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Durand, Alice. "L'exploration et l'exploitation des hydrocarbures en mer et la protection de l'environnement". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND015.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico was the most important ecological catastrophe of the United States of America. This event inspired us to study the current international law about the hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation at sea and the protection of the environment. Because this activity takes place on the continental shelf it leads to operational and accidental pollutions, because marine pollution does not have frontiers, therefore legal international control of this activity is necessary.The activity which begun at the end of the nineteenth century, knew a real development around the 70's. At that moment, States became aware of the necessity to protect the environment. At the same time, an international settlement supervising the activity is emerging from the 70's to the 90's. Thus we can distinguish the prevention settlement from the react settlement. First of all the activity must respond to the prevention requirements. Notwithstanding, there is no universal treaty exclusively dedicated to this activity. That is why we do observe a splited settlement through universal and regional treaties directly applicable, completed by treaties indirectly applicable relating to environmental protection. Despite this splitting, we observe that principal aspects constituting the life cycle of the activity, from exploration and exploitation delivery permitted to decommissioning of paltforms, are well controled.Despite this control, a pollution can occur against which one we have to fight.That is why in the second time States developped a react settlement in response to the operational and accidental pollutions. About operational pollutions, we observe around the current preventional settelement which sets limits, developing some new limits through an empirical struggle, essentially at the regional level. States become aware that the limits imposed for operational pollution have to be more restrictive.With reference to the accidental pollutions, a current international settlement is quite satisfactory since various treaties and particularly an universal treaty, decree measures to States, which they fullfil if pollutions occure. This kind of instrument do not significate that States do not have to make the law progress. Indeed the law needs to evoluate permanentaly that is why UE adopted a directive about major accidents.At the same time react settlement not only means fighting pollution but also identifying the liable of the pollution and repare the damage, specifically the per se ecological damage
Souza, Pascal de. "L'indemnisation des préjudices économiques liés à la pollution maritime par les hydrocarbures". Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE0055.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe law's development of the civil liability and the compensation for economics losses for oil pollution damage of the sea those suffered by victims, is marked by the great maritime incidents as : Amoco-Cadiz, Erika and Prestige. So, to fill the gap in international law and because there are a lot of national laws to cover it, 1969 is the beginning of the international law's system. So, the international convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage of 1969 which laid the shipowner's liability as a princip. In 1971, the international convention C. 71 has established an international Fund for compensation for oil pollution damage. It's an international two-degree compensation system. This system is completed by a private system : TOVALOP and CRISTAL agreements which are ruled out nowadays. The C. L. C 1969 and the C. 71 were revised by protocols in 1992 to improve them. But the international system has always keeped those weaknesses and those inefficiencies for intrinsic : - the limitation of compensation for loss ; the limitation of the range of the subjects ; the exception of environmental damage compensation; the limitation of the civil liability of the shipowner – than extrinsic reasons: the adoption of OPA 90 by USA. Those inefficiencies must be compensated by a new international system which must establish a fragmented liability. So, the liability for all the involved actors of oil transport should be set up. This new system could accentuate limitation of compensation for loss ; must attach the slightest value to environmental damage approving pure economics losses as recoverable and by application of the principle of the " polluter – pays "
Nzoussi, Mbassani Pierre. "LE CENOMANO-TURONIEN DE L'ATLANTIQUE NORD (BASSIN DU SENEGAL): ENVIRONNEMENT DE DEPOT ET EVOLUTION DIAGENETIQUE". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004602.
Pełny tekst źródłaLes conditions de genèse et d'accumulation des hydrocarbures ont fait l'objet d'une modélisation 2D. La genèse a débuté vers la fin du Crétacé et l'expulsion à l'Eocène. La tectonique post-rift a permis le développement de structures en "Rollover". Des hydrocarbures ont pu s'y piéger après migration suivant les failles normales.
Bouchonneau, Déborah. "Analyse du potentiel de développement des ressources d’hydrocarbure non conventionnelles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10053.
Pełny tekst źródłaInternational energy outlook emphasizes an increasing energy demand over the next decades. Crude oil should represent about 35% of primary energy supply by 2030 according to the IEA. Among supply sources, non conventional crude oil should contribute significantly to the supply of petroleum products, being strategic in terms of reserves and energy independence. This thesis aims to evaluate the development potential of non conventional crude oil using different scenarios regarding the economic and environmental context. Oil sands, essentially located in Canada, constitute our application. The first part of this thesis highlights two development phases: the first one, from 1980 to 2005, corresponding to the emergence of the oil sands sector through regulatory, economic and geographical levers; the second one, started in 2005 with the deterioration of the economic climate, during which oil sands development slowed down significantly. The second part of this thesis focuses on the prospective analysis of the horizon 2050. Firstly, the development of a supply model based on linear programming allowed us to quantify non conventional oil trend supply under deterministic price and environmental regulation scenarios. In particular, investment decision is significantly affected by the establishment of a CO2 tax. Secondly, the development of another supply model based on dynamic programming allowed us to evaluate future non conventional crude oil supply under uncertainties. A negative impact of price uncertainty and volatility on investment decision is highlighted, under or without environmental regulation. This negative impact is strengthened by the introduction of a supplementary uncertainty in environmental legal framework
Faccendini, Jean-Pierre. "Caractérisation d'une pollution de sols granulaires par des hydrocarbures issus de la pyrolyse de la houille". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529342.
Pełny tekst źródłaJestin, Jacques. "Etude de l'adsorption critique par réflectivité de neutrons. Application à la compréhension de mécanismes environnementaux". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001286.
Pełny tekst źródłaLouati, Hela, i Hela Louati. "Etude de la biorémédiation de sédiments contaminés par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques : impact écologique sur la microflore et la meiofaune de la lagune de Bizerte". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023058.
Pełny tekst źródłaVignet, Caroline. "Altération de la physiologie des poissons exposés à des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) : comportement et reproduction". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS003/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are found in complex mixtures in the environment including aquatic ecosystems. They adsorb on particles, accumulate in sediment and in the first link of the food web. The aim of this study was to measure long term effects of PAHs contamination on a vertebrate model : the zebrafish. In a first study, embryos were exposed on natural sediment spiked with 3 individual PAH (phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene) during the first four days of their development. In a second study, to evaluate the consequences of long-term chronic exposure to PAHs, zebrafish were exposed, from their first meal (5 days post fertilisation) until they became reproducing adults, to diets spiked with three PAHs fractions at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.3X, 1X and 3X; with the 1X concentration being in the range of 4.6-6.7 μg.g-1 for total quantified PAHs). The fractions used were representative of PAHs of pyrolytic (PY) origin or of two different oils of differing compositions (a heavy fuel (HO) and a light crude oil (LO)). Long term effects on growth, survival, reproduction and behavior were evaluated at different ages. Effects were observed at molecule, tissue, organ and individual scales. In general, for contaminated fish, growth was reduced, larval survival decreased in HO, and reproduction was strongly impaired at hormonal, tissue and phenotypic levels, and behavioral responses were lethargic or hyperactive depending on fractions and stages. Sediment exposure still revealed visible effects when fish were 6 month old. These results hereby showed significant late effects, especially in behavioral responses after an early exposure, including in larvae issued from contaminated fish. In spiked diets contaminated fish, we observed a gradation of effects. Combining all functions, we established of hierarchy in toxicity in the studied fractions: PY < LO ≈ HO. Finally, our results gathered at a multiscale from molecule, to tissue and individuals, indicate that PAH mixtures of different compositions, representative of situations encountered in the wild, can promote lethal and sublethal effects which are likely to be detrimental for fish survival and recruitment into future generations
Dumas, Anne-Sophie. "Mécanismes moléculaires de tolérance des plantes aux xénobiotiques : application à la phytoremédiation des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs)". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01021385.
Pełny tekst źródłaSaint-Michel, Matthieu. "Une analyse économique de la responsabilité environnementale : application au cas des catastrophes maritimes pétrolières". Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40051.
Pełny tekst źródłaOil spills generates highly polluted environment, synonym of strong ecological and economic losses. This pollution highlights the limits of international regulation, especially the Civil Liability system. An efficient policy, which provides the effectiveness of damage compensation for both nature and private parties on the one hand and, on the other hand, strong powered incentives sanctions, is difficult to design and to implement because of huge politic, economic and environmental stakes. Economic analysis of liability rules in the maritime oil transportation must provide theoretical elements to improve the efficiency of international regulation. As environmental liability is concerned, this analysis deals with economic and ecological damage assessment. In addition, we try to provide an estimation of environmental risk in order to specify the economic analysis of liability rules
Madi, Belkacem. "Contribution à l'étude des méthodes de traitement des sols pollués par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) : application de la désorption thermique et de l'extraction par solvant". Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1658.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis is a contribution for the methodology to be applied for the treatment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soils. The aspects covered are the soil bulk handling, analysis for monitoring the cleanup, the treatability study, the conduct of laboratory testing ant the mathematical modeling of the treatment
Nzaou-Kongo, Aubin. "Exploitation des hydrocarbures et protection de l’environnement en République du Congo : essai sur la complexité de leurs rapports à la lumière du droit international". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3005.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of the study is to analyze the relationships that can be established between the exploitation of hydrocarbons and the protection of the environment in the Republic of Congo. Despite its title, it is a study of international law, in which the law of the sea and especially international environmental law contribute by their respective rules to limit the conditions for the exercise of the activities of exploitation of the hydrocarbons. It is - indeed - under the prism of development in international law and of an almost continuous international evolution, that these relations, appreciated within the framework of the Congolese national law, can take full significance. The study finds a mutual exclusion, for reasons that are due both to the national priority recognized for the exploitation of hydrocarbons and the still significant weakness of environmental rules, as transcribed in domestic law. It makes it possible to base this observation on an isolated approach of each of them, which limits the possibilities of reciprocal interaction. Making these two schemes lowly complement to each other. Based on the requirement emphasized by the ICJ in 1997 of a necessary conciliation between them, the study shows how the emergence in international law of this process of conciliation is translated into domestic law under the effect of the dynamics of the sustainable development. As a result, in spite of the necessary prudence of a developing country, which can only count on this economic and financial rent for the moment, the will of the national authorities to adopt a rational management of the exploitation. In this respect, the positive action of conciliation becomes, in the context of a climate crisis and the need for a new orientation towards the energy transition, the vector of this profound transformation which must be translated into legal reform of the same magnitude. integrating the management of all energy resources into an integrated legal framework favorable to the gradual disappearance of these carbon resources and their replacement by cleaner and renewable energies
Tabach, Eddy El Shahrour Isam Lancelot Laurent. "Étude de l'impact d'une pollution accidentelle et d'une pollution agricole sur les ressources en eau souterraine". Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/222.
Pełny tekst źródłaN° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3632. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 160-175.
Olivan-Waldhart, Ana-Cristina. "Mise au point de l'analyse des hydrocarbures volatils à l'état de traces. Applications : pollution et toxicologie". Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT039G.
Pełny tekst źródłaAl, Kabbani Fahad. "Consommation d'énergie dans le secteur résidentiel et la politique énergétique en Arabie saoudite : le cas de la ville de Riyad". Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040057.
Pełny tekst źródłaNowadays, it is essential to take into account the impacts of the environment, both in terms of energy use and the protection of populations. We need to enforce new practices in favor of a sustainable approach to land-use planning. On the other hand, these are spaces conducive to the experimentation of new urban forms in the fields of housing, transport, agricultural land. On the long term, the development to be adopted depends on the current development since it depends on the long-term availability of reliable and non-polluting sources of energy. Saudi Arabia faces several challenges: economic, linked to the export of hydrocarbons which are exhaustible resources and whose prices are unstable; energy, since Saudi Arabia needs to diversify its economy; residential sector, as there is an increase in demography and hence housing needs, industrial production, and freight transport. The housing environment, as it is reflects a big part of consumption of the energy in the Kingdom. So, it is needed to operate new methods for better ways of consuming the energy in buildings to reduce the quantity of lost energy
Tabach, Eddy El. "Étude de l'impact d'une pollution accidentelle et d'une pollution agricole sur les ressources en eau souterraine". Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Tabach.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaCette étude permet de dégager les paramètres prépondérants. Ces paramètres sont ensuite considérés pour la construction d'une base de données qui sert à la calibration d'un modèle basé sur les "réseaux de neurones ". Ce modèle est utilisé dans le cas de l'étude de l'impact de l'aménagement de la RN2 entre Avesnes sur Helpes et Maubeuge sur les champs captants du synclinal de Bachant. La troisième partie traite de la migration d'une pollution diffuse d'origine agricole (nitrates) dans la zone non saturée. On présente la zone d'étude et les résultats des suivis in situ, en ce qui concerne d'une part les apports d'engrais en surface (historiques culturaux) et d'autre part les mesures de profils en nitrates effectués pour certains sondages. On présente ensuite la construction de la base de données. Les variables d'entrée retenues sont les historiques culturaux en surface (apports d'azote), l'épaisseur de la couche de couverture limoneuse en dessous de la zone racinaire, la profondeur de la nappe et le temps. Finalement, on présente le modèle de réseaux de neurones artificiels et son application à la construction de cartes de contamination en nitrates de la partie supérieure de la nappe
Rivet, Laurent. "Biodégration des hydrocarbures pétroliers en milieu marin : approches in situ et in vitro". Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30027.
Pełny tekst źródłaLaurent, Fabien. "Impact de l'oxydation chimique et de la refonctionnalisation sur des paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques de terres contaminées au HAP". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0033.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to clean up polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soils, various techniques have been developed during the last decades, but their impact on soil functions was rarely considered. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of chemical oxidation treatments on different physico-chemical and biological parameters of PAH contaminated soil and to propose solutions to improve the biological functioning of oxidized soil. Various laboratory and field experiments have shown that the efficiency of chemical oxidation reactions (Fenton reaction and activated persulfate) on PAH concentrations depended on pollutant availability and soil physico-chemical properties. Besides, intense acidification processes have been observed on uncarbonated soil with a strong impact on soil physico-chemical and biological parameters. Moreover, this alteration was higher with activated persulfate treatment, leading to the loss of trace metals in water percolation. In the strongly acidified soil, the input of materials, suitable for pH increase, resulted in the restoration of biological activities and soil capacity to support vegetation. The association of chemical oxidation treatment and restoration techniques could present a good mean for soil rehabilitation. Finally, an index, which aimed to represent soil conditions based on the weight given to different parameters, was proposed and was used to evaluate changes induced by oxidation treatments and restoration techniques
Marty, Pascale. "Utilisation d'un nutriment oléophile associé à une bioaugmentation pour accélérer la biodégradation d'un pétrole brut en milieu marin : essai de modélisation". Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30030.
Pełny tekst źródłaSimon, Valérie. "Les hydrocarbures biogéniques monoterpéniques. Taux et flux d'émission par les couverts végétaux". Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT063G.
Pełny tekst źródłaTedoldi, Damien. "Mesure et modélisation de la contamination du sol dans les ouvrages de gestion à la source du ruissellement urbain". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1201/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are increasingly used for stormwater management. However, the generalization of runoff infiltration in urban watersheds raises some concerns regarding the soil's ability to retain ubiquitous micropollutants. The present work addresses soil contamination by trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in such infiltration devices, with the aims of: (i) appraising the levels and spatial extent of soil contamination, (ii) better understanding the mechanisms which govern the fate of contaminants in these systems, and (iii) identifying design and maintenance guidelines which may enhance long-term pollutant control through SUDS.The first part of the study consists in a series of experimental investigations in ten contrasting study sites, which have been in operation for more than ten years. The two-stage methodology successively leads to cartographies of metal contamination in the surface soil, and vertical profiles of metal and PAH concentrations, along with different explanatory variables. The spatial distribution of trace metals in the upper horizon displays a systematic structure with respect to the inflow area, and bears the time-integrated signature of the infiltration fluxes and flow pathways at the surface. In the most contaminated zone of the facilities, a significant enrichment of metals and PAHs is detectable until 10 to 40 cm depth. Contaminant retention results from the combination of different physicochemical and mechanical processes (resp. sorption and sedimentation/filtration), the contribution of which can be assessed via the zirconium deficit in urban sediment in comparison to the soil's geochemical background. The inter-site variability of contamination levels is attributable to (i) differences in the soil's retention capacities, and (ii) differences in pollutant loads from the watershed. Although surface contents may exceed intervention thresholds for “multi-functional” spaces in several study sites, the area which would require soil remediation is laterally and vertically limited.These experimental assessments are complemented by a modelling approach, to describe the long-term evolution of soil contamination, and to evaluate the effect of various SUDS designs and maintenance operations. A sensitivity analysis is first carried out so as to identify the “key elements” in the system description: the results show that a wrong estimation of the soil's dispersivity or sorption isotherm is likely to induce significant biases in the predicted contamination profiles. A method is then proposed to describe non-uniform water infiltration fluxes, and the filtration of particle-bound contaminants. The model is validated via a comparison between measured and predicted metal profiles in one of the study sites, where a comprehensive soil characterization is undertaken. Finally, a “scenario analysis” illustrates the benefits of (i) using soil enrichment products with enhanced sorption capacities, and (ii) facilitating water spreading at the surface, in terms of “lifespan” of the devices and maintenance requirements
Fugit, Jean-Luc. "Caractérisation et quantification des hydrocarbures biogéniques. Application à l'étude d'écosystèmes végétaux méditerranéens représentatifs". Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT023G.
Pełny tekst źródłaRocher, Vincent. "Introduction et stockage des hydrocarbures et des éléments métalliques dans le réseau d'assainissement unitaire parisien". Paris 12, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007154.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe development of combined sewer overflow (CSO) management strategies requires an improved knowledge on the pollutant loads in sewer deposits since many authors have underlined their significant role as source of pollution in CSO discharges. At first, this work lias irnproved the knowledge on the storage of hydrocarbon and metallic pollutants in the 3 kinds of sewer deposits (gross bed sediment, organic layer, biofilm) and on the spatial fluctuation of pollution at the Paris combined sewer scale. The second part of this work concerns the pollutant loads conveyed by the different introductory source pathways to the sewer i. E. Roof runoff, road runoff including road runoff during ram events and street cleaning, and sewer effluents (dornestic waste waters, restaurant effluents, etc. ). For all these samples, quantitative (contents and fluxes) and qualitative (fingerprints) approaches have been combined
Boulangé, Marine. "Mobilisation et transfert des composés aromatiques polycycliques (HAP et CAP polaires) dans les sols historiquement contaminés par des goudrons de houille : expérimentations au laboratoire et in situ". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0138.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn industrial countries, many sites have been diagnosed polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition to the regulated 16 US-EPA PAHs, other polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), especially polar PACs (oxygenated and nitrogenated) occur. They come from the same sources as PAHs but they may also be formed due to PAH degradation under biotic or abiotic processes (natural attenuation or remediation treatment). These PACs, more polar than the 16 US-EPA PAHs, are more soluble in water, resulting in a potentially increased mobility in soils and a higher risk for Humans and Environment. Thus, there is a need to increase our knowledge on polar PAC mobility in soils and their transfer to the groundwater. Combining laboratory and in situ works, this project aimed at identifying the mechanisms involved in the release and transfer mode of polar PACs in soils compared to the 16 US-EPA PAHs. Our works confirm a preferential release of polar PACs compared with PAHs. Polar PACs and low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) are mainly released according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism (Raoult law). While satisfactory predictions are obtained for polar PAC release when the pollution is “fresh”, availability is a major parameter that needs to be taken into account for historical contamination impacted by aging. Indeed, whatever the leaching conditions (static-batch and dynamic-column), the PAC concentration in water is highly dependent on the availability level of the pollution. In addition, for a high level of PAC availability, the other parameters studied in the project (ionic strength and temperature) have a limited impact on the PAC release whereas at low availability level, these parameters can show a greater influence. Moreover, the PAC release in association with colloids seems limited for polar PACs but dominating for high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), especially under low ionic strength conditions. Leaching tests performed on a lysimeter column (2 m3) filled with a contaminated soil in the 2/3 upper part and with a non-contaminated soil in the 1/3 lower part, both soils being sampled on a former coking plant site, confirm a release of PACs according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism although PAC concentrations are widely lower compared to those predicted by the Raoult law. Whatever the experimental scale studied (batch, laboratory or lysimeter column), a clear influence of the biological compartment has been evidenced. Once the PAHs and polar PACs are dissolved into water, they are highly biodegraded. No by-products - especially oxygenated PACs - were detected
Barnier, Madeleine. "Hydrocarbures et acides gras présents dans les milieux marins "propres" : Méditerranée (site de Port-Cros), région subantarctique (îles Amsterdam et Saint Paul)". Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30038.
Pełny tekst źródłaMazeas, Olivier. "Evaluation de l'exposition des organismes aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans le milieu marin par le dosage des métabolites de HAP". Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12945.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to study the health of a marine ecosystem and the toxic potential of a contamination such as the one related to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it is necessary, in addition to the determination of environmental contamination levels, to have access to the fraction aquatic organisms have been exposed to and to identify the toxic effects of the contaminants (toxic effects which can be related to biotransformation phenomena of contaminants). The exposure and contamination of aquatic organisms to PAHs have generally been evaluated by the quantification of bioaccumulated PAHs in tissues. However, this approach is open to criticism when taking into account the biotransformation capabilities of organisms such as vertebrates and the toxic properties of biotransformation products. In this way, the aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of PAH metabolites in order to study the exposure and contamination of organisms to PAHs in the marine environment. An analytical technique to quantify PAH metabolites in biological matrices has first been set up. Then, this analytical tool has been applied to the study of fish exposures to individual PAHs and to different petroleum products in controlled conditions which has allowed to get a better understanding of PAH biotransformation phenomena. Finally, field studies have been led, notably to study the Erika oil spill and the contamination of the Seine bay, demonstrating the applicability of the quantification of PAH metabolites to evaluate the exposure and the contamination of organisms to PAHs in natural environment and for pollution events of different nature
Lacome, Jean-Marc. "Contribution à l'étude de la modélisation physico-chimique de la basse atmosphère : cas de l'ozone et des hydrocarbures biogéniques". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30275.
Pełny tekst źródłaPierrisnard, Françoise. "Impact de l'amendement des boues résiduaires de la ville de Marseille sur des sols à vocation agricole : comportement du Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, des hydrocarbures et des composés polaires". Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30124.
Pełny tekst źródłaDanhoue, Gogoue Achille. "Le régime juridique de l'activité pétrolière offshore en Afrique Subsaharienne, le cas d'un état francophone du Golfe de Guinée : la Côte d'Ivoire". Thesis, Limoges, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LIMO0003.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe States of the Gulf of Guinea in general and Ivory Coast in particular have a seafront on the South Atlantic Ocean and have a sedimentary basin rich in hydrocarbons. The exploitation of this natural resource allows these States to gather capital to finance their development, but it is at the heart of economic, strategic, geopolitical and environmental issues which have prompted the establishment of a legal framework that deserves to be known.This legal framework, which includes international and national standards, applies to the upstream side of offshore petroleum activity as well as to the consequences that it is likely to have on the marine and coastal environment.Thus, the legal regime applicable to offshore oil activity has two objectives: the supervision of oil operations with the interpersonal and the supervision of the consequences of this activity with a view to effective protection of the environment
Abou, Mrad Ninette. "Développements méthodologiques pour l’échantillonnage et l’analyse des hydrocarbures dans les systèmes aquatiques : application dans des expérimentations en conditions semi-contrôlées et dans le milieu environnemental". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14423/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaHydrocarbons originating from telluric discharges and accidental spills constitute a major source of pollution in the aquatic systems. These compounds are present at trace levels in the dissolved phase due to their hydrophobicity and/or their volatility, and are characterized by variable concentrations in the water body depending on discontinuous inputs, dilution phenomena, tidal cycles…Therefore, in order to raise the analytical and environmental challenges generated by the hydrocarbons in the aquatic systems, the present phD work focused on: i) methodological developments for the extraction and analysis of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (aromatics and aliphatics) for both the dissolved and the sedimentary phases, in order to characterize the presence and fate of a petroleum contamination in these media, and ii) developments of new passive sampling tools for the sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which have proved their toxic character, while integrating the variability in the contaminant concentrations in the dissolved phase
Amer, Ahmed Khalil Souliman. "L'influence des interactions physico-chimiques des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) avec les constituants des sols sur leur mobilité et leur transfert dans l'environnement". Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10010.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) mobility and transfers is of high interest for the risk assessment of contaminated soils and sites. Emitted from different sources, PAHs are mainly produced through human activities. But they can be classified in three main categories : biogenic PAHs, petrogenic PAHs, and pyrogenic PAHs. Due to their toxicological hazard, PAHs sometimes represent a risk for human health. There are many methods available in the litterature for predicting the water solubility of PAHs or their partitionning between water and organic substances. Some detailed studies in pharmaceutical sciences allow now to better estimate their thermodynamical properties from molecular structure data. Nevertheless, validated applications of theses results are limited to relatively simple systems compared to industrial soils ones. We have studied the PAHs mobility by solubilization and their transfer by diffusion in materials potentially contaminated by coal tar in the presence of diverse organic substances in the aqueous phase (toluene, phenol or AH) or in non aqueous phase liquids (tars ou natural H. S). We have developed a specific approach for PAHs in complex matrices. This development reaches the statement of a conceptual model in which thermodynamical equilibrium constraints between phases can be quantified and described with numerical models. An experimental approach targetted on the case of phenanthrene gives results which allow the discussion of model application for a better understanding of phenomena driving PAHs solubilization and diffusive transfer
Vianna, Goncalves Raphael. "Exploitation offshore d'hydrocarbures et responsabilité civile : droit comparé : Brésil, France et Etats-Unis". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010271.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe current situation of the rules governing the liability of the entrepreneur for environmental damage caused by offshore oil exploration and by the transportation of this product by oil tankers, shows that the legislator is more concerned with environmental health issues. However, there are many gaps in national legislations that can lead to considerable legal uncertainty for the responsible parties. While, at the same time it does not provide adequate protection for the environment and to human beings. The comparative study of legals systems shows the importance that countries that are exposed to the dangers of oil spills, especially those exploiting oil in the sea, to have a special indemnisation fund to guarantee and facilitate environmental restoration and payment of compensation to victims. Besides protecting the environment and citizens' rights, the fund also offers the possibility of applying the defenses of liability and limitation of liability. The funds would be used to cover the losses beyond the limit of liability of the responsible partie or when the responsibility for the accident is ruled out by a liability defense cause
Benredouane, Nadia. "La protection de l'environnement en Méditerranée : le droit à l'épreuve des pollutions issues du transport maritime d'hydrocarbures". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010296.
Pełny tekst źródłaNo English summary available
Bouteloup, Claire. "Agir pour la reconnaissance du dommage écologique des marées noires : attachements, stratégies et justification. Cas de l'Amoco Cadiz et de l'Erika". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0062/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver the last forty years, an oil tanker has sunk off the Brittany coast of France every five years on average. Each time, the ecological damage from the oil slick has mobilised huge numbers of people to volunteer and demonstrate, and generated public controversy and criticism of regulatory procedures. Although oil spills provoke evident impacts, neither the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) nor French Law recognise environmental detriment as a motif for financial compensation by the operators. The damages and pollution are taken into account firstly as economic and material losses, and secondly in terms of damage to biodiversity requiring habitat restoration actions. Critics highlight the feeble deterrent and the lack of incentive for maritime oil transporters to reduce risks: in relation to their profits the costs of an oil slick to them is regarded as derisory. These critics also call for recognition of ecological damages by the law. This would allow environmental pollution to incur economic and juridical responsibilities, and for environmental harm to require compensation.This research project looks at change processes leading to the recognition of ecological damage from oil slicks. We do not add to the existing substantial debate over the efficiency or interest of integrating environmental concerns into conduct rules and the legal system, nor evaluate different methods for doing do. Instead we study the realities of ecological damage, and analyse actions for change implemented by different actors to provoke their recognition. This analysis is based on two case studies: the oil slicks from the Amoco Cadiz (1978) and the Erika (1999).We explore an alternative and wider approach to understanding the harm caused by an oil slick, by considering that it damages multiple relationships between man and the environment. Using the concept of pragmatic sociology (Thévenot, “L’action au pluriel”, 2006) we reveal the multiple realities of ecological damage in terms of the relations between humans and nonhumans. These relations cannot be described in purely commercial nor ecological terms. Using a strategic analysis of environmental management (Mermet et al., 2005), we study how actors elaborate an action for change and how the action represents environmental damage. We look particularly at how the challenge of the action leads to certain choices when qualifying the damage to the courts.Thus, the study proposes new information on ecological damage, allowing the definition to be renewed (theoretical interest). By examining ecological damage in terms of harm to human – nonhuman relations, it provides an interesting support for new forms of justification in the public arena, and promotes legal recognition of ecological damage (operational interest). Finally, the study brings together, and shows to be complementary, two conceptual frameworks hereto unarticulated in human sciences. The study reveals the multiple individual and collective realities of environmental dynamics, and thus allows a richer understanding of the implementation of an action for change than a standard analysis of collective action (Cefai, 2007)
Benhabib, Karim. "Transport dans les sols de cokerie de HAP issus de particules de goudron de houille". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INPL024N.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoke production processes caused the incorporation of coal tars (NAPL or particle) into soils, these coal tars contain high amount of PAH. The aim of the present work was the investigation of the dynamics of the source term, nainely coal tar particles, as weIl as the transport of PAH through aged contaminated soils. Ln this goal, soil and coal tar samples were collected from brown field of an ancient coking plant. They were characterised by the analytical techniques of organic geochemistry (GC-MS, IR microspectroscopy). PAH transfer from coal tar particles into water was investigated by mean of closed loop laboratory column experiments. Results were interpreted by an equilibrium partitioning model and a mass transfer model. These models enabled us to compute a partitioning constant as weIl as effective diffusivities at various particle sizes and temperatures. PAH release and transport through contaminated soil was studied by laboratory column experiments, followed by phase separation of the collected fractions (ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation). This method enabled us to show that PAH concentrations in the aqueous phase were most often higher than their aqueous solubility, and that the transport of a major fraction was facilitated by colloids and/or high molecular weight macromolecules. The com- parison between the data obtained by organic analysis showed analogy between the PAH spectra in the different phases. FinaIly, the potentiality of reactive tracers to measure global parameters (organic carbon fraction foc and sorbant organic phase/water interface are a) was tested. Conversely to phenol, toluene tracing enabled us to measure foc whereas sodium octylbenzenesulfonate did not allow the measurement of the interface area. As a conclusion, this research brought new results on the source term dynamics and PAH transport through contaminated soil from a former coking plant in aqueous and colloidal phases, that are the basis of a conceptual model and a first point to upscaling at the pilot and field scales
Reiche-De, Vigan Stéphanie. "Le droit et l'espace souterrain. Enjeux de propriété et de souveraineté en droit international et comparé". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3044.
Pełny tekst źródłaUntil today, there has been little interest of international Law concerning the earth’s subsurface, as the space that extends from the surface of the soil or of the seabed to the center of the earth. On the one hand, there is no rule of international law that regulates the use Sovereign States have of their territorial subsurface. It is currently understood that subsburface activities and property law that regulates them, are within domestic jurisdiction only and do not come under international law scrutinity as they waive the exercice of an absolute independance of States. On the other hand, the existing rules of international law that regulates extraterritorial subsurface, notably the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond national jurisdiction and the Antarctic, consider the earth’s subsurface mostly in terms of use and exploitation of mineral resources. Faced with the evergrowing uses of the subsurface that are solely used for extraction or for injection and storing, and regarding the impacts of some underground activities on the environment and on human rights, International Law must play a role by regulating the content and extent of rights that are exercised over the earth’s subsurface inside and outside territorial jurisdiction for development and protection purposes
Laurent, Fabien. "Impact de l'oxydation chimique et de la refonctionnalisation sur des paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques de terres contaminées au HAP". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0033/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to clean up polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soils, various techniques have been developed during the last decades, but their impact on soil functions was rarely considered. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of chemical oxidation treatments on different physico-chemical and biological parameters of PAH contaminated soil and to propose solutions to improve the biological functioning of oxidized soil. Various laboratory and field experiments have shown that the efficiency of chemical oxidation reactions (Fenton reaction and activated persulfate) on PAH concentrations depended on pollutant availability and soil physico-chemical properties. Besides, intense acidification processes have been observed on uncarbonated soil with a strong impact on soil physico-chemical and biological parameters. Moreover, this alteration was higher with activated persulfate treatment, leading to the loss of trace metals in water percolation. In the strongly acidified soil, the input of materials, suitable for pH increase, resulted in the restoration of biological activities and soil capacity to support vegetation. The association of chemical oxidation treatment and restoration techniques could present a good mean for soil rehabilitation. Finally, an index, which aimed to represent soil conditions based on the weight given to different parameters, was proposed and was used to evaluate changes induced by oxidation treatments and restoration techniques
Bouchonneau, Déborah. "Analyse du potentiel de développement des ressources d’hydrocarbure non conventionnelles". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10053/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaInternational energy outlook emphasizes an increasing energy demand over the next decades. Crude oil should represent about 35% of primary energy supply by 2030 according to the IEA. Among supply sources, non conventional crude oil should contribute significantly to the supply of petroleum products, being strategic in terms of reserves and energy independence. This thesis aims to evaluate the development potential of non conventional crude oil using different scenarios regarding the economic and environmental context. Oil sands, essentially located in Canada, constitute our application. The first part of this thesis highlights two development phases: the first one, from 1980 to 2005, corresponding to the emergence of the oil sands sector through regulatory, economic and geographical levers; the second one, started in 2005 with the deterioration of the economic climate, during which oil sands development slowed down significantly. The second part of this thesis focuses on the prospective analysis of the horizon 2050. Firstly, the development of a supply model based on linear programming allowed us to quantify non conventional oil trend supply under deterministic price and environmental regulation scenarios. In particular, investment decision is significantly affected by the establishment of a CO2 tax. Secondly, the development of another supply model based on dynamic programming allowed us to evaluate future non conventional crude oil supply under uncertainties. A negative impact of price uncertainty and volatility on investment decision is highlighted, under or without environmental regulation. This negative impact is strengthened by the introduction of a supplementary uncertainty in environmental legal framework
Ioannidou, Despoina. "Characterization of environmental inequalities due to Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in France : developing environmental data processing methods to spatialize exposure indicators for PAH substances". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1176.
Pełny tekst źródłaReducing environmental exposure inequalities has become a major focus of public health efforts in France, as evidenced by the French action plans for health and the environment. The aim of this thesis is to develop an integrated approach to characterize environmental inequalities and evaluate the spatialized exposure to PAH in France.The data produced as part of the monitoring quality networks of environmental media reflect the actual contamination of the environment and the overall exposure of the populations. However they do not always provide an adequate spatial resolution to characterize environmental exposures as they are usually not assembled for this specific purpose. Statistical methods are employed to process input databases (environmental concentrations in water, air and soil) in the objective of characterizing the exposure. A multimedia model interfaced with a GIS, allows the integration of environmental variables in order to yield exposure doses related to ingestion of food, water and soil as well as atmospheric contaminants' inhalation.The methodology was applied to three Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon substances, (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene), in France. The results obtained, allowed to map exposure indicators and to identify areas of overexposure and characterize environmental determinants. In the context of exposure characterization, the direct spatialization of available data from environmental measurement datasets poses a certain number of methodological questions which lead to uncertainties related to the sampling and the spatial and temporal representativeness of data. These could be reduced by acquiring additional data or by constructing predictive variables for the spatial and temporal phenomena considered.Data processing algorithms and calculation of exposure carried out in this work, will be integrated in the French coordinated integrated environment and health platform-PLAINE in order to be applied on other pollutants and prioritize preventative actions
Ioannidou, Despoina. "Characterization of environmental inequalities due to Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in France : developing environmental data processing methods to spatialize exposure indicators for PAH substances". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1176/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaReducing environmental exposure inequalities has become a major focus of public health efforts in France, as evidenced by the French action plans for health and the environment. The aim of this thesis is to develop an integrated approach to characterize environmental inequalities and evaluate the spatialized exposure to PAH in France.The data produced as part of the monitoring quality networks of environmental media reflect the actual contamination of the environment and the overall exposure of the populations. However they do not always provide an adequate spatial resolution to characterize environmental exposures as they are usually not assembled for this specific purpose. Statistical methods are employed to process input databases (environmental concentrations in water, air and soil) in the objective of characterizing the exposure. A multimedia model interfaced with a GIS, allows the integration of environmental variables in order to yield exposure doses related to ingestion of food, water and soil as well as atmospheric contaminants' inhalation.The methodology was applied to three Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon substances, (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene), in France. The results obtained, allowed to map exposure indicators and to identify areas of overexposure and characterize environmental determinants. In the context of exposure characterization, the direct spatialization of available data from environmental measurement datasets poses a certain number of methodological questions which lead to uncertainties related to the sampling and the spatial and temporal representativeness of data. These could be reduced by acquiring additional data or by constructing predictive variables for the spatial and temporal phenomena considered.Data processing algorithms and calculation of exposure carried out in this work, will be integrated in the French coordinated integrated environment and health platform-PLAINE in order to be applied on other pollutants and prioritize preventative actions
Boulangé, Marine. "Mobilisation et transfert des composés aromatiques polycycliques (HAP et CAP polaires) dans les sols historiquement contaminés par des goudrons de houille : expérimentations au laboratoire et in situ". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0138/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn industrial countries, many sites have been diagnosed polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition to the regulated 16 US-EPA PAHs, other polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), especially polar PACs (oxygenated and nitrogenated) occur. They come from the same sources as PAHs but they may also be formed due to PAH degradation under biotic or abiotic processes (natural attenuation or remediation treatment). These PACs, more polar than the 16 US-EPA PAHs, are more soluble in water, resulting in a potentially increased mobility in soils and a higher risk for Humans and Environment. Thus, there is a need to increase our knowledge on polar PAC mobility in soils and their transfer to the groundwater. Combining laboratory and in situ works, this project aimed at identifying the mechanisms involved in the release and transfer mode of polar PACs in soils compared to the 16 US-EPA PAHs. Our works confirm a preferential release of polar PACs compared with PAHs. Polar PACs and low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) are mainly released according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism (Raoult law). While satisfactory predictions are obtained for polar PAC release when the pollution is “fresh”, availability is a major parameter that needs to be taken into account for historical contamination impacted by aging. Indeed, whatever the leaching conditions (static-batch and dynamic-column), the PAC concentration in water is highly dependent on the availability level of the pollution. In addition, for a high level of PAC availability, the other parameters studied in the project (ionic strength and temperature) have a limited impact on the PAC release whereas at low availability level, these parameters can show a greater influence. Moreover, the PAC release in association with colloids seems limited for polar PACs but dominating for high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), especially under low ionic strength conditions. Leaching tests performed on a lysimeter column (2 m3) filled with a contaminated soil in the 2/3 upper part and with a non-contaminated soil in the 1/3 lower part, both soils being sampled on a former coking plant site, confirm a release of PACs according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism although PAC concentrations are widely lower compared to those predicted by the Raoult law. Whatever the experimental scale studied (batch, laboratory or lysimeter column), a clear influence of the biological compartment has been evidenced. Once the PAHs and polar PACs are dissolved into water, they are highly biodegraded. No by-products - especially oxygenated PACs - were detected
Martel, Louis. "Analyse spatio-temporelle des hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques (HPA) dans les sédiments du Fjord du Saguenay, Québec". Thèse, 1985. http://constellation.uqac.ca/1767/1/1393187.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaFranci, Cynthia Daniela. "Impact du déversement pétrolier "Deepwater Horizon" sur le statut endocrinien d'un oiseau migrateur : cas du fou de bassan (Morus bassanus) de l'Île Bonaventure hivernant dans le Golfe du Mexique". Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5913/1/M13087.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaArtigaud, Cécile. "Le développement d’hydrocarbures dans l’océan Arctique et l’obligation d’entreprendre une évaluation environnementale". Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24443.
Pełny tekst źródłaAs the ice melts, the Arctic Ocean becomes progressively accessible. It brings a renewed interest for a region that has long been forgotten by states. The new licenses granted for the exploration and the exploitation of hydrocarbons evidence a globalization of the Arctic. However, before accepting an economic project, it must undergo an environmental impact assessment (EIA). This procedure is intended to inform the public authorities about the impacts that a project will have on the environment. The goal of an EIA is to move towards a conscientious and ecological decision. Thus, the scope and the type of information collected is of a crucial importance as it will influence the stakeholders’ choice. Therefore, the globalization of the Arctic raises the question of the relevance of such a procedure because new hydrocarbon development projects are generally accepted even if they take place in an environment characterized by its fragility and uniqueness. As a consequence, it is legitimate to ask whether the international and national obligations to undertake an environmental assessment (E.A) for hydrocarbon projects are adapted to the specific environment of the Arctic.