroendocrine part of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, meaning it integrates the neuronal and hormonal signals, effectively linking the nervous and endocrine systems. The processes of hypothalamus and pituitary development share some significant similarities, which is unsurprising considering their close association and anatomical proximity at the base of the brain. Arising in highly overlapping developmental timeframes, they are both initially patterned by the gradients of extrinsic signalling molecules. After the initial lineage commitment, in both of those structures, intrinsic factors expressed by the distinct cell populations sustain the morphogenesis to result in a final complexly patterned structure. In this short review, the processes of the pituitary and hypothalamus development are described, with the most important factors driving them discussed.
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Collins, Taylor, i Krista L. Rompolski. "Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Complications, & Controversies". Journal of Student Research 6, nr 1 (23.05.2017): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v6i1.288.
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Hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) is considered a reversible condition characterized by the absence of menses for 3 months or more, due to suppressed secretions of gonadotropin releasing hormone affecting the entire hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. HA can be triggered by excessive stress, weight loss or excessive exercise, however, the etiology is still largely unknown. Serious, long-term complications include severe hypoestrogenism and infertility, in addition to a variety of hormonal aberrations. Hypoestrogenism also leads to diminished bone health, cardiovascular problems, and mood changes that lead to a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety. It is important that HA is diagnosed in a timely manner in order to begin therapeutic strategies that aim to resume menses and return to normal levels of circulating reproductive hormones. When attempts to resume menstruation naturally through lifestyle changes are unsuccessful, other pharmaceutical options are available. Treatment options range from estrogen-replacement therapy to the administration of gonadotropin releasing hormone, depending on the reproductive goals of the woman. More research is needed on novel treatments in order to determine the most effective standard of care.